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256
STUDIES IN THE BHAGAWATI SOTRA
(Ch. IV
they deal with the construction of various types of buildings and articles of furniture in great details.
Thus the Bihatkal pa Bhāşyal refers to three kinds of buildings, viz. khāya (an underground cell), usiya (a palace), and ubhaya (a combination of the two), while the Rāyapaseniya Sutta throws much light upon the architectural development which will be discussed later on in the section on Fine Arts' in the chapter on 'Education' in details.
Besides these, the other Jaia works mention the buildings made of stones and bricks (kāņitta), mirror-house (āyam sagiha!, 4 cool-house of a cakravartin, underground house (bhumihara), lack-house (jauhara),' sayanvara hall (hall for the performance of marriage by self choice)& supported on hundred columns and adorned with sportive statues (sālab harijikā), etc. Town-Planning
It appears from the names of a large number of important cities and towns, e.g. Rājagrha", Vaiśāli,io Campā," Srāvasti, Kaušāmbi,13 Hastināpura,14 Vitībhaya, 26 Vārāṇasī, 16 Tāmralipti,?? etc. that there was a great development of the art of townplanning and also architecture which will be discussed later on in great details in connection with the topic .Fine Arts.'
The reference to the existence of fort (duggam)18 clearly suggests that there was the construction of fortified cities which acted as the bulwark of defence against the enemy forces in times of war, if it broke out.
1 Bihatkalpa Bhäsya, 1, 827. ? Rāyapaseniya Sutta 97 f.
Brhatkalpa Bhāsya, 3, 4768. 4 Uttaradhyayana Tikā, 18, p. 2329. 5 Nisitha Cūrni, 10, p. 559.
* 16, 13, p. 185 a. ? Uttaradhyayana Țikā, 13, p. 188.
Näyādhammakahāo, 16, pp. 179.82. See Life in Ancient India' by Dr. J. C. Jain for details pp. 187.190. Bhs, 1, 1, 4, etc.
10 16, 7, 9, 303. 11 1b, 9, 33, 386 ; 13, 6, 491-92. 12 16, 2, 1, 90 : 9, 33, 386 ; 15, 1, 539. 13 16, 12, 2, 441.
14 1b, 11,9,417; 11,11,428. 15 I, 13, 6, 491. 18 Ib, 15, 1, 550. 17 Ib, 3, 1, 134. 18 16, 15, 1, 551.
* 70, 15, 1, 550, 75, 11,9-12, 1,1,19%
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