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Sec. VIII] STUDIES IN THE BHAGAWATI SŪTRA 455
These ascetics also find mention in other Jaina texts. A full account of the system of Vānaprastha asceticism, particularly that of the Diśāproksiņa forest recluse as practised by the royal sage Śiva, has already been given in the second section of the fourth chapter in connection with the third stage of life. Carakas
The Carakas of the Bhs also figure in the Anuyogadvāra Sütras and Brhadaranyaka Upanisad" as wandering monks. It is stated in the Anuyogadvāra Sūtra that these ascetics, while moving in group begged alms (Dhāțibāhakā) or moved on, while taking food (Dhātibhaiksopajivinastridandinas). They wore loin cloth (kacchafaka) and they are said to have been the sons of Kapila Muni (Kapilamunisūnavo). It is recorded in the Āvasyaka Tikā that they worshipped 'Skanda' and other dieties by burning incense in temples, after having risen early in the mor. ning and besmeared them. Other Tīrthikas
It appears from the Bhs that other Tirthikas (Anya-yüthikas) were one of the rival sects of the Nirgranthus, but many of them were converted by Lord Mahāvīra to Sramana Dharma and absorbed into his order. They cannot be identified with certainty. Among them the following appear in this canonical work, namely Kālodāyin, Selodāyin, Sevālodāyin, Udaya, Namudaya, * Selavālaya, Samkhavālaya and Suhatthi the house. holder."
The other Tarthikas held different thoughts and ideas on religious and philosophical problems contrary to those of Sramaņa Nirgrantha Dharma preached by Mahāvīra. For
1 Niraya-3. pp. 39 ff. (Somila); Āva. Cũ. p. 457 (king Prasanna
candra and his queen). ? Bhs, 1, 2, 25. Anuyogadvāra Sütra, 20 ; Nāyā-Tī, 15. 4 Vedic Index-1. p. 256. 5 Panna Ti.-II, 20 p. 405 ; of Ava-Cú. p. 265. 6 Ava T2--p. 87. Bhs, 7, 10, 305. *Namudaya seems to have been an Ājivikopāsaka, Editor.
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