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STUDIES IN THE BHAGAWATI SUTRA [Ch. VII
subject), anupreksa (deliberation on the subject of study) and dharmakatha (religious discourse).
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Dhyana (meditation)
It is divided into four categories according to different stages of human thought, viz. Arttadhyana (concentration of mind on account of anguish; in moments of deep sorrow and anger mind fixes itself temporarily on the objects of such passions; these have been recognised as kinds of inauspicious meditations), Raudradhyana (concentration consequent upon anger and rath), Dharmadhyāna (meditation on religious thoughts) and Sukladhyana (pure meditation). These four kinds of meditation are further divided and sub-divided into different groups.
Arttadhyana
This kind of meditation is achieved when a man is in utter anguish on account of his association with an undesirable object or his being deprived of the desirable one. It is accordingly of four kinds, viz. (1) Meditation accompanied by the association with the undesirable (Amanoja-samprayogasamprayukta) and a sustained desire for getting rid of it (Viprayaga-smrti-samanvāgata); (2) Meditation accompanied by the association with the desirable (Manoja-samprayogasamprayukta) and a sustained desire for not being deprived of it (Aviprayoga-smrti-samanvāgata); (3) Meditation accompanied by a sense of fear, disease, etc. (Atanka-samprayoga-samprayukta) and a constant desire for getting rid of it (Viprayogasmrti-samanvāgata); and (4) Meditation accompanied by the memory of past enjoyments (Pariyusita-kamabhoga samprayukta) and an ardent desire for not getting rid of the memory (Aviprayogasmrti-samanvāgata). The following are the characteristics of these dhyānas-bewailing, a sense of poverty, weeping, and affliction. Raudradhyāna
It is of four kinds, viz. Himsanubandhin (meditation consequent upon violent thought), Mrṣanubandhin (that which is connected with falsehood), Steyanubandhin (meditation connected
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