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1914.] JAINA GAZETTE.
213 of Sanskrit, Hence he gives the Panchakhyana tales often in popular forms, deviating from those : of the Jain recensions. Still these Jain recensions are his sources, and it is possible that he even used popular Jain texts of the Panchakhyan, as, for instance, the Panchakhyan Vartika mentioned above. For with this text he has several stories in common wbich are not to be found in the old Sanskrit texts of the Panchakhyana.
The same holds true with respect to the following tests which belong to the Deccan, to Nepal, and to Further India.
The North-West Indian abstract, probably a Vaishnav work, was ousted from the North-West by the Jain Panchakhyan in its different redactions. But one copy, containing a number of mistakes and gaps, was brought to South India, and here very numerous copies and translations of it are still in existence. The translations are composed in Telugu, Kanarese, Tamil, Malayalam and Modi ; and there are prose redactions, as well as redactions in verse. Very little as yet is known of these translations. But they are partly adapiations from the Sanskrit text of the Southern Panchatantra, and partly from combinations of this Sanskrit text with other Panchatantra texts.
First to be mentioned is a version in very bad Sanskrit, a combination of the Southern Panchatantra with one or several Tamil texts. This version, known to me from an unique palm leaf copy presented by T. S. Kuppuswami Shastri, Tanjore, to the late Professor Von Mankowski and now deposited in the University Library at Leipzig, contains many new stories, part of which are to be found in several Jain recensions of the Panchakhyan.
The French Panchatantra by Abbè' Dubois, made from a compilation of three copies which were written in Telugu, Tamil, and Kanarese, respectively, is nearly related to this Sanskrit text, with which it has several such characteristic stories in common.
In the course of the 19th century Tandavaraya Asudaliar made a Tamil version from a Marathi one. This Marathi version was made, and published in a lithographed edition without any
title page, in the 19th century. It contains a combination of the Shree Sudharmaswami Gyanbhandar-Umara, Surat
www.umaragyanbhandar.com
