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in Pkt adverbs ending in a bare -a are virtually non-existent. The supposed instances in Gathās 113, 153 and 256 are in reality first members of a compound (navara should be kept apart from such words as jaha and taha, which belong to a different category. Moreover, in jaha and taha the alternation is not between -a and -am as in navara(m), but between -a and -a).
The evidence given above points to the conclusion that originally there existed only one word, navari or navarin, meaning both 'immediately after' and 'no other, nothing else'. The variants pavara and navaram may have been introduced on the basis of etymological speculation. An 'etymology behind this may have been the Skt phrase na param, which was in fact suggested by P. Goldschmidt (as quoted by Pische. S 189) as the possible source for navaram). Goldschmidt derived navari (m) from another such combination, namely na pare. I should like to suggest that navari(in) derives from na and vari(i), the latter an apocopated form of avari which goes back to Skt upari (see Pischel § 123; for vari, see the word varilla 'overcoat' quoted there). This navarim) may be assumed to have the following meanings: 'no higher, no further, not afterwards' out of which the meanings 'no other, nothing else' as well : as 'immediately after' (from 'and ((c)a) not (long) afterwards') could have developed.
The word navara(m) thus formed may, partly or wholly, have replaced navari(m) in the MSS of Pkt texts. On the basis of its occurrence in these texts it was recognized as an independent word by the grammarians. This, in turn, may have had a further 'normalizing' effect on the texts. Thus, we see a highly regular situation in the MSS of the Setubandha. In the MSS of the Sattasaf navari(m) occasionally appears to have escaped normalization. These instances have in the present edition been treated as retentions.
padhamullaa 'very first' consists of pachama and -ullaa. The suffix denotes not only possession but also intensity, as here (see Pischel $ 595 and Schwarzschild, 1962: 518). For padhamullaa, see also 187 and 218. For padhamuggaa (prathamodgata) of B, Y and S, see ibidem, MSSV , Y, P and S.
