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worked for men as an excitant. When nevertheless engaging in sexual activity, the men had to be careful not to get stained by the coloured ghee, which would betray their transgression (see also 529). This explains the complicated way of kissing described here. For other references to women in their period, see 191, 289, 480, 520, 529 and 530.
For the change of -m- into -v- as seen in paņāvia (Skt pranāmita), see Brough (1962: 88-9), who has clearly shown that it is conditioned. by the presence of another nasal in the word. Other instances in the Sattas af are *29 nisāvio Ma (nisāmio), 83 vane Ma (maņe) (vase Tp), 111 vane Ma, Bh (id.) (vase Tp), 154 vane Bh (id.), 332 panāvesi Ma, Ti, Tp, T, W (paņāmesi). See also vammaha (mammaha) in 327 (R) etc.
Through its occurrence in Ma and Tp, on the one hand, and in Bh, on the other, the variant vannaghaa(t)uppamuh Te can be traced back to the MS of the archetype. It is, however, to be abandoned in favour of vannagghaa(t)uppamuh Te found in R, V and P, as it gives an unmetrical text with u-u in the third Gaņa.
For the reasons to adopt vanna(9) ghaauppa found in Bh, rather than tuppa found in the other MSS, see above, p. 164. The compound, which is also found in 520, contains two synonyms for 'ghee'. The first is a commonly known Skt word, ghrta, which is also widely distributed in NIA (CDIAL 4501). This is followed by a regional word for 'ghee', tuppa (Pkt, Mar. and Guj.; see CDIAL 5864), which is not known from Skt. It is probably a loanword from Dravidian (see DED 2685; but Turner, loc. cit. suggests, instead, that Kannada tuppa is a loanword from Mar.). The compound occurs itself again in a compound (see also the instance in 520). Theoretically it is therefore possible to translate it as a Dvandva, 'coloured ghee and tuppa(-ghee)'. However, the resemblance of the part ghaa(t)uppa to sakhasippt (discussed in* 4) is too obvious to be ignored. This suggests for vannagghaa(t)uppa the translation 'coloured tuppa, i.e. ghee'.
tuppa as occurring in vann agghaa(t)uppamuh Te was traditionally misunderstood as meaning 'smeared with' (Bhuvanapala: upp anh snigdha (ISt., p. 36), Pāiyal. 233: makkhiyam tuppan, and Deśfn. V 22: siņiddha... tuppo); from there litta (Skt lipta) in K, Y and P and luppa (+ tuppa x litta) in v and B. The meaning 'smeared with', however, is, among others, conveyed by tuppalia, tuppavia (529) or tuppia (Vivāgasūyam
