Hindni Prajano Tunko Itihas

Author(s): W W Hunter, Unknown
Publisher: Education Society
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/032729/1

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muMbAI IlAkAnuM sarakArI keLavaNu pAnuM. hiMdanI prajAno DhUMko itihAsa. DaoNkaTara haMTara kRta aMgrejI pustakanuM gujarAtI bhASAMtara. ( aMgrejI 2 mI AvRttiparathI.) cothI AvRtti 25,000 prata. pustaka hiMda sarakArane sana 1867 nA 25 mA AkaTa mujaba noMdhAyuM che. ) bajAuM cha ) muMbaI sarakArI madhya buka DI. sane 1899. mastaka sabaMdhI sarva adhikAra sarakAre svAdhIna rAkhyA che. kiMmata 73 AnA

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muMbaImAM ejyukezana sosAyaTInA chApakhAnAmAM gayuM.

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'prastAvanA. hiMdanA lokanuM vadhavuM, duniAne sudhAravAmAM temaNe zuM zuM karyuM che ane bIjI prajAothI temaNe zuM zuM bhogavyuM che, e dekhADavAne huM A copaDImAM koziza karuM chuM. aMgrejoe lakhelA sukA ItihAsamAM ghaNuM karIne pahelAM be hajAra varasanI vAta thoDAM pAnAMmAM patAvI, chatAyalo hiMda batAvavA mAMDe che. hiMdanA yuropIone vAste ke dezIone sArU A rIta sArI nathI; ane banelA banAvo pramANe paNa e nathI. hindanA tarU ne hiMdanA ItihAsamAM kusaMpa ane parAdhInapathAno hevAla mAtra ApavAmAM Ave tyAM lagI ApaNA aMgrejI hiMdanAM rAjyanI nizAnI svamAna dhAraNa karanAra prajAne ucharavAnuM sthAna Aya nahi. mATe jene huM hiMdanA lokone khare ItihAsa mAnuM chuM temanA sukA hevAla asala AdhAra u5rathI laIne joDavAne, meM prayatna karyo che. mArA mitro pu stakomAM e mULa AdhAronI tapAsa meM saMbhALathI karI che. vIsa varasanI mihanatathI je pariNAmo meLavyAM che, teonI carcA na karato tamane ahaM mAtra kahevAmAM AvyAM che. aMgrejanA sagapazunI eka prAcIna guNavAna jAtie muLanA vanavAsI lokone bheLaseLa karI TharI ThAma rahenArI kAmo zI rIte banAvI te dekhADavAnI meM koziza karI che. hiMdanI jamInanA 2sALa5NAe uttama jAtane potAno badho vakhata peTa bharavAnI mahenatamAM kADhavAthI ugArI tyAre te jAte asAdhAraNu praDha ane suda2 bhASA, vidyA, ane dharma zI rIte utpanna karyA, prajAone kasavAne mATe kudatanI sAmA je prayatno karavAnI jarUra che te karavA na paDayAthI je moTA jhagaDA badhI prajAone jhIlavA paDe che te jhIlavAne teo kevA ayogya thayA, gharavahevAramAM ane dhyAnamAM macI bIjuM kAmakAja ane rAjya vahevArane kevA vistAryo, dharma ane saMsAra saMbaMdhI mAM hiMdu mate hiMdanA lokone jeDAyalA rAkhyA, paNa tethI ekameka thaI gayelI eka prajA kema karI zakAya nahi, e batAvavAne ma yatna karyo che.

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paga eziAnA prAcIna utpattisthAnamAMthI mANasanI bharatI hinadamAM Ave evI tenI sthiti hatI. jemAM hAlanA samayamAM sAgaranI bharatInAM moja Ave tema pUrva kALamAM deza jItanAranAM mojAM uttara taraphathI Ave evuM hatuM, paNa temanA karelA vijaya utAvaLA chatAM, sthApI nahatA; ane vistIrNa chatAM kadI pUrNa nahatA. hindu lokanA dharmanI ane saMsAranI racanA kadI truTI ke vaza thaI nahi. hindane jItanArAmAM sarvethI vaDA mugala hatA, temano amala 13 varasa cAlyo nahi eTalAmAM hindurAja vALA temane nAza karavApara maMDayA hatA. hAla pAraNA thaI zake che te parathI ema kahI zakAya ke mugala rAjayanuM hinduareThA, 2japUto, ane zIkho e traNa laDAyaka rAjabaLathI jItAvavuM aMgrejI sattA AvavAthI mAtra aTakyuM. briTiza rAjaya karyuM che tenuM kAraNa e che ke tenI sattA hindanI saghaLI jAtonA ekatra lAbhane arthe vAparavAmAM Ave che. A vicAro mArA manamAM ghaNuM vakhatathI che, topaNa meM teone mArA pustakamAM dAkhala karyA nathI kemake huM AzA rAkhuM chuM ke je tarUNe itihAsane banelA banAvanI noMdha gaNe che, ane tatvajJAnanI piAthI gaNatA nathI, teone hAtha A nAnI copaDI jaze. hindane itihAsakartA hAla moTAmAM moTI nokarI bajAvI zake te e che ke kharekharA banAva evI rIte varNave ke teone loka vAMce. je mArA lakhANumAM satya ane sAdAI DAyalAM mAluma paDaze te meM je karavA dhAreluM che te pAra paDaze. ethI je tarUNa aMgrejonI ane tarUNa dezIonI vacce heta vadhaze. te mane mArI mahenatanuM phaLa puSkaLa maLyuM ema huM mAnIza. Dabalyu Daba97. hara

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vIsamI AvRttinI prastAvanA ghaNA dezamAM mArA granthaparIkSAe A granthane mAna ApyuM che, tene mATe huM temano upakAra mAnuM chuM. bAmasamAM thayeluM zabdArthaka bhAja pAntara ane urdUmAM thayeluM kAvyarUpamAM bhASAntara gaNatAM A granthanuM pAMca bhASAmAM bhASAntara thayuM che. mAtra aMgrejI granthanIja 78,000 nakala thavA pAmI che. ane sane 1886 thI gayA varSa sudhI kalakattAnA mahAvivA maMdire (yunivasaTie) tyAMnI pravezika parIkSA mATe tene zAlIgrantha tarIke nImyA che. A AvRttimAM hindamAM jAhera keLavaNInA adhinicantA (DirekTara) ane bIjI vidyAviSayamAM pramANu purUe - habhAvathI mokalelI sUcanAo dAkhala karI che. pahelA prakaraNone sudhA2vAmAM agAu vAyavya prAntamAM jAhera keLavaNunA adhiniyantA mi. griphitha, ane oNkasapharDamAM saMskRtanA upAdhyApaka(DepyuTI prophesara) e. e. saikaDAnelanA huM mukhyatve karIne AbhArI chuM. kembrijanA mahAvidyAmandiramAM hindusthAnanA ItihAsa vize bhASaNa karanAra mi. marsIphansa bI. e., eNe mAre mATe badhA chApA kha2DA (muphazITa) maherabAnI karI sudhAryA che. agAunI AvRttiothI A AvRtti sudhAre karI vadhAre sArI banAvavAmAM meM jAte ujAgara karavAmAM khAmI rAkhI nathI. granthanuM kada nAnuM rAkhyuM che to paNa temAM hindanI aitihAsika zodhonAM ane hindanA jUnAM lakhANo (rekarDa sa ) nI je guNadoSaparIkSA hAla hinda vinA grAmAM ghaNI upayogI thaI paDI che te parIkSAnA chevaTanAM pariNAma dAkhala karavAno prayAsa karyo che. cittAkarSaka ane zuka vArtA rUpamAM, to paNa sAdhAraNa aMgreja ane amerikana vAcaka tene lAbha laI zake ane IlAMDa ane hindanAM vighAmandirA ane zALAomAM nImelA grantha tarIke teno upayoga thaI zake evA nAnA kadamAM hindane itihAsa pragaTa karavAno mAro prayAsa che. vIsamI AvRttimAM 1891 nA hiMdustAnanA vistipatrakamAM ApelA mukhya AkaDAo dAkhala karyA che ane sane 1892 mAM maMjUra thayalA IlAMDanI rAjaya pariSada (pAlamenTa) nA dhArA (ekTa) thI hindustAnanI dhArAsabhAnI sattAne vadhAro thayo tyAM sudhI vRttAnAnuM kALakramajna dAkhala karyuM che. AkasapharDa pAse, kanahi, Dabalyu. Dabalyu haMTara kamara, 189ra,

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anukramaNikA. prakaraNa 1 luM. dezanuM varNana. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... pAnuM, 1-10 hindanI sthiti ane kada temAMnA cAra pradeza, 1lo pradeza himAlayanI nadIo-sidhu, satalaja, brahmaputra, gagA ane jamanA. bIje pradeza-hindanI nadIono pradeza; nadIonAM kRtya-baMgALAne pradeza, uttaranI nadInA pradezonA pAka ane dekhAva; 3 je pradeza-dakSiNanI ucI jamIna, teno dekhAva, tinI nadIo ane pedAza; 4 bo pradeza brahmadeza. praveza : 2 nuM. lAka * * * * * * * * * pAnuM, 18-20 leka viSe sAmAnya avalokana, briTiza ane dezI hiMdamAM vastInA AMkaDA, vastInI ghADAI; moTo zaheronI achata; vadhAre vastIvALA ane ochI vastIvALA mulaka, lekAnI vaheMcaNI; bhamatA kheDutanI khetInI rIta; gaNatamAM vadhAre; luDAM rAkhavAna manAI; lokanA cAra prakA2; ItihAsanA samayanI pahelAMnI be mukhya jAto. prakaraNa 3 jaM. anAya loka * * * * * * * * * * pAnuM, 28-41 anAye ke mULa bhUmiyA vedamAM varNavelA; hAlanA vakhatanA anArya loka AMdAmana beTanA vAsIo; madAsa IlAkAnI pahADI jAto, vaMdhyA parvatomAM madhyaprAMtomAM; orisAnI pAMdaDAM paheranArI jAto; himAlayanI jAto; nIcalA baMgALAnA saMtAna loka, temanI rAjanIti, ItihAsa, ItyAdi, orissAnA kaMdalo; temanA rivAja, manuSyabhAga, i.; anArya lokanI traNa maTI jAto; anAye lokanAM lakSaNu ane bhaviSya. - B

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anukramaNIkA. prakaraNa 4 thu. hindamAM Arya loka... ... ... ... ... ... .. pAnuM,4ra-pa7 AryabhULa;yuropamAM ane eziAmAM AryalokanA prAcInavijaya; madhya eziAmAM pitAnA mULasthAnamAM Arya lokanI avasthA; yuropI ane hindI dharmanuM sAmAnya mULa tathA hindI yuropI bhApAonuM sAmAnya mULa; hindI AryanuM prasthAna, veda vethI jaNAto Aryano sudhAre, vedanA devA, brAhmaNa, cAra varNa baMdhAI, brAhmaNonI vaDAInI sthApanA brAhmaNanA janmArAnA cAra Azrama. hAlanA vakhatanA brAhmaNa, brAhmaNunI dharmavicA-hidanA traNa deva, brAhmaNanuM tatvajJAna, sAhitya, khagoLavivA, vidyakazAstra, saMgIta, kAyadA, kavitA, mahAbhArata, ane rAmAyaNa nAmanA vIrarasa kAvyo; pachIthI thayelAM saMskRta virarasa kAvya; saMskRta nATaka ane saMgIta kavitA. prakaraNa 5 muM. hindamAM buddha dharma (I. sa. pUrve 543 thI I. sa. 1000 sudhI). * * pAnuM, 58-80 buddha dharmano udaya, gautama budanuM caritra, budane upadeza, "da matanuM dharmaprasAraka rUpa, budanI pahela vahelI sabhAo; azoke baida dharma svIkAryo, ane rAjadharma tarIke bAda matanI sthApanA karI, tenA khaDake upara kAtarelAM mULatatvo; kanikanI sabhA, bAdamArga ane brAhmaNa dharmanI sarasAI, zilAdityanI sabhA (I) saM- 634 ); baida dharmano nakaMdano moTo apAzaro; brAhmaNu dharmano jaya (40 sa. 700-900 sudhI); hindamAMthI deza nikAla thayelo baida dharma (I. sa. 900); jaina loka prAcIna baida mArgIonA hAlanA anuyAyI che; hAlanA hindo dharma upara baida dharmanI satA. prakaraNa 69. hindamAM gokaloka (Isa pU03ra7-161).. .. pAnuM, 81-85 grIka ghAmAM hinda viSe pahelI vahelI karelI sUcanA mahAna

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anukramaNikA. siMkadaranI paMjAba ane sidhapara savArI tenI pachI AvanArA, uttara hiMdamAM caMdraguptanuM rAjaya; megAsTenese kareluM hindanuM varNana; pachInI grIka savArIo. avArA umuM. zaka lokanI savArIo (Isa. pUrve Azare 100 thI I.sa pa00 sudhI)...... ... ... ... .. pAnuM, 87-90 madhya eziyAmAM zakaloka, uttarahindamAM zakalAkanAM rAje; hindamAM haju sudhI rahelI zaka jAti,zakalAkanI sAme vikramAdityanAM yuddha (I.sapUra pa7) ane zAlivAhananAM yuda (I sara pUra 78 ); pachIthI zakalAkanI sAme thanArA, zAha gupta ane vallabhI kuLe. prakara hindumatanI vRddhi (Isa 700thI 1500 sudhI)..... .... pAnuM, 91-17 hindanI vastInAM traNa mULa-Arya, anArya ane zakalAka; sudhArAnAM Arya kanyA, brAhmaNa. hindu dharmane bevaDA pAye, jJAtibheda ane dharma,hindu dharma upara baida dharmanI asara, hindu dharma u52 anArya leke karelI asara, hindu bhatamALAnuM pustaka navamA saikAna ziva dharmano upadezaka zaMkarAcArya, zivapUjAnAM be rUpa; 13 zivapaMtha; viSNupUja, viSNupurANuM (I. sa. 1045); viSNava upadezaka-rAmAnuja (Isa 1150), rAmAnaMda (I. sa. 133-1400), kabIra (I. sa. 1780-14ra), cetanya (Isa 148pa-15ra7), vallabhavAmI (Isa 1para), hindu vyavasthAnuM dharmabaMdhana, pUja. prakaraNa 9 muM. prathama AvelA vijayI muralamAne ( I. sa714-15ra6 ). pAnuM, 18-136 hindu dharmapara musalamAna vijayanI asara; musalamAnI rAjakuLonI noMdha; sidhapara arabAnI savArIo (Isa. 636-88); musalamAne jItavA AvyA te samayane bharatakhaMDa, musalamAnanI jIta mAtra apUrNa ane asthAyI hatI; pahelI turakI savArI-sabaktigIna (I0 sa0 977); gajanIna mahamuda

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kare anukramaNIkA. (. sa. 1071-170), teNe hinda52 karelI cha savArIo, somanAthanuM khedAna medana, pAravaMza(195ra-1ra6), mahamuda dhArI, rajapUta jAtonI hAra, baMgALa dezanI chata (1ra03), gulAma vaMza (1ra6-1ra90); kutubuddIna, adata maza, 2jI A begama; mugalonI caDhAI ane 2japUtAnAM baMDa; balabana; khilajI vaMza. (1ra97-13ra); jalAluddIna alAudInanI dakSiNa hindamAM jIta hindamAM musalamAnI rAjayanA vistAra (136), dharmabhraSTa hindu pAdazAha khuza, tughalaka vaMza (13ra0-1414), mahamada tughalaka, tenAM dhAtakI kalya, karaverA levAmAM bhUlama, phIjazAha tughalaka, teNe baMdhAvelI nahera, timUranI savArI (1398), saiyada ane lodI vize, dakSiNunAM hindu rAja-vijayanagara; dakSiNamAM musalamAnI rAjA, brAhmaNa vaMza dakSiNanA pAMca musalamAnI rAjya; vijayanagaranI paDatI; musalamAnI mAtAnI svataMtratA, asalanA dillInA AMdharAjyanI nabaLAI. prakaraNa 10 muM. mugala vaMza (15ra6-1857) . . . . . . pAnuM 137-161 hinda52bAbatnI savAre,ne pANipatanA raNumAM lodI vaMzanI hAra (15ra6);humAyuno amala(1pa30-1556);aphagAna zerazAha tene harAti IrAnamAM nAzI jAyache,paNuM pANIpatanI bIjI laDAImAM hinda pharIne jItI le che(1556); mahAna akaba2(1556-1605),tanA rAjyanI va2savA2 kavi, pratinidhibaherAma, hindamAM akabaranAM kRtya, musalamAna saMsthAne tAbe kare che ne 2japUtone vaza ko, hinduone manAvavAnI tinI rAjanIti, dakSiNa hiMdamAM tinuM rAjaya, tinI dharmapara zraddhA, akabaranI rAja racanA, hiMdanI vasUlAta 5dati, tenA pradhAna; jahAMgIra ( 1605-1627), tenAM yuda ane vijaya, begama nUrajahAM, jahAMgIranAM lakSaNa, zAhajahAna (16ra8-1958), tenI rAjayavyavasthA ane yudo, dilhI ane AgrAmAM teNe baMdhAvelI moTI ImArato, tinI pedAza, tenA baLavAkhora zAhajAdA auraMgajebe tene gAdIethI uThADI mUka; auraMgajebano amala (1858- 17), tenA rAjaLanI varasavA2phaka nidha, te potAnA bhAIonI hatyA karI che, dakSiNa hiMdamAM tenI moTI laData, marAThA joDe tenuM yu ane tenuM maraNa, mI2 jumalAe AsAmapara savArI karI paNa temAM tenI hAra thaI

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anukramaNikA. 13 auraMgajebanI dhamadha rAjanIti ane hiMduo upara julama, enA rAjanI upaja, auraMgajebanAM lakSaNa enI pachI thanAra nAma. pAdazAhanA amalamAM mugalAI rAjanI 5Dati; dakSiNa ane ayAdhyAnI svataMtratA; marAThA, zIkha ane 2japutAnA baMDa; nAdirazAha IrAnI ane ahamadazAha aphagAnanI savArI o; dezanI kharAbI; pAdazAhatanuM patana 187-88; aMgreje hiMda mugale kanethI jItI lIdhA nathI, paNa hiMduo pAsethI lIdho che, 177 mAM auraMgajebanuM mRtyu thayuM tyAMthI te chelle mugala pAdazAha bahAdurazAha 1857nA baLavAmAM sAmela thayAthI deza nikAla thayo tyAM sudhI banelA mukhya banAvenI varasavA2oMdha. prakaraNa 11 muM. marAThA... .............................................pAnuM, 168-176 marAThAnA udaya ane dakSiNamAM temanA rAjabaLanI vRdi; raMgajeba jeDazivAjInI aniyamita laDAI, zivAjIne vaMza; pezvAne marAThA rAjasamudAya; pAMca marAThA rAjavaMza, eTale pappA, sidhayA, hekara, nAgapuranA bhesalA, ane vaDodarAnA gAyakavADa, aMgreja joDe traNa marAThA yuda ra0-21. prakaraNa 12 muM. yUropI lokanAM pahela vahelAM thANuM............................. pAnuM, 177-190 yuropa ane eziyA (I. sa. 1500) vAskeDI gAmA, prathama AvelA pirtugIna gavarnara ane temanA julama; piArTugIjha rAjabaLanI paDatI, ane bharatakhaMDamAM temanAM hAlanAM saMsthAnA vistAra,hindamAM valandA ane pUrvanA samudra para temanI sarvoparI sattA; pahela vahelA sAhasika aMje (1496-156), IMgliza kaMpanInI pahela vahelI saphara, AMbAyanAnI katala(1935), hiMdamAM aMgrejanA pahela vahelo thANAM, madAsamAM, muMbaImAM, baMgALamAM bIjI IsTa IDIyA kapanIo. prakaraNa 13 muM. hindamAM briTiza rAjanI sthApanA.... ....... pAnuM, 191-219 hindanA gavarnara, gavaranara janarala ane vAIsarAyanI, yAdI,

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14 . anukramaNikA. (158-189ra), dakSiNamAM pheMca ane aMgrejIoraMgajebanA maraNa pachI dakSiNu hindanI sthiti (177); karNATakamAM dezI hAkema(177-156), navAba surAja uda dolA kalakattA jItI le che, ane kalakattAnuM zAkajanaka kArAgraha, kalAIva pAchuM kalakattA sara kare che, plAsInA yuddhamAM tenI phateha (1757), mIrajAphara baMgALAnA navAbanI gAdIe bese che; kalAIvanI jAgIra; kalAIva baMgALAne pahelA gavarnara (1758) mIrajApharane gAdIethI uThADI mUkI mIrakAsamane baMgALAnA navAbanI gAdIe besADe che, mIrakAsamano baLavo ane peTanAnI katala, kalAIvanI bIjI vAranI hakumata ane kaMpanIne baMgALAnI dIvAnI maLe che; nokaro sabaMdhI kalAI karelI navI vyavasthA (766); hiMsanAkarAja pati; vAna hasTisa (1772-85),tenI rAjavyavasthA, dezI rAja sAthe tenI rAjanIti, baMgALAnI upajamAMthI kharca puro pADavA hesTiMga goThavaNu kare che, ayodhyAnA vacharane alAhabAda ne korA vece che, rAhIlAnuM yuda(1773-74), cetasaga ane adhyAnI begamanI lUTa, IlAMDamAM hesTiMgsa upara mukelA Aropa ane tapAsa, paheluM marAThA yuddha (1779-81) ane mahesUra cheDe yuda (1780-84); lorDa kornavAhilasa (1786177), baMgALAnI sthAyI jamAbaMdI, mahesUra joDe bIjuM yuddha (1780-179ra); veleslene mArthivasa (1780-185), hiMdamAM paMca sattA (1748-1870), oNrDa veleslenI pUrve hiMdanI hAlata (1798), laoNrDa veTalenI rAjanIti, nijAma joDe karAra(1798), asara joDe trIjuM yuddha ( 1799), bIjuM marAThA yuda (181184), laoNrDa veleslenA gayA pachI hiMdanI hAlata (18rapa). prakaraNa 14 muM. briTiza hiMdanuM sudaDha thavuM . . . . pAnuM, 22-246 kAnavAdhisanA mArthivasane bIjI vArano kArabhAra(185); sarajyAje bA(1805); bina arla (1827-1813);oNrDa mAIrA hasTisane mArthivasa)(1814-18ra3); gukha yuda (1814-1815), piMDArI yuddha (1817), chelluM marAThA yuda (1817-1818), ane pazvAnA mUlekanuM khAlasA thavuM; lairDa Amaha(1814-18ra8), paheluM

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anukramaNikA. brabI yuda, bharatapura jItI lIdhuM; lairDa viliama baMTika (18281835), benTikanA vasUlAta khAtAmAM sudhAre, satI thavAne cAla baMdha pADayo ane ThagIne nAza karyo, kaMpanIne pharI sanadakarI ApI (1833); mahesUra upara japtI besADI ane kune khAlasA karyuM; lADamekApha(1835-1836), AkalAMDa(1836-184ra), AphagAnistAnapara pahelI savArI ane kAbula jADe aMgreja sarakArano pahelo vahevAra, aMgreja zAha sujane gAdIe besADe che (1839), briTiza phoja aphagAnistAnane kabaje kare che ( 184-1841), aphagAnuM baMDa ane ziyALAmAM hindamAM pAchI AvatI briTiza phijanI katala; lorDa elebara (1842-1844); vera lenArI pheja (184ra), rDa elebeno dvArA, somanAthanA da2vAjAnA kamADa,siMdhane vijaya (1843); lairDa hADaga (1884-1948), zIkha lokano ItihAsa ane 2NujIta siMhanI saradArI nIce teo rAjabaLa bane che, paheluM zIkha yu (1945),muDakI, phIroja zahara, alIvAla ane brAnanAM yuka; lairDa DelahAusI ( 18491856), teNe rAjakArabhA2mAM karelAM sudhArA, hindI re, bIjuM zIkha yuddha (1848-1849),cIlIanavAlA ane gujarAtanA yuddha, paMjAbanuM zAMtikaraNa, bIjuM brahmI yuda (15ra),brahmadezanI A sarakArane hAtha javAnuM mata, sa2kA2mAM DubelAM dezI rAjA. ayodhyAne khAlasA karyuM (1856) ra76-ra77, hiMdamAM karelAM lairDa DelahAusInAM kAma; baLavA pahelAM hiMdamAM laoNrDa kADhaMga ( 18561857). prakaraNa 15 muM. sane 18pa7no sipAIono baLa ... ... ... pAku, ra47-rapapa baLavAnAM kAraNa, carabI lagADelAM kAratUsa, lazkaramAM budimAna amaladAranI ghaTa, 1857 nA me mahinAmAM baLavo karyo, baLavAno phelAva, kAnapura, lakhanAra, dilIne ghero, laoNrDa kalAIDa adhyA jItI lIdhuM, sara hu roje madhyahiMda sara karyuM, kaMpanInA paTAonA ItihAsane sAra, rAjagAdInA tAbAmAM hiMda Avyo (1858).

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anukramaNikA. prakaraNa 16muM. briTiza rAjagAdInA tAbAmAM hiMda 1858-189rapAnuM, rapa-ra64 1858 nI tA. 1 navembaranA mahArANunA DhaMDherA, baLavAna kharca, vasulAta khAtAmAM misTara visane karelA sudhArA kAyadAmAM sudhArA; laoNrDa egina (1862-1863), lArDa lArensa (1864-1869); bhUtAnanI joDe yuda, 1866 mAM orissAmAM paDelo dukALa; laoNrDa me(1860-187ra), aMbAlAno darabAra, eDimbaranA zUkanI padharAmaNI; khetavADInuM navuM khAtuM ughADyuM dezanI aMda2 levAta jakAtano sudhAre; laoNrDa meyonuM AndAmananAM TApumAM khUna karyuM; UMDe nAbuka (187ra-1876), vaDedarAnA gAyakavADane gAdIpasthI uThADI mUkyA; prinsa AvuM veTasanI hiMdamAM padharAmaNI; laoNrDa liTana (1876-1980); mahArAe kaisare di pada dhAraNuM karyAnuM jAheranAmuM; (1876-1877) ne mA dukALa; aphagAnistAnanA mAmalA 1878-1980); ripanane mArkivasa ( 1880-1883), aphagAnistAna joDenA yune aMta, keLavaNI khAtAnuM kamizana, sara evilina raMga; misaramAM dezI lazkara, Dapharinano mAsa, vAIsaraoNya (1884- 1888), upalo brahmadeza jItI khAlasA ka (1886), mahArANI kaisare hiMdanuM jubilI varSa (1887); baeNnsaDAunane mAsa (1889-1892), svarAjayano vadhAre.

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hiMdanA lokano TuMko itihAsa. prakaraNa 1 luM. dezanuM varNana sthiti ane vistAra -hiMda mATe trikoNAkAradA che.ema. eziAthI mAMDI dakSiNamAM samudra sUdhI gayelo che. enI uttare himAlaya parvatanI hAra che, enI pazcima bAju ghaNe bhAga hiMdI mahAsAgarane aDakele che, ane pUrva taraphanA ghA bhAga para baMgALI akhAna che. e rIte enI badhI sImAe kudarate rakSaNasArU parvata ane samudra rAkhyA che. emAM pisavAnA be rastA che, eka vAyavya khUNAmAM ane bIje IzAna khUNAmAM teo vaDe e bAkInA eziA sAthe joDAyelo che. IzAna khUNAnI hadapara cInAI rAja ke tibeTa ane brahmadeza vaccenA DuMgarIvALAM jaMgale che. vAyava khUNAnI sarahada para musalamAnI dharma mAnanArAM aphagAnistAna, ane balUcIstAnanAM saMsthAno che. e IzAna ane vAyavya taraphano jhAMpAne mArge be kevaLa judI jAtanA loka hi mAM AvyA che. hiMdano vistAra uttara akSAMza AThathI chatrIsa lagI che; eTale viSuvavRttanA ghaNuM uSNu pradezothI samazItoSNa kaTibaMdhamAM ghaNe dUra sudhI che. rAjyadhArI kalakattA 88 pUrva rekhAMza para che; ethI sAMjanA cha kalAke tyAM jyAre sUraja Athame che tyAre IMglAMDamAM bapora thaI gayA hoya che. uttarathI dakSiNa sUdhI hiMdanI laMbAI, tathA pUrvathI pazcima lagI tenI ghaNAmAM ghaNuM pahoLAI Azare 1,900 mAIla che; paNa dakSiNa cheDe kanyAkamArI AgaLa tene kinAre jamarUkhanA jevo vAMka vALe aNIpaDe che. A taraphathI baMdha mUlakamAM je brahmade ke baMgALI. akhAtanA pUrva kAMThAnA pradezane ume che. te pradezane badAdarA kahe che. A varNanamAM samAyelA bhUlakanuM kSetraphaLa lagabhaga 15 lAkha corasa mAIla che, ane emAM 28 karoDa 80 lAkha mANasanI vastI che. mATe

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dezanuM varNana. hiMdano vistAra rUriA bAda karatAM bAkInA yuropa jeTalo che, tathA enI vastI pazu tenA karatAM vadhAre che. cAra pradeze-A miTA rAjyamAM dunIAnA UMcAmAM UMcA parvato tathA dariyAnI sapATIthI thoDA tasu UMcA evA nadInA mukhapAse AvelA vizALa trikoNa pradeza che, tethI emAM aneka prakAranA suMdara dekhAve, ane bahu tarehanI havA ( uSNumAna ) che. uSNakaTibaMdhanA vikarALa pazu ane ghoDA vanathI mAMDIne niraMtara baraphavALA praderAnI najadIkamAM thatAM himAyelAM java ane narama rUvAMTIvALAM nAnAM janAvare jevI sadhaLI tarehanI sRSTinI pedAzAthI e rAjya bharapura che. paNa vimAnamAM bezI AkhA deza upara nIce najara karIe to jaNAze ke smara maryAdAvALA cAra praderIno hiMda banelo che. emAMne pahele himAlayano pradeza che. enA vaDe uttare AvelA eziAnA bAkInA mUlakathI hiMda judo paDe che. himAlaya pahADanI taLeTIthI dakSiNe phelAto bIje pradeza che. temAM e parvatamAMthI nIkaLatI moTI nadIvALAM medAno che. e midAnonA dakSiNa cheDAthI trIjA pradezano caDato DhALa sArU thAya che. e uce traNa bAjuvALA pAdhara pradeza che, ane emAM DekANe ThekANe zikhare che. hiMdano dakSiNe Avele ardha bhAga saghaLo e jAtano pradeza che. jethI bradarA, te baMgALI akhAtanI pUrve Avelo che. pahelA pradeza -e cAra pradezamAM pahele himAlaya ane tenI dakSiNe gayelI zAkhAvALA praderA che. saMskRtamAM himAlayano artha bara nuM sthAna thAya che. e parvatanI be ADI avaLI hAre ke bhIti che, netae lagabhaga pUrva pazcima ekaekane samAntara che. teonI palI mira uMDA khADa ke khINa che. emAMnI dakSiNa dizAmAM AvelI eLa hiMdanA midAnothI ra0,000 phuTa ke cAra mAIlathI vadhAre UMcI gayelI che. emAM sauthI UMco parvata evaresTa nAme che. dunIAmAM eTale UMce bIje kaI parvata nathI. enI UMcAI 29,000 phuTa che. uttarabhANI e pahADe zamI jaI khINanI hAra Ave che. teonI UMcAI samudranI sapATIthI Azare 13,000 phuTa che. e

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himAlaya. khINonI pAchaLa himAlayanI aMdaranI hAra che. e bIjI DuMgarothI thayelI bhIMtanAM mathALAM paNa baraphathI DhaMkAyelA che. A bevaDI pahADI bhatinI pilImaramoTA khADa ke khINonI hAro che, temAM siMdhu, satalaja ane brahmaputrane mATe pANIno jamAva thAya che. A khINonI uttara bAjAe tibeTano ucca pradeza che. te dariyAthI 16,00 phuTa UMco che. himAlakarIne eriAnA bIjA bhAgathI hiMda judo paDe che. tibeTa ane hiMdanI vayenA patinAM mathALAM himathI sadA DhaMkAyelAM che; ane ghaNuM moTAM gativALAM baraphanAM medAna (lezIara ) haLave haLave nIcenI khINamAM Utare che. emAMnA ekanI laMbAI 60 mAIlanI jANavAmAM AvI che. A araNyanA ghaNAka bhAgamAM mANasathI pezI zAkAtuM nathI, ane emAM lazkarane javAne eka mArga nathI. paraMtu himmatavALA vepArIo gheTAMnAM cAmaDAM paherI enA 18,000 phuTa UMcA ghATanI vATe AvajA kare che. thAka ane zramathI marI gayelAM khAcara ane TaTunAM paDelAM hADakAMvaDe temano mArga jaNAya che. yaka nAme nAnI gAyo pAse himAlayamAM poThInuM kAma karAve che. pITha upara bhAre baje laItao UbhA DhoLAva Aste Aste caDhe che. yuropamAM egAyonI pUchaDInA vALanI zIta ke kora bane che. vaLI pahADI ke gheTAMnI pITha para TaMkaNakhAranI guNo lAdhI taLeTInA pradezamAM najIkanA bajAromAM vecavA laI jAya che. tyAM gheTAnAM aMga parathI una utArI le che, ne temane mArIne mAMsa khAvAmAM le che; thoDAMka dheTAMnA para khAMDa tathA kapaDAM lAdI pAchAM mAMhenA parvata para laI jAya che. himAlayanI zAkhAo-hiMdanI uttara dizAmAM himAlaya bevaDA keTape AvI rahe che eTaluM ja nahi, paNa tene banne cheDe dakSiNabhaNuM zAkhAo phuTelI che; teo IrAna ane vAyavya khUNAnI sarahadone bacAva kare che. nAga ane pa&oI nAme IzAna taraphanI zAkhAenA pahADe sudharelA briTiza mUlaka ane upalA brahmadezamAM vasanArA rAnI lakanI vacce ADa thaI rahelA che. himAlayathI dakSiNa bhaNI jyAM e ADa vaLe che tyAM emAM mArga che, te vATe brahmaputranada AsAmanI khINamAM dhaye jAya che. sAmI bAjue eTale briTiza

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dezanuM varNana. hiMdane saghaLe vAyavya sImADe AvelI zAkhAo himAlayathI dariyA sAdhI gayelI che. dakSiNa tarapha teo jema AgaLa vadhatI jAya che tema teonAM nAma badalAya che. upalA bhAgane sapheda koha, madhya bhAgane subhAnaparvata, ane chellA ke nIcalA bhAgane hAlA pahADa kahe che. A ADamAM 11,000 phuTathI vadhAre UMcAM zikharo che, paraMtu himAlamathI dakSiNa tarapha e che ke tyAM AgaLa emAM eka mArga paDe che. tenuM nAma khAIbara pATa che.. khAIbaramAM thaI kAbulanadI hiMdamAM vahe che. e mArgathI dakSiNe thoDe cheTe phAma ghATa che. e sivAya derAImailakhAnanI pAse vAlIghATa, ane vadhAre dakSiNamAM prakhyAta elAna nAmi dhANa che. e saghaLA ghATa, ektaspha hiMda ane bIjI tarapha aphagAnistAna tathA balucistAna vaccenA daravAjA che. himAlayanA jaLAzaya-A TekarIvAja himAlaya parvata zatrune AvatAM aTakAve che eTaluM ja nahi paNa hidanA lokone anna ane dhana meLavavAnuM sAdhana pUruM pADe che. nIce AvelA garama praderone mATe emAM puSkaLa pANI ekaThuM thAya che. dUra rahelA uSNa kaTibaMdhanA samudramAM AkhA UnALAmAM ghaNI varALa thAya che. e varALa UMce ekaThI thAya che, ane juna mAsamAM dakSiNa taraphathI vAti mesamene eTale niyamita vakhatanA pavana tene uttara tarapha laI jAya che. comAsAnA pavanane lIdhe uttara tarapha ghasaDAI Avato varALano ja AkhA hiMda upara pharI vaLe che, ane tenI koIvAra ekanI pAchaLa eka ema doDatAM vAdaLAMnI lAMbI hAra baMdhAya che; evAM vAdaLAMne eka dezI kavie miTA veLA pakSInI upamA ApI che. eno koIvAra bhAre tophAnI varasAda thaI jaMgalamAM kakaDATA sAthe paDe che, ne rastAmAM AvatAM gAmaDAMnAM gharanAM chAparAM upADI de che, tathA khetara relachela karI mUke che. je vAdaLa hiMdaupara thaIne jatAM varasAdarUpe nIce paDatAM nathI te AgaLa jatAM himAlaya jeDa athaDAyache; e pati tene uttara bhaNI AgaLa vadhatAM aTakAve che, tyAre bhejavALI varALa nenA AgalA DhALa para varasAda thaI Utare che athavA aMdaranAM zikharene oLagavA jatAM TharI jaI tenuM barapha thAya che. e parvatanI

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himAlaca. dakSiNa bAjue jeTalo varasAda varase che teTalo AkhI pRthvIumara bIje koI ThekANe varasato nathI, ane tenuM pANuM hiMdanI nadIomAM jathAbaMdha vahyuM jAya che. zikharanI pilImera thoDIja varALa jamA pAme che, tethI uttare AvelA tibeTanAM moTAM medAnamAM bhAgye kAMIka varasAda varase che. AsAmamAM cerApuMjInA DuMgare je comAsAno pavana pahele athaDAya che, tyAM daravarase para3 iMca varasAda paDe che; evuM kahevAya che ke eka varasamAM (1861mAM) 85 iMca varasyo hato, timAMnA 366 iMca ekalA juna mAsamAM thayo hato. laMDanamAM daravarase jyAre 2 phuTa varasAda thAya che ane hiMdanA medAnamAM 1thI phuTa lagI thAya che, tyAre cerApuMchamAM 30 phuTa varase che, eTale moTAmAM moTI manavAra tarI zake eTaluM pANI paDe che. eka vakhata eka varasamAM tyAM 27 phuTa varasAda thayo hato eTale traNa mALanI havelI DUbe teTaluM pANI paDyuM hatuM. - himAlayanI nIpaja ane tino dekhAva -AbhAre varasAde karIne himAlayanI dakSiNanA DhALa ghaNu sAthe thAya che. upalA parvatA beDA bhUrA pASANunA jathA che, 5Nu jyAM jyAM uMDI mATIvALI baeNya hoya che, tyAM jhADAnAM jaMgala thAya che; taLeTI AgaLanI nIcI bhInI jamInanA paTane tarAI kahe che. te ghADa jaMgalathI DhaMkAyelI che. emAM tAvano roma bahu thAya che, tethI tyAM mAtra thoDAka vagaDAu mANase ane pazunI vastI che. pharnanAM jhADa ane vAMsanI jhADIo ugamaNu yugane zobhAve che, tathA heDa DenDronanA meTAM moTAM jhADa thAya che, te vasaMta rUtumAM lAla ane gulAbI phUlethI AsapAsanA pradezane zaNumAre che. devadAranAM ghaTTa ane bhabhakAdAra jhADa jathAbaMdha ume che. lIla, pharna cheDavA, ane phUlavALA velAthI jhADAnI DALIo chavAyelI hoya che. zaradaRtumAM rAtI bAjarInAM khetare pahADanI bAjAe jhaLakatI lAla maTIe jevAM dekhAya che. ImAratI lAkaDAM ane koyalA e himAlamanI vecI zakAya evI nIpaja che. sAMkaDI gama khIrAmAM ane jApara bahu mahenata karelI uMcI sapATI upara bAjarI, java, baTATA ane bIjA zAka tathA madha nIpaje che. pITha para be lAIna TaTTa ane khacaronI hAranI hAra mahA muzIbata ubhA khaDakomAMthI khodI kADhela

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dezanuM varNana. sAMkaDe rasate AvajA kare che. khaccaravALA ane temanI mahenatu bAyaDIo bhejavRkSa (saraLa)nI DALIonA bhArA ane anAja bharelA zika AkAranA TapalA laI jaDe cAle che. jaMgalano nAzanIcenA pradezomAM lAkaDAM mAM thavAthI ghaNAka pahADaparanAM vanano nAza thAya che, tethI have tenA beDA DhALa parathI varasAdanAM pANI utAvaLe vahI jAya che, ane navAM jhADa ugI zakatAM nathI. emAM vilAyatathI ANelA baTATA karavAmAM Ave che, tethI paNa ImAratI lAMkaDAM UgatAM baMdha thayAM che. baTATA sArU jamIna taiyAra karavAne pahADI kheDuto moTAM jhADAnA thaDanI AsapAsa geLAkAranI ugelI vanaspati bALI nAMkhe che; ane pahADanI bAjue uMcI sapATIo kare che. pachI thoDAM varasamAM DALAMnI chAla tathA pAMdaDAM kharI paDe che, ane jhADa sUkAyeluM mAtra UbhuM rahe che. moTAM jaMgalamAM kapAI paDelA daityanI peThe keTalAMka jhADa jamIna upara saDe che, keTalAMka dheLAM thaDa ane sUkI DALIsahita ubhAM rahe che. ati jyAM jaMgalano nAza thayo hoya che tyAM khUba phAlelA baTATAne lIlo pAka jevAmAM Ave che. keTalIka vadhAre vagADAU jAti khetI karavA sArU ethI paNa vadhAre nukasAna kare che. temanI pAse haLa ane baLada na hovAthI jaMgalane bALI nAMkhe che, ane cAMca jamIna khodI ekapachI eka utAvaLe pAka pakavI jamIna kasa vinAnI karI nAMkhe che. eka ke be varasamAM badhI vastI jaMgalanA bIjA bhAga para jAya che; ne tene paNa e rIte sApha karI khAlI karI nAMkhe che. pachI tyAMthI upaDI teija pramANe bIjI jagAe jAya che. himAlayamAMthI nIkaLanArI nadIo himAlaya parvata vize khAsa jANavAnuM e che ke teonA uttara ane dakSiNa beu DhALapara paDeluM varasAdanuM pANI hiMdanA pradezomAM jAya che, kemake pAchaLa kahevAmAM AvyuM tema teono bevaDa koTa banyo che ane tenI peThe UMDI khINa che. AgalA eTale dakSiNe AvelA pahADane oLagI jato varasAda aMdaranA eTale uttaranA parvatanA koTapara paDe che, ane tenuM pANuM pAchaLanI khINamAM vahI jAya che. hiMdanI traNa mATI nadIomAMnI be-siMdhu ane brahmaputra-vadhAre lAMbI che ne himAlayanAM bevaDA koTanI uttare

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brahmaputra. AvelI khINamAM nIkaLe che; ane trIjI gaMgA nadI je upalI karatAM nAnI che temAM tenA dakSiNa DhALAnuM pANI vahe che. siMdhu ane satalaja -siMdhune bahu pANuM puruM pADanArI satalaja nadI che. siMdhu, satalaja, ane brahmaputra, e traNenA mULa ekAMta khINamAM che; ne te ekamekathI ghaNuM dUra nathI. e khINa ane hiMdanI vacce 15,000 phuTa UMcA pahADAnI ADa che. siMdhu ane satalaja prathama AthamaNI dizAmAM vahe che. pachI himAlayamAM dakSiNa taraphanA mArga maLavAthI teo te dizAmAM vaLe che. paMjAbamAM tenI sAthe bIjI nAnI nadIo maLe che, ane bane eka pravAha thaI hiMdImahAsAgaramAM bhaLe che. emanI laMbAI 1,800 mAIla che. jahmaputra-bIjI bAjUe brahmaputra himAlayanI pAchaLa ugamaNI dizAe vahe che, te AsAmanA IzAna khUNA sUdhI Ave che. eTale tyAM tene bahAra nikaLavAno mArga maLavAthI ekAeka AthamaNI dizA bhaNI vaLe che, pachI dakSiNa tarapha jAya che, ane chevaTe baMgALAnA akhAtane maLe che. siMdhunI peThe enA mArganI laMbAI paNa sumAre 1,800 maila che. ema siMdhu ane brahmaputrAhimAlayanI pAchaLa prathama pAse pAse dipAvadei che. temanI laMbAI sarakhI che, ane temanAM mukha hidanI sAmasAmI bAjUe 1,500 mAIlane aMtare che. parvato phADIne bahAra nIkaLatAM pahelAM be DuMgarI keTanI vaccenI khIzumAM thaIne teo ghaNe che. sUdhI gupta vahe che, ane himAlayanA uttara DhALanuM pANI hiMdanA medAnamAM lAve che. brahmaputranuM kharekharuM mULa hajI mAlUma paDayuM nathI. himAlaya parvatanA koTanI pAchaLa lagabhaga 1,000bhAIla sUdhI te zApu nAme oLakhAya che, ane parvata phADI bahAra hiMdanA medAnamAM utare che, tyAre A moTo nada brahmaputra eTale ( brahmA athavA) devano dIkaro evuM saMskRta nAma dhAraNa kare che. gaMgA ane tene maLanArI maTI jamanAmAM himAlayanA dakSiNa DhALAnuM pANI Ave che. samudranI pAse AvatAM teo brahmaputrane maLe che, ane temanAM mULathI 1,500 mAIla cheTe baMgALI akhAtamAM bahu mukhe bhaLe che.

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dezanuM varNana. bIjo eTale nadIone pradeza -je mioTAM virALa medAnavALA pradezamAM thaI himAlayanI nadIo vahe che te Upara kahelA cAramAMno bIje pradeza che. e vistAra pUrva baMgALI akhAtathI pazcime hiMdI mahAsAgara sUdhI che, ane emAM hiMdI rAjyanA ghaNuM dhanavAna ane ghaNIghADI vastIvALA prAMto che. ghaNuM purAtana kALathI IzAna ane vAanya khUNAne jhAMpe thaI paradezI loko hida upara vArI karatA AvyA che. teoe nadIne kAMThe kAMThe AgaLa vadhI temanI pahelAM AvI vaselA lokane dakSiNamAM dariyA bhaNuM hAMkI mUkyA che. e nIonA medAnamAM ane tenI AjubAjue eTale nIcalA baMgALa, AsAma, adhyA, vAyavya prAMta, paMjAba, sidha, 2japUtamyAne ane bIjA dezI rAjyomAM 15 karoDa mANase hAla vase che. e pradezanI pazcime siMdhu nadI himAlayanuM pANI lAve che, pUrve brahmaputra lAve che, ane gaMgA tathA tene maLanArI nadIe madhya bhAgane rasALa kare che. paMjAbamAM pAMca nadIo siMdhune maLe che tyAra pachI bIjI kaI nadI tene maLatI nathI; tene pUrva kAMThe rajapUtasthAnanuM moTuM raNu lAgI rahe che. cheka pUrvamAM brahmaputra AsAmanI hajI paNa ochI vastIvALI khINamAM vahe che; paraMtu dariyA tarapha jatAM gaMgAnI najIka Ave che, tyAM ane kaThe ghADI vastI che. gaMgA ane tane maLanArI moTI nadI jamanA Azare eka hajAra mAIla sUdhI himAlayane lagabhaga samAntara vahe che. teone himAlayamAMnI bIjI ghaNIka nAnI nadIo maLe che. * uttara hiMdanA ghaNu kharA bhAgone e nadIo puSkaLa pANuM puruM pADe che, ane khetarane rasALa karanArI A jaladAtA nadIone loka pUje che. gaMgA ane jamanAnAM parvatomAM rahelAM mULa pavitra gaNAya che. alAhabAda (prayA) AgaLa e baMne nadIono saMgama thAya che. tyAM varase varasa hajAre leke jAtrA jAya che, ane sAgara beTa AgaLa, temanuM ekaThuM thayeluM vaheNa pahelAM samudrane maLatuM tyAM to hajI dara varase jAnevArI mAsamAM moTI jAtrA bharAya che. gaMgAne loka premapUrvaka miyA eTale mA kahe che. gaMgA miyAmAM nahAvAthI janmArAnuM pApa dhovAI - che; ane enA jaLa vaDe zarIranI maTTI sAgaramAM jAya evI Atura

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baMgALano DeTA. tAne lIdhe bhAvika hiMduo ene kAMThe deha pADe che. vaLI gaMgAne koi moTAM zahera che. kalakattA, pATaNa, ane banArasa (kAzI ) ene tAre vaselA che. ene maLanArI jamanAne tIre AgrA ane dilhI che, jene be be bhegI thAya che tenA nAkAnI jamIna upara alAhabAda che. nadIothI thatuM kAma.-hiMdanA medAna pradeza viSe samajaNa paDavAne mATe A moTI nadIo je kAma kare che, te ApaNe sArI peThe jANavuM joIe; kemake e nadIo prathama jamIna pedA kare che, pachI tene rasALa kare che, ane chevaTe tenI Upaja deza dezAvara laI jAya che. mANasa suTi Upara pedA thayuM, te pahelAM ghaNu kALa e pradero ghaNe ThekAche pRthvInI aMdaranA aninA jorathI ucA AvyA, athavA koI jaLasamayamAM thara baMdhAI thayA. paNa keTaleka ThekANe nadIoe parvatamAMthI ANelA kAMpa (kacare ane maToDI) nAtio banyA che, . ane Aje paNa asalathI cAlI AvelI jamIna banAvavAnI evI chAnI rIta jArI che, te ApaNe joI zakIe chIe.himAlayathI sasudrasUdhI jatAM baMgAlA prAMtanI gaMgA jevI moTI nadInA mArganI be avasthA che. pahelI avasthAmAM te khINone taLIo vahe che, bane bAjunA dezanuM pANI ane kAdava rAkhI le che, nAnA vaheLAe temAM bhaLe che, ane ema vadhatAM jatAM pANI ane kAdava sahita levAthI AgaLa dhase che. nIcalA baMgALAnA madhyabhAge gaMgA pahece che eTale enI bIjI avasthAno AraMbha thAya che. ahIM medAnI ekasarakhI sapATIne lIdhe tenA virane aTakAva thAya che, ane tenA prazAhamAM phAMTA paDI khAo thaI jAya che. jemAM pANInI dhArane ekAeka AMgaLIthI aTakAvatAM tUTaka se nIkaLe che, athavA pANIno ghA jamIra nAMkhatAM mAMhenA pANInA relA aneka dizAmAM cAleche, tema ahIM bane che. ema banelAM navAM vaheNamAMthI vaLI DAbe ane jamaNe beu bAjue bIjA phAMTA chuTa che. - baMgALanA DelyA. trikoNa pradeza.-e nadIonI ghaNIka zAkhAothI vIMTAyelA ane bharAyelA praderAne baMgALano DelTA kahe che, nAnAM nAnAM vahe cheA vizALa sapATa mUlakamAM dhIme dhIme vahe che.

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dezanuM varNana. mULanI doDatI nadI uttara hiMdamAMthI mATI ke retI lAve che te A zAkhAone vega e cha thaI javAthI AgaLa jaI zakatAM nathI. DelTAnI maMda gatIvALI tUTelI nadIono soLakAdavakicaro taLIeTharI rahe che, athavA to kinArA upara nIkaLI jAya che. kacarAnA TharavAthI Akhare tane badAma AkAre beTa bane che, ane keDe kALe nadInAM taLI AsapAsanA sapATa mUlathI uMcA thAya che. e rIte DeTAenI e nadIo uMcI sapATImAM vahenArI nahero jevI che, ane varasAdanI mosamamAM ubharAI jaI pitAne kacaro dareka paDakhe AvelA nIcA dezamAM mUke che. nIcalA baMgALAmAM hajAro corasa mAIla jamIna upara pratyeka UnALAmAM vagara kharace pUrANa thAya che, ane nadInAM vaheNe himAlayamAMthI pUrANu ANu A pramANe svabhAvika khAtara pAthare che tathI hamezAM sAre pAka UtaryA kare che. nadIo jamIna karanArI che - beTamAM nadIo AgaLa jAya che, tamatinI gati vadhAre dhImI thatI jAya che, ane tethI tenAM taLI pADAzanI sapATIthI vadhAre UMcAM thAya che. dareka zAkhAnI banne bAjae nIcI bhInI jamIna che, tethI DiTAmAM nIcAmAM nIcI bhInI sapATI be nadIonA vacagALe che. nadInuM pANI UbharAIne A nIcI jagAomAM vahe che, ane keDe thoDe kacarAthI te pUrAI jAya che. nadImAMthI nIcI jagamAM pAchuM jAya che, teno raMga koI vakhate pALe hoya che, kAraNa ke te pANImAM cera ane retI bhaLelAM hoya che. tyAM keTalAeka dahADA lagI pAruM rahe che, ane pachI nadInI rela UtarI jAya che, tyAre te pAchuM nadInA vaheNamAM jAya che. e pANImAMne kacaro nIkaLI javAthI tino raMga nItaryo dhuMdhaLe bhUre hoya che. kAMpa bhInA nIcANamAM TharI rahe che, tethI nIcANu jamIna keDe kALe pUrAI jAya che. e rIte nadIne lIdhe dhIme dhIme navI jamIna bane che. nadInI khADIo-DeTAne cheDe hidI nadIne dekhAva kaMI judija che. tyAM khUba jhADe ane jhADIonuM jaMgala tathA bhejavALI jamIna banI rahe che. ahiM tAva utpanna kare evI havAvALAM ujaDa jaMgalamAM thaI vaheNanAM DALAM pAMkhaDAM dariyAne maLe che. navI jamIna

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11 nadIo nAzakAraka che. karavAnI chAnI kriyA ahiM pratyakSa jaNAya che. samudranA bhAre pANIne lIdhe vaheNanA pravAhano chele aTakAva thAya che, tethI temAM rahela kAMpa tyAM TharI bese che, ane tenAM karADA athavA vAMkI bhUzira banI pANInI Upara nIkaLI Ave che. nadInA pANIthI sAgaranA vaheNunI gati paNa aTake che, ne te vaheNamAM AvelI retInA kAMThe kAMThe jamAva thato jAya che. e rIte nadIne kAMpa kacare TharavAthI kAMThAnI jamIna samudra tarapha vadhe che, ne samudranA vaheNamAM nI retI TharavAthI nadInA mukhonI AsapAsa dvIpo bane che. upara pramANe jamIna banavAnI bevaDI kriyA tyAM cAle che. nadIo khetarone pANI pAnAra, ane mAla laI javAnA mArga che.moTI hiMdi nadIe potAnA taLIAmAM beTa banAve che. kinAre AvelI nIcI bhejavALI jamIna para kAMpa kacaro pUrIne navI bhUmI kare che, potAnA mukha AgaLa TekarA, bhUzira, ane navI jamIno banAve che, samudrane pAchA haThAvI tio dhIme dhIme potAnA DeTAo race che. e pramANe teo je jamIna utpanna kare che, tene rasALa paNa kare che. tionA mArganA nIcalA bhAgamAM svAbhAvika rIta khetarane pANI maLe che, ane jamInamAM khAtara pUrAya che. paNa UpalA bhAgamAM mANasane AgaLa paDI nahera khodI temAMthI pANI levuM paDe che. vaLI nadIne raste dezane mAla zaheromAM ane baMdaramAM De kharace laI javAya che; ane dherI nase mANasanA zarIramAM je kAma kare che te A nadIo baMgALAnA pradezamAM kare che. * nadIo nAzakAraka paNa che - paNa teonA veganA baLane lIdhe vakhate bhayaMkara Akati bane che. bhAgye koI varasa rela vagaranuM jAya che. kinAM Dhera, bharI mUkeluM anAja, chAyalAM jhUpaDAM, ane tene lIdhe chApare caDI beThelA ciMtAtura mANasa e relamAM taNAI jAya che. patimanA mArganA upalA bhAgamAM naherovaDe khetaromAM pANI laI javAmAM Ave che, tyAM pANI pAyalI mAtabara jamIna tAva utpanna kare che, ane koI ThekANe e pANImAMnAM reha nAme khArano popaDe khetaromAM bAjhavAthI teo nAza pAme che, ane temAM kAMI ugatuM nathI. vadhAre

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12 : dezanuM varNana. nIcalA bhAgamAM eka moTA vegavALI nadIe dezapara ahiM tahIM pharatI rahe che, junA mArga taje che, ane navA zodhI temAM vahe che; e navA mArgo jAnA bhAgathI vakhate paNa mAIla dUra hoya che. A niraMtara pharatA mArgamAM AvelI bhUmine tathA gAmane e nadIo DubAvI de che. koI vAra potAnI jamInamAM thaIne pahoLI ane uMDI nadInuM vaheNa vahe che te baMgALI jamIdAra nirUpAya thaI joyA kare che. e nadI e zAMta hoya che, tyAre paNa jUnA jamIdAranI jamIna tarapha dabANa kare che, ane navA jamIdArane mATe bIjI kADhI Ape che. pratyeka zaradu RtumAM A baLavAna vaheNe tare AvelAM khetarone ane gAmaDAne taLethI chedI toDI paDe che. jamIna banAvavAnA UdyogathI ja temanA vahevAnA rastA pUrAI jAya che; ane e rIte temanA kAMThA para AvelAM ghaNAM prAcIna zaheranAM khaMDera hAla pANIthI Ave uMcANamAM AvelAM mAlUma paDe che. e ja pramANe teonAM mukha AgaLa AvelAM baMdara baMdha thaI gayAM che. nadInAM vaheNu tathA daAinA pravAhathI retI ke kacAvaDe tyAM AgaLa purANa thaITa nIkaLyA che. nadIothI banelA uttaranA pradezanA pAka ane dekhAva - baMgALAnI nadI nA pradezomAM varasamAM be ane keTalAka pratiAmAM traNa pAka thAya che. ghaNAMka paragaNAMmAM tenA tija khetaramAM bAra mahinA mAM be pAka utare che. vasaMtaRtumAM kaThoLa, telI bIA, tathA ghaNI jAtanI lIlotarIno pAka thAya che; sapTebara ( bhAdaravA ) mAM Dagerano pahelo pArka ane navembara ( kArataka) mAM varasane DAMgera tathA bIja anAjano moTo pAka thAya che. e cha pAka laNAI rahyAM pahelAM to vasaMtanI ropaNIne sArU jamInane taiyAra karavAno vakhata thAya che; me mahinAnA tApanA dahADAvinA e dunane navarAzAno vakhata nathI. e mAsamAM te varasAdanI rAha AturatAthI jue che. nadIone upalANe aAvelA uttara taraphanA vadhAre korA mUlakAmAM kaThathI upara caDatAM rasALa pradeza che. tyAM mATInAM vAvALAM gAmaDAM che, ane zobhAyamAna vRkSa che. vasaMtamAM AMbAvADIenA miranA vAsathI havA bahekI rahe che, ane unALAmAM tenI puSkaLa kerIo utare che. bAtAM

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DeTAnA pAka. 13. vaDanAM jhADa ane temanAM laTakatAM mULa ( vaDavAI ) nA staMbha, pAMdaDAMnA bharAvavALA bhabhakAdA2 pIpaLAratAza paDatAM phalAthI chavAyelA pAtarAM vagaranA kapAsanA cheDa, pIchAM jevAM pAMdaDAMvALI uMcI AmalIo, ane utAvaLe uganArAM bAvaLa khetarenI AsapAsa uge che, ne uMcAM vadhe che. samudranI najIka nadIo AvatI jAya che tema tene kaThe tADanAM vane jovAmAM Ave che. DeTAnA pAka- e bhAgamAM vistAravALA, sapATa DAMgaranA kayAraDA jaNAya che. temanI AjubAjue sadA lIlAvAMsa, nALi ora, AkA (sepArI) ane bIjAM kalagIghATAM vRkSA hoya che. upalaka najara karatAM A ghADI vastIvALA pradeza gAmaDA vagano hoya ema lAge che, kemake dareka gAmaDuM keLanI vADIomAM ane padAza karI Ape evAM jhADAmAM DhaMkAyeluM hoya che. nadInI nIcalI mira utarIe chIe, tima vaLI judA judA pAka najare paDe che. uttaramAM mukhya pAka ghauM, java, juvAra ne bAjarI che. ahiM sAdhAraNu lokono rAka juvAra ane bAjarI che. DAMgara upajAvavAne jamInane pANI pAvuM paDe che, ane te mAtra dhanavAna leke vApare che. DelTAmAM te mukhya pAka DAMgara che, ane tija saghaLA lakano khorAka che. kaMI nahito pacAsa jAtanI DAMgara baMgALI kheDuta pakavI jANe che. zeraDI,telI bI , kapAsa, tamAku, gaLI ane ghaNAka kImatI masAlA ane raMga karavAnI cIja uttaramAM ane dakSiNamAM Uge che. medAnanI sarahade AvelA DuMgarApara, paraMtu mukhyatve karIne dArjIliMganI AsapAsa ke dhArma ane asAmamAM, cAnA cheDa UcheravAmAM Ave che. gaMgAnA ardha bhAgamAM kAzI ane pATaNanI AsapAsa aphINunA cheDanuM vAvetara thAya che. vadhAre AgaLa jatAM nIcalA baMgALAmAM rezamanA kIDAno khorAka je zetura tinAM jhADa uge che. baMgALI DiTAmAM mukhyatve karIne saNano pAka thAya che. e pAkane lIdhe nadInA pUrathI je jamIna mAtabara na thayAM karatI hoya tene kasa UtarI jAya che. jaMgalomAMthI paNa lAkha, ane tasara nAme hIranA kozeTA maLe che. nadIonA pradezamAM je je pAka thAya che te badhAnAM nAma vacanArane kaMTALo Ape eTalAM che. koI

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14 dezanuM varNana. prajAne piSaNanA khapamAM Ave ane lugaDAM karavAne upayogI hoya athavA paradeza joDe vepAra calAvavAne lAyaka hoya evI saghaLI jAtanI vanaspati ghaNuM karIne puSkaLa pedA thAya che. - trIjo pradeza dakSiNane uraca pradeza-uttaramAM himAlaya, ane tenI taLeTI AgaLa miTI nadIvALA medAno viSe mukhya bAbato kahI. have hiMdanA trIjA pradezanuM varNana karIe. e pradeza traNa bAjuvALI UMcI sapATa bhUmi che, ane A dIpakalpano dakSiNa ardhabhAga roke che. prAcIna kALamAM A bhAgane dakSiNa deza kahetA hatA, ane emAM madhyaprAMti, varADa, madrAsa ilAko, muMbAI IlAke, mahezvara, sidhiyA, hekara, ane nijAmanAM tathA bIjA khaMDiA rAjAnAM saMsthAno che. gaMgAnA pradezanI dakSiNa bAjUthI ene jevA be pavitra pahADa AvI rahelA che, ane temanI vacce 800 mAIla lAMbI nAnA moTA DuMgaronI hAra che. pazcima cheDe AvelA Abu parvata 2japUtasthAnanA pradezathI pa6pa0 phuTa UMce che. dariyAnI vacce beTanI peThe te AsapAsanA midAnamAM Ubhe che. tenA upara, zrAvaka lekanAM anupama daherAM che. aravallI, viMdhyA, sAtapUDA, ane kAImura pati tathA bIjI UMcI bhUmi pUrva tarapha phelAya che, te gaMgAnI khINu sUdhI jAya che. ahiM rAjamahAlanAme DuMgarIe che. cheka pUrvamAM pArasanAthanAme DuMgara che, te paNa jaina tIrtha che ane gaMgAnA pradezanI sapATIthI tenI laMbAI 4400 phuTa che. dakSiNa urakhya pradezano dekhAva-A judA judA pahADAnI hAra maya dezanI UMcI bhUmine uttara taraphathI jANe ke ApanAra bhIMta che. hAla saDako ane relve tiomAM peThAM che, paNa pAchalA samayamAM uttara ane dakSiNa hiMdanI vacce e parvata ane jaMgalanI Ane lIdhe AkhA hiMdanuM eka rAjya banAvavAnuM kAma ghaNuM kaThaNu hatuM. A trikoNAkAra ucca pradezamAM moTAM moTAM vana, parvatamALA, enI pUrva ane pazcima bAjuone ghATa kahe che. nadIne tIre Asa

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dakSiNanI nadIo 15 bAMdhelA hoya che teone athavA pahADAmAM AvajA karavAnA mArgane ghATa kahe che. pUrvadhATa madrAsa ilAkAmAM rahe che. temAM tUTaka DuMgara ane DuMgarAnI hAre che. keI koI ThekANe kAMThAthI dUra hovAthI tenI ane samudranI vacce moTAM sapATa medAno che. pazcimaghATa dariyAnI bAjuethI muMbAI IlAkAne bacAvanAra mATe koTa che. tenI ane kinArAnI vacce mAtra sAMkaDI paTI che. keI koI ThekANe teo sAgaramAMthI upaDelA che, tyAM tenI bhavya UbhI TekarIo tathA bhUzire dariyA parathI utaravAnA vizALa pagathi jevAM dekhAya che. parva ane pazcima ghATa kanyAkumArI AgaLa khUNe paDatA maLe che, tithI A ucca pradezane mAtra traNa bAjuo che. emanI aMdaranI bhUmi himarekhAthI ghaNuM nIcI che, ane tenI sAdhAraNu uMcAI 2,000 ke 3,000 phuTathI vadhAre bhAgye ja koI jagAe haze. emAM nAmIcA pahADa nIlagiri ( AsamAnI raMgano pahADa ) che. madrAsa IlAkAnI unALAnI rAjyadhAnI utakamaMDa dariyAthI 7,000 phuTa che, te e pahADamAM che. sauthI UMcuM zikhara haisUrane dakSiNa cheDe dAdAbettA che tenI UMcAI 8,760 phuTa che. dakSiNa ucca bhUminI nadIo-A vizALa ucca pradezanuM jaLa mukhyatve pUrva kAMThe jAya che. traNa bAjuvALA A pradezanI uttara taraphanuM eTale viMdhyAcaLanA uttara bhaNInuM pANuM gaMgA nadImAM bhaLe che. viMdhyAcaLanI dakSiNa taLeTIe narmadA vahe che; ane tenuM te taraphanuM pANuM barAbara pazcimamAM khaMbhAtanA akhAtamAM laI jAya che. narmadAthI thoDe che. dakSiNamAM lagabhaga tene samAntara tApI nadI vahe che, te sAtapUDA pahADanuM pANI teja akhAtamAM laI jAya che. paNa ahiMthI AgaLa dakSiNamAM jatAM pazcimaghATa Ave che. te muMbAI IlAkAnA nAkArinI, ane mahelA bhAganI ucca bhUminI vacce UMcI ADa thaI ubhe che. mATe e mahilA pradezanuM pANI Akhe mUlaka oLagatuM UgamaNe dizAe vahe che. e pANI kaI ThekANe DuMgaramALAnI AsapAsa vIMTaLAtuM, ane koI jagyAe teonI vaccenI khINamAM thaIdhamatuM AgaLa jAya che. muMbAI bhaNune pavana pazcimaghATa para

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16 dezanuM varNana. varasAda ANe che, tenuM pANe e rIte baMgALa upasAgarane jaI maLe che. madrAsa IlAkAnI traNa moTI nadIo-godAvarI, kRSNa ane kAverInAM mULa atre muMbAI kAMThAnA pIDAmAM che, ane vacagALAnA vizALa ucca praderAmAM thaI hiMdane pUrva kinAre AvelA samudramAM teo maLe che. dakSiNa uraca pradezanAM vana-asalanA saMskRta kavioe kahyuM che ke, A dakSiNa ucca bhUmi jaMgalothI bharapUra che. sAla, abanasa, sIsama, sAga, ane bIjA moTAM jhADa tyAM hajI puSkaLa che. vizeSa karIne ghATa para jyAM jyAM cheDanA mULa bAjhI zake che, tyAM sundara vanaspati patharAI rahe che, paNa hAla kheDANa thavAthI pahADanA aMdaranA bhAgamAM jaMga jovAmAM Ave che. ghauM, juvAra, bAjarI, vigere jhINAM dhAnya, tamAku, kapAsa, zeraDI ane kaThoLano pAka AkhA dezapara thAya che. dakSiNa hiMdanI kALI jamIna ghaNuM mAtabara che; ane ghATa tathA dariyAnI vaccenI nIcI jamInamAM phaLa ApanAra tADa varganAM jhADa, DAMgara, tathA bIjA mAtabara uparA uparI pAka thAya che, te nIcalA baMgALAnA pAkanI babarI karI zake che. e mahilI ucca bhUmi para ghaNIvAra varasAdanI tANa paDe che; tethI khetarane pANuM pAvAnI judI judI yukitao leke karI che. keTalAka pratimAM kuvAnAM pANI. pAya che, keTalAkamAM taLAvanAM ane keTalAka bhAgamAM nadInI khINanAM mukha bAMdhI laI saravara jevAM banAvI temAMthI pANI khetaramAM le che. uttara ane dakSiNa taraphanA miosamanA pavanathI thoDA mAsa varasAda varase che tenA pANIne A rIte loko saMgraha kare che, ane AkhA varasamAM joIe tyAre upayoga kare che. juvAra, bAjarI, rAgI, vigere jhINuM anAja sAdhAraNa lokono mukhya bArAka che. khAsa nikAsa rU, ane ghauM che. uca pradezanA khanija-vaLI A trikAra ucca pradezamAM, ane temAMthI phUTI AgaLa AvelA DuMgarAmAM hidanI khanIja zelata bharAI rahelI che. A pradezanI IzAna kore baMgALAmAM ane madhya prAMtanI khImAM koyalAnI khANeno mATe rojagAra hAla

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briTiza brahmadeza. cAle che. AgaLa jatAM leDhAnI kAMkarI ne cunAnA paththaranAM paDane lIdhe udyamano vadhAre thanAra che. thoDuM trAMbuM ane bIjI dhAtuo paNa che. gaLonDAnA hIrA ghaNA vakhata lagI prakhyAta hatA. ghaNA prAcIna kALathI senAnI raja nadInI retImAMthI jaDe che; ane hAla madrAsa ane mahesUramAM senAnI khANe vidyAnA niyama pramANe bAda vAno prayatna cAlu thache. briTiza brahmadeza-brahmadezane hAla Izre je potAnA hiMdharAjya sAthe joDI dIdhA che. emAM IrAvadI nadInI khINuvALe pradeza ane baMgALI akhAtanA pUrva kAMThAnI paTI che. e uttara dakSiNa le vadhe che. enI pazcime samudra che. vacagALa baraDAnI karoDa mAphaka DuMgarAnI hAra che. e nI pUrva siyAma ane cinAI rAjyano pahADI mUlaka che. vacagALAnI DuMgaramALAne "mA" parvata kahe che. enA upara ghADAM vana che; ane e kAMThAnI paTI ane IrAvadInI khINanI vacce ubho che. nadIvATe uttara taraphathI puSkaLa sAga Ave che. dariyA kAMTho seMkaDe ThekANe khADIothI bhedAya che, ane kAMThAnI sapATa jamIna tathA IrAdInI sapATa khINamAM DAMgaranA moTA kyAraDA che. uMcI jAtano tamAka pAke che, tenI brahmI strI purUSo sigAra (pAtarA vagara ekalA tamAkunI vALelI bIDI) banAvI pIe che. vaLI madrAsa ilAkAmAMthI puSkaLa tamAkunAM pAMdaDAM ahiM Ave che. 1886 sUdhI briTiza brahmadezanA traNa prAMta karyA hatA. ArAkAna eTale uttara taraphanA kAMThAnI paTTIno pradeza, pazu athavA madhyamAM IrAvadInI khINa, ane tinAsarima athavA IrAvadInA DelTAnI dakSiNe AvelA sAMkaDA dariyAI pradeza ane dI. sane 1886 mAM upalo brahmadeza ke AvAnuM jUnuM rAjya briTiza rAjyamAM umerAyuM. bArAkAna, ane pigu prAMtamAM khanija tela (kerosIna) nA jharA che. tenA rima prAMtamAM kalAInI khANo ghaNI che. tyAMnI loDhAnI kAMkarI svIDananI uttama lehakAMkarI jevI sArI che. e uparAMta thoDuM tenuM ane tAMbuM tathA ghaNuM cokhA cUnAnA paththara che. cikhA ane ImAratI lAkaDAM brahmadezanI

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prakaraNa 2 jaM. lAka. loka vize sAmAnya citAra--hiMdamAM be prakAranA mUlaka che; 1 briTiza rAjyanA prAMti, 2 je dezI rAjyo. I. sane 1891 mAM AkhA hiMdamAM 28 karoDane 80 lAkha mANasanI vastI hatI. romanuM rAjya pUrNa kaLAe hatuM tyAre tenI je vastI hatI, tenI bamaNa karatAM kAMIka vadhAre hAla hiMdanI vastI che. je dezI rAjAo sArI rIta rAjya calAvavAne rAjI che,teonA hakka IMje kAyama rAkhe che. balake e rAjAone emanA rAjyanA tAbAnA rAjAo karatAM vadhAre hakka che. evA dezI rAjAe paDe hiMdanA kSetraphaLanA eka tRtIyAMza bhAga para hajI amala kare che, ane temanAM saMsthAnonI vastI cha karoDa sATha lAkhanI che. hiMdanA kSetraphaLano betRtIyAMza bhAga briTiza rAjyamAM che, ane AkhA hiMdanI vastInA bhAga uparAMtanAM, eTale 22,10,00,000 mANase, IgrejanI sattA heThe che. dezI saMsthAno-vAIsaroye temanA darabAra khAte nImelA IMgreja resiDenTanI madadathI ane tenI salAha pramANe dezI rAjAo potapotAnAM rAjyomAM amala calAve che. emAMnA keTalAka lagabhaga svataMtrapaNe rAja kare che ane keTalAkane ocho adhikAra che. evA khaMDIyA rAjA ghaNA che. tio potapotAnA rAjyanI upaja le che, ane lazkaro rAkhe che. moTA rAjAone temanI raiyatane dehAMta daMDa sudhInI sajA karavAno adhikAra che; saghaLA rAjAonI sattA karAra karI bAMdhI dIdhI che; e karArathI tioe iMgreja sarakAranI tAbedArI kabUla karI che. hidamAM aMgreja sarakAra sarvopari hevAthI e khaMDiyAM rAjyone mahAmahi vaDhavADha athavA parA joDe saMdhi karavA detA nathI. jyAre koI rAjA pitAnI yita upara geravAjabI amala kare che, tyAre briTiza sarakAra vacamAM paDe che; julama karanArane Thapako de che; ane jarUra paDe to padabhraSTa paNa kare che; nabaLAnuM rakSaNa kare che, ane saghaLe salAha zAMti rAkhe che. bAra briTiza prAMta-briTiza rAjyanA bAra prAMta karyA che. dareka prAMtane mAthe gavarnara ke mukhya adhikArI che. paNa e badhA hiMdanI sara

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kSetraphaLa ane vastI. kArane eTale gavarnara-janarala Ina konsilane tAbe che. gavarnara jana2lane vaoNIsarAya paNa kahe che. ziyALAmAM tamanI rAjadhAnI kalakattAmAM che. ane unALAmAM himAlayanI paDAzamAM simalAmAM hoya che. himAlayamAM dariyAnI sapATIthI 7,000 phuTanI uMcAIe simalA che. hiMdanA vaiIsarAyanI nImaNuka iMglAMDamAM mahArANI kare che. madrAsa ane muMbAInA gavarnara paNa teja pramANe nImAya che; bIja pratiAnA mukhya amaladAranI nImaNuka hiMdanA aMgreja nokarImAMthI lAyakAta pramANe karavAmAM Ave che, ane te vAIsarAya kare che, paNa lephaTananTa-gavarnaranI jagA ApavAmAM sTeTa sekreTarInI maMjUrI levI paDe che. kSetraphaLa ane vastI-nIcenA be kAMThA parathI prathama kaTA chalA sahita bAra briTiza prAMtinAM kSetraphaLa ane varatI jANavAmAM Avaze, emAMthI edana ane AndAmAna TApuo bAda karyA che; bIjuM, dezI - sthAnanA tera vibhAga ane te darekanI vastI tathA kSetraphaLa paNa jANyAmAM Avaze. pahelA kaThAmAM I. sane 1891 mAM vastInI gaNatrI thaI te parathI briTirA hidanI vastInA AMkaDA ApyA che, emAM ena ane AndAmAna beTanI vastI jaNAvI nathI. kAThAnI nIce TUMkI noMdha ApI jaNAvyuM che te pramANe keTalAka navA prAntamAM barAbara gaNI thaI zakI nathI, tine lIdhe tyAMnI vastImAM kAMIka AMkaDA umeravA paDayA che. A AMkaDA umerI ane edana tathA AndAmAna TApuonI vasatI bAda karIe to I. sane 1891 mAM briTiza hiMdanI vastI badhuM mane bAvIsa karoDa ne savAdasa lAkha hatI. bIjA koThAmAM ApelA vastInA kula AMkaDAmAM je dezI rAjyomAM ga--- putrI thaI zakI nathI tenI vastInA AMkaDA umerI levA joIe. kAThAnI nIce TUMka noMdha ApI vadhArI levAnI saMkhyAnA AMkaDA Azare lakhyA che. e ume karI letAM Isane 1891 mAM dezI rAjyanI kharI vastI lagabhaga cha karoDa pisAta lAkha thavA jAya che. briTiza hidanI bAvIsa karoDa savAdasa lAkha mANasanI viratImAM A saMkhyA umaratAM I. sane 1891 mAM hiMdanA briTiza ane dezI saMsthAnonI vastI (dana ane AndAmAnanI bAda karatAM) 28 karoDa ne 80 lAkha hatI.

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koTA suddhAM briTiza hiMdanA bAra prAMti (1891). che. kula vastI prAMtanAM nAma emAM ApelAM dezI rAjadhA bAtala karatAM kSetraphaLa rasa mAIla. dararasa mAIle mANasanI saMkhyA, 1891 mAM. cIpha kamizanaranatAbe) ra41 1,7,53,3,4,54, rapa4) '1, ra6,50,83 ,69,5,085parara .436 1 madrAsa ilAko, ... . 3,5,30,440..rApara ka ... ... ... ... ...1,41,189. ... 2 muMbaI IlAke. . ra6o 1pa0 muMbaI . 77,275 1 ra rA 1,19, 1 1 .88 27,04 0 ** 11deg siMdha.... 47,8para 28,71,7 "" 3 baMgALA IlAke (lephaTananTa-gavarnarane tAbe)......... 1,51,543.. .. .. 7,13,46,987 - - ka - 4 paMjAba IlAkA (lephaTanenTa-gavarnarane tAbe). ... ... .188 1,10,667... ... ...2,00,66,847 | * 5 vAyavya prAMto (leTinenTa-gavarnarane tAbe)... 83,ra8I . 6 ayodhyA (Auda) mAMta(cIpha kamizanarane tAbe) ra4,ra171 7 madhya prAMtA ( cIpha kamizanarane tAba ). . ... ...6,51 ... ... ...1,7,84,ra94.....1ra4 8 brahmadezane mulakat (cIpha kamizanarane tAbe)... upalA brahmadeza * * * --- 41,68,4485 nIcalA brahmadeza .. * 87 95 1,5, 46,58 6ra7 " deg para ) . 9 AsAma ( cIpha kamizanarane tAbe) ... ... ... ... ... 49,004)... ... ... 54,76,833 .. ...111 loka. ' ' ra9,46,933 35. 36,5,560 { para . 4pa * ena bAda karatAM. enanuM kSetraphaLa 75 corasa mAIla. vatI 44,079. * brahmadezamAM keTalAMka patrake nAza thayAM. hapara AvelA malakamAM vastInI eka gaNatrI thaI nahatI, A be bAbatanA peDhAmAM Azare 1,16,491 ne vadhArA karavo joIe.

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..... 2006 28 97,491 | *** 10 varAha ( kamizanarane tAbe).* ... 11 ajamera-mevADa ( kamizanarane tAbe). 1ra pha( kamizanarane tAbe).... * * 17, 10 ... ... 2.711 * 1,583 | : ..163 ,, ra00 ...19 * 542,358 .. 1,99, w ... ra7, ra70 : : : karo . : briTiza hiMdane mATe kula.. . 9,61,994 ... rara,11,13,264 229 an 11 139 -132 - 293 : : : : : : : : : : : ! : : : : : : : : : , hiMdanAM rAjyanA jathA. hiMdanAM khaDiyAM rAjyonA tira jathA (1891). 1 rajapUtasthAna .. ...1,20,16,12... 2 haidarAbAda (nijAmanuM rAjaya.) . " 11537,04... 3 madhya hiMda ejaMsa ane buMdelakhaMDa... 1,03,18,81ra.. 4 vaDAdarA .. 5 he sUra. . 176 6. kAzmIra - . . 53,5ra.. . 31 muMbaI sarakArane tAbenAM dezI saMsthAno. ... .... 80,59,98... 116 8madAsa sarakArane tAbenAM dezI saMsthAne. ... 37,00,6rara. 385 9 baMgALA sarakArane tAbenAM dezI saMsthAnA. . 3ra96,379.... 10 paMjAba sarakArane tAbenAM dezI saMsthAne 4ra63, 280.. * 111 11 vAyavya khAtAnI sarakArane tAbenAM dezI saM. ....... .. 5,19ii.. 7,92,491).. papa * varADamAM cha pelA jIllAmAM che. karArapramANe jijane khavaya ApavuM joIe tene paTa tathA bIjA devAne peTa hedarAbAdanA nijAme e cha jIllA i jane vahIvaTa karavAne soMpyA che. * kaveDhA bAda karatAM briTiza balUpIstAnamAM nevI tevI gaNatrI thaI te parathI tyAMnI vastI 1,45,417 hatI. bhIla vigere nahIM gaNAyavA te khare ra,ra41.

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hiMdanAM khaDIyAM jenA tara kathA (1891). jyAre saMsthAnanA jathAnuM nAma kSetraphaLa | kulavasatI 1891 mAM. dara rasa mAIla mANasanI saMkhyA rasa mAIla. 1ra madhya prAMtanI sarakArane tAbenAM dezI saMsthAno... ... ... ra9,435. . . .. ra1,60,511... 73 13 zAna saMsthAnA (nAkAMo vigere.)... 2,99ra... * * * hiMdanAM khaMDiyA rAjayanA kula AMkaDA. f ..... ...5,95,313 .6,60,50,479. 110 briTiza ane dezI hiMda saMsthAnonI vasatInA upalA koThAmAMnA AMkaDA pheMca ane pirTugIjhanA kabajAnA bhUlakanA AMkaDA umerIe to edana ane AjAmananA TApu bAda karatAM AkhA hidadezanA AMkaDA maLaze. ka kSetraphaLa dara rasa mAIle vatI. corasa mAIla mANasanI saMkhyA briTiza hiMda (1891) 9,61,994... ... .rara,11,13,ra6ka... ...rara9 khaMDiyA rAjaya ejana ... * 5,95,313 ... *** ..6,60,50,479... ...11 piorTugIjhanAM saMsthAno (1881)... 1,086 4,81,467 mukhyatve kasbA pheMce saMsthAnA (1891)... * 178. 2,82,9ra3 mA ke parAmAM *** *** vastI che. brisvadeza suddhAM AkhA hiMdanA kula AMkaDA .. ...... ...1558,571 |... ... ... ra8,79,28,133 ...184_ * zAna saMsthAna nahi gaNAyalA te Azare 3,72,969 maNipuranA patrako tyAM tophAna uThayuM tethI baLIgayAM. simitI vastI Azare 30,458.

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ghaNI dhIca vastIvALA chalA. 23 vastInuM ghADApaNuM-briTiza hiMdamAM ghaNuM ghADI vastI che. keTalAka bhAgamAM to eTalI badhI vastI che ke yitane beDavA sArU pUratI jamIna paNa maLI zakatI nathI. briTiza prAMtamAM dara cerasa mAIla jamInapara sarAsarI 228 mANasanuM poSaNa thAya che. khaDiyAM rAjamAM dara cerasa mAI le 110 mANasanuM poSaNa thAya che. eTale tyAM briTiza rAjyanA ardhAthIe ochA mANasanuM gujarAna dara corasa mAI le maLe che. brahmadeza ne AsAmanA bahAra rahelA prAMti bAda karIe to briTiza hiMdamAM dararasa mAIle sarAsarI 279mANasa chemATe dezI rAjyonI phrAnsamAM dara corasa mAIla mAtra 187mANasa hatAM. ghADI vastIvALA IglAMDamAM dara corasa mAIle ra00 AdamI gaNAya che, eTalA badhA loko tyAM gAmaDAMmAM rahI gujarAna meLavatA nathI; ghaNAka to hunnaranAM kArakhAnAM, khANuM ke zaheranA udyama vaDe peTa bhare che, euparathI hiMdanI vastI keTalI badhI ghADI che te have barAbara samajAze. hiMdamAM meTAM zahara thoDAM che.- IMglAMDanI peThe hiMdamAM moTAM nagare ghaNuM nathI. sane 1891mAM iMglAMDa ane vilsanI vastIno lagabhaga adha bhAga vIza hajAra karatAM vadhAre vastIvALAM zaheramAM vasato hato. paNa te vakhate briTiza hiMdamAM vastIne mAtra eka vIsAMza bhAga evAM nagaramAM raheto hato, hiMdalito gAmaDAMvALa mATe mUlaka che. je kaA kahevAya che teo mAtra gAmaDAMnA jathA che. ane tenI vacamAM AvelAM khetaromAM loko Dhera hAMkI ANe che, ane khetI tathA kApaNuM kare che. ghaNI bIca vastIvALA jIllAhiMdamAM kheDutonI ghADI vastI jevAmAM Ave che. jyAM eka ekara dITha eka mANasa athavA eka corasa mAIla 640 mANasa karatAM vadhAre che, tyAM temane jamInamAMthI paTapuratuM meLavavuM paNa kaThaNa paDe che. paNa zaheranI paDAzAmAM athavA khetarane pAvAne puratuM pAchuM maLI zake che tevA bhAgamAM A muzkelI jaNutI nathI. ema chatAM hiMdamAM lakhe kheDutomAMnAM dareka ardhA ekarapara jematema karIne nirvAha kare che; evA jIllAomAM jyAre varasAda thoDA iMca che paDe che tyAre loko bahu ApadA bhagave che, ane jyAre

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24 . lAka, bahuja ochA varase che tyAre hajAro ArmI dukALathI marI jAya che. jamInathI piSaNa thaI zake tethI vadhAre AdamI che temAM keTalAka bhAgamAM puSkaLa rasALa bhaiya che chatAM tene kheDanArA nathI. IMglAMDamAM ghADI vastIvALA SAgamAMthI nIkaLI AchI vastIvALA bhAgamAM leka khuzIthI jaI vase che. paNa hiMdamAM te kheDuta pitAnAM khetare choDatA nathI. potAnAM gharamAM paNa dIkarA thAya te AkhA kuTuMbanuM gujarAna te khetaronI upaja vaDe thatuM nahIM hoya to paNa badhA dIkarAne khetare vaheMcI Ape che. jyAM eDavAne joIe teTalI puSkaLa jamIna maLe tyAM hiMdanA kheDuti jaI vase te temanuM bahetara thAya, tathA temanI hAlata sudhAravAne ane dukALa aTakAvavAne sarakAra ghaNo prayatna karI lAbha ApI zake te karatAM temane vadhAre lAbha thAya. lakanuM eka jagAethI bIjI jagAe javuM-hiMdane beDuta potAnA bApadAdAnA vatanamAM paDI rahe che te kaMI mUrkhAIne lIdhe nathI. asalanA vArAmAM eka gAmathI bIje gAma jatAM tene ghaNuM muzIbata naDatI, tathA ghaNI dhAstI rahetI. mAla lAvavA laI javA kAje gADAMne javAnA rastA jAja hatA. hiMdanA ghaNe bhAgamAM to lazkarane javAne mukhya raste thaI mAla laI javAmAM Avato. paNa aMgrejI amalanI sthApanA pahelAM eka sekA lagI dezI rAjyano aMdhera kArabhAra cAlyA te vakhatamAM koIpaNa raste thaIne musApharI karavI ghaNuM jokhama bharelI hatI, kAraNake rastAmAM cerano ane hathiyArabaMdha lUMTArAno bhaya rahe. te kALamAM relve ane AgaboTa hiMdamAM bIlakula jANavAmAM nahatAM. A jamAnAmAM to lekene eka jagAethI bIjI jagAe laI janAra e be mukhya sAdhano che, ne te ApaNuM vakhatamAMja hiMdamAM dAkhala thayAM che. rastA, relve ane AgATane lIdhe ghADI vastIvALA bhAgamAMthI nIkaLI jyAM phAlatu jamIna hoya tyAM pite jaI zake che, evuM hAla hiMdanA kheDuto pahela vaheluM jANavA lAgyA che. teene dhIme dhIme paNa cokasa rIte e bAbatanI samajaNa paDavA mAMkI che. ane tethI saMkhyAbaMdha be kRti madhyaprAntanA, uttara tathA pUrva

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kheDutanI gulAmagIrI rada karI. baMgALAnA, ane AsAmanA AchI vastIvALA bhAgamAM jaI vasavA lAgyA che. bhamatA kheDutonI khetInI zata-ghaNuka DuMgarepara ane sarahadapara AvelA pradezamAM khapa karatAM eTalI badhI vadhAre jamIna che ke tenuM gata AvatuM nathI. koI kasavALI jamIna paranuM jaMgala kApI nAMkhI tyAM pahADI leka thoDAM varasa vase che. daramyAnamAM utAvaLe eka pachI eka pAka pakavI te jamInane nAkauvata kare che. pachI teo tyAMthI jatA rahe che, ane te jagAe pAchuM jaMgala thAya che. evI jamInanuM gaNata levAmAM AvatuM nathI. paNa je rAjyanA rakSaNamAM evA bhaTakatA pahADI mANaso rahe che tene tio kuTuMbadITha mAthA Ape che. e bhamatA kheDutonI saMkhyA vadhe che tyAre teo bhaTakavuM cheDI daIeka jagAmAM rahI khetI kare che. AkhA brahmadezamAM A baMne rIta jeDa joDe cAlu che. paNa hiMdanI ghADI vastIvALA pradezamAM bhaTakAu kheDuto' rahyA nathI. tyAM khetI karanAra pratyeka kuTuMba ekaja jagAe peDhI dara peDhI ghaNe kALa vase che. gaNota mAM vadhAro-AjathI se varasa para to baMgALAnI jamIna kheDavAne joIe teTalA kheDuta nahatA. tethI jamInadAraleka kheDutane thoDuM gata laI jamIna para vasavAne lalacAvatA; paNa hamaNuM kheDuto eTalA vadhI gayA che ke keTalAka jIllAmAM teo meM mAgyuM gaNeta ApI jamIna rAkhe che. mATe gaNatano dara vadhAre vadhI jatA aTakAvavAne sarakAre kAyadA karyA che. lAMbI mudatanA kheDutono khetara uparano haka e kAyadAmAM kabula rAkhyA che. evA vaMzaparaMparA beDanArA kheDuto kanethI keraTa vAjabI gaNota TharAve karatAM vadhAre laI zakAya nahi. paDatanI gulAmagIrI rada karI-jAnA vakhatamAM vastI ochI hevAthI pratyeka khetI karanAra kuTuMba jamIdArane ghaNuM upayogI hatuM. hiMdanA ghaNuM bhAgamAM koI kheDuta gAmamAM AvI ekavAra vacce eTale tene tyAMthI pAchA javA detA nahIM. DuMgarI mUlakomAM bhamatA kheDuto hajI che, temAMnA koIne tyAMne rAjA te mUlakamAMthI nIkaLI javA deto nathI; kemake dareka kuTuMba mAthA Ape che tenuM nukasAna rAjA veThI zaktio nathI. keTalAka prAMtomAM nIcalA vargonA kheDuto jamIna para gu

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loka. lAma thaI rahelA igrejanA jovAmAM AvyA. baMgALAnA anikoNamAM evA kheDuta gulAmone choDavavAnI kozisa Imeja adhikArIoe karI tithI baMDa jevuM kAMI thayuM hatuM. pahelAM jeo gulAma hatA teonA vaMzajo hajI hayAta che. paNa have teo svataMtra che. lAkanA vAra prakAra:-AgaLanA yuropI graMtha karanArA evuM lakhe che ke hiMdamAM be jAtanA laka-hiMdu ane musalamAna vase che. paNa vadhAre bArIka najarathI jotAM mAlama paDe che ke e dezamAM nIcalA cAra prakAranA leka vase che. 1. anArya jAti, emane keTalAka mULavatanI ke bhUmiyA kahe che, ne emanI saMkhyA sane 1872 mAM varatInI pahelI gaNatrI vakhate briTiza prAtamAM 1,80,00,000 (eka karoDa eMzI lAkha) hatI. 2 je. Arya ke saMskRta bhASA bolanArI jAta; e hAla brAhmaNa ane rAjapUta kahevAya che, ne emanI saMkhyA 1,60,00,000 (eka karoDa sATha lAkha che). 3. mizra jAtinA lokaH e hAla ghaNuM karIne hiMdunA nAmathI oLakhAya che, ne Arya tathA anArya bane, ke ekalA anAryamAMthI utpanna thayelA che; emanI saMkhyA 12,10,00,000 (bAra karoDa dazA lAkha che). 4 . musalamAna varga; eo I. sa. 1000ne sumAre hiMdamAM A vavA lAgyA ne emanI saMkhyA 1872 mAM 4,50,00,000 (cAra karoDa pacAsa lAkha) karatAM vadhAre hatI. ema saghaLA maLI che. sane 1872 mAM 20,00,00,000 (vIza karoDa) mANasanI vastI briTirA hiMdamAM hatI. tyArapachI briTiza hiMdanI vastI vadhI che. I. sane 1891 mAM 22 karoDa 10 lAkhanI upara thaI hatI. e vadhAro upara kahelA cAre prakAranA lokomAM thayeluM jaNAya che. paNa pAchalA vIrA varSamAM ghaNuM kharI anArya ke mULavatanIonI jAti hiMdu dharmamAM maLI gaI che, tethI vastIpatrakamAM teo hiMdu tarIke noMdhAyA che. hiMdunAM khaMDiyAM rAjyamAM upalI cAra jAtinA maLI 6,60,00,000 (cha karoDa sATha lAkha) mANasanI vastI che. paraMtu dareka varganI saMkhyA keTalI te jaNAI nathI. etihAsika samaya pahelAMnI be mukhya jAta-hiMdumAM mULa Arya ane anArya evI be mukhya jAti hatI. tethI ApaNe A prAcIna loka viSe barAbara mAhitI meLavavA kaziza karavI joIe. cheka

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aitihAsika samaya pahelAnI be mukhya jAta. ra7 purAtana kALanI hiMdanI AchI pAchI hakIkata parathI jaNAya che ke tyAM mULe be jAtanA leka hatA, teo jamInane mATe vaDhavADa karatA. emAMnI eka jAtanA leka gorI cAmaDInA hatA. te kALamAM thoDA vakhata pahelAM teo vAyavya khUNAnA ghATone raste AvyA hatA. A leAko potAne Arya eTale uttama phaLanA kahetA.tio umadA bhASA bolatA, ane patAnA upara prasanna rahe evA baLavAnadevane pUjatA. A Aryo hiMdamAM brAhmaNa tathA 2japUta nAme oLakhAyA. bIjA leka halakI jAtanA hatA. teo ghaNA vakhatathI A dezamAM rahetA hatA. ekane pAchaLathI AvanAra zreSTha Arya lekoe parvatAmAM nasADI dIdhA, athavA potAnA gulAma banAvI sapATa pradezamAM rahevA dIdhA. A be jAtinA zuddha vaMzajenI saMkhyA meLavI jemAM hAla balagabhaga sarakhI jaNAya che. hAlanI hiMdanI vastIno meTo bhAga bIjI vacalI nyAtithI banelA che.e sadhaLI nyAto mukhyatve karIne bemAMnI vadhAre jaMgalI anArya jAtamAMthI pedA thaI che. AgaLa ApaNuM jANavAmAM Avaze ke I. sananA AraMbhane sumAre sithiAna nAme trIjI jAta hiMdamAM AvI. teNe ghaNuM jANavAlAyaka parAkramo karyo che. emanA pachI eka hajAra varase musalamAna AvyA.

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prakaraNa 3 juM. anArya lAka. anArya ke mULa vatanIo-hiMdanI jUnAmAM jUnI vastImAM judI jAdI komanA leka hatA. e lekane potAnuM amuka jAtinAma na hatuM, nathI e anArya ke mULavatanIo kahevAya che. teo potAnI pAchaLa kaI jAtanA lekha mUkI gayA nathI. kharuM jotAM tione akSaranuM ke citralipinuM jJAna na hatuM. temanA karelAM kAmomAMthI mAtra paththaranA beDALa cakkare, sIdhAM calAM, ane mATI tathA paththaranA DhagalA mArI karelI kabaro - jasudhI rahyAM che. yuropanA mULavatanIonI peThe tio e kabara nIce muDadAM vATatA. e samAdhe taLethI nIkaLelI cIje jatAM mAluma paDe che ke nakkI nahi karI zakAya evA ghaNuM prAcIna kALamAM teone sArAM ghATIlAM, pAtaLAM ne kaThaNu mATInAM vAsaNu banAvatAM AvaDatAM laDAImAM teo loDhAnAM hathiyAra vAparatA, ane tAMbA tathA senAnAM ghareNAM paheratA. A prAcIna kaba banAvanArI vadhAre jAnI nIzAnI jotAM evuM sAbIta thAya che ke teo agAu thaI gayelI ghaNI purAtana jAta parathI utarelA hatA. hiMdamAM je loka emanI pahelAM vasatA hatA teo dhAtuthI ajANa hatA. suropanA uttara bhAgamAMthI hAla maLI Ave che tivI saphAIdAra cakamakanI pharazI ane paththaranA kArIgarIvALAM bIjAM hathiyAravaDe tio zikAra tathA laDAI karatA. emanI paNa pahelAM vadhAre ane sughaDa jAto thaI gaI hatI. te lokanAM banAvelAM kaThaNa paththaranA charA tathA cakamakanI kaDhaMgAM hathiyAre narmadAnA pradezamAMthI maLI Ave che. e ghaNuM jUnA vakhatanA "pASANayuga ane tyArapachInA dhAtuyupa* vItyA pachI ghaNA kALe hiMdamAM Arya loko AvavA mAMDyA ane e navA AvelA lako mULavatanIone mArI haThAvA lAgyA. Arya ke anArya lakanuM nIce pramANe varNana karyuM che. chatalA Arya lakA jAnA vatanIone dasyu eTale duzmana ane dAsa eTale gulAma kahetA. uttaranA vadhAre ThaMDA pradezamAMthI Aryaloka hidamAM AvyA, ane tio potAnI gorI cAmaDInuM abhimAna rAkhatA. saMskRtamAM raMgane mATe * je jUnA vakhatamAM loko mAtra paththaranA ojAra vagere prathama banAvI jANatA tene - pANayuga kahe chetema je samayamAM mAtra dhAtunI cIjo prathama karatA zIkhyA tene dhAtuyuga kahe che

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29 vadhAre sudharelI anArthI jAto. varNa zabda che teno artha pAchaLathI jAti ke nyAta thaI gayA. ochAmAM ochAM 3,000 athavA 4,000 varasa pahelAM veda racanArA asalanA Arya kavioe potAnA pratApa devonI stuti karatAM kahyuM che ke "tame ( devoe) dasyune haNuM Arya varNanuM rakSaNa karyuM, tathA kALI cAmaDI (vALI jAta) ne Arya purUSane tAbe karI', teo kahe che ke moTA parAkramI devatAo taphAnI AkhalAnI peThe dhasI AvI kALI cAmaDIne vIkherI nAMkhe che." vaLI suMdara caherAvALA AryalakA mugalanA jevI sapATa zIkalavALA mULavatanIone tiraskAra karatA vidamAM eka kavie anArya lokane nAka rahita athavA capaTA nAkavALA' kahyA che. bIje kavi potAnA devana suMdaranAkavALA' kahI temanI stuti kare che. vedanA samaya pachI ochAmAM ochAM eka hajAra varSa mahAna sikaMdaranI savArI hiMdamAM AvI tyAre paNa eziAnI keAI anArya jAtanI tija prakAranI badazI kala joI tenA sAthIoe TIkA karI hatI. kharekhara vidanA bannemAM te A mULavatanIo saMbaMdhI tiraskAra bharelAM vacano puSkaLa mAlama paDe che. "yajJamAM vigha karanArA', "mAMsanA khAudhara', "kAcuM khAnAra', "baMdhana vagaranA', yA nahi karanArA', deva vagaranA" ane "kriyArahita,' e pramANe vacano che. vakhata jatAM A aNaghaDa lokone jaMgalamAM hAMkI kahADayA, pachI tenuM ethI paNa vadhAre naThAruM varNana karyuM che; ane Arya kavi ane geree temane, rAkSasa ane daityanAM nAma ApyAM. jema prAcIna jarmana bhASAmAM zatru ke verIne mATe jela hato te uparathI IgrejImAM "phanDa' eTale zetAna' zabda thayo,tima e anAryalokanuM jAti nAma je "dasya' eTale 'duzmana"teno artha bhUta, pizAca ke daitya thayo. vadhAre sudharelI anAryo jAta-ema chatAM prAcIna hiMdamAM sadhaLI anArya jAti jIgalI hoya evuM saMbhave nahiM. dasyu athavA anArya loka pisAdAra hatA evuM ApaNe jANIe chiye. vidanA momAM kahyuM che ke temanI pAse gaDha ane kilA hatA. Aryaloke pAchaLathI anArya loka sAthe saMdhi karI; ane hiMdanAM keTalAMka miTAM baLavAna rAjyo para - nArya rAjA rAja karatA. vaLI anArya leka dharmakriyA rahita na hatA, ke paralokanI AturatA vagaranA nahatA. eka jUnA saMskRta pustakamAM lakhyuM che ke

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30. anArya loka. eleke muDadAMne, vastra, ghareNuM ane bheTa karelI cIje vaDe zaNagAre che; ema karavAnI matalaba eja ke teo paroka pAme." bALa patharAnI samAdhanI nIcethI kAMsAnA, tAMbAnA, ane senAnA kakaDA nIkaLe che, te e ghareNuM che. dakSiNa hiMdamAM Aryaleke svArI karI tenuM varNana rAmAyaNa nAme saMskRta vIrarasa kAvyamAM che, temAM eka anArya saradAre pitAnI jAtanA loka vize kahyuM che ke teo "bhayaMkara rIte jhaDapathI doDanArA, laDAImAM pAchI pAnI Ape nahi evA, ane rUpe gherA bhUrA raMganA vAdaLa jevA che." hAlanA anArya leka-Aja kAla e asalI lekanI kevI sthiti che tenuM avalokana karIe. Aryaloke AvI sapATa pradezamAMthI hAMkI kahADayA pachI, jema marI gayelAM janAvaronAM avayavo DuMgaranI guphAmAM paDI rahe che,tima tio parvatamAM saMtAI rahyA che. e pramANe hiMda mANasajAtanuM moTuM saMgrahasthAna che. ahiM ghaNI adhama sthitimAM DUbI rahelA mANasethI te UMcAmAM UMcI avasthAe pahoMcelA saghaLI tarehanA mANasono citAra maLe che. namUnAne ThekANe A saMgrahasthAnamAM sUkAM hADakAM nathI, paNa jIvatI jAto che, ne teomAMnI dareka jAta pitapatAnI vicitra rUDhIo ane dharmakriyA pALe che. AndAmana beTanA rahIzA-saghaLAthI aLagA rahelA AndAmana beTanA hIro athavA baMgALI akhAtanA anArya loka manuSyavargamAM sau karatAM vadhAre jaMgalI che. araba temaja AgalA vakhatanA pUrepanA vahANavaTIoe temane katarIA hoMvALA ne mANasakhAu kahyA che. sane 1815 mAM aMgreja amaladArane e beTamAM thANuM besADavA mikalyA tyAre tyAM mANasanA mAMsanuM bhakSaNa karanArA nAgAloka temanA jovAmAM AvyA. teo AnaMdanA divasamAM zarIre rAtI maTADI cALatA, ane dIlagIrInA vakhatamAM DIle kALI mATInA lepa karatA. khuzI ane snehadekhADatI vakhate teo raDavA je zora karatA. temanAM nAma sAmAnya jAtivAcaka hatAM. janama thatAM pahelAM temanAM nAma pADavAmAM phelAvanArI koI milI zakitane teo devI tarIke mAnatAta uparAMta Izvara

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vaidhyAcaLamAM vasanArA anArya loka. 31 saMbaMdhI tamane vadhAre samajaNana hatI. pAMca varasa sudhI aMgreja amaladAroe temane meLavI levAne ghaNA prayatna karyA hatA, paNa daravakhate temanA para tIrane mAra paDavAthI teo niSphaLa thayA hatA. pAchaLathI thANAnI najIka chAparIo bAMdhI tyAM emAMnA garIba lokane rAkhI barAka tathA esiDa ApavAnI savaDa thI tithI dhIme dhIme teo haLI gayA ane zAnta paDA. madrAsa ilAkAnA DuMgarI mANase - madrAsa ilAkAnA dakSiNa bhAgamAM anAmale nAme DuMgare che, temAM ghaNuMka anArya jAti vase che. pulI ara nAme lAMbA vALavALA ne jaMgalI dekhAvanA loka jaMgalanI nIpajano, uMdarano ke timanAthI pakaDI zakAya tevAM bIjAM nAnAM janAvarono AhAra karI gujAro calAve che. teo dene pUje che. mundara karIne bIcha jAta che te kaI ThekANe cokasa ghara karIne na rahetAM potAnAM Dhera laI cheka aMdaranA bhAganA DuMgaramAM bhaTake che. tio kotaromAM ke pAdaDAMnI maraDImAM rahe che, ane ekaja jagAmAM bhAgye eka varasathI vadhAre Take che. jarA UMcI jAtanI rahI gayelI jAtamAM jADA heTha ane TUMkA zArIravALA kadara (DuMgaronA dhaNI) leka che. tiozikAravA pitAno nirvAha kare che, ane temanAthI vadhAre jaMgalI jAti para kAMIka amala calAve che. prAcIna anArya ke maDadAM dATI upara paththaranI samAdhi karI che. tene kriena ane domena kahe che. evI samAdhe A DuMgaromAM ghaNuM che. hiMdanA nairgadatya khUNAnA nairanAme DuMgarI lokamAM ghaNA dhaNI karavAno jUno rivAja hajI cAlu che. e rivAja pramANe eka bairIne ghaNuM ghaNuM hoya che, ane harakeImANasanI milakatano vArasatinA dIkarAne na maLatAM tenI benanAM chokarAMne maLe che. hiMdane sAme cheDe himAlayanA anArya lakamAM paNa A rivAja cAlato jaNAya che. viMdhyAcaLamAM vasanArA anArya ka.-uttara ane dakSiNa hiMdanI vacce AvelA hArabaMdha parvatAmAM ghaNuM vagaDAu jAti vase che. e jaMgalI jAtimAM sauthI vadhAre jANItI kadAca bhIla jAti che. e jAtanA loka narmadA nadInI cheka uttare udepura saMsthAnathI muMbaI ilAkAnI khAnedarA ejansI lagI gayelA viMdhya parvatAmAM rahe che. teo

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anArya loka bakarAM ane gheTAMnAM ToLAM laI jaMgalanA pahADI pradezomAM bhaTakatA phareche. teo zikAravaDe tathA jaMgalanI kudaratI nIpaja jematema karIne pitAnuM gujarAna calAve che. udepura saMsthAnamAM teo nAnAM jhuMpaDAM bAMdhIne vasyA che. AkhA gAma para duzmana ekadama chApo mArI na zake eTalA mATe dareka jhuMpaDuM judI judI TekarI para bAMdheluM che. amuka eka kuTuMba pakaDI zakAya; paraMtu ti kIkIArIo kare che, te parathI bIjA lakAne bhayanI khabara paDe che, ane thoDI vAramAM laDAInI bUma ekaTekarIthI bIjI TekarIe poMcI jAya che, tethI karIne ardhA nAgA jegalI lekonAM ToLAM te humale karanArane mArI kADhavAne hathiyArabaMdha nIkaLI paDe che. aMgreja amala thayAM pahelAM bhIla loko ghaNe dUra sudhI jaI gAme luTatA ane bALI detA. e titio AsapAsanA pradezamAM vasanArAne ghaNe trAsa ApatA, tyAre dezI rAjyakatIo vakhate vakhate bhIla lekenI khunI katala karIne vera vALatA. sane 1818 mAM IsTa IDiyA kaMpanIne thaDamAMno muMbaI tAbAne khAnadeza ja maLyA, ne taNe bhIla lekepara pahelI caDAI karI tenuM pariNAma duHkhadAyaka nIparyuM. kaMpanInA lazkaranAM adhe mANasa jaMgalomAM tAvathI maraNuM pAmyAM. tyAra pachI tarata ja sara jemsa aiyAme e jaMgalI jAtine vaza kIdhI; tiNe temane ujANIo khavarAvI tathA vAghanA zikAra karAvI temanI joDe dostI bAMdhI. zikArI pazuone zodhI kahADavAmAM tenI sAthe nava bhIla laDavaiyA niraMtara rahetA, temanI madadathI eka bhIla palaTaNa teiNe ubhI kIdhI. e palaTaNamAM sane 1827 mAM charse mANase hatA, ane teo iMgreja sarakAranI vatI bahAdurIthI laDyA hatA. A vaphAdAra bhIlee potAnA vadhAre jaMgalI jAtibhAIone lUTaphATa karatA aTakAvyA; ane tio eTalAti vizvAsu nIvaDayA che ke khAdezanI polITIkala ejansInA moTA pradezamAM hAla temane polIsanA sipAInI tathA trIjorInA paheregIranI nokarI para rAkhyA che. madhya bhAganA anArya lika-madhya pratinI vastImAM ghaNe bhAge anArya loka che. keTalIka jagAmAM tionI aradho aradha vastI che. tiomAM sauthI agatyanI jAta gAMDa nAme che, te thoDI sudharelI

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himAlayanI jAto. che; paraMtu vadhAre vagaDAu jAti ti jaMgala cheDatI nathI, ane zikAra vaDe gujAre calAve che. emAMnI keTalIka jAti thoDAM varasapara cakamakanA tIra vAparatI evuM kahevAya che. tio bahu jabarAM kAmaThAM vApare che. e kAmaThAne pagevatI jhAlI be hAthe paNacha athavA dorI kheMcI tIra pheke che. temanuM phekeluM tIra haraNanA zarIrane ArapAra vadhI zake che. mArI loka ghAsanAM jhuMpaDAmAM rahe che, ane ajANyA mANasane AvatA dekhI nAsI jAya che. varasamAM ekavAra te jagAnA rAjataraphathI eka mANasa temanI pAsethI khaMDaNI levA Ave che. khaMDaNImAM teo jaMgalanI nIpaja Ape che. e khaMDaNuM ugharAvanAra mANasa temanAM jhuMpaDAMmAM na pisatAM Dhola vagADe che ne pachI saMtAI jAya che. zaramALa mArI laka bahAra nIkaLI potAne je ApavAnuM hoya che te TharAvelI jagAe mUkI jAyache, ne pachI pitAne saMtAI rahevAnI jagAmAM pAchA jatA rahe che. pAMdaDAM paheranArI orissAnI jAta-AgaLa IzanamAM AvelAM orisAnAM khaMDIyAM saMsthAnemAM eka garIba jAta vase che, timAM daza hajAra mANasa che, ne tenuM nAma jIAMga ke patuo (pAMdaDAM paheranAra) che. thoDA vakhata pahelAM temanAM bairAM navastrAM pharatAM, ke phakata maNakAnI thoDI mALA paheratAM, ane tenI AgaLa tathA pAchaLa pAMdaDAne ekeka gucchA laTakAvatAM. sane 1871 mAM Igreja amaladAre eToLInAM badhAM strI purUSone ekaThAM karI bodha karyo, ne bhASaNa pUruM thayA keDe strIne paheravAne lUgaDAMne akeka kakaDA Apyo. e navAM lUgaDAM paherI teo hArabaMdha salAma karatAM te amaladAranI AgaLathI cAlyAM gayAM, ne chevaTe potAnI kammarethI utarelAM pAMdaDAMnA gucchAne ekaThA karI ThAvake maheDe bALI nAMkhyA. temanI kane lUgaDAMne badale phakta e gucchA hatA. himAlayanI jAti - hiMdanI uttara sImA para jatAM himAlayanA DhALa upara ne nAkAM AgaLa ghaNuM jAtanA vagaDAu anArya leka vase che. AsAmanA keTalAka DuMgarI lekanI bolImAM gAu ke tenA jene khIe kaI jamInanuM aMtara jaNAvanAra zabda nathI paNa raste cAlatAM tamAma keTale khAdhe ke pAna keTalAM cAvyAM uparathI keTaluM cAlyAti gaNe che.

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34 , anArya loka kAma karavuM tamane gamatuM nathI. ghaNuM karIne teo vikarALa, kALA ne ThIMgaNuM che. temane peTa pUratuM khAvA maLatuM nathI. AgalA vakhatamAM A sAmanI khINamAM gAmaDAM lUTItio jema tema karI gujAro karatA. hamamAM sImADAne badAbasta rAkhavAnuM polIsanA jevuM kAma tamane seMDuM che, te badala dara varase temane kapaDAM, cAMcavA ane anAja maLe che. pUrva teo kevAM nabaLAM kAma karatA hatA te e lokanA nAma parathI jaNAI Ave che. AsAmamAM akasa nAme eka jAta che,timAM beToLIo che. temAMnI ekanA nAmano artha "hajAra cUlAne khAnAra thAya che ane bIjInA nAmano artha 'kapAsanA khetaramAM saMtAI rahenArA cora' che. vadhAre sudharelI anArya jAti-hAla paNa mANasa jAtanA sudhArAnI zarUAtanI sthitimAM rahelI ghaNIja anArya jAti che. evI sthitimAM rahelI jAtinuM varNana traNa hajArathI vadhAre varasapara vedanA kavioe kareluM che. paraMtu keTalIka jAtimAM kAMIka sudhAro thayo che, ane tamanA saMsAramaDaLanuM baMdhAraNu paNa kAMIka sArI DhabanuM che. ane naghaDa jAtinI peThe A ucI jAti paNa AkhA hiMdapara comera vIkharAyelI che. paraMtu temAMnI saMtAla ane kaMdha e be jAtane ke hevAla mAtra atre ApIzuM. saMtAla lAka-nIcalA baMgALAmAM gaMgAnA praderAne sImADe AvilA DuMgaromAM saMtAla leka vase che. sapATa bhUminA lokanAM gAmothI temanAM gAma judAM che, ane temanI vastInI saMkhyA zumAre daza lAkha mANasanI che. rikArI jaMgalI lekanI ghaNI rUDhIone hajI temaNe cheDI nathI, tapaNu tio haLavaDe kheDatAM zIkhyA che, ane kasabI kheDuta banI ekaja jagAmAM vastI karI rahyA che. dareka gAmano vahivaTa tyAMne mukhI paTela kare che. dhAravA pramANe te gAma vasAvanAra mULa purUpano e vaMzaja che. e mukhInA hAtha nIce eka madadagAra paTela che, ane eka pagI ke ekIdAra che. gAmanA chokarAnA amaladAra nikhA hoya che, ane teone uparI ane tene madadagAra e benI pUrNa AjJAmAM paraNatAM sUdhI temane rahevuM paDe che. hiMdulakanI peThe e lekamAM jJAtibheda nathI. ghaNuM kharuM teo potAnI sAta zAkhA gaNe che,

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saMtAla lAkano dharma. 35 ane teone potAnA mULa pUrvajanA sAta putrothI utpanna thayelI mAne che. AkhuM gAma bheguM thaI sAthe ujANuM kare che, zikAre jAya che, ane devalUjana kare che. jAtibaMdhana evuM jabaruM che ke gunehagArane nAta bahAra mUko eja mAtra saMtAlalAkamAM sajA hatI. bhAre guneha karanArane gAmamAM AgapANInI baMdhI karI jaMgalamAM ekalokahADI milatA. nAtavAlAe khullI rIta samAdhAna karatA to nAnA aparAdha mApha karavAmAM AvatA. samAdhAna karavAne mATe aparAdhIoe badhA gAmane ujANI ApavI paDatI tathA sarvane sArU cokhAno dArU masa pare pADa paDato. saMtAla lAkanI kriyAo-e lAkamAM bALalagna thatAM nathI. padarathI sattaravarasa lagInI umare juvAna strI purUSo potAne managamatAM lagna karavA jevaDAM thAya che, tyAre paraNe che. lagnakriyA karI rahyA pachI kanyAne piyerIyAM jene saMbaMdha tUTa che evuM jaNAvavAne mATe tenAM sagAM baLatA aMgArAne sAMbelAvatI kare che, pachI pANI chAMTIne halAvI nAMkhe che. saMtAla leka potAnI strIone mAna Ape che, ane pahelIvAranI strI vAMjhaNI hoya toja khIjI paraNe che. teo patAnAM maDadAMne amuka kriyA karI bALe che. maDadAMnA mAthAnI parInA traNa kakaDA dAdarA nadImAM nAMkhe che. teo e nadIne pavitra mAne che. saMtAla likano dharma -vidanA maMtra karanArA je baLavAna ane hitakArI devane pUjatA hatA, tivA devo saMtAnA jANavAmAM nathI, to eka sarvazaktimAna ne kalyANakArI devA mANasajAtanuM pAlaNa kare che te vAta temanAthI kema samajAya ? hiMdu ane musalamAne e mArI ThekIne hAMkI kahADelA saMtAla loka samajatA nathI ke kAIdeva teimanAthI vadhAre baLavAna hoya te kaMI paNa jAtanuM duHkhadevAnI IcchA kema na kare. koI chaTAdAra belanAra pAdarI pratideva vize temane bAdha karato hato. tene eka saMtAle kahyuM ke tyAre te samathe eka deva mane khAI jAya to huM zuM karuM ? saMtAla dhAre che ke pRthvI rAkSasathI bharapUra che ne temanI itarAja na thAya teTalA sArU te bakarAM, kUkaDAM ane maraghaDAne temane bhega Ape che. potAnA pUrvajonA bhUta, prita,nadInA pIzAca, vananAM bhUta, kUvAmAMnA vitALa, parvata paranA rAkSase vigare bIjA ghaNuM adazya jIvone satiSI

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anArya lAka. khuzI rAkhavA joIe evuM teo mAne che. AsapAsa ugI gAmane chAyA ApanArA sAlanA jhADAmAM evA jIvo vase che ematio dhAre che. game te jhADamAM gAmanAM bhUti vasatAM heya tane tikhavA rahI jAya nahIM mATe keTalAMka gAmaDAMnA leka dareka jhADanI AsapAsa nAce che. saMtalAno ItihAsa-gayA saikAnA lagabhaga chevaTanA bhAga stradhImAM saMtAla leka pAsenA pradezo lUTI gujAre karatA. paraMtu briTiza e mala nIce teo narama paDI TharIThAma khetI kare che. temanI ane nIcalA pradezanA gAmanA lekanI vacce TaMTA thatA aTakAvavAne aMgreja amaladAre sane 1832 mAM sImADe patharA daTAvyA; paraMtu nANuM dhIranArA e lakanI madhye utAvaLA jaI rahyA, ane bheLA DuMgarIleke devAdAra thaI gayA. sagAMvahAlAMnA pAkA nehane lIdhe gAma choDI nAsI na gayA, ne hiMdu vyAjanA dAsa jevA thaI gayA. garIba saMtAlane daravarase pitAno tamAma pAka leNadArane Apo paDe che, ane tenI pAse mAtra kuTuMbane muzkelIthI cAlI zake teTaluM khAvAnuM rahe che. te marI jatA tyAre tenA dIkarI bApanuM traNa ApavAmAM ghaNuM AbarU mAne che. 1848 mAM traNa gAmanA tamAmaleka nirAza thaI pitAnAM khetaro cheDI jaMgalamAM nAzI gayA. sane 1855 mAM tIra kAmaThAM sahita trIsa hajAra saMtA pitAnI hAlata gavaranara janaralane jaNAvavAne kalakatte AvavA nIkaLyA, temAM pahela vahelo to ThIka baMdobasta rahyA paNa majala lAMbI hatI ane khAvAnuM, joIe te maLyuM nahIM tyAre teo bhUkhane lIdhe cerI karavA lAgyA. temanI ane polIsanI vacce kajIe thayo ane eka aThavADIAmAM teoe hulaDa karyuM, ne hathiyAra vAparavA lAgyA. e phitura sarakAre taDayuM, paNa temAM e lokenI bhAre katala thaI. sarakAre temanI phariyAda dhyAna daIne sAMbhaLI ane briTiza adhikArInI dekharekha nIce ghaNuM sAdA prakArane rAjyavahivaTa temane bAMdhI ApyA. hAla tio AbAda che. teo zaramALa ane vahema havAmI harikenavI vArthI Dare chesane 1881mAM varatIpatraka karyuM tenI sAmatimAMnAM thApAka hathiyAra laI uThyA hatA,

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kaMdha lokonI vaDhavADha ane sajAnI rIta. kiMdha athavA koMdha leka-dhi zabdano artha parvatavAsI che. emanI Azare eka lAkha mANasanI vastI che. orissAne kAthI ubhA jaMgalathI chavAyelA paDe che, temAM teo vase che. rAjyavahivaTane mATe dareka kuLamAM vaDilanA hAthamAM sattA rAkhavI vAjabI gaNe che. kaTuMbamAM bApane hAthe kharekhara badhe adhikAra che. tenI hayAtImAM ummare AvelA dIkarAno milakatapara jarAkhe hakka nathI. paNa potAnI khAIDI ane chokarA sAthe dIkaro bApane gharamAM rahe che, ane mATInA je rAMdhe te saghaLAM jame che. TALImAM vaDA kaMbanA gharamAM je vaDA kare hemaMte AkhI ToLIno mukhI che. je te hedAne lAyaka na hoya to loko tene kahADI mUkI tenI jagAe teinA kkAkA ke nAnAbhAIne nIme che. TALImAM je vaDA hoya temane bhegA karyA vinA e mukhI koI prakAranAM kAma hAthe dharati nathI. kaMdha lokonI vaDhavADho ane sajA karavAnI rIte sane 1835 mAM aMgreje ochA sakhata kAyadA dAkhala karyo tyAM sUdhI kadhalokamAM khunane badale khuna karavAno dhA hatA. bharanAra AdamInA kuTuMbIo khuna karanArano jIva levAne baMdhAyelA hatA, paNuM te je anAja athavA pazu ApI maranAranA kuTuMbane rAjI kare to pachI vera vALavAmAM AvatuM nahiM. je mANasa bIjAne jakhamI kere teNe tene sAjo thatAM lagI pALavo joIe. erelo mAla pAchA Apavo athavA tenuM mUla bharI ApavuM, paNa je kidhamara be vAra cerI sAbIta thatI tene nAta bahAra kAhADI mUkavAmAM Ave. te temAM meTAmAM moTI sajA e jAtanI hatI. vAMdhA patAvavAne arasaparasa yuddha karavA, athavA hathiyArabaMdha TaLIonI meDI mArAmArI thatI, athavAukaLatA tilathI ke tapAvelA DhAthI dhIja karatA, ke kIDInA daraupara ke vAkyanA upara ke dhIloDInA cAmaDA para segana khavarAvatA. are mukhya mANasa aputra marI jAya to tenI jamIna gAmanA bIjA vaDIla purUSone vahecI ApavAmAM AvatI, kemake strIne janmIna rAkhavAno adhikAra nathI tema je hedha pitAnI meLe jamInano ayAva karI zake nahi tene paNa te rAkhavAno haka nathI.

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. 38 anArya loka. kaMdha lokanI khetI-hiMdulaka eka ThekANe vasI khetI kare che, ane ochA sudharelA anArya lAka khetInAM ThAma thoDe thoDe kALe badale che. kaMdha lekanI khetInI rIta vacalA rastAnI che. jema ochA sudharelA anArya loka jaMgalanA koI bhAga bALI temAM thoDA pArka karI bIjA bhAgamAM tevuMja karavA upaDI jAya che tema kaMdha leka karatA nathI. vaLI hiMduo vaMzaparaMparAtinA tija khetare kheDe che. tima paNa kaMdha leAka karatA nathI. jamInano kasa utarI gayela jaNAya tyAre tene cheDI teo bIjI jagAe jaI vase che. keTalIka jagAmAM tamane e niyama hato ke de varase gAmanI bhaya tajI bIjI jagAmAM jaInavuM gAma vasAvavuM. kaMdha lekanAM lagna, kanyAharaNa- ujANImAM ke jamaNavAramAM lokamaLyA hoya tyAre kanyAne jora julamathI upADI javI e kaMdha lakanuM lagna che. varano bApa te kanyAnuM mUla Ape che, ne ghaNuM kharuM potAnA dIkarAthI keTaleka varase miTI ne majabUta kanyA pasaMda kare che. e pramANe e jAtamAM Azare cauda varasanI ummare chekarI paraNe che, ane daza varasanI ummare cheka paraNe che. vara mATe thaI tenI joDe rahI zake tyAM sUdhI vahu sasarAnA gharamAM nokara tarIke kAma kare che. bAIDI ghaNuM karIne bhAyaDAne vaza karI tenA para ghaNuM sattA meLave che. jIvatI bAIDIe enI rajA vinA bhAyaDe bIjI bairI karI zake nahi. kaMdha gAmanA dAsa.-khetI ane laDAI e be vAnAM karavAM kaMdhane game che. bIjI badhAM kAmane teo dhikkAre che. dareka gAmanI joDe nAnA jhuMpaDAMnI eka hAra hoya che, temAM vadhAre nIca varaNanA laka rahe che. e lakane jamIna rAkhavAnI, laDAImAM javAnI athavA gAmanI devapUjAmAM sAmIla thavAnI manA che. A garIba loka gAmamAM gaMduM kAma kare che, tathA tio vaNakara, luhAra, kuMbhAra, bharavADa ane kalAlanAM kAma paNa vaMzaparaMparA kyAM jAya che. temanI joDe ke bhalAIthI varte che, ane varo thAya tenuM jamaNa temane mATe pAchaLa rAkhavAmAM Ave che. paraMtu teo kadI uMca varaNamAM dAkhala thaI zakatA nathI. je kAma tio kare che te karavAthI kaMdha patita thayo gaNAya che, ne temanuM rAMdheluM paNa kaMdhathI khavAya nahi. sapATa pradezamAMthI Arya leke lekane pAchA haThAvI

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traNa anArya kuLa. 38 DuMgaromAM hAMkI kahADaDyA te vakhate DuMgaramAM vasanArI koI vadhAre anADa jAtamAMnA e loka haze evuM dhAravAmAM AvyuM che. kaMdha lokane naramedha- saMtAla lokanI peThe kaMdha lekamAM paNa ghaNe devo che. temanAmAM gotra de, jJAti devo, kuLa deva, daityo ane ghaNuka milA deva che. paraMtu bhUdeva ke pRthvI deva emano miTa deva che, ane te sRSTimAM sadhaLuM utpanna karanAra che. varasamAM be vAra vAvaNI karatI veLA ane kApaNI karatI veLA tathA moTI Aphata ke dukALane vakhata A bhUdevane mANasane bhega ApatA. dha lekanA dareka gAmanI pAse nIca varaNanA lika vasatA hatA. teo e bhegane mATe sapATa pradezamAMthI mANasane evI lAvavAnuM kAma karatA. brAhmaNa ane kaMdha e be jAtane bhegamAMthI bAtala karI hatI. bIjI harakoI jAtano AdamI e baLidAnane sArU khape e dhAre hato. asala niyama e hati ke bhegane kAje ANelA AdamInuM mUla ApavuM joIe.tene gAmamAM lAvatA, te vakhate dareka gharane Umare mAnasahita tene miSTAnnanuM bhojana karAvavAmAM AvatuM, ane e pramANe vadha karavAno divasa AvatAM sudhI tenI paroNAcAkarI thatI. je dahADe bhoga ApavAnI kriyA karI tene mArI nAMkhatA te veLA kaMdha lekatinA kAna AgaLa bUma pADI kahetA ke "ame kImata ApI tane A che tethI amAre mAthe pApa nathI." gAmanAM khetaromAM nAkhavAne tenA mAMsanI ane lohInI vaheMcaNa karatA. briTiza rAjayamAM kaMdha lekanI hAlata--I. sa. 1835 mAM kaMdha loka ApaNe rAjyamAM dAkhala thayA tyArathI e lokamAM mANasanA bhAganI baMdhI karI che. temanA DuMgarAomAM saDako karI che, ane gujarIo bharAya che. temanAM rIta rivAjamAM aMgreja amaladAre jema bane tema thoDe hAtha ghAle che. hAla kaMdha leka zAMta ane AbAda thayA che. traNa anArya kuLa.- traNa hajAra varasanI pahelAM Arya loka A mUlaka para caDI AvyA tyAre temaNe e junA lekane joyA hatA. hAla paNa e leke AkhA hiMdamAM chUTaka chUTaka vIkharAyelA dekhAya

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anArya lAka. che. teo itihAsanA kALanI pahelAM je laka hatA te parathI utarI AvelA che. e junA leke kyAMthI AvyA haze ? temanI kane lakhelA hevAla nathI. temanI daMtakathA parathI kAMIja hakIkata maLatI nathI. paNa temanI belI parathI jaNAya che ke tionAM traNa kuLa che. eka kuLa, tibeTa ane brahmadezamAMthI IzAna khUNane mArga hiMdamAM AveluM. temAMthI utpanna thayelI jAti Aje paNa himAlaya parvatanI taLeTImAM vase che. bIjuM kuLa kelarI (koLI) che. te paNa IzAnanA ghATane raste baMgALAmAM paDeluM jaNAya che. hiMdano je ardha bhAga dakSiNamAM Avyo che tenI traNa bAjuvALI ucca bhUmithI IzAnanA pahADAmAM mukhyatve karIne temano vAsa che. trIjuM drAvaDa kuLa che te sAme paDakhe vAyavya kANunA ghA mArge paMjAbamAM paDeluM jaNAya che. traNa khUNeyA ucca bhUminA dakSiNa bhAgamAM hiMdane dakSiNa cheDe kanyAkumArI sudhI hAlamAM teonI vastI che. anArya likanAM lakSaNa-anArya jAti jeDe bhalamanasAIe vartavAthI teo ghaNuM karIne sAcA, nimakahalAla ane mAyALu mAluma paDe che. pahADomAM vasanArA loka sArA sipAI thaI zake evA che, ne sapATa pradezamAM cora jAti che teo paNa khabaradAra polIsanuM kAma kare evI che. je phee dakSiNa hiMda aMgrejane jIvI ApyuM tenA sipAI madrAsa ilAkAnI anArya jAtinA hatA. je plAsInI laDAIthI baMgALA deza chatAya temAM paNa teo laDyA hatA. bahAdura gurnAloka himAlayanI eka anArya jAtamAMnA che. temanI palaTaNe 'hidI phejamAM che, ane teo ghaNI bahAdura gaNAya che. thoDA vakhata para aphaghAnistAnamAM temanI palaTaNoe ghaNuM mAna meLavyuM hatuM. anArya lAkeAnuM bhaviSya-duniyAnA ghaNuM dezomAM jaMgalI jAtine sudharelI jAtie kacarI mArI che, athavA mArI nAMkhI che. mekisake tathA pirUnA mULa vatanIonI, uttara amerikAnA rAtIcAmaDIvALA lekinI, ane osTrelIyA tathA nyujhIlAMDanA mULa rahevAzIonI ghaNe bhAge eja dazA thaI che. paraMtu hiMdanI anArya jAti IgrejI amalamAM ghaTavAne badale AbAda thatI jAya che. temanA

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anArya lokonuM bhaviSya. patimAM ane jaMgalamAM thaIne rastA kahADayA che, tathA DuMgaremAM bajAra bharAya che, tithI nirvAha karavAnI navI jogavAI tamane maLI che. sane 1872 tathA sane 1881 nAM vastIpatraka parathI jaNAya che ke bIjI hiMdI kAmanA karatAM temanAmAM chokarAMnI saMkhyA vadhAre che. teo dhanavAna thatA jAya che tema hiMdu rivAjo dAkhala karatA jAya che, ane te emAMnA ghaNuM leke dara varase hiMdu dharmamAM Ave che. bIjA loko pitano dharma chADI khristI dharmamAM dAkhala thAya che, ane evuM saMbhave che ke je anArya jAti pitAnA mULa rivAjone ane dharmakriyAone hajI vaLagI rahI che temAMnI be traNa jamAnA pachI mADIja jAte raheze. ghaNu anAryone sane 1881 tathA 1891 nAM vastIpatrakAmAM * halakI varNanA hiMduo tarIke gaNyA che. 1872 mAM vastIpatrakamAMthI mULa rahIzonA AMkaDA 26 pAne ane bIje sthaLe Apyo che, te karatAM sane 1881 nI vastIpatrakamAM zuddha mULa bhUmiyAonI saMkhyA ghaNI ja thoDI batAvelI che. eno khulAse e che ke mULa bhumiyAe hiMdu jotAmAM maLI jatA jAya che. vaLI sane 187ra mAM jAdA prakAranI vaNuM karavAmAM AvI hatI, ane tene lIdhe 1881 nI vastIpatraka karatAM sane 1872 mAM mULa bhUmiyAe vadhAre saMpUrNa rIta jAtavAra jaNAI khAvatA hatA.

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praverA 4 thuM. hiMdamAM Arya loka. AryakuLaghaNA jUnA vakhatamAM vAyavya khUNethI hiMdanA mULa vatanIomAM koI vadhAre sudharelI jAtanA loka AvI vaselA hatA ema jaNAya che. mahAna Arya ke IDa jamani kuLa jemAM brAhmaNa, 2japUta, ane iMgraja e sarve avataryA che, te kuLamAMnA e laka hatA. emano mULavAsa madhya eziAmAM haze ema jaNAya che. e mULa raheThANamAMthI e jAtanI keTalIka zAkhAe pUrvabhaNuM cAlI ane keTalIka pazcima bha| gaI. pazcima tarapha gayelI zAkhAomAMnI eke Ayensa ane smArTa vasAvyuM, ane tyAM te zIka prajAne nAme oLakhAI. bIjI eka zAkhA AgaLa ITAlImAM gaI ane tyAM sAta DuMgarI upara nagara bAMdhyuM, te vadhIne pAdazAhI rAma zahera banyuM. itihAsanA kALanI agAU eja zAkhAnI eka TukaDIe penamAM jaI rUpAnI khANe bedI; ane IMglAMDamAM paNa asalanA vakhatamAM koI Arya TALI velAnI guMthelI nAvaDImAM bezI mAchalAM pakaDatI, ane kArnavAlanI kalAInI khANa bedatI mAlUma paDe che. e dayAna madhya eziAnA mULa vAsamAMthI Arya kuLanI bIjI zAkhAo pUrva tarapha gaI hatI. himAlayanA ghAne mArge jabarI ToLIo paMjAbamAM peThI ane hiMdamAM saghaLe pharI vaLI. e ToLIomAM mukhyatve brAhmaNa ane rajapUti hatA. pUrvamAM ane pazcimamAM Arya TaLI gaI te baMnee tyAMnA je loko pAse jamIna hatI tenA para potAnI sattA besADI. prAcIna pUrepanA ItihAsamAM bhUmadhya samudranA kAMThAnI AsapAsa Arya loka vasatA hatA evI vAta che; ane emAMnA pazcima tarapha gayelA loko sudhAro, tinuM nAma ja arvAcIna sudhAro. temaja AryakaLanI pUrvamAM gayelI je zAkhAo hiMdamAM vasI tamane itihAsa eja hiMdano ItihAsa che.

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yUropa ane hiMdanA dharmanAM sAmAnya mULa. pitAnA mULa sthAnamAM Arya lAkenI hAlata-madhya eziAnA mULa raheThANamAM kulIna Arya jAtinI kevI hAlata hatI te viSe thoDuMka jANavAmAM AvyuM che. pUrepa ane hiMdamAM e jAtanA loka jaI vasyA tene ghaNe kALa thayo che, to paNa temanI bhASAomAM amuka zabdo che, te parathI paMDita anumAna kare che ke teo potAnAM Dhera sahita ghAsavALA araNyamAM bhaTakatA, ane anAjanA pAka karavAne temAM lAMbA vakhata sudhI mUkAma karatA. gharakAma sArU ghaNAMkharAM pazuo pALatA hatA, loDhuM temanA jANavAmAM hatuM, lUgaDAM vaNavAnA ane sIvavAnA hu timane AvaDatA hatA, teo lUgaDAM paheratA, ane anna rAMdhIne khAtA. samazItoSNu kaTibaMdhamAM rahetA hatA tethI teo ghaNu mahenatu hatA. tyAM temane TADha vAtI hatI e vAta ekaLanI pUrva ane pazcima zAkhAonA lekane yAda hatI evuM jaNAya che. hiMdanA garama pradezamAM Ave kavioe vedanI prArthanAmAM "rAd nI pharara' kahI lAMbuM AvaradA mAgyuM che, eTalo se ziyALA sudhI jIvavAnuM mAgyuM che. pUrepanI ane hidanI bhASAo Arya vANInI mAtra judI jAdI bAlIo cheH-grIka tathA zamana lekanA temaja aMgreja tathA hiMdunA pUrva ezikhAmAM bhegA rahetA hatA. temanI bAlI jud nahatI, ane deva paNa judA nahatA. pUrepanI ane hiMdanI bhASA e upalaka jotAM te ekaekathI ghaNuM judI dekhAya che, paraMtu teo mULanI Arya bhASAmAMthI nIkaLelI bolIo che. kuTuMbavyavahAranA saMbaMdhanA sAdhAraNa zabdone A kahevuM vizeSa rIte lAgu paDe che. bApa, mA, bhAI, bena, ane vidhavAnAM nAma, gaMgA, Tebara ane TeImsane kAThe belAtI ghaNuM kharI Arya bhASAomAM maLatAM Ave che. udAharaNuM-aMgrejI zabda "UTara " eTale "duhitA," e bela lagabhaga badhI bhASAmAM che, te Aryana dhAtu "dudhu jenuM saMskRtamAM "ku'dehavuM, evuM rUpa che, temAMthI banyo che. eparathI asala jyAre Arya kuTuMbamAM bALaka dIkarI dohavAnuM kAma karatI hatI te kALa yAda Ave che. yUropa ane hiMdanA dharmanAM sAmAnya mULa-yuropa ane

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hiMdamAM Arya lAka. hiMdanA prAcIna dharmanuM mULa ekaja hatuM. ApaNuM sAmAnya pUrva madhya ezikhAmAM vasatA hatA, tyAre pavitra purANakathA sAMbhaLelI te pasthI keTaleka daraje A dhama banyA hatA. dinA keTalAka devo gIsanA ane mane je de hatA te hatA, ane Aje paNa kalakanAnA brAhmaNe, IMglAMDanA proTesTaMTa pAdarIo, tathA pIranA komolika pAdarIo paramezvarane je nAmathI bhaje che te tame eka prAcIna Arya zabada (deva, prakAzanAra ) parathI thayela che. hiMdI AvuM gamana-AryakuLanI hiMdI zAkhA agnikANu tarapha AgaLa vadhI ane navA ThekANumAM AvI rahI e vAta veidanA maMtra uparathI jaNAya che. khAIbara ghATanI uttare kAbulamAM te hatI ema AraMbhanA maMtro parathI jAya che. pachInA maMtro parathI mAlUma paDe che ke e zAkhA gaMgA sUdhI pahoMcelI hatI. vacagALAnA bhUlaka jItatA chatatA to AraLa vadhyA te saMbaMdhI lagabhaga dareka hakIkata vedanA maMtramAM maLe che. paMjAbanI pAMca nadIo niratara pANIthI bharapUra rahetI tethI potAnI bhaTakatI gevALanI asala hAlata choDI daI e Arya leka eka jagAmAM rahI khetI karavA lAgyA. je nadIone lIdhe teo potAnI sthitimAM A mATe pheraphAra karI zakyA te nadIonI stuti vedanA kavioe karI che. kadAca Avo pheraphAra harakoI prajAnA sudhArAne mATe ghaNuM jarUra che. e kavioe prArthanA karatAM kahyuM che ke "bakIrtimAna, dhana ApanArasiMdhu amAruM kahevuM sAMbhaLe ne meTAM khetarane pANIthI sALa kare." je pahADanI zAkhAonI vATe teo hiMdamAM AvyA ane jenI dakSiNa taLeTI upara ghaNA vakhata sudhI rahyAtihimAlaya parvatanI majabUta chApa temanI yAdadAstapara paDI. "je pahADanI moTAI baraphavALAM zikhare, samudra, ane uMce AkAzamAM rahelI nadI jaNAya che tenI" stuti vedanA kavioe karI che. hiMdamAM AvyA che paNa Aloka potAnuM uttaranuM mULa raheThANu kadI bhUlyA nahatA. vi ane gabdha (zAnAra) tyAM vasatA, tyAM mANasane svargathI chaTAdAra vANI maLatI, ne himAlaya parvatamAM UMye dene tathA zuravIne vasavAne svarga che, tyAM bhalA ane zurA mANasane sadA ArAma maLe che evuM teo mAnatA

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gaSyada. sada-Arya loka prathama paMjAbamAM AvI vasyA te hakIkata jaNAvanArUM sadanuM pustaka che. A pUjya maMtragraMtha kyAre banyA te jANavAmAM AvyuM nathI. dharmacusta hiMduo mAne che ke te anAdi che, athavA ochAmAM ochAM I. sananI pahelAM 3,001 varasapara banelo che. paNa e vAtanI sAkhIti nathI. khagoLavidyAne AdhAre karelI gaNatrI parathI yupI paMDito anumAna kare che ke I. sananI pUrve. sumAre 1,400 varasa upara e graMtha taiyAra thatA hatA. paNa agAu thaI gayelI binA pAchaLathI gaNI vedamAM dAkhala karI hoya evuM saMbhave che tethI vedane samaya nakkIpaNe kahI zakAya nahi. I. sananI pahelAM chaThThA saikAmAM boddha dharmane udaya thayo tinI pahelAM ghaNuM vakhatathI vedadharma cAlato hatA, eTaluMja ApaNe jANIe chIe. dasaMhitA e ghaNe prAcIna kavitA graMtha che emAM 1,017 sUtA (prakaraNa) che, ne te sUkatamAM 10,580 maMtra che. e maMtra parathI jaNAya che ke sidhune kAMThe vaselA AyekamAM ghaNuM TALIo hatI. te vakhate mahAmahe vaDhatA, ne vakhate saMpa karIne kALI cAmaDInA asala vatanIonI sAme thatA. pAllA vakhatamAM jAtIno je artha thayo che, te artha te samayamAM nyAtI nahatI. pratyeka kuTuMbamAM je pitA haya tija potAnA gharano purohita (gera) hato. TALIne nAyaka pitA tarIke ane purohita tarIkenuM kAma karato. paNa moTA parva para yajJayAganI kriyAmAM je ghaNe hoziyAra hoya tene lokanI vatI yajJa karavAne te nImati rAjA nImavAnuM kAma paNa zAkane hAtha hatuM evuM jaNAya che. rAjAne teo vi5ti kahetA. vi5ti eTale vasanArAno mukhI ke uparI. junI phArasI bAlImAM ane visAyiti kahe che, ane pUrepanA madhya bhAgamAM liSNueniyAnI bolImAM " vIjha pati rUpe e nAma Aje paNa hayAta che. strIne dara UMcA hatA. vedanAM keTalAMka atisuMvara sUto AbarUdAra strIo ane rANuonAM racelAM che. lagna e eka jAtane pavitra saMbaMdha gaNuti varavahu banedharanAM dhaNI (dampatI) hatAM, ane devanI upAsanA jeDa katAM. varanA maDadA vidhavAne bALavAne. cAla nahatA. e cAla

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hiMdamAM Arya loka. vidanA mAmAM paNa kahyuM che evuM pAchaLathI brAhmaNe manconA artha maraDI maraDI TharAve che, paNa tenA ati tadana ulaTA thAya che. zoka karanArI vidhavAne vedamaMtramAM A pramANe kahyuM che. "UTha bAI UTha, A jIvatA jagatamAM Ava, amArI pAse Ava, tArA dhaNI pratye te tAre strIdharma bajAvyo che." vidathI jaNAti Arya loko sudhAro-vedanA AryomAM luhAra, kaMsArA, senI, sUtAra, hajAma ane bIjA kArIgaro hatA. teo rathamAM besI laDatA, ane cheDe paNa khAzI rIte caDhatA. e vakhate laDAImAM hAthI vAparavAmAM AvatA nahi. tio kheDuta banI rahyA hatA, haLavaDe kheDatA hatA, ne gAma ke nagaramAM rahetA hatA. ema chatAM potAnAM DhAra ane koThAra sAthe laI pharatA pharavAnI rIta temaNe rAkhelI hatI. e vakhatamAM pazu etimanuM mukhya dhana hatuM, ane daMDa ApavAnuM nANuM paNa eja hatuM. lATina bhASAmAM "pesa" eTale pazunuM ToLuM e zabda hati,ti parathI nANAne mATe "peSuniyA" zabda nIkaLe, te vAta eparathI yAda Ave che. vedamAM vigrahane mATe eka zabda che. tene mULa ardha gAya meLavavAnI IcchA thAya che. hAlanA hiMduo gomAMsa khAtA nathI, paNa vedanA oye te khAtA hatA, sAma nAme chADane dArU banAvI vitA, ane devone khAvA pIvAne mATe teja AkarA padArtho dharAvatA. pAchaLathI AvelA potAnI jAtanA ke emane hAMkI kahADavAthI e jabarA Arya loko uttara hiMdamAM pUrva tarapha AgaLa vadhyA. ahiM teo AgalA kALI cAmaDIvALA dezIone hAMkI kahADatA ke dAsa karatA. eka nadInA pradezamAMthI bIjI nadInA pradezamAM badhA leka ghara upADIne sAthe jatAgharane mukhI poteja yodhe, kheDuta, ane gera hato, te potAnI sAthe strI, haiyAM chokarAM, ane Dhera laI upaDI jato. vedanA deva-A khullA dilanA leke pitA para ane potAnA devapara ghaNe bharese rAkhatA. bIjI jIta meLavanArI prajAnI mAphaka teo hArelA loka karatAM potAne caDIyAtA mAnatA, ane potAnA dene paNa temanA devanA karatAM uttama gaNutA. kharekhara AvI jAtano uttama bhAse harakoI prajAne phataha meLavavAne kAmano che.

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vedamAM paramezvara viSe vicAra. 7, kadaratanI moTI zaktione teo deva mAnatA. deva zabda saMskRta dhAtu 'hi eTale "prakAzavuM te parathI thAya che, mATe ene zabdArtha prakAza pAmanAra che. teo svargapitAne pUjatA hatA. enA saMskRtamAM "' ramamAM 'diIsa pitarake "pitara," ne thIsamAM "jhIesa " nAma hatAM. vaLI teo gherI letAM AkAzane bhajatA. tene saMskRtamAM "vana, lATinamAM "urenasa ane grIka bhASAmAM "orenasakahe che. dara comAsAmAM amUlya varasAda varase che, tenA para hajI paNa sukALa ke dukALano AdhAra che. e varasAda ANanAra pANInI varALa teja Indra cheIndranA sauthI vadhAre maMtro che. jema jema e vatanIone potAnI khetInA navA dhaMdhAne mATe mosamanA varasAdanI agatya vadhAre jaNAtI gaI tema tema vedanA devAmAM IndranI padavI vadhatI gaI, ne Akhare saghaLA devAmAM te mukhya gaNyo. "e Indra tane devA pahoMcatA nathI ne mANase paNa pahoMcatA nathI. tuM baLamAM badhAne jIte che.' evo eka Indrano maMtra che. monI saMkhyA jotAM kadAca indrathI utarata agni che. lATinamAM ene Inisa kahe che te "saghaLA devAthI nAno' ne "saMpattino mAlika tathA ApanAra che. tophAnanA devo marato (pavana) che; teo "parvatane dhrujAve che ne vanane toDI kakaDA kare che." uSA te "kuLavAna prabhAta, ApaNA para juvAna vahunI piTha prakAze che, ne dareka prANIne potAnA kAma para javAne jagADe che." grIkamAM ene Isa' kahe che. uSAnI AgaLa utAvaLe janArA savAra "avina ' e sUryodayanA pahelAM kiraNe che; teo "tajanA dhaNI" che. sUryabiMba ( sUrya pata), vAyu, mitra (eTale taDake athavA mitranA je divasa), yajJanA kAmano kephIne ubharAto semarasa, ane bIjA ghaNAkanI vedamAM stuti karI che. saghaLA maLIne Azare tetrIsa de che, temAMnA "agiyAra (upara) devalokamAM vase che. agiyAra pRthvI para, ane agiyAra adhara vaccamAM rahI prakAze che.' vedamAM paramezvara viSe vicAra-hiMdamAM AvI vaselA Aryoe potAnA prakAzamAna devAnI prIti sArI peThe meLavI hatI. te temanI pAse rakSaNa mAgatA ne te maLaze ja evI temane khAtrI hatI. vaLI

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48 : hiMdamAM Arya lAka. pRthvI ane AkAzanI zobhA ane akaLita racanAthI temanAM mana para UMDI asara thatI. khare aSTinI bhAre khUbIthI temanuM mana bahu bharAI jatu tithI pitAnA prakAzamAna devomAMnA harakeInI te stuti karatA, te veLA to koI bIjA devane temane khyAla thato nahi tene ja sarvopari samajI tenI prArthanA karatA moTA devAmAMnA darekane jemAM paramezvara kahelA evA mannenAM udAharaNa ApI zakAya. "o Indradeva ke mANase tane pahoMcI zaktA nathI. eka bIjA manTamAM sAmane, "svarga ane pRthvIne rAjA tathA sarvane jItanAra ' kahyA che. varUNa viSe paNa kahyuM che ke "svarga, pRthvI, sarvano tuM prabhu che; saghaLA de tathA saghaLA mANase tene tuM rAja che " mATe vedanA kaviomAM jeo vadhAre jJAnI hatA teo eka deva pUjanArA kahevAya, paNa hamezA tene teja deva pUjatA ema te nahi. vedane mA - "AraMbhamAM hiraNyagarbha udaya pAmyo. je che ti sadhaLAne te eka pedA thayela prabhu che. teiNe pRthvI ane A AkAza sthApana karyA. kayA devane ame amAre havi arpaNa karIe (bhAga dharAvIe)?' je prANadAtA che, je baLadAtA che, jenI AjJA sarva prakAzamAna de mAnya kare che, jenI chAyA amarapaNuM che, jenI chAyA miota che. kyA devane ame amAre havi arpaNa karIe? "je potAno zanivaDe zvAsa letA ane jAgrata thatA jagatane rAjA che, je mANasa ane pazu sarvapara amala kare che.' kayA devane ame amAre havi arpaNa karIe? 'jenA vaDe AkAza prakAza pAme che ane pRthvI dRDha che, jenA vaDe svarga, balake UMcAmAM UMcuM svarga sthApana thayuM che, jeNe ajavALuM ane havA joIe te pramANe ApyAM. kyA devane ame amAro hali arpaNa karIe?" jeNe potAnA bALavaDe pANInAM vAdaLAM upara paNa joyuM, je pote badhA devAthI zreSTha eka paramezvara che. kyA devane ame amArA vize arpaNa karIe? DAM bALavAne cAla-muLa vatanIo potAnAM muDadAna

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pAchalAM vedazAstra bhayamAM ke paththaranI beDALa ghere nIce dATatA. paNa hiMdamAM teimaja cIsa ane ITAlImAM Arya leke muDadAne cItAmAM bALatA. maranAranuM kalyANa thAya evuM keTalAka sarasa maMtromAM jaNAvyuM che. jA tuM, prAcIna raste thaIne jA; je jagAe ApaNuM pitR gayA che tyAM tuM jA; pUrvajone maLaje. yama rAjAnI mulAkAta leje; tArAM pApa tajIne sadhAma jA.kaI dehamAM bhaLI jA; prakAzamAna vastravALuM rUpa dhAraNa kara." "jene mATe amRtanI nadIo vahe che temanI kane ene javA de jeoe samAdhivaDe jaya meLavyo che temanI pAse ene javA do jeo agocara vastu bhaNe pitAnA vicAra daDha karI svarga gayA che, jeo yuddhamAM baLavAna che, je vIree bIjAne mATe prANu boyA che, jemaNe pitAnuM dravya garIbane ApyuM che, temanI pAse ene javA do" punarjanmanuM mata e vakhatamAM nIkaLyuM nahatuM. citAnI AsapAsa kiMDALuM vaLI RSio mantra bhaNatA ane khAtarIthI mAnatA ke maranAra snehI pAdhare AnaMdanI sthitie pahoMcyA che ane tenI pahelAM marI gayelAM vahAlAMne bheLe thavA nakkI te gayA che. pAchaLanA atharva vedanA eka mantramAM kahyuM che ke -"tu amane svarga laIjA. cAle ApaNI strIone ane bALakone jaI maLIe." "dahanA upAdhi pAchaLa mUkI javAthI laMgaDApaNAnI ane vAMkAcuMkAM avayavanI khAmI vinAnA A paNa snehIo svargamAM AnaMda vase che tyAM ApaNAM mAbApane ane ApaNuM chokarAne joIe " "pANI chAMTanAra devatA tane upara laI jAo, havAmAM thaI temanI utAvaLI gativaDa ( jatAM) tane zItaLa karo ane jhAkaLa vaDe tane chAMTo." "ene laI jAo, ene teDI jAo, ene enI saMpUrNa buddhi sahita puNya lokamAM javA do." je aMdhArI khINutinI AsapAsa behada AvI rahelI che te - LaMgI ejanma AtmA svarge caDhe. jene pApanA DAghA lAgyA che tenA paga dhUo; tene be page upara javA de. aMdhakArane oLaMgI ghaNuM dizAmAM Azcarya sahita jatA ajanma AtmAne upara svarge javA de." pAchalAM vida zAstra - AgaLa vakhata jatAM jUnI maMtrasaMhita

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hiMdamAM AryalokaeTale nAdathI kAma cAlyuM nahi; tethI kriyA karavAnA bIjA traNa zreya umerAyA. e pramANe cAra veda thayA. je dhAtu parathI lATina vIDIyarI' eTale jevuM; cIka "AIDA' nuM sAmAnya kRdanta pIDa-enaI eTale jANavuM ane I che "uvimake "uviTa" thayA che. te uparathIja vida" zabda thayA che. brAhmaNono upadeza e hato ke vida Izvaraprerita che ane IzvaranuM jJAna' e e zabdano artha che. prathama bAda hato temAM sauthI sAdA manaeN hatA. samayAgane sArU TvedanA manTone khIje sAmaveda banyA. trIje yajurveda che emAM moTA yajJa vakhata bhaNavAnA nAdanA makhyo che, ane gava vA paNa che. enA be vibhAga che tenAM nAma kRSNa yajurveda ane zukla yajurveda che. vedane ane je maMtro bahu jAnA vakhatanA nathI te temaja bIjA ghaNA prAcIna ane pAchaLathI banelA manjha maLI cethA atharva veda thaye che.* brAhmaNa nAme graMtho- cAremAMnA dareka vidanA saMbaMdhamAM bAhmaNanAme graMtho che. temAM yajJa ane purohitane karavAnA kAmano khulAso Ape che. brAhmaNa graMtho paNa cAra vidanI piThe IzvaranI vANI gaNAya che. e veda ane brAhmaNe hiMdanA Izvaradatta graMtha che. e saghaLAne yuti kahe che. zruti eTale Izvara pAsethI sAMbhaLelI bAbata. vidamAM hiMduone mATe Izvaraprerita cheda che, ane brAhmaNa graMthomAM te lekane mATe Izvaraprerita dharmamata jaNAvyuM che. emAM pAchaLathI sUtro umeravAmAM AvyA che. sUtro eTale kAyadA ane kriyA viSe TuMkAM ane arthavALAM vAnI "diraDIe.' e pachI upaniSado banyAM, emAM paramezvara ane AtmA saMbaMdhI vicAra che. tyAra pachI AraNyaka eTale araNyamAM rahenAra jogIone mATe Jya thayA. vacamAM ghaNo vakhata gayA pachI purANe ke "jAnI kathAonAM pustako thayAM, paNa veda ane brAhmaNanI peThe e saghaLAM Izvara " atharva vedanA keTalAka mitro jamani ane lithuniyAnA jUnA mane maLatA che, ane Arya kaLanI hiMdI tathA yurepI zAkhAe potAnA sAmAnya mULavAsa tajI chUTI paDI te samayanI pahelAM ghaNA jUnA kALathI e mane utarelA hoya ema lAge che.

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pa1 cAra nAto. prerita ke paramezvarathI sAMbhaLelI yuti kahevAtAM nathI. e to mAtra smRti eTale 'sabharelI bAbato' kahevAya che. cAra nAte banI -e daramyAna cAra nati thaI hatI. paMjAbanI pAMca nadIonA pradezamAM asala vaselA Arya lAkamAM gharane mukhya purUSatija kheDUta, yoka ane purohita ke gora hato. paraMtu je buddhimAna kuLamAM vedanA mo racAyelA hatA ke heDe bhaNavAmAM AvelA hatA temane yajJa karavAnuM kAma Aste Aste rAjAe hamezA saMpatA gayA. e rIte gerane varga utpanna thayo haze ema saMbhave che. A vadhAre mUlaka jItatA gayA tema nasIbadAra yoddhAone bIjAothI vadhAre jamIna maLI. e jamIna potAne hAthe na kheDatAM teoe chatAyalA anAryo pAse kheDAvI. e rIte cAra nati banI. pahelI garanI eTale brAhmaNano. bIjI laDavaiyA ke rAjAnI sAthe laDAImAM janArA sAthIonI. emane rajapUta ke kSatriI kahetA, ane ene zabdArtha "rAjakuLanA' e thAya che. je Arya leke khetInuM kAma karatA hatA tenI trIjI nAta thaI. jUnuM vizva nAma hatuM taja emaNe pitAne mATe rAkhyuM "ji" mULa parathI vaizya zabda banyo che. vidanI zarUAtamAM badhA lokanuM e nAma hatuM. zUdra ke chatAyelA anArya konI cAthI nAta thaI. e dAsa ke gulAma banyA. pahelI traNa vaNuM Arya vaMzanI hatI, ane temane dija eTale be vAra janmelA evuM mAnavaMtuM nAma ApavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. teone yajJa vakhata hAjara rahevAno adhikAra hato. e traNene pUjavAnA prakAzamAna devo ekaja hatA. kALA varNanI dAsa jAti vidamAM kahI che, tene zUdra gaNe che. teo ekavAra janmelA' kahevAtA. tionI ane jIta meLavanAra Arya dinI vacce antara hatA, evuM ekavAra janmelA be vacanaparathI ane bIjAM tiraskAra bharelAM vacana parathI jaNAI AvatuM. dezanA moTA yajJa thatA tyAM tamane A vavA detA nahi ane yajJanI pachI jamaNavAra thatI temAM paNa teone dAkhala karatA nahi. dAsapaNAmAMthI teo kadI chUTI zake nahi, ane khetaranAM mahA mahenatanAM ane gAmanAM kaThaNa ane gaMdAM kAma tamane karavAM paDatAM.

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para hiMdamAM Aryalaka. brAhmaNe lokanuM uttamapaNuM sthApana thayuM-cAra varNomAM brAhmaNa eTale gera ke UMcI padavI miLavI. paNa hidanI prajAmAM saghaLAthI UMcA gaNAvavAmAM temane kSatriya eTale laDavaiyA loka De lAMbI vAra jhagaDe karavo paDelo jaNAya che. Izvara taraphathI amane UMcI padavI maLI che e baMdha karI teoe pAchaLathI uparIpaNuM nakkI kIdhuM. temaNe jaNAvyuM ke brahmAe sRSTi karI tyAre tenA mukhamAMthI brAhmaNa nIkaLyA, bAhumAMthI kSatriya, jAgake peTamAMthI vizya ane caraNamAMthI zudra nIkaLyA. A gAthA ghaNe dara kharI che; kemake hiMdI prajAmAM brAhmaNemAM kharekharUM buddhibaLa hatuM, kSatriyo hathIAra pakaDI laDanArA hatA. vizya abha upajAvanAra hatA, ane zuddha pagataLe dabAyalA dAsa hatA. game tema hoya to paNa brAhmaNe e UMcI padavI meLavyA pachI teno upayoga DahApaNuthI karyo che. vidanA jUnA vakhatathI teo samajyA hatA ke jeo dharmagurUnI uttama padavI gatimaNe saMsArano vaibhava chADI de joIe. dharmagurUnuM kAma mAthe letAM brAhmaNee rAjyapada uparathI potAne haka cheDI dIdhA. prajAne sIdhe mArge deravavAne ane rAjAone salAha ApavAne Izvare tamane TharAvelA hatA, paraMtu teo paDe rAja thaI zake nahi. jema sevA karavI e zUdranI pharaja hatI, jamIna kheDavI ane sAdhAraNa jAtanA vepAra ane hubhara karavA e hato, ane dezanA devane tikhavA e brAhmaNanuM kartavya hatuM. bAhmaNanA cAra Azrama - darAja brAhmaNane amuka karma, kriyA, ane abhyAsa e traNa vAnAM karavAM paDatAM. temanA AkhA janmArAnA cokhA cAra Azrama TharAvelA hatA. teo janme tyArathIja dharmakAryanA kharA adhikArI brAhmaNa kahevAtA nahi. bALapaNuM puruM thaye tamane jaI daI dija karatA tyAre ja teo kharA brAhmaNa thatA. koI moTI umaranA gurUnI pAse rahI vida pATha karavAmAM, agninI saMbhALa levAmAM ane te gurUnI sevA karavAmAM temanuM nAnapaNuM ane juvAnIno pahelo bhAga nIkaLI jatA. A badmacarya Azramane lAMbA abhyAsa pUro thayA pachI te bIjA eTale

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hamaNanA brAhmaNe. para gRhasthAzramamAM dAkhala thato. have te lagna karI gRhasthanA dharma bajAvatA. kuTuMbakabIle UcherI rahyA pachI, ane duniyAne pUre anubhava miLavyA pachI te jegI thaI vanamAM rahevA jatA. e trIje ke vAnaprasthAzrama hato. vanamAM kaMdamULa ane phaLaphaLAdi khAI te potAnAM dharmakArya vadhAre bhAvathI karatA. cothA AzramamAM te saMnyAsI thatA. e vakhate te saMsAraparathI mana tadana kahADI nAkhatA; ane dehanA sukhaduHkha tathA koI paNa AzAnI darakAra ne rAkhatAM brahmamAM maLI javA tarapha pitAnuM mana lagADavAno prayatna karatA. A cothA AzramamAM vagara mAge je maLe te vinA bIjuM kAMIta khAtA nahi, ane saMsAranI mAyAmAM phasI na javAya te mATe harakeAI gAmamAM eka divasathI vadhAre vAra rahetA nahi. brAhmazone sArU AvI uttama prakAranI jIdagI TharAvelI hatI ane hiMdanA asala graMtha jatAM mAlUma paDe che ke teo ghaNe bhAge evI uttama rIta jaMdagI gALatA. AkhI jIdagImAM zuddha brAhmaNa pUrI parahejagArI pALatA, dArU pItA nahi, sAduM bhojana jamatA, ane mananI IcchAone dabAvatA. laDAInA tophAnathI te vegaLA rahetA; kemake laDavuM e temanuM kAma na hatuM. prArthanA karavI, pitAnA vicAra, abhyAsa ane dhyAnamAM lagADavA eja temanuM kharuM kAma hatuM. eka brahmA kahe che ke A jagata kevuM che? koI jhADanI DALI para pakSI rAtre bese che ne savAre UDI jAya che te DALI jevuM che.' hamaNAnA brAhmaNo-duniyAnA itihAsanA AgalA vakhatamAM je brAhmaNavarga hati tamane khAsa niyama e hato ke pitAnI jAtane sudhArI tathA Indriyone dAbamAM rAkhI jIMdagI pUrI karavI. hiMdanA hAlanA brAhmaNomAM traNa hajAra varasa thayAM niyamitapaNuM ane jAtakelavaNuM paraMparAthI utarI AvyAM che; ane tene lIdhe e loko varga AsapAsanI vastIthI kevaLa jAde jaNAya che. kAMsAraMgI gAlavALA, miTA avayavavALA tathA phurasada cAhanAra AryakuLanA 2japUta ke kSatrI eTale laDAyaka jAta ane brAhmaNa vacce jema taphAvata che, tema kALI cAmaDI, capaTuM nAka, jADA hoTha, kAM zarIra tathA baMdukanI geLI jevAM mAthAMvALA nIca anArya ke ane brAhANa vacce paNa bheda che. e taphAvata

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54 hiMdamAM Avelo. harakeI jato AvatA musAphara pArakhI zake che. suMdara ghATIlA heTha ane nAka, geruM mukha, UMcuM kapALa ane kAMIka nALieranA AkAranI beparIvALa brAhmaNa potAnAmAM mULathI sudharelA AcAravicAra che evuM mAne che. upalA baMne vargonA mANasethI te nakha paDe che. hathIAra na vAparatAM mAtra paraMparAnI keLavaNI ane niyamitapaNunA jerathI AkhA dizApara amala jamAvanArAomAM brAhmaNane dAkhalo jANuti che. eka pachI eka ema jAtajAtanA leka hiMdapara savArI karI pharI vaLyA, rAjyavaMzo udaya thayA ane asta pAmyA, dha dezamAM phelAyA ane nAza pAmyA, paraMtu ItihAsanI zarUAtanA kALathI brAhmaNe to zAtapaNe pitAno amala calAvyA jAya che. teo lekane vaza rAkhe che, ene loka tamane pUje che, tathA bIjI prajAe temane hiMdanA saghaLA lakamAM uttama guNavALA mAne che. brAhmaNae bIjA lokone phAyadA karyA hatA tene lIdhe ghaNe bhAge A sattA tamane maLI che. temaNe potAnA Arya dezI bhAIone mATe uttama bhASA ane vidyA racI. brAhmaNe gera ane jJAnI hatA, eTaluM ja nahi paNa teo potAnA dezanA kAyadA bAMdhanArA, vidvAna, ane kavi hatA. asalanA vatanI che eTale hiMdanA DuMgaromAM ane vanamAM vasanArI jAti para temane dara vadhAre jANatA hatA. cakamaka ane pASANayuganA bAkI rahelA A jaMgalI lekIne temaNe asalanA vakhatamAM dhAtu aneda saMbaMdhI jJAna ApyuM. brAhmaNonI dharmavidyA-brAhmaNe mahAmahe samajavA lAgyA ke vidanA mitrAmAM jaNAvelA jUnAde paramezvara na hatA; e detA kavie kadheilA hatA. kAraNa ke, jyAre temaNe e vize vicAra karyo tyAre temane mAlama paDyuM ke, sUraja, pANInI varALa, gherI letuM AkAza, vAyu ane uSA (prabhAta) emane dareka deva judo sarajanahAra thaI zake nahi; paraMtu e saghaLA koI eka mULa kAraNamAMthI utpanna thayelA hovA joIe. vinA dene jAhera tiraskAra karI temaNe bIjA ajJAna kene gabharAvI dIdhA nahi. vedanAM "prakAzamAna deva IdharI zaktinI sundara lIlA dekhADanAra hatA evuM tio mAnavA lAgyA. ane tethI temane nAme vinayapUrvaka yajJa karyA gayA. paraMtu brAhmaNe potAnI jJAtimAM paramezvara

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brAhmaNonuM tattvajJAna. papa ekaja che evo bAdha karyo. bAkInA bIjA kAne cAra nAto, cAra vida, ane ghaNA devo mAnavA dIdhA. ema chatAM brAhmaNomAM jeo uDa vicAra karI zake evA hatA temanI samajamAM AvyuM ke AraMbhamAM eka nAta, eka veda ane eka paramezvara hato. hiMdunA traNa mukhya deva-asala vidamAM ghaNuM jUdA judA devo eTale 'prakAzanAra' hatA tene badale paramezvara eka che e uDA vicAra pAchaLathI utpanna thaye. te paramezvaranA prahmA e sarajAvanAra,viSNue pAlana karanAra, ane ziva e nAzakartA ane pharIne pedA karanAra evA traNa moTAM svarUpa mAnyAM. A traNe svarUpane maLatA devo vidamAM hatA, ane hiMduomAM e traNa hajI lagI mukhya deva gaNAya che. e traNamAMnA pahelA brahmA ke sarajAvanAranA svarUpanI barAbara samajaNa nahi paDavAthI te lokamAM prasiddha nathI. traNamAMnA bIja deva viSNu vadhAre kAmanA ane kalyANa ranArA hatA. enA daza avatAra thayalA kahevAya che. matalaba ke ti svargamAMthI duniyA para daza vAra AvIne rahyA hatA. traNa devamAMnA trIjA ziva nAza karanAra ane pharIne utpanna karanAra deva che, ane tethI karIne amuka avasthAnuM badalAvavuM ane amuka navA bhavamAM pisavuM tenuM nAma maraNa che, evuM zraddhAvAna loka mAne che. hAla hiMduonA mukhyadeva ane divIe te A viSaNu tathA zivanAM jAdAM judAM rUpo che. brAhmaNanuM tatvajJAna-e rIte brAhmaNe hiMdI kene mATe dharma racyA. tyAra pachI tatvajJAnanAM zAstro banAvyAM te cha che. ene darzana eTale jJAnanAM darpaNa kahe che, ne teo I. sananI pahelAM - chAMmAM ochAM 500 varasa para racAyAM hatAM. brAhmaNe vidyAno paNa zodha karyo hato. I. sananI pUrve sumAre 350 varasapara pANinie saMskRta bhASAnuM vyAkaraNa karyuM hatuM. te hajIpaNuM saMskRta bhASAnA ane bhyAsano mULa pAye che. A bAbatamAM mana ane grIka lakathI ane gayA sakA sudhImAM harakeI yurepI prajAthI brAhmaNe ghaNA AgaLa vadhyA hatA. emanI saMskRta eTale zuddha karelI bhASA mAtra paMDita lakanA vAparavAmAM AvatI. e bhASAnuM vadhAre sAduM rU5 prAkRta bhASA hatI. sAdhAraNa ke prAkRta bhASA bolatA. A jAnI prAkRta parathI

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hiMdamAM Aryalaka. hAlanI hiMdanI belI nIkaLI che. brAhmaNe te hamezA saMskRtamAM lakhatA. vakhata jatAM e bhASA bolatI baMdha paDI, ane tethI sAdhAraNu loko samajI zakyA nahi. dharmanA graMtho mAtra brAhmaNoja vAMcI zakatA ke navA racI zakatA; e pramANe hiMdamAM vidyA mAtra emanAmAMja rahI. hidanI vidyA-I-sana pahelAM rapa0 varasa jeTalA junA vakhatamAM be prakAranA mULAkSara hiMdamAM vaparAtA hatA. paraMtu brAhmaNe pitAnI pavitra vidyA lakhI rAkhavA karatAM mukha pAThathI cAlu rAkhavAne vadhAre pasaMda karatA. sArA brAhmaNane veda ane bIjA graMtha miThe karavAnA hatA. A karavuM vadhAre saheluM hatuM; tenuM kAraNa e ke te badhI vivA ka (kavitA) mAM lakhelI hatI. bahu prAcIna kALamAM vidanA mitro racAyA pachI zuddha, sAduM ane thoDAmAM ghaNuM samAya tevuM gadya pAhANee patramAM pustako racyAM, ane hiMdamAM gava lakhavAne hunara dhaNu vakhata sudhI jatA rahyA. brAhmaNanuM jayotiSazAstra -varase varasa ya karavAnA yogya divasa mukarara karavAne brAhmaNe AkAzanA padArthonI gatinuM avalokana karyuM. traNa hajAra varSa pahelAM vidanA kavioe zaura varasane ThIka vAra karyo hato. temaNe varasanA 360 dahADA TharAvyA hatA ane dara varase savApAMca divasa emAM khuTe tene mATe dara pAMca varase eka adhika mAsa TharAvyo. tamane caMdranI kaLAnuM, grahonI gatinuM, ane rAzicakra tathA rAzionuM jJAna hatuM. I. sa. pahelAM 327 mAM cIka loka bharatakhaMDamAM AvyA tyAre brAhmaNe khagoLavidyAmAM ghaNuM AgaLa vadhyA hatA, topaNa e navA AvanAra kanethI vidyA zikhavAmAM teo lajavAyA nahi; ane brAhmaNanI khagoLavivAnI pAMca patimAMnI eka romaka ke grIka zAstra kahevAya che. paNa AgaLa jatAM A bAbatamAM hiMduo cIka lakathI caDhiAtA thayA. brAhmaNa joSIonI kItta pazcima tarapha phelAI ane I. sane 800 ne sumAre temanA graMthonA tarajumA arabee karyo ne te mArga teo yuropamAM

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hiMduvaivaka vivAnI paDatI. pa7 pahoMcyA. I. sana 1000 mAM musalamAno hidane lUTavA ane ujaDa karavA lAgyA, tyArapachI brAhmaNonI vivAnI paDatI thaI. topaNa vakhate vakhate hiMdu khageLavettA utpanna thatA temanAM bAMdhelAM mAnamandiro Aje paNa kAzImAM ane bIje ThekANe levAmAM Ave che. sane 1702 mAM prakhyAta phreMca khageLavettA DIlA re tArAnI yAdI prasiddha karI hatI tene hiMdI khagoLavettA rAjA jayasiMhe sudhArI hatI. brAhmaNonuM vedya zAstra-brAhmaNoe pitAne mATe vidyakazAstra paNa rahyuM. jemAM temaNe potAnA vArSika yarAnA divase TharAvavAne AkAzI padArthono abhyAsa karyo,tima yAmAM yogya devone janAvaranA jUdA jUdA bhAganuM balIdAna ApavAne mATe teno vadha karavAnuM teo zIkhyA. e pramANe temaNe zArIravivAno AraMbha karyo. vavakavidyAne temaNe upavedamAM eTale pAchaLathI thayelI Izvaraprerita vidyAmAM gaNI. janAvaronAM maDadAMne cIravAmAM prAcIna brAhmaNe doSa gaNutA nahi. vaLI teo mAMsane badale pATalA para mINanA thara karIne, tathA choDavAnI DAkhaLIo vaDe, vidyArthIone zarIra chedavAnI yuktio zIkhavatA. bodhamatanA rAjAoe mANasane ane pazune sArU davAkhAnAM ane pAMjarApoLa AkhA hiMdamAM sthApI hatI. tyAM rogaparIkSAnuM ane tene maTADavAnA upAyanuM jJAna maLatuM. vidyakavivAmAM brAhmaNoe grIka loka pAsethI kAMI jJAna meLavyuM nathI, paNa bIka lakane temanI pAsethI maLyuM che. I. sa. 1800 ne sumAre saMskRta pustakanAM bhASAMtara arabI bhASAmAM karI araba ke temAMthI brAhma nI vecakavivA lIdhI. 17 mA saikA sudhI yuropamAM vaidyakavivA arabI graMtha parathI zIkhAtI. tyAM vacalA kALamAM vikavivApara pustaka lakhAyAMtimAM ghaNIvAra hiMdI veva carakanA lakhANamAMthI pramANa ApavAmAM AvyAM che. Isu khristanI pahelAM e caraka thaI gayA hoya evuM dhAravAmAM AvyuM che. hiMdu vidyakavidyAnI paDatI-buddhidharma jato rahI hAlano cAliti hiMdudharma I. sa. 600 thI 1000 sudhImAM sthApana thayo, ne tenI sAthe nAtanuM baMdhana bahu sakhata thayuM. te vakhatathIja brAhmaNo lAhI

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58 hiMdamAM Aryaloka. ane muDadAla cIjane aDavAmAM vadhAre chITa mAnavA lAgyA. viya eTale beDuta jJAtinI mA ane bAhmaNa bApathI utpanna thaelI Rva nAme nIcI nAtane temaNe vizvane dhaMdhe ApyA. maDadAMne aDakavAthI ane "muelA baLadane cIrIne jevA vagerenI' kriyAthI e veva jJAti paNa vadhAre vadhAre vegaLI rahevA lAgI. vADhakApanI vidyAmAM caturAImeLavavAne maDadAM cIravAnI to pahelI jarUra che. buddhidharma paDI bhAgatAM dharmAdA davAkhAnA baMdha paDyAM tethI paNa hiMdanI vaivaka vighAne ghaNuM nukazAna thayeluM haze. musalamAne I. sane 1000 thI deza chatavA lAgyA tyArathI navA matanA paradezI vai dAkhala thayA. saMskRta pustakonA arabI tarajumAmAMthI teo e vidyA bhaNyA hatA. hiMdustAnanA musalamAna pAdazAhe tathA amIra umarAvono Azriya mAtra musalamAna hakImone ja maLavA lAgyo. ha6 - ghakavivAnI paDatI vadhatAM vadhatAM eTalI badhI vadhI ke ati e vivA gAmaDiyA vidyAne hAtha jaI pahoMcI. emanA jJAnamAM thoDA jevA tavA saMskRta ki, vasANAMnI yAdI, jadunA chumaMtara, apavAsa, ane UMTaveduM mAtra rahyuM. evA vidyane baMgALAmAM kavirAje kahe che, paNa briTiza sarakAre sthApelI vikazALAmAM (meDIkala kolejamAM ) have ghaNuM hiMdu vidyArthIo bhaNe che, ane e pramANe e vivAne pharI uddhAra thavA mAMDe che. hiMdI saMgItazAstra-brAhmaNemAM pitAnI saMgIta kaLA paNa hatI. I. sananI pUrva ochAmAM ochAM cArase varasa para temaNe sAta sUra kalpalA,ti IrAnamAM thaI arabastAnamAM gayA; ane tyAMthI I. sananA 11 mA sikAmAM pUrepanA gAyanazAstramAM dAkhala thayA. musalamAnI amalamAM hiMdu gAyananI paDatI thaI. jUdI DhabanuM gAyana zIbelA yuropI lekane e mIThuM lAgatuM nathI, kemake emAM sUra ane peTAsUranA ghaNA judA judA vibhAga karelA che. paraMtu e racavAmAM brAhmaNoe ghaNuM buddhi dAkhavI che, ane vidyAtavAra nidhA rAkhI jatAM e zAstra manoraMjaka che. hAlanA samayamAM svadezahitakArI dezI gRhasthAe hiMdI saMgItane khUba tAjuM karyuM che, ane lAkhA hiMdI leka e gAyanathI AnaMda pAme che.

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bAbAnI kavitA. pa9 ahANanA kAyadA eTale dharmazAstra - zAhmaNe e kAyadAne dharmano eka vibhAga tarIke gaNyA che. I. sa. pahelAM Azare 300 varasapara racAyelAM gRhyasUtra nAme pustako emanuM jUnAmAM jUnuM dharmazAstra (kAyado) che. I. sana pahelAM sumAre 400 varasa para banelI manusmRtimAM uttara hiMdanA brAhmaNonI rUDhI ene saMgraha kare che. bIjA prakhyAta saMgrahanuM nAma yAjJavalakyaskRti che. te meDo banelo che; te kadAca I. sananI pachI ra00 varSo para banyA che. A smRtio ane teo upara lakhAyelI TIkAone AdhAre hiMduone gharavahevAra hajI lagI cAle che. emaNe kAyadAnI traNa zAkhA karI che tenAM nAma; (1) AcAradhyAya--ghara ane saMsAranA adhikAra ane kartavyA; (2) vyavahArANAya-nyAya prakaraNa; (3) prAyazcittAdhyAya-dharmane lagatAM pApanA prAyazciti karavAnI kriyA ane tapa. e zAtrAmAM lagna, vAraso ane AhAra viSe ghaNu niyama che. jAdI jUdI nati vacce kanyA Apale karavAnI ane sAthe besI jamavAnI baMdhI karIne teoe nAtAne bhaLI jatI aTakAvI che. hiMduoe temane IzvarI kAyadA jevA gaNuM mAnyA. prAcIna hiMdane sudhAro karanArA brAhmaNee A dharmazAstra lAkamAM phelAvyAM. paraMtu kharuM jotAM teomAM mAtra uttaranA brAhmaNa rAjyanI rUDhIonadhelI che, ane hiMdanI badhI jAtane teo lAgu paDatAM nathI. zreSTha smRtikAnuM mata evuM che ke hiMdanA dareka prAntamAM tyAMnA rItarivAje eTale dezAcAra pALavA joIe, ane e pramANe teo anArya lAkenA rivAjo ane dhArAne cAlavA devAnI rajA Ape che. udAharaNa-brAhmaNomAM strIne be vara hoya to lAjI maravAnuM thAya, paNa dakSiNa hiMdanA nara ane bIjI anArya jetAmAM ema karavAno cAla che. mATe te sazAstra eTale kAyadA pramANe che, ane e dheraNa pramANe e lokomAM vArasAnA dhArA cAle che. brAhmaNonI kavitA-brAhmaNe hiMdu lekanAM pavitra dharmapustakonA racanArA tathA rakSaNa karanArA, tatvajJAna tathA zAstravidyAnA jANanAra ane kAyadA banAvanAra hatA eTaluM ja nahi, paNa teo temanA kavie paNa hatA. temaNe ItihAsa lakhyA nathI, paraMtu asalanA vigrahe, ane Arya

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hiMdamAM Aryaloka. viddhAnAM caritro vIrarasakAvyamAM varNavyAM che. e kAvyamAM be ghaNAM prakhyAta che. tenAM nAma (1) mahAbhArata ke dilhInA bhUpatione hevAla ane (2) rAmAyaNa ke Aryaleke dakSiNapara karelI svArInuM varNana. mahAbhArata -A graMtha kavitAmAM lakhele che, ane emA purAtanI vAtane miTo saMgraha che. emAMnI keTalIka kathA vidanA maMtronA jeTalI jUnI che. enI mukhyavArtAne samaya I. sananI pahelAM 1200 pachIno nathI, paNa e vArtA tyAra pachI eka hajAra varase hAla che tivA AkAramAM jeDI kahADI hoya evuM lAge che. mahAbhAratamAM 2,20,000 lITIo che, e jANuM tenA kadane vicAra manamAM Avaze. hiMmaranA lIDamAM pUrI 16,000 lITIo nathI, ane varjhalanA InI aDamAM 10,000 thI ochI lITIo che. mukhya kathA- mahAbhArata pustakamAM mukhya vAta to bhAgyeja cothA bhAga roke che; te Azare 50,000 lITIomAM samAyelI che. caMdra vaMzanA be kuTuMba dilhInI pAsenA keTalAka mUlakane mATe vatyA tenuM khyAna emAM che. e baMne kao bhAratanA rAjakuLamAM ekabIjAnA pitrAI hatAM, ane be eka ja gharamAM ucharelAM hatAM. pAMca pAMDavi pAMDu rAjAnA putro hatA. zApa thavAthI e rAjA rAjapATa pitAnA bhAI dhRtarASTrane ApI himAlayamAM vanavAsa karI rahyA ane tyAM mRtyu pAmyo. enI rAjadhAnI hastinApura eTale hAthInagara hatuM. tenuM khaDera dilhInI IzAne 57 mailapara gaMgAnA jUnA mArganI pAse dekhADavAmAM Ave che. pAMDune bhAI dhRtarASTra tene ThAme rAjya karavA lAgyo. e bhAIne 100 dIkarA hatA. temaNe kurU nAme pUrvaja parathI karavAmAM dhAraNa karyuM. dhRtarASTra potAnA pAMca bhatrIjA vize pramANikapaNe vAlInuM kAma bajAvyuM, netimAMnA vaDAne kuLanA rAjyane yuvarAja eTale vArasA nImyA. potAnA kuMvarane rAjya gAdI na ApatAM bhatrIjAne ApI te mATe te kevo dubhAyA ne nArAja thayA; ethI te korava ane pAMca pAMDavanI vacce kao UTho tenI kathA mahAbhAratano mukhya bhAga che. mahAbhAratane sAra-se korae potAnA bApane pAMDavone vanamAM mokalavAnI jarUra paDI, ane vanamAM jaIne jhupaDAmAM pAMDe

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mahAbhAratano sAra. rahyA tene kapaTa karI bALI nAMkhyuM. e AgamAMthI bacI pAMDavo pAhmaNane veSe ahitahi bhaTakavA lAgyA. tevAmAM dropadarAjAne darabAre svayaMvara thato hato tyAM teo gayA. bhegA thayelA rAjArANuM hathIAra vaDe ke dhanuSyavaDe potAnAM parAkrama dekhADe ane temAM je te tene kanyA vare tene svayaMvara kahe che. je dhanuSya harIphomAMthI kaI vALI na zakahyuM te pAMDamAMnA ane vALyuM, ne dropadIe tene varamALA AropI. e kumArI pachI pAMce bhAInI patnI thaItemanA bhalA kAkA dhRtarATTe temane pATanagaramAM belAvI kuTuMbanA rAjyane ardha bhAga Apyo. ne bAkIne adhe pitAnA putrane sArU rAkhe. pAMDa IndraprasthanAme navuM nagara vasAvI tyAM rahevA gayA, e iMdraprastha pachI dilahI kahevAyuM. tyAMnuM jaMgala sApha karAvI temaNe nAga lokane eTale jaMgalamAM vasanArI jAtine hAMkI kahADI. thoDA kALa sudhI baMne vacce salAha rahI. yudhiSThira (laDavAmAM dRDha) pAMDavomAM vaDA bhAI hatA tene korae jugaTu ramADyuM, temAM teNe potAnuM rAjya, pitAnA bhAIe, paMDa, ane chelle dropadI e sarve boluM. paraMtu dhRtarASTra ema duSTa rIte meLaveluM saghaLuM pAMDavone pAchuM apAvyuM. vaLI korae yudhiSThirane vrata ramavAne phasAvyA, temAM te pharIne rAjya hAryA bhAIo tathA patnI sahita taNe bAra varasa sudhI dezanikAla bhagA . dezanikAlanI mudata pUrI thatAM pAMca bhAIo ke ja sahita potAnuM rAjya chatI levAne AvyA. ghaNIka laDAIo thaIne deva ane devAMzI vIro yuddhamAM sAmila thayA, tathA ati e kerava raNamAM paDaze, ane pAMDavonA mitro ane sagAone paNa kALa thayo. mAtra pAMca bhAI bacyA. temanA kAkA dhRtarASTra AkhuM rAjya temane havAle kIdhuM. lAMbA vakhata sudhI rAja bhegavI pAMDa yaza pAmyA; ane moTo azvamedha karI cakravata mahArAjAdhirAja pada meLavyuM. paNa temano AMdhaLe ane gharaDo kAko potAnA se dIkarAnI katala karavAne mATe tamane sadA maheNuM mAryA karato. Akhare potAnA jIvatA rahelA pradhAno, potAnI vRddharANuM ne tenI bhejAI (pAMDavonI mA) ne joDe laIta vanamAM jaI rahyA. ahiM A gharaDA kharAM AdamI dava saLagavAthI

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hiMdamAM Arya loka baLI mu. pAchaLathI pAMca bhAIone mana kheda ane pazcAttApa thayo tethI rAjya choDI daI dI tathA eka nimakahalAla kUtare che laIo merU parvata para IndranuM svarga che tyAM javA sArU himAlayamAM gayA. tyAM upara caDhatAM A zokAtura vaTemArge eka pachI eka marazu pAmyAM. mAtra moTA bhAI yudhiSThira ane tene kUtare svarganA jhAMpA sudhI pahoMcyA. Indra teine aMdara pesavAnuM kahyuM. paNa yudhiSThire kahyuM ke mArI gujarI gayelI strI tathA bhAIo vinA ekalo nahi peluM. Indra tenI prArthanA kabula rAkhI; paNa yudhiSThire kahyuM ke mArA kUtarAne joDe AvavAdito ame aMdara AvIe. IndranA pADIne svarganuM jevuMtevuM darzana karAvyA pachI tene narakamAM nAMkhyAM. tyAM teNe potAnA ghaNAka sAthIene duHkhamAM paDelA joyA. svargamAM jaI ekalA sukha bhogavavA karatAM e lokanI sAthe rahI duHkhamAM bhAga levAno teNe TharAva karyo. A chellI parIkSAmAM barAbara utaryA pachI tene mAlUma paDavuM ke e sarva mAyA che. pachI sadhaLA bhegA thaI svargamAM piThA. ahiM teo iMdranI pAse niraMtara sukha cenamAM rahe che. mahAbhAratane bAkIne bhAga-hastinApuramAM rAjyane mATe thayelA jhagaDAno hevAlati mAtra mahAbhAratanA cothA bhAgamAM samAI rahe che. bAkInA bhAgamAM tyAra pahelAMnA vakhatanI kathA, devonI vAto, ne kSatrInI pharaje. temAM vizeSa karIne brAhmaNone mAna ApavAnItimanI pharaje samajAvavAne dharmanA viSayo para bedha che. ekaMdara jotAM mahAbhArata e uttara hiMdanA zUravIra lekanA vakhatanA jJAnano bhaMDAra che. rAmAyaNa-ehiMduonuM bIjuM vIrarasa kAvya che; ane emAM Arya loko dakSiNamAM gayAtinuM varNana che. e vAlmIka kavinuM raceluM che; ane enI mukhya vArtA banI teno samaya jevI tevI gaNatrI pramANe sumAre I. sa. nI pahelAM 1000 varSa para che. paNa hAla che te AkAramAM e graMtha racAyAne I. sa. pUrve ghaNuM saikA thayA nahi hoya. emAMnA koI bhAga mahAbhAratanI pahelAMnA banelA haze; paNa A graMthana saMgraha to te pachInA vakhatamAM thayo hoya evuM dIse che. rAmAyaNamAM sumAre 48,000 lITIo che.

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AlAka dakSiNabhaNI jAya che. rAmAyaNano sAra - mahAbhArata jema caMdravaMzane prakhyAta karyo che tema rAmAyaNe hAlanA da prAMtanI rAjyadhAnI ayodhyA che, tyAMnA sUryavaMzane ItihAsa vIrarasa kavitAmAM varNavyA che. e pramANe asalanA mukhya dezanI hadapara pUrva ane pazcima tarapha sAmasAme AvelAM prakhyAta be rAjyanI kathA e be kAvyomAM sAcavI rAkhI che. rAmAyaNanA AraMbhanA pustakomAM ayodhyA ke odanA rAjA dazarathanA vaDA kumAra zamanA camatkArika janma ane bALapaNanuM varNana che. sItA svayaMvaramAM maLelA rAjArANAe zivanA moTA bhAre dhanuSane vAMka vALavAne mathana kIdhuM temAM rAma phAvyA, ne sItAne paraNyAtinuM varNana che. vaLI temanA bApa dazaye tamane gAdInA vArasa TharAvyA, te hakIkata paNa che. jamAnAmAM khaTapaTa cAlI tenuM pariNAma evuM thayuM ke dazarathanI sarvathI nAnI rANue e TharAva rada karAvyo, potAnA kuMvara bharatane yuvarAja nImAvyo, ane rAma ane tenI vahu sItA maida varasa lagI vanavAsa karavAne gayAM. deza nikAla thayeluM te jeDuM dakSiNa jatAM prayAga (hAlanA alAhabAdamAM) gayuM, te vakhate alAhabAda tIrtha thaI cukyuM hatuM. ahithI nadIpAra utarI buMdelakhaMDanA jaMgalomAM vAlmIkinA maThamAM tio jAya che. teo jyAM rahelAM te jage Aje paNa ahiMnA eka DuMgara para batAvavAmAM Ave che. evAmAM rAmanA pitAne kALa thAya che. TharAva pramANe rAjya sauthI nAnAbhAI bharatane maLe che, paNa vaDA bhAIpara prema rAkhanAra bharata te levAnI nA kahe che, ane kharA vArasa rAmane pAchA ANavAne tenI pAchaLa jAya che. ane bhAI vacce premanI mArAmArI cAle che ane Akhare cAda varasano vanavAsa pUro thAya ane rAjya levAne rAma pAchA Ave tyAM sudhI tene nAme bApadAdAnA rAjyanA vahIvaTa karavAne bharata kabula kare che, ane ayodhyA tarapha pAchA phare che. Arya lAka dakSiNabhaNuM jAya che.-rAmAyaNamAM ahiMsudhI ja ayodhyAnA darabArane lagatI vArtA varNavI che. trIjA pustakamAM mukhya kathAne AraMbha thAya che. cheka dakSiNane rAkSasa ke mULavatanI rAjA rAvaNa sItAnI khUbasuratInI kIrti sAMbhaLI moha pAme che, ane rAma

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hiMdamAM Aryaloka. jaMgalamAM gayA che, tevAmAM tenA AzramamAM AvI sItAnuM haraNa karI jAya che. tene potAnA maMtrelA rathamAM besADI AkAza mArge laMkAmAM laI jAya che. pachInAM traNa pustaka (cothA, pAMcamA, ane chaThThA) mAM stro baI beThelA rAme tene pAchI ANavAne karelI svArInuM varNana che. dakSiNa hiMdanI mULavatanI jAti joDe maLI jaIzama ma TuM lazkara bheguM kare che. ejAtane vAnara ane rIMchanA nAma ApyAM che. hiMdu ane laMkAnI vacce sAmudradhunI che, tene vAnara saradAra hanumAna kUdI jaI kadI sItAne maLe che; ane chalaMga mArI pAchA AvI mane khabara kahe che. pachI sAMkaDA samudrapara vAnarasenA pUla bAMdhe che. ene hAlanI bhUgoLavivAmAM Adamane pUla kahe che. e pUla para thaI zAma laMkAmAM jAya che. ane detya rAvaNane haNI sItAne choDave che. rAvaNanA mahelamAM rahI te vakhate pativratA dharma pALyo hato evI khAtrI karI ApavAne sItA asalano rIta pramANe animAM praveza kare che. prakAzatavano deva ani pate tene baLatI citAmAM calAvI tenA ghaNInI pAse teDI jAche. dezavaTAnAM cAra varasa pUrAM thayethI rAma ane sItA vAjate gAjate ayodhyAmAM pAchAM Ave che. tyAM temaNe sArI rIte rAja karI kIrti meLavI. hiMdanA cakravartI rAjA tarIke rAme azvamedha karyo paraMtu dezamAM dukALa paDavAthI rAme dhAryuM ke rAjakuLamAM keIe kAMI gUne karyo haze tene lIdhe Izvare AvI sajA karelI hovI joIe. pachI sItA laMkAmAM tenA haraNa karanAranA kabajAmAM hatI, tyAre pativatA rahI na hoya ane tenA manamAM saMdeha Uo te uparathI teNe te pativratA strIne kADhI mUkI. te bAI bhaTakatI vAlmIkine Azrame gaI ane tyAM tene be putra sAMpaDayA. seLa varasa dezavaTe bhagavyA pachI rAma pastAIne tenI joDe manAyA ane chevaTe rAma sItA ane tenAM saMtAna bhegAM thayAM. pachIthI thayelA vIrasa kA -mahAbhArata ane rAmAyaNamAM gAthAo ghaNI che, to paNa temAM hiMdanA madhya dezanA mahArAjAonA ItihAsa, teonA kuTuMbanA kajIA, ane temanAM parAkrama varNavyAM che. pachIthI thayelAM vIrarasa kAvyamAM yoddhAnAM caritrAne badale devonI kathA

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zakuntalA. vadhAre AvatI jAya che. tiomAM raghuvaMza ane kumArasaMbhava pahelI padavIe che.taone racanAra kAlidAsa kahevAya che. ayodhyAnA rAjA radhunA sUryavaMzanI ane mukhyatve karIne tenA vaMzaja rAmanI kIrti radhuvaMzamAM gAI che. kumArasaMbhavamAM yuddhanA deva ( kArtikeya ) nA janmanuM varNana che. A baMne kAvyo temanA hAlanA rUpamAM I.sa. pUrve 350 varasa pahelAM racAyelAM hoya ema lAgatuM nathI. saMskRta nATaka-ghaNuM ja vakhatamAM balake vidanA kriyAmAM thayA te vakhatamAM mUge heDe cALA karI nAcavAnI jaMgalI rIta hatI te uparathI grIsa ane premanI peThe hiMdamAM paNa veSa kADhI nATaka karavAnI rIta nIkaLelI jaNAya che. nara" eTale nAcanAra enA uparathI saMskRta zabda "nA" banyo che. paraMtu jUnA sudharelA vakhatamAM banelA nATako hAla ApaNI pAse che te saghaLAM I. pU. pahelA seko ane I. sa. pachI AThame sake e benI vaccenA vakhatamAM racAyela jaNAya che. pAchalA vakhatamAM thayelAM be vIrarasa kAvyane banAvanAra kAlidAsa hatA ema AgaLa kahevAmAM AvyuM che. teja kAlidArU saMskRta nATakano pitA che. hiMdu daMtakathA evI che ke I. sa. pU. pa7 mAM ujanano rAjA vikramAditya hato, tenA darabAramAM nava ratna hatAM. temAMnuM eka ratna kAlidAsa hato. paNa kharuM pUche to vikramAditya nAmanA ghaNu rAjA thaI gayA che; ane je vikramAdityanA vakhatamAM kAlidAsa thaI gayA, te ti I. sa. nA chaThThA saikAmAM mALavAmAM ja karato hato. rAkuntalA-kAlidAsanuM sauthI vadhAre prakhyAta nATaka akAla ke "devayelI vIMTI " nAme che. prAcIna vIrarasa kAvyanI peThe ene racanAmAM rAjadarabArane ane vanamAM AvelA =Si Azramano viSaya che. uttama caMdravaMzane pUrvaja duSyata nAme rAjA hato. te jaMgalamAM - henAra koI brAhmaNanI zakantalA nAme svarUpavAna kanyAne parase che. rAjanagara bhaNuM pAchA pharatA pahelAM potAnA premanI nizAnI dAkhala pitAnI vahune eka vIMTI Ape che. paNa zakuntalAne eka brAhmaNane zApa lAgyo hato, tethI teNe te vIMTI I ane te pAchI jaDatAM sudhI

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66 hiMdamAM Arya lAka. teno vara tine oLakhI zakyo nahi. zakuntalAne pitAnA ekAMtavAsamAM dIkaro avatare che, ane pitAne tathA putrane rAjA oLakhe mATe te vinA darabAramAM jAya che. paNa rAjA tene oLakhati nathI. ghaNuM beda ane bahu duHkhane ane te vIMTI ja che, ane zakuntalA pitAnA dhaNIne jaI maLe che. teno putra bharata miTo thayA pachI pratApI nIvaDe che. mahAbhAratamAM je caMdravaMzanAM parAkrama varNavelAM che, teno mukhya sthApanAra e bharata hato. sItAnI peThe zakuntale paNa pativratA hiMdunArIno uttama namUno che; ane tene prema tathA teno kheda kadAca 1800 varasa lagI hiMdanA lokone managamatI adbhuta kathAmAM varNavyA che tene hAlanA jamAnAnA yuropanA kavirAja gee potAnA eka kAvyamAM utAryo che. bIjAM nATaka-bIjAM nATakomAMnA ekanuM nAma mRcchakaTika ane thavA "ramakaDAM gADI " che. A daza aMkI nATaka che. niraparAdhInuM ugaravuM ane aparAdhInuM sajA pAmavuM evI keAI junI bAbata para te lakheluM che. vaLI naLa ane damayaMtI ke " jugArI rAjA ane tinI pativratA nArI" nAmanuM bIjuM eka nATaka che. hiMdanA chApakhAnAmAMthI dara varase ghaNAM nATako pragaTa thAya che temAMnAM ghaNAM kharAM mahAbhAratamAMnI ke rAmAyaNamAMnI keAI kathAne AdhAre racAyelAM hoya che. pazuvArtA-jUnA vakhatathI pazuonI kahANIo hiMdamAM lekane ghaNuM game che. saMskRta paMcataMtrane ke pazuvArtAnA pustakano tarajumo cheka i. sanA chaThThA saikAmAM phArasI bhASAmAM thayo hato. tenI mAraphati e vArtAsaMgraha repamAM gayo. Aje IMglAMDamAM ane amerikAmAM prAcIna hiMdanI pazunI vAto kahevAmAM Ave che, te tyAMnAM lekane bahu game che. saMgIta kavitA -devonA ane yoddhAnA vIrarasa ItihAsa uparAMta brAhmaNee ghaNAMka dharmaviSaya upara kAvyo racyAM che. emAM gItagAviMda eTale "devIgevALanuM gIta" e nAme che, te atisuMdara che. I. sa. 1200ne sumAre jayadeve te racayuM che, dharmanI bAbata uparanA moTA graMtha purANe kahevAya che, te kavitAmAM lakhelA che. teonuM varNana AgaLa ( 8mA prakaraNamAM ) karavAmAM Avaze.

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brAhmaNonI sattA. brAhmaNanI sattA-brAhmaNe ghaNu bhaNelA hovAthI temanA maMDajaLanI padavI UMcI hatI. e vAta lakSamAM rAkhavAthI temanA lAMbI mudata sUdhI rahelA amalanuM tathA hAlamAM cAlatI sattAnuM kAraNa samajAze temanA giAra tarIkenA uparIpaNuM upara vArevAre humalA thayA che. lagabhaga eka hajAra varasa sudhI to bA lAkane bhAre paDe che. ema chatAM 2500 varasa thayAM hidamAM brAhmaNa graMtho racanArA, vidvAne, hiMda rAja rANAnA maMtrI ane hiMdulAkanA zikSaka che. je keLavaNI ane vidyAne lIdhe ATalI lAMbI mudatathI temane uparI sattA maLI hatI te keLavaNuM ane vidyA meLavavAne ekalI temanI ja nAtane haka hato, te hAla baMdha paDe che. hamaNAM mahArANInI dareka varganI ne dareka jAtanI tamAma hidI prajA keLavaNI ane vidyA meLavI zake che.

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prakaraNa 5 muM. buddhadharma I. sa. pUrve 543 thI I. sa. 1000 sudhI buddhidharmane udaya I. sa. pU. pa43-Isa. pU. 600 varasa para brAhmaNane potAnI sattA sArA pAyA upara sthApanA karI hatI. tyAra pachI hiMdamAM eka navo dharma utpanna thayo. e dharmanI sthApanAra gotama buddha nAme purUSa hatA, te parathI tenuM nAma buddhadharma paDavuM. eka hajArathI vadhAre varSa sUdhI A navo dharma brAhmaNu dharmano barAbarIe hatA. I. sananA navamA saikAne sumAre tene hiMdamAMthI hAMkI kADhavAmAM AvyA. topaNa tene mAnanArA hajI pacAsa karoDa mANaso eziAmAM che, ane duniyAmAM bIjA harakoI dharmane mAnanAranI saMkhyAthI ene mAnanAranI saMkhyA vadhAre che. gotama buddhanI vArtA tinuM parva caritra-gatama e kapilavastunA rAjA zuddhodanano ekane eka kuMvara hati. pAchaLathI enuM nAma buddha eTale jJAnI paDyuM. suddhodana rAjA zakya lokapara rAjya karato hato, ane tenuM rAjya kAzInI uttare 100 milapara hatuM. tyAMthI himAlayanAM baraphavALAM zikharo najare paDatAM hatAM. rAjAnI marajI kuvarane potAnA je zuravIra banelo jovAnI hatI, paraMtu bALa kamAra pitAnA saMbatIonI ramatimAM bhaLato nahi ane mahelanA bAgane khUNekhAMcare bharAI ekAMtamAM potAno vakhata gujArato hatA. ema chatAM jyAre te pukhta umaranA thayA tyAre bahAdura ane hathIyAra vAparavAmAM catura mAluma paDyo. svayaMvaramAM te badhA sAmAvAnI A rAjAne harAvI strI para thoDA vakhata lagI teNe saMsAranAM sukha bhogavyAM tevAmAM teNe potAnA nAnapaNanA dharmasabaMdhI vicAro visArI dIdhA. te rathamAM bezI zaheramAM jato tyAre gharaDA, rogI ane muDadAM joIne tenA mana para asara thatI; ane eka sAdhunuM citta zAMta joI tene adekhAI AvatI. saMsAranAM duHkha, zoka ane sthitinA pheraphArane lIdhe e sAdhunA AtmA para koI asara thatI

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budanA vanavAsa. nahi. gautamanI strIne eka putra thayo. tyAra pachI tene bIjuM kAMI chokaruM thayuM nahatuM. A navuM dIkarArUpI baMdhana pitAne saMsAramAM bAMdhI rAkhaze e Dara lAgavAthI trIsa varSanI umare gotama jaMgalamAM jaI eka guphAmAM vasyA. evI vAta cAle che ke te potAnI strInA dIvAvALA oraDA AgaLathI pAchA pharI cAlyA gayA, ne temAM javAthI navA janmelA bALakanI mA udhamAMthI jAge, mATe jatI veLA bALakane chelluM vaheluM lADa laDAvavAnI IcchAne paNa dabAvI daI teNe aMdhArAmAM gheDa doDAvI mukyA. aMdhArI rAte udAsomAM musApharI karyA pachI potAne nimakahalAla dheDAvALA sAthe Avyo hato tene potAno dheDe ne ghareNAM ApI bApanI kane pAchA mokalyA jAti kSatrI hovAthI teNe lAMbA keza rAkhyA hatA te teNe kAtarI nAMkhyA tathA mArgamAM koI garIba mANasa maLyo tene potAno darabArI pizAka utArI ApI tenAM phATAMtUTAM lUgaDAM laIne paheryA. A rIte gharabAra vagarano bhIkhArI banIne te ekalo cAlyA. Ama darabArI ThATha, vahAlI vahu, ane navo avatarela dIkare tajI cAlyA javuM e "mahArAgya" che, ane te khudharma pustakano priya viSaya che. buddhano vanavAsa, 30 thI 36 nI vaya thoDA vakhata lagI gautama paTanA prAMtamAM be brAhmaNa munionI kane abhyAsa karyo. temaNe tene baMdha karyo ke AtmAnI zAMti zarIrane kaSTa ApavAthIja thAya che. pachI te gayAnI pAse vadhAre dhADA jaMgalamAM jaI vasyA. tyAM cha varasa lagI pAMca ziSyonI joDe tapa karIne teNe zarIrane sUkavI nAkhyuM. hAlanuM buddhagayAnuM deheruM e lAMbA tapanuM ThekANuM dekhADe che. paraMtu apavAsa ane zarIrane kaSTa ApavAthI tene mananI zAMti maLI nahi. paNa ulaTa dharmasaMbaMdhI nirAzAmAM te DULyo. bauddhadharmagraMthamAM lakhyuM che ke e samayamAM mANasa jAtano duzmana mAra nAme duSTadeva deha dhAraNa karIne tenI sAthe kustI karatA hatA. potAnuM badhuM tapa kAMI kAmanuM che ke nahi evA sadehathI te akaLA ane zarIre sukAITikA paDela A jogI bebhAna thaI pRthvI para paDaze. jyAre tene bhAna AvyuM tyAre tenA manane kaleza jato rahyo hato. pahADanI guphAmAM dehadamana karavAthI mukita maLatI nathI, paNa mANasa jAtane uttama rIte varta

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buddha dharma. vAne upadeza karavAthI maLe che evuM tene jaNAvyuM tethI teNe tapa choDI dIdhuM. tenA pAMca ziSyo AthI trAsa pAmI tene tajI jatA rahyA, ane vanamAM te ekalo paDaze. rAkSase agninI jeta jevAM hathiyAre sahita tenI AsapAsa bhamyA kare che, ane te zAMtimAM vaDa nIce beThA che evuM svarUpa bokrazAstramAM jaNAvyuM che. jaMgalamAMnI A mAyAmAMthI nIkaLI te bahAra paDo e veLA tenI zaMkAe zamI gaI hatI; ane te pharIne UThI nahi. pati zuM karavuM te have tenA samajavAmAM spaSTa AvyuM. tyAra pachI te buddha (eTale jJAnI) nAme oLakhAya. buddhano jAhera upadeza, 36 thI 80 nI vaya sudhI-moTA kAzI nagaranI pAsenA sUga vanamAM budde pitAno jAhera upadeza zarU karyo. brAhmaNe jema pavitra jJAtinA eka be ziSyone baMdha ApatA temAM na karatAM teNe sadhaLA lekane baMdha karyo. pahela vahelAM teNe sAdhAraNa varganA AdamIne baMdha karI ziSya karyA. temAM sarvathI pahelA to strIone upadeza kIdhA. traNa mAsa pachI sATha celA teinI pAse bhegA thayA. emane teNe pAsenA dezomAM A zabdo kahIne mokalyA - have tame jAo ane sarvottama zAstra zIkhavo. varasamAM ATha mahinA upadeza karavAne te pravAsa karatA, ane comAsAmAM eTale varasAdanI RtumAM, te koI eka mukarara jagAmAM rahetA tyAM vAMsanI jhADImAM nItinI jhupaDImAM lokanAM ToLeToLAM tene bedha levAmAM AvatAM temane upadeza karato. je pAMca janA ziSyA jaMgalamAMthI kharekharI saMkaTanI veLAe tene choDI jatA rahyA hatA, teo pAchA AvyA. rAjA, rANA, vepArIe, korIgaro, brAhmaNe, tAravIo, kheDUto, zudra, UMcI padavInI kalIna nArIo, ane karelAM pApane pastAvo karanArI strIonA bhaLavAthI tenA ziSyomAM umero thayo. bahAra, adhyA, ane vAyavya prAtinI pADAnA jIllAomAM budde upadeza karyo. potAnA bApanA mahela mAMthI te peDesvAra thaI nIkaLyo tyAre te pratApI tarUNa rAjakumAra hatA. have melAM pILAM vastra paherelAM, mAthuM muMDaluM ne hAthamAM bhIkSA levAnuM dba rAkheluM, evo te bhaTakatA upadeza karanArane viSa laI mahelamAM pAchA Avyo. dharaDA rAjAe bahu mAnathI tine upadeza sAMbhaLyo.

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karmane niyama. 71 buddha gayo te veLA je kaMvarano janma thayo hato te tene ziSya thayA. jenA oraDAnA umarA AgaLathI te aMdhArAmAM nIkaLI gayo hato te vahAlI vahu prathama thayelI boddha ArajAomAM dAkhala thaI. buddhanuM maraNa ane tinA chelA bAla-buke potAnI umaranA trIsamA varasamAM mahA vairAgya lIdho. pitAnI jAti lAMbA vakhata sUdhI taiyArI karyA pachI chatrIsa varasanI vaye teNe jAhera bodha karavA mAMDayo ane cuMmALIsa varasa lekane upadeza karyo. potAnA mitane samaya pahelAMthI jaNAvatI vakhate teNe pitAnA ziSyane A pramANe kahyuM - umaMgI thaje, vicAravaMta tha, pavitra thaje, tamArA potAnA hRdaya upara cekasa najara rAkhaje (eTale ke tene ADe raste javA detA nahi ); je AdamI zAstra pramANe dRDhatAthI varte che, nIti pALe che, ane hiMmata hAratA nathI te saMsArarUpI sAgara taraze, ane tenA saMtApano aMta Avaze. vaLI teNe kahyuM ke duniyA beDIthI sajaDa jakaDAyalI che. jema koI vaiva devI esiDa lAvIne bacAve tema huM tane mukti ApuM chuM. mArI zikSA dhyAnamAM rAkhaje. bIjI badhI vastuo badalAya che, paNa e badalAtI nathI; huM tamane kAMI vadhAre nahi kahuM huM javAne icchuM chuM. huM nirmANa, eTale sadA ArAma icchuM chuM,' upadeza karavAmAM ane eka raDatA ziSya hato tene dilAso ApavAmAM teNe rAta gALI. eka hevAla pramANe tenA chellA bela A hatA -khaMta rAkhI tamAre mikSa meLavo. sAdhAraNa dantakathA pramANe I. sa. pU. 543 mAM vaDanI chAyA taLe eMzI varasanI umare zAMtapaNe tina kALa thayA, athavA pAchalI zodha pramANe I. sa. pU. 478 mAM teno kALa the. - karmano niyama- buddhanI phatahanuM kAraNa e che ke teNe lokane AtmAnA kalyANane rati dekhADo. tane bedha e hato ke mikSa rasto saghaLA mANasane sarakhe khullo che; ane koI kalpita devane satiSyAthI AtmAnuM kalyANa thatuM nathI, paNa potAnA AcarayuthI thAya che. ema teNe ya baMdha pADaDyA, paramezvara ane mANasanI vacce madhyastha rahenAra gurU tarIke brAhmaNo dAva rAkhatA hatA te rada karyo. teNe upadeza karyo ke A bhavamAM, badhA pAchalA bha

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bAda matanuM dharma phelAvavAnuM kAma. vamAM, ane have pachI thavAnA tamAma bhavamAM pitAnI karaNI (karma ) pramANe mANasanI hAlata (sArI naThArI ) hoya che. mANasa je vAve te laNe harakoI bhuDA kAmane mATe sajA thayA vinA rahetI nathI. ane bhalA kAmathI zubha phaLa maLyAvinA rahetuM nathI. ema che ti gurUthI ke paramezvarathI karelA dareka karmanuM pariNAma aTakAvI zakAtuM nathI. A bhavamAM duHkha paDe ke sukha maLe te pAchalA bhavamAM karelAM karmanuM amuka parisuma che. ahiM A janmamAM karma karIzuM, te pramANe AvatA janmamAM sukha ke duHkha pAmIzuM. koI prANI marI jAya che, tyAre pitAnAM puNya ke pApa pramANe te vadhAre UMcI ke vadhAre nIcI avasthAmAM ja che. pAchalA tamAma janmamAM karelAM karmono kala saravALe maLIne pApa ke puNya baMdhAya che. ema bhUta, vartamAna, ane bhaviSyakALamAM ApaNuM saghaLuM kalyANa ApaNA hAthamAM che, evuM je dharmamAM jaNAvyuM che temAM vyakta ( saguNa) paramezvaranI thoDIja garaja che. AtmAnuM nirvA (chUTI javuM-bunuM mata evuM hatuM ke jIvatara thoDuM ke ghaNuM du:khabhareluM hameza hAyaja; ane dareka sArA mANasane hetu e che ke janmamaraNanI pIDAthI chUTI vizvanA a bhAmAM potAnA nokhA AtmA bheLI devo. AnuM nAma "nirvANa." eno zabdArtha "virAma" thAya che. keTalAka paDita khulAse kare che ke jema dIvo holavAI jAya che tema AtmAnuM phelAI javuM tenuM nAma ja nirvANa bIjAo kahe che ke mANasanA pratyeka janmanAM pApa, paritApa, ane svArthanuM zamI javuM teja nirvANuM, eTale AtmAno chelo virAma, che. bhAvika boddha A duniyAmAM pavitra dhyAnamAM rehevAnI dazAe paheMcavA prayatna kare che ane paralokamAM pitAne niraMtara zAMti maLe evI AzA rAkhe che. buddhane upadeza e hato ke jIvataramAM sadAcaraNe cAlavAthI e hetu pAra paDe che. brAhmaNanA yajJane badale teNe mATI traNu pharaje batA che. tenAM nAma-1. saMyama (ke IndriApara kabaje), 2. bIjA manuSyapara hetabhAva, 3, badhAM prANuonA jIvane mAna. - baddhonuM dharma phelAvavAnuM kAma - budde potAnA ziSyone baMdha

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azoka. ryo ke tamAre pote satya mArge cAlavuM eTaluM ja nahi, paNa badhA mAyusene e pramANe upadeza kare. mULathIja bAdamArgamAM dharma phelAvavAnuM kAma cAlyuM che. budde upadezavaDe dharma phelAvavAne prathama ghaNuM kAma kIdhAM, temAMnuM eka che ke teNe sATha ziSyone baMdha karavAne mokalyA. badhI prajAomAM maphata upadeza karavA javAne mATe teNe jatIono paMtha sthApyo brAhmaNe e to Arya jAtimAMnA dvija lekane ja dharmakriyA karavAno adhikAra Apyo. paNa bAdamArga to e jiva ane nIcalI natinA tamAma lekane mATe hato eTaluMja nahi, paraMtu hiMdanI anArya jAti ane chelle AkhA eziAnI vastIne mATe paNa hato. pahelI ane bIjI sabhA-I. sa. pU. 543 mAM buddhino kALa thayA tyAre tenAM vacana ekaThAM karavAne tenA pAMcase ziSyo paTanAnI pAsenI eka miTI guphAmAM bhegA thayA. A pahelI boddha sabhA hatI. temaNe potAnA gurUnA upadezanA traNa vibhAga pADIne te gAyA. buddha pitAnA ziSyone karelAM vacana; tenI nItinA niyama; ane tenA mArganA mata. buddhanA upadezanA evA traNa saMgraha thayA; boddha samAne mATe je bela che teno zabdArtha "De gAvuM che. so varasa pachI tinA matane barAbara vaLagIne cAlanArAo ane ochA vaLagIne cAlanArAnI vaccenA vAMdhA patAvavAne Isa. pU. 443 mAM sAta ziSyonI bIjI bAddha sabhA maLI. zAka-e pachInA barse varasamAM biddha mata uttara hiMdamAM phelAyA. Azare I. sa. pU. 257 mAM magadha ke bahAra rAjA azoka e paMthamAM bhaLI teno hoMsale bhakta thayo. sikaMdaranI chAvaNImAM AvelA caMdraguptanI vAta AgaLa kahevAmAM Avaze. e caMdraguptane patra azoka hato. evuM kahevAya che ke teNe 64,000 bAda gArajI ane Azraya Apyo hato, teNe ghaNuM maTha ( apAsarA ) sthApelA kahevAya che, ane tenuM rAjya Aje paNa maDapradeza ( vihAra ke bihAra) kahevAya che. pachInA vakhatamAM rAjAdhirAja kaoNnsTaTAIne khristi dharmane mATe je karyuM te azoke bauddha dharmane sArU karyuM-tene teNe rAjya 10

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74 bauda dharma. parma karyo. e pAra pADavAne teNe pAMca upAya racyA. (1) boddhamAgeno nirNaya karavAne sabhA karI; (2) tenAM mULatatvonAM jAheranAmAM pragaTa karyo. (3)tane cakhe rAkhavAnI tajavIjane vArate adhikArI nImyA. (4) tenA matano phelAvo karavAne sAdhuo mokalyA; (5) auddhadharmazAstranuM sapramANu saMzodhana karyuM. azokanAM kRtyo-I.sa. pU. ra44mAM azoke eka hajAra vaDIlonI trIjI boddha sabhA paTanAmAM bolAvI. boddha jatInuM pILuM vastra dhAraNa karI naThArA mANasoe buddhanA bedhane nAme potAnA mata pragaTa karyA hatA. A pAkhaMDImata have sudharyuM ane kharuM jotAM dakSiNa ezikhAmAM bAda mArga azokanI sabhAnA vakhatathI cA che. A sabhAnI pahelAM ane pAchaLa tiNe pitAnA AkhA rAjyamAM e paMthanA mukhya siddhAnto keTalAMka AjJApatromAM prasiddha karyA. rAjAnA A AjJApatromAMnA cALIsa hajIlagI AkhA hiMdamAM taMbhepara, guphAomAM, ane khaDako upara kotarelAM che. nyAya ane dharma khAte eka pradhAna nImI teiNe tinA hAtha nIce eka khAnuM sthApyuM. dharma zuddha rahe mATe tatpara najara rAkhavI, ane teno phelAvo karavAno rasto dekhADo etinuM kAma TharAvyuM. rastA para kUvA khodAvavA ane jhADapAvavAM evItaNe goThavaNa karI.teNe mANasane mATe dharmazALA ane janAvarane kAje pAMjarApoLa karAvI. kuTuMbanI raheNI upara ane lokanI nIti upara tapAsa rAkhavAne tathA tarUNa mANasane ane strIone bhaNAvavAmAM uttejana ApavAne tiNe amaladAro nImyA. tamAma mANasa jAtane beka dharmamAM ANavA e mArI pharaja che ema azoka dhArato. mlecchanA dezomAM cheka dUranI hada sudhI jaI badhA nAstika lekamAM dAkhala thaI dharmano phelAvo karavAne teNe kevI rIte sAdhuo mikalyA te parvata paranA lebamAM noMdheluM che. e sAdhuoe kSatrI, brAhmaNa ane bhIkhArI, trAsa ApanAra ane dhikkAravA yogya loka, e sarva sAthe potAnA mUlakamAM ane paradezamAM sarakhI rIte bhaLI temane uttama vAta zIkhavI. paNa tamane evo hukama hato ke tamAre kene bedhathI vaza karI dharma badalAva, taravArathI badalAvavo nahiduniyA paraupadeza vaDe phelAyelA

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beda mata prajAne sAmAnya dharma. dharmamAM sauthI ghaNeja vadhAre phelAyeloti boddha dharma hati. bIjA dharmanA lake karatAM e dharmanA leke paradharmanA kepara vadhAre mIThI najare jetA hatA. vaLI azake potAnA dharmane phelAvo karavAno prayatna karyo eTaluM ja nahi, paNa teNe tenA matAne zuddha rAkhavAnA upAya karyo bihAra (bahAra ) mAM tenA rAjyanI madhya bhAganI mAgadhI bhASAmAM tiNe baiddha dharma zAnA graMthane zuddha pATha meLavI saMgraha karyo. A bhASAMtara be hajAra varasa thayAM dakSiNanA bekTonuM dharmapustaka che. kanika-boddha matanI ethI ane chellI miTI sabhA sithiane rAja kanizyanA Azraya nIce maLI hatI. e rAja vAyavya hiMdamAM sumAre I. sa. 40 mAM rAjya karato hato. eNe dharmapustakonuM pharI zodhana karyuM, ane tibeTa, tArI, ane cInanA uttara beMka dharmIo pAse dharmapustaka che te enuM karAveluM bhASAMtara che. e damayAna bauddha dharmanA upadezake AkhA eziAmAM badha karatA hatA. I. sa. pU. rajane sumAre azokano putra dakSiNanA bane mATe tenA pitAnuM kareluM pavitra dharmapustaka siMhaladvIpamAM laI gaye, ne tyAMthI brahmadeza ane pUrva ke pelagonA TApuomAM te pAchaLathI phelAyuM. uttaranA ddhane mATe kaniSkanI sabhAe TharAve graMtha I. sa. 65 mAM cIna dezamAM rAjyadharma thaze, ane tibeTathI jApAna sudhI uttara bAdamArgIo hajI lagI tene mAne che. baddha paMthanI kriyA ane mati pazcima bharyuM paNa gayA, ane khristi dharmanI zarUAtamAM te paMtha upara temanI asara thaI. boddha mata prajAne sAmAnya dharma -e pramANe azokanI ane kaniSkanI sabhAoe kramArgane rAjyadharma banAvyo. e dharmamAM nAtanA bheda kahADI nAkhyA nathI. ulaTuM temAM ti mAbApanI AjJA pALavI ane sarva mANasa ane janAva para mAyA rAkhavI, enI sAye brAhmaNane ane dharmagurUone pUjya mAnavA ene traNa moTI karamAMno eka gaNAvI che. ema chatAM budde mANasa jAtanA vibhAga nAta pramANe nathI karyA, paNa temanA puNya pramANe karyA che. teNe tenI sAMbhaLanArAne sadAcaraNa pALavAnuM kahyuM che; dene bhega ApavA nA

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bauddha dharma, kahI mATe boddhadharma mAnanArA dezamAM leke yajJane badale marI gayelA saMtonI jALavI rAkhelI cIjanI jAhera pUjA kare che. e dhanA pavitra makAna mULamAM devanAM daherAM nahotAM. te to jatIo ane A rajAone rahevAnA apAzArA hatA, ne temAM ghaTa ane japamALAo hatI athavA e makAno dharma sthApanAranA ekAda dAMta ke hADakA upara tenI yAdagIrImAM bAMdhelI devaDIe hatI. buddhanI hayAtIno InakAra-eka taraphathI buddhanA jIvana ane maraNa saMbaMdhI abhuta vAto cAle che, ane bIjI taraphathI ema paNa kahevAmAM Ave che ke buddha jAti thayoja nathI. buddhanA janmano nakkI kALa TharAvI zakokti nathI. ame daMtakathA parathI tenAM varasa ApyAM che. keTalAka paMDita kahe che ke boddhamArga mAtra kapilanA sAMkhyamatane AdhAre thayele che. teo kAraNa batAve che ke buddhanuM janmanagara kapilavastu "kapilane vAma" kevaLa joDI kahADeluM che; kapilamatamAM mAyA ke bhrAntivAda che te parathI buddhanI mAnuM nAma mAyA devI TharAvyuM che; ane buddhi e nAma paNa kaI purUSanuM nathI, tane artha mAtra "jJAna" che. A dhAraNa viSe je eTaluM ja mAtra kahIe ke bahaMmata koI eka mANasathI ekAeka upanna thayela nathI, paraMtu tenI pahelAM bahAra paDelA brAhmaNanA tatvajJAna ane dharma uparathI racAyela che, to te kharuM che, paNa e dhAraNuM bAMdhanArAo lekane karela buddhino upadeza ane tenA suMdara jIvanathI thayelI kAyama asara e be miTI bahadharma viSenI daMtakathAne lagatI bAbato lakSamAM letA nathI. brAhmaNadharma kadI nAza thavo na ha tai- bAdamArge brAhmaNadharmane hiMdamAMthI hAMkI kADhaze nahati. e be dharmo eka hajArathI vadhAre varSa sUdhI, I. sa. pe 250 thI sumAre I. sa. 1000 lagI, joDe cAlyA. arvAcIna hiMdudharma e bemAMthI utpanna thayela che. hiMdanAM keTalAka rAjyamAM keTalAka samayamAM baddha mArga cAlato hato. paNa brAhmaNadharmane harakoI samaye nAza thayo nahato, ane Akhare brAhmaNoe buddhane potAnA deva viSNuno navamo avatAra mAnyo. bAdamArganA maTha ane brAhmaNadharmanA deva joDe jeDe bAMdhelAM I. sa. 800 tathA I. sa. 630 mAM (cInathI AvelA ) jAtrALuonA jovAmAM AvyAM hatAM.

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zalAdityanI berAta. zIlAdityanI sabhA, I. sa. 134-ane udAharaNa e che ke uttara hiMdamAM e chellI (634) sAlamAM zIlAditya nAme prakhyAta boddha rAjA rAjya karatA hatA. e rAjA i. sa. nA sAtamA saikAno jANe azoka hoya ema jaNAya che ; dAna ApavuM ane dharmano kelA kara, e bAddha matanI be moTI pharaje che, te teNe barAbara bajAvI. I. sa. 630 mAM sAdhAraNa sabhA bolAvI tivaDe teNe boddha dharmane phelAvo karavAno prayatna karyo. e sabhAmAM ekavIza khaMDiyA rAjA potapotAnA rAjyanA ati vidvAna ddha sAdhuo ane zAhmaNe sahita AvyA hatA. paraMtu e rAjAne hetu ekalA bedamArsano nirNaya karavo evo na hato. e vakhatanA hiMdanA baMne dharmo viSe tamAM kAma cAlyuM. prathama temAM bAda paDitAne ane brAhmaNone vivAda thayo. pachI kanizyanA uttara graMthane mAnanArA ane azokanA . dakSiNa graMthane mAnanArA e be bAddha paMthonI vacce vAda cAlyA. gurU enA mata jema cekhA na hatA, tama lekanI dharmakriyAnI rIta paNa cekhI na hatI. sabhAne pahele divase moTA bhabhakAthI buddhinI mUrtinI sthApanA thaI. bIje divase brAhmaNonA sUrya devanI mUrtinI padharAmaNI karI, ane trIje divase hiMdunA zivanI mUrti besADavAmAM AvI. zIlAdityanI kherAta - zIlAditya hara pAMca varSe potAnA rAjyakhajAnAnuM dAna karI detA. allAhAbAdanI pAse gaMgA jamanAnAM jaLane saMgama thAya che, te medAnamAM te mahArAjAnA badhA rAjA rANAne ane lokanAM ToLAMne paMcotera divasa lagI jamADavAmAM AvatAM tenuM varNana cInA jAtrALa hiUena sAMge kahyuM che. zIlAditya potAnA mahelanI tamAma dAlata lAvI brAhmaNane tathA khAddha jatIone, sAdhune, ane bIjA dharmavALAone (paramArthIone ), antara gaNyAvinA ApI deta. ecchane chelle dahADe potAnA aMganAM AbhUSaNa ane rAjyapoSAka utArI pAse ubhelAne ApI daI purAtana kALamAM buddhanI peThe zIlAditya kaI bhIkhArInAM cItharAM pahera. A kriyAthI buddhanA mahA tyAgane te ujavato ane sAthe sAthe vyAhmaNe e kaheluM moTuM kartavya je dAna paNa karatA.

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bauddha dharma nalandane apAze.--gayA pAse nAlandano vizALa apAsaro ne eka vidyAmaMdira hatuM. e joIne madhyayuganA sUropanA briti maTha (AkhIo) ane mahA vidyAlaya yAda Ave che. bokkamatanI 18 zAkhAonA daza hajAra jatI ane navA ziSya ahiM dharmavivA, tatvajJAna, kAyadA, vidyA, vizeSa karIne vaidyakavidyA bhaNatA hatA, ane bhakti karatA hatA. udAra rAjAonI taraphathI bhejana maLatuM tathI teo vidyA bhaNI tyAM nirAMti rahetA. bauddhadharmanA A mukhya Azrama parathI purA maLe che ke te dharma hiMdanA be virodhI mArgamAMne eka hato. eka veLA TuMka mudatamAM (sumAre I. sa. 640mAM) boja mArganA zatruoe traNavAra e maThano nAza karyo hato. brAhmaNa dharmo jaya, I. sa. 700 thI 900I. sa. 700 thI 900 nI vacce brAhmaNa dharmamAM sudhAro karanArA ghaNuM thaI gayA. 800 varSa pachI ti brAhmaNa dharma dhIme dhIme jera para Avyo. dharmazodhaka eTale sudhAre karanArA brAhmaNonI uzkeraNa thI thayelA upadravanuM jhAjhuM jJAna kahANuo uparathI maLe che. ThAma ThAma ne pIDA karavAmAM AvatI te paNa tethI buddha dharmanI paDatI thaI nathI; e paDatI to kaMIka bhAge e dharma jIrNa ( jUna) thavAthI tathA kaI bhAge dharmasaMbaMdhI navA vicAre utpanna thavAthI thaI che. taravArathI sAmAnya rIte e dharmane dabAvI dIdhela hoya ema lAgatuM nathI. dazamA sekAmAM kAzamIra ane oDhIA (orissA) jevAM sarahadanAM rAjya e dharmane vaLagI rahyAM hatAM; ane musalamAno pUrepUrA A bhUmimAM AvyA te pahelAM ke tene mAne lagabhaga mUkI dIdhA. dezanikAla thayela bodu dharma, I. sa. 800pAchalAM eka hajAra varSamAM biAdamArgane hiMdI janmabhUmimAMthI kADhI mUke che; tapaNu potAnA vatanamAM tene je phataha maLI tethI vadhAre miTI phateha teNe paramulakamAM meLavI che. mANasa jAtanA lagabhaga arka bhAgane mATe teNe akSaravidyA ane dharma e be vAnAM utpanna karyA, ane AraMbhamAM khristi dharma upara teNe je asara karI tene lIdhe teNe mANasa jAtanA

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jainamArga. bAkInA arka bhAganA dharmamAM pheraphAra karyo che. pacAsa karoDa mANasa, athavA duniyAnI vastInA seMkaDe 40 AdamI hajI buddhanA mata pALe che. aphagAnistAna, nepALa, pUrva turkastAna, tibeTa, bhAMgeliA, mAnyurI A, cIna, jApAna, pUrva Arkipelega, ziyAma, brahmadeza, siMhaladvIpa, ane hiMda eTalA dezo tenA pratApI vijayanA cakramAM koI eka athavA bIje vakhata hatA. hAlanA rUza mahArAjyanI sImAthI mAMDIne pAsiphika mahAsAgaranA TApuo lagI eka lITImAM sAthe sarasAI karanArA eka pachI eka ema ghaNuM dharma cheDe mArAmArI karI che, ane temanI pAchaLa pate TakI rahyo che. hAlanA vakhatamAM duniyAmAM meTA traNa dharme che, tamane eka e che, ane bAkInA be khristi ane musalamAnI dha che. traNe pikI sauthI vadhAre mANasa bauddhadharmamAM che. jenamArga-hiMdamAMthI paNa boddhamArga che ka jatA rahyA nathI. tenA uttama matimAMnA ghaNu mata hajI hiMdu dharmamAM cAlu che. vaLI jena nAme eka khAsa paMtha tenI pAchaLa rahyo che. e paMthamAM Azare paMdara lAkha mANasa che. jyAM temanA matane vedano mata maLatA na hoya tyAM boddha lekanI peThe teo vidane pramANa mAnatA nathI; yajJano tiraskAra kare che, ne kaThaNa nIti pALe che; potAnI AgalI athavA pAchalI sthitipara koI bahAranA devanI asara thatI nathI, paNa potAnAM karmanI asara thAya che evuM tio mAne che. mANasanI ke pazunI hatyA karavAnI manA kare che. jenA lake kALanA vibhAga kare che, tene yuga kahe che. teo vIrA ane pUje che. ane eTale siddha thayelA santa purUSo. evA jIno gayA yugamAM covIsa thayA hatA, cAlu yugamAM evI thayA che, ane AvatA yugamAM evIza thaze. tenAM daherAMmAM e siddhAnI mANasathI ghaNA miTA kadanI mUrtio ubhI karelI hoya che. jhADIvALA pati upara ane ramaNIya ekAnta jagAmAM teo tIrthanI jage pasaMda kareche; ane te para dhoLA ArasanA sapheda caLakatI chAnAM sundara nakazIdAra devaLa banAve che. jeno ghaNuM karIne vepArI ke sarApha hoyache.ti

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jainadharma enA dAnanI hada nathI; ane jUnA vakhatamAM janAvaro upara dayA karanArA boddha leke hiMdanAM ghaNuM zaheromAM pAMjarApoLa karI gayA che tene madada ApanArAomAM mukhya e loka che. brahmadharma karatAM jaina dharma vadhAre jAne che, tathA bukanuM mata janamatane maLavuM che ema teo kahe che teno kaMI pUrAvo che. hiMdamAM bauddha matanI hAlanA vakhatamAM sattA-bAlkamata hajI lagI bradezanA lokono dharma che, ane tyAM trIsa lAkha mANase, athavA varatIno bhAga ema mAne che. prAcInakALathI dadharmanA maTho sAdhuone mATe apAsarA tare che ane juvAnone mATe zALAe tarIke vaparAya che; ane hamaNuM, AkhA brahodezamAM aMgreja sarakAra taraphathI je paddhati para keLavaNI apAya che tenuM dheraNu e parathI lIdheluM che. briTiza hiMdanA bAkInA mUlakamAM mukhyatve brahmadezanI paDAzamAMnA baMgALa IlAkAnA jIllAomAM ane himAlaya parvatanI AdhenI khINamAM Azare 1,33,000 zuddha ddha loka che. dhIme dhIme baddhadharma nIcalA baMgALAmAM dAkhala thato jAya che ane boddha - kanAM vartamAnapatra kalakattA ane bIjI jagAmAM pragaTa thAya che. jenA mata ke je hiMdI bAdamatane maLati dharma che te viSenI hakIkata upalI kalamamAM ApI che; topaNa boddhadharmamAMnI keTalIka umadA bAbato koI amuka nAtamAM nahi paNa badhA hiMdu lekanA dharmamAM dAkhala thayelI je- . vAmAM Ave che. manuSya mAtra eka kuTuMbanA bhAI che e siddhAnta, je navA pragaTa thatA dareka hiMduthanI zarUAtamAM pharI pharIne samajAvavAmAM Ave che ti; nAtanA dhArAne lIdhe duHkhI thatI bAIDIene, vidhavAone, tathA nAta bahAra thayelAone hiMnI moTI viSNava jAti taraphathI Azraya maLe che te; IMglAMDamAM garIbane pALavAnA kAyA che, tene badale hiMdamAM badhAM mANusane dAna ApavAne je cAla che ta; ane sadhaLA joDe naramAza rAkhavAnI rIta che te sarva bAddhadharmamAMnI bAbato che. ardhA kaTAkSamAM hiMdune "komaLa aMtakaraNanA" (mAIDa) evuM vizeSaNa aMgrejImAM lagADavAmAM Ave che te temanI dAna ApavAnI ane naramAza rAkhavAnI rIta jotAM ghaNe dara kharuM che. |

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prakaraNa 6 hUM. hidamAM grIka lika, I. sa.pa. 327 thI 161 sUdhI. hiMdanA ItihAsanAM bahAranAM sAdhana-I.sa. 5. 327 mAM rIka savArI AvI tyArathI hiMdano paradezI sAthenA saMbaMdhano ItihAsa zarU thAya che. ghaNA junA vakhatathI hiMda ane bhUmadhya samudranI vacce kAMIka ADakataro vepAra cAlato hato. kalAI ane hiMdI vepAranI bIjI jaNase teonAM saMskRta nAmathI hiMmaranA jANavAmAM hatI ane hibunA bAIbala (dharmapustaka) mAM hidamAM pedA thatI vastuonAM nAma che tenI lAMbI yAdI karavAmAM AvI che. hiMda viSe khAsa kahenAra thIka ItihAsamAM pahele mAIletasa nagarane hakAtiosa hato (I.sa. pa. 540-486). hai- - roDaTasane siMdhu nadI sudhInI mAhitI hatI (I.sa. 5.50),ane veva kasIasa (I. sa. pUrve 401) IrAnamAM rahI AvyAthI hiMdamAM nIpajatI vastuo, tenAM raMga, vaNATakAma, vAMdarA, ane popaTa saMbaMdhI mAtra thoDI hakIkata ANI. paNa I. sa. pU. 327 mAM mAsedana (maka6nI khA)nA pAdazAha mahAna sikaMdaranI joDe gayelA ItihAsakta ane vidvAnoe siMdhunI pUrvanA hiMdanI hakIkata - yuropane prathama jaNAvI. siMkadaranI savArI-I. sa. pa3ra7 nI sAlanA pahelA bhAgamAM mahAna sikaMdara hiMdamAM paDe; aTakathI upalA bhAgamAM nadI oLaMgI ane vacamAM AvelA tAkasIlI lekAnA bhUlakamAMthI laDyA vagara kUca karI jhalama (hayaDApesa) ne kAMThe pahoMcyA. paMjAba nAnAM nAnA rAjyomAM vaheMcAI gayeluM tenA javAmAM AvyuM, e rA eka ekapara adekhAI karatAM hatAM ane temAMnAM ghaNAMka caDhAI karanAranI sAmA thavAne badale tene maLI javAne IcchatAM hatAM. AmAM pirasanA sthAnika rAjA tenI sAmA kalama utaratI veLAe thayetene ThekANe rathane gaNIe to cAlatA sekAmAM paMjAbano rA 11

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ja raNajItasiMha thaI gaye tenA jeTalI ja e pirasanI hatI. sikaMdare paDe lakhelAM pa parathI luTArke e laDAInuM Abehuba varNana karyuM che. hAlamAM ciliyanavALAnI raNabhUmi che, tenI pazcime samAre coda malapara jhelama nadInA eka vAMkapara pitAnA lazakarane grIka rAjAe goThavyuM, ane rAtre pavananuM tophAna cAlatuM hatuM tene lAbha laI pAra utaryo. pirase pitAnA ratha utAvaLe mokalyA, teo kAMThA paranA kAdavamAM cAMTI gayA. pachI yuddha thayuM temAM tenA hAthIe gIka phejanI sAme na thatAM pAchA vaLI, potAnI senAne paga taLe kecarI nAMkhI. laDAInA AraMbhamAM tene kaMvara paDaze. pisa paDe jakhamI thaIne nAThe; paNa tAbe thavAnuM kabula karavAthI tene tenA rAjyapara bahAla rAkhyo ane potAne jItanArane, te vizvAsu mitra thayo. A jItanI jagA para saMbhAraNAne mATe sikaMdare be zahera vasAvyAMeka jhalamane pazcima kAMThe (hAlanA jalAlapuranI pAse) bukephalA (e nAma tene vahAla dheDe e saMgrAmamAM katala thayo hato tenA parathI teNe pADavuM) ane bIjuM nadInI pUrva bAjue nikAya, hAlanuM sikaMdara paMjAbamAM nAnA parasanA rAjyamAM thaI anikeNamAM amRtasara bhaNI sikaMdara cAlyo ane pachI AthamaNI dizAe thoDAka pAchA vaLI saMgaLanAme jagA AgaLa kAthe khAI leka joDe vaDhavAne gayA, ane Aisa ( hayAsIsa) nadIe pahoMcyA. ahiM hAlanA sAmrAenanI raNabhUmithI thoDe che. teNe potAnI vijayI senAne mukAma karAvyo. teNe gaMgAe javAno vicAra karyo hato; paNa paMjAbanA unALAnA tApathI tenuM lazkara nabaLuM paDI gayuM hatuM, ane netraMtya bhaNIthI vAtA misamanA pavananA taphAnathI lazkaranAM mANasanAM dila nAumeda thayAM hatAM, tenI pUThe dezI jAti vaDhavAne UThI cukI hatI; ane hiMdanA eka cheDA para AvelA A prAMtanI paNa hada utarI gayA vinA A digvijayI mahArAjAne pAchA pharavuM paDayuM. ahiMthI gaMgAsUdhImAM vacce satalaja nadI, paMjAbanA pUrva jIllA, ane moTI jamanA nadI hatAM. ekajavAra hAra khAdhAthI tenA sainyane nAza thaI

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sikaMdaranI svArInA pariNAma. jata; jhelamane kAMThe thayelA saMgrAmamAM je tene parAjaya thayo hela, to pahADAnA ghATanI aphagAna sarahada para ke cIka pahoMcyA na hota evuM saMbhave che. ati pitAnA mANasenA khUmATane tAbe thaIne temane jhalama nadIpara pAchA laI gayA tyAM phejanA 8,000 jeddAne hoDIemAM besADI nadInA nIcalA bhAga tarapha dakSiNa paMjAbamAM thaI siMdhabhaNu mokalyA; ane bAkInA lazkaranA be bhAga karI kAMThe kAMThe pagaraste kuca karI. siMkadara siMdhamAM dezanA loka sAmA thayA, ane grIkasenA jelI jamIna para chAvaNu karatI teTalI ja jamIna teimanA kabajAmAM hatI. hAlanI peThe te vAre paNa dakSiNa paMjAbanI rAjadhAnI mulatAna zahera chetuM. ahiM tene mAlvIloka jaDe yuddha karavuM paDyuM ane e zahera letAM sakhta ghA vAgyA. tenI khIjavAelI pheje tyAMnA dareka AdamInI katala karI. vadhAre nIcANamAM jyAM paMjAbanI pAMca nadIono - gama thAya che, tyAM teNe lAMbe mukAma karyo. ahiM sikaMdrinA nAme nama: vasAvyuM tene hAlamAM uSNa kahe che. AsapAsanAM saMsthAnone tAbedArI kabula karAvI tyAM rakSaNa mATe eka phaja ane kSatrapa (sU) pitAnI pAchaLa mUkI teNe lAMbI mudata Take tivI grIka sattAno pAye na. khe. tyAMnI moTI nadIomAM cAle tevAM vahANo baMdhAvI temAM besI ti siMdhamAM thaI dakSiNa bhaNI cAlyo ane nadImArga samudratIre - hoMcyA. teNe nadInA trikoNAkAra pradezane mathALe eka zahera navuM bAMdhu pharIthI vasAvyuM. e zaheranuM nAma patala hatuM, ane haidarAbAda nAma te hajIlagI siMdhanI rAjadhAnI che. siMdhunA mukha AgaLa teNe palIjavAra bharatI oTane bhavya dekhAva dIThI. potAnI senAnA eka bhAgane teNe vahANumAM besADIne nIArkasanI saradArI nIce IrAnI akhAtanA kAMThAne mArga mokalI. bAkInAne pote dakSiNa balucistAna ane IrAnanI vATe susA zaheramAM laI gayA. rastAmAM ane paNInI taMgIthI bhAre nukasAna veThI I. sa. pi. karapa mAM te tyAM paho.. sikaMdaranI savArInAM pariNAma-paMjAbamAM ane siMdhamAM che varasa laDAI calAvI, temAM sikaMdare eke prAMta kabaje karyo nahiM;

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hiMdamAM grIka lAka. paraMtu teNe bIjA adhipatio joDe dastInA karAra karyA, zahere vasAvyAM, ane nagaranA rakSaNa mATe lazkara mUkyAM. pitAno pakSa karanArA hadanA rAjAone ghaNeka mUlaka Apyo; dareka nAnA darabAramAM jIkanI tarapheNa karanAra pakSa thayo hato; ane pazcime aphagAna sarahadathI pUrve bIAsa nadI sudhI tathA dakSiNe siMdhamAM nadInA DelTA lagI, ghaNeka ThekANe phejanAM thANAM besADyAM, te uparathI e pAcho AvavAne hato evuM khulluM jaNAtuM hatuM. tenI senAno ghaNe bhAga bAkaAimAM rahyA ane I. sa. 5. 323 mAM sikaMdaranuM mRtyu thayuM, tyArapachI tenA rAjyanA hirasA pADayA timAM siriyAnA rAjyanA sthApanAra selyukasa nikATaranA bhAgamAM bAkaAi ane hida rahyAM. caMdragupae rmiyAna hiMdamAM eka navI rAjasattAno udaya thayA hatA. sikaMdarano mukAma paMjAbamAM hato tyAre hiMdanA je sAhasika mANasa tene jaI maLI potapotAne mATe rAjya meLavavAne sArU ke sAmovaDiyAno nAza karavAne kAje yukti karatA hatA, temAM caMdragupta nAme purUSa ho. te gaMgA nadInA pradezamAMthI dezavaTe pAmela hato, ane teNe kAMIka nAzI bhareluM kAma kareluM dIse che. bI khAsa koThe kaMTALelA cIne agnikoNanA dolatavALA prAMto jItavAnI tadabIravaDe lalacAvavAno teNe prayatna karyo, paraMtu sikaMdara paDe tenAupara gusse the, tethI tene chAvaNamAMthI nAzI javuM paDayuM (I. sa.pa. 326). pachInAM varasamAM aMdhera cAlyuM, temAM magadha ke bihAramAM naMda vaMzane nAza thavAthI teNe lUTArU TeLAonI madadathI potAnuM rAjya sthApyuM. I. sa. pa. 316 mAM te vaMzanI rAjyadhAnI pATalIputra (hAlamAM paTanA)no teNe kabaje karyo; gaMgAnA pradezamAM teNe pitAnI sattA sajaDa thApI, ane vAyavya dizAmAM AvelAM grIka ane dezI bane prakAranAM saMsthAnone potAnI sarvopari sattA kabula karavAnI jarUra paDI. sikaMdaranA maraNa pachInAM agIAra varSamAM grIka saradAra selyukasa siriyAnuM rAjya jItavAnA kAmamAM ma hati, tevAmAM uttara hiMdamAM caMdragupta bAdazAhI ubhI karavApara maMDyo hato. selyukase siriyAmAM I. sa. 5 312 thI 280 sUdhI rAjya karyuM, ane gaMgAnA pradeza

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I. sa.pi. 300 mAM hiMdanI hAlata. mAM caMdragupta I. sa.pa. 316 thI 292 lagI rAjya karyuM. I. sa.pa. 312 mAM e be adhipatioe potapotAnA rAjyanI sImA ekamekane aDa ANI mUkI. bannee salAha karI rahevuM ke laDavuM eno tamane nizcaya karavAno hato. aMte selyukase kAbulanI khINamAM chatilo mUlai tathA paMjAba hiMdI mahArAjA caMdraguptane vecANa ApyAM, ane tene potAnI dIkarI dIdhI. vaLI teNe I. sa. 5 306 thI ra98 sudhI caMdraguptanA darabAramAM grIka elacI rAkhyo hato. begAne se kareluM hiMdanuM varNana-prakhyAta megezyane satija AelacI hato. I. sa.pa. 300 thI I. sa. 1700 sudhInA be hajAra varasamAM yuropanA lokane hiMdanA hevAla maLyA che te sarvamAM kadAca ene lakhela hevAla zreSTha che. te kahe che ke lekanI jJAti cAra na hatI, paNa sAta hatI-tionAM nAma; tavajJAnI (philasupha ), kheDuta, bharavADa, kArIga, yuddha karanArA, dekharekha rAkhanArA, ane rAjamaMtrIo. tavajJAnI brAhmaNa hatA, ane temanA janmArAnA cAra Azrama TharAvelA che te eNe varNavyA che. brAhmaNa ane zramaNa vacce taphAvata megArane jaNAvyuM che, te parathI keTalAka vidvAno anumAna kare che ke baddha zramaNuMke jatIone varga azakanI sabhAnI pahelAM pacAsa varasa upara jANato hato. paraMtu zramaNamAM to ghaNuM karIne pahelA ane trIjA AzramanA brAhmaNe paNa vidyArthI ane vanavAsI chevAthI gaNatA. dekharekha rAkhanArA, eTale migAsyanesanA chaThThA varganA lAka sunIti upara tapAsa rAkhanArA bauddha hatA evuM mAnavAmAM AvyuM che. ariane emane episkopoI nAma ApyuM che. e grIka zabda uparathI aMgrejI "mirApa '( AtmApara tapAsa rAkhanAra) banyA che. I. sa.pa. 30 mAMhidanI saMsArI hAlata-hiMdamAM gulAmagIrI nahi hatI ti, tathA strIonuM pativratApaNuM, ane purUSonI bahAdurI jeI A grIka elacI Ananda ane Azcarya pAmyA. eziAnA bIjA badhA lokethI tio parAkramamAM caDiyAtA hatA. timane bAraNe tALAM vAsavAnI jarUra paDatI nahi; ethI vadhAre sAruM e hatuM ke kaI hiMdano vatanI kadI jUThuM belati jANutA nahi. teo

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hiMdamAM grIka loka. nize nahi karanArA, ugI, khetI karavAmAM sArA, ane hunaramAM catura hatA. bhAgyeja kadI adAlatamAM dAvo laDavA jatA, ne potAnA dezI rAjanA amala nIce zAMtimAM rahetA. rAjAvaDe cAlatA rAjyavahivaTanI rIta varNavI che ti manusmRtimAM lakhelI rItane lagabhagamaLatI che. AgAmyanesa kahe che ke hiMdamAM 118 rAjA hatAMemAMnAM keTalAMka caMdragumanA pAdazAhI rAjyanI peThe bIjA tAbAnAM rApara uparI zuM bhAgavatAM hatAM. hiMdanA gAmanI goThavAyunuM khyAna eNe ThIka karyuM che; pratyeka gAma A grIkane svataMtra prajAsattAka rAjya jevuM jaNAyuM. Duita (vijya) loka yuddhanA kAmathI ane sarakArI nokarImAMthI bAtala rakhAyalA megeyenasanA jovAmAM AvyA; hiMdanA raMga (raMga ApanArA padArtho ), resA, vaNATakAma, ane ( janAvarI, vanaspatinI, ane khanija) upajanAM nAma teiNe ApyAM che. hAlanI mAphaka varSa tunA varasAda upara khetIno AdhAra hati; pAka ochA utaravAne hoya to tene joIto baMdobasta agAuthI karavAnA hetuthI varasAdano vare jovAnuM khAsa kAma brAhmaNo karatA. te kahe che ke je joSono vartAre paDe che tyArapachI jIvatAM sUdhI bIlakula belati nathI. pAchalA samaya mAM thayelI grIka savArIo.--sikaMdaranA vakhata pachI grIka leke hiMdamAM koI moTe mUlaka jI nahiM. selyukasanA patra AnTika I.sa. pa . 256mAM caMdraguptanA nAmAMkita pitra bAda rAjA azoka joDe karAra karyo. himAlayanA vAyavya koNe mAkaTiA dezamAM grIka leke baLavAna rAjya sthApyuM hatuM. pachInA se varasamAM A rAjyanA pAdarAha paMjAba para savArIe mAtA, emAMnI keTalIka Isa. pa. 181 thI 161 sudhImAM ugamaNI dizAe mayurA lagI ane keAI ayodhyA sudhI pahoMcelI ane dakSigu bhaNI siMdha ane kacha paryata gayelI, paraMtu temaNe keAI rAjya sthApyuM nahi; ane temanI pAchaLa tamane AvI gayAnI nizAnI dAkhala temanI kha lavighA, ane temanuM sundara kotarakAma mAtra raheluM che. I.sa. 5, 250 pachI prathama banelAM bauddha pUtaLAMnA caherA bahu rUpALA grIka ghATanA che, ane ghaNuM jUnA hiMdu devaLomAM nakazIkAma che te paNa tija ghATanuM che. grIka sattAnI A edhANI paNa dhIme dhIme ghasAI gaI, piyu hiMdanAM saMgrahasthAno mAM hiMdI-grIka kotaraNanA namUnA Aje paNa najare paDe che.

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- virALa 7 . lithiane lokanI savArIe. - I. sa. pa. 100 thI Isa. 500 sUdhI. madhya eziomAM sicina lA-I. sa. 5. uparAMta varasathI grIka ke bATriana rAjya taraphanI hiMda upara savArIo baMdha paDI; paraMtu tyArapachI thoDA vakhatamAM uttarabhaNIthI keI navI jAtanA loka caDhI AvavA lAgyA. teo madhya ezikhamAMthI AvyA, ane keAIbAbara nAma na hovAthI zaka (sithIyana) kahevAya che. temanAmAM ghaNI jAti hatI. hiMdanA ane cInanA ItihAsane joDanAra sAdhana tarIke e lake che. madhya eziAnI pazcima bAjue Arya lekenI zAkhAo kadAca I. sa. pi. 3,000 varSanI pUrve eka tarapha pUrepamAM ane bIjI tarapha hiMdamAM gaI tema madhya eziyAmAM Arya lekanA jUnA raheThANanI pUrva dizAe vasanArA zaka lokonAM ToLAM hiMda ane cInamAM gayAM. emanI savArIo ghaNA kAla lagI jArI rahI. keTalAka kahe che ke buddha paDe zaka hati. I. sananA AraMbhanI pahelAMnAM se varasamAM e savArIonuM jora vadhAremAM vadhAre hatuM. eka hajAravarasa keDe jaMgIsa (caMgIsa ) khAna ane timUra jevA nAyakanI saradArI nIce ghaNIka caDhAIo thaI tethI karIne uttara hiMdamAM ghaNe vinAza thayo, tathA aMte mugala rAjyanI sthApanA thaI. evI jAtanI caDhAIomAMnI A svArIo pahelI hatI. uttara hiMdamAM sithiane himAlayanI vAyavya keNumAM AvelA bAphaAinA rAjyamAMthI grIka rAjavaMzane I. sa. 5. 126 mAM sajAtanA tAtAra ke zaka leke hAMkI kADhele kahevAya che. tyAra pachI thoDA vakhata mAM e parvatanA ghATane mArge teo paMjAbamAM dhasI AvyA, ane tyAMnA bAkRaina grIka saMsthAne jItI lIdhAM. IsvI sananI zarUAtane sumAre uttara hiMdamAM ane tenI pelImeranA pAsenA mUlakomAM temaNe baLavAna rAjya sthApyuM hatuM. I. sa. 40 mAM

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sithiane lokanI savArIo. cathI dasabhA belAvanAra kanizka e rAjyane tethI prakhyAta rAjA hatA; tenI rAjyadhAnI kAzmIramAM hatI, paNa tene amala dakSiNamAM AgrA ane siMdhathI himAlayanI uttare yArkeda ane ekaMda lagI hato. e chatato chatata cIna sudhI gayeluM jaNAya che. cInApaTI nAme paMjAbamAM eka nagara hatuM, temAM e rAjAe cInanA sAna avejIone rAkhelA hatA,ema e nagara chase varasa pachI Isa. 30 mAM batAvavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. hiMdamAM azoka pachInA gAdIpatiAnA tAbAnAM bAddhadharmI rAjyo uttara hiMdanAM zaka rAjya sAthe joDAjoDa AvI gayAM. zaka loka boddhadharmI thayA, paNa temaNe te matamAM pheraphAra karyo. enuM pariNAma pAchaLa kahI gayA pramANe evuM thayuM ke I. sa. pU 24 mAM azakanI sabhAe je prakArane baddha dharma nI kIdho te hiMdanA dakSiNa dezomAM mana; Isa. 40mAM kaniSkanI sabhAe je prakArane boddha dharma nakakI TharAvyo te hiMdanI uttare madhya eziAthI japAna lagI zaka prajAoe mAnyo. hiMdamAM hajI sudhI rahelI zaka jAti-hiMdamAM zaka rAjA thaI gayA teomAM sarvathI nAmAMkita kanizka hato. paraMtu zaka lAkanAM bIje ghaNAM thANAM hatAM. khare, zaka lokanI eTalI moTI saMkhyA hiMdamAM AvelI manAya che ke sarahadanA pratinI hAlanI vastI mAM vAvyAM mANaso te jAtanAM che. dAkhalA tarIke che. ane dAhe nAma be banI zaka jAti madhya eziAmAM pA pAse rahetI hatI ane te beu joDe hiMdamAM AvI haze evuM saMbhave che. pAkhanI vastImAM lagabhaga addha bhAga jATa leke che. teo A purAtana gaTe jAtanI olAdanA che evuM keTalAka paMDitanuM mata che; ane temano mATe vibhAga che nAme che, te dAhe jAtamAMthI utpanna thayA che. keTalIka rajapUta jAtinA pUrvajo zaka leka hatA evuM dekhADavAnI kozirA kekalAka vidvAna kare che. e to game tema hoya, paNa eTaluM nakakI che ke IsvI sananI pUrve pahelA sekAthI te IsavI sananA pAMcamA sekA sudhImAM zaka leka ghaNIvAra hiMdaupara caDhI AvyA hatA. rAjA vikramAditya I. sa. pU. pa7.-e lAMbI mudatamAM eka

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rAjA zAlivAhana I. sa. 78. lokane kADhI mUkavA prayatna karI keTalAka hiMdI rAjAoe kIrti meLavI che. temAM sarvathI prakhyAta mALavAmAMnI ujana nagarInA rAjA vikramAditya che. hiMdamAM moTA moTA zaka eTale itihAsanI sA gaNavAnA krama che, temAM eka eNe meLavelI chatanA mAnane arthe calAvyA hoya evuM manAya che. e kramane saMvat kahe che, ane te I. sa. pU. 57 thI zarU thAya che. eno sthApanAra hajI lagI vikramAAi oi " eTale zaka kane ari kahetAM zatru, e nAme oLakhAya che. te jema mahAvIra temaja vidvAna rAjA hatA. teNe potAnI kane te kALanA kavio ane tatvajJAnI paMDitane begA karyA hatA. emAMnA mukhya vidvAno vikramAdityanI rAjasabhAnA eTale darabAranA "navaratna" kahevAtA.teo eTalA badhA prakhyAta thayA ke pAchalA vakhatamAM sarvottama saMskRta kAvyagraMtho ke nATaka, ane tattvajJAna athavA vidyAnA pustakomAMnAM ghaNuM pustakonA racanArA te A gaNAyA, paraMtu te pustakonI ibArata tathA hakIkata dekhADI Ape che ke teo bahu jude jude kALe banelAM hovAM joIe. khahuM e che ke "vikramAditya" e kInAma ke khitAba che, ne eno artha "parAkramano sUryaja" thAya che. e upanAma hiMdanA ItihAsamAMnA keTalAka mahIpatioe dhAraNa karyuM che, paraMtu I. sananI pUrvanA pahelA sakAmAM je vikramAditya thayo ta e saghaLAthI meTo hato. zaka kinAM ToLAMnA mAramAMthI svadezano bacAva karavAthI moTo,vidAnane Azraya ApavAthI mATe, ane potAnI yitaupara rUDI rIta rAjya karavAne lIdhe paNa te miTi hato. rAjA zAlivAhana I. sa. 78.-Asare so varasa pachI bIje zuravIra hiMdI rAjA zaka lokanI sAmo uThe, tenuM nAma zAlivAhana hatuM. I. sa. 78mAM tenA mAnanI khAtara zaka nAme bIje sane sthApavAmAM AvyuM. I. sa. pU. 57 mAM zarU thayela saMvata, ane I. sana 48 mAM zarU thayelA zaka, e bane hiMdamAM ItihAsanI sAlo gaNavAnI haja prasiddha rIta che. pachIthI zaka lokanI sAmA thanArA-e pachInAM pAcase varasamAM hiMdanAM moTAM traNa rAjya 12

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90 siddhi ane lokanI savArIe. kuLoe zaka lokonI sAme jhagaDe cAlU rAkhe. I. sa. 60thI 235 sadhI muMbaInI vAyavya koNamAM zAha kuLanA rAjA khamala karatA hatA. I. sa. 30 thI 400 lagI ayodhyA ane uttara hiMdamAM gupta kALanA rAjAone hAtha rASAdhikAra hato, e veLA huMNu ke zaka lekanI navI dhAe AvI temane jItelA dIse che. i. sa. 480 thI I. sa. 722 sudhI ane tyArapachI paNa vallabhI rAjAne hAtha kaccha, mALavA ane muMbaI IlAkAnI vAyavya AvelA prAMti hatA. I.sa. 535 ne sumAre grIka vepArIoe lAla samudramAM sAMbhaLeluM ke uttara hiMdamAM hANu nAme praja baLavAna che. valabhInA rAjadarabArane ane tyAMnA lakano hevAla hiMoena svAMga nAmacInAI jAtrALue pUre Apyo che (I. sa. 630-640). tyAM rAjyadharma boddha hatA, paNa pAkhaMDIo (eTale brAhmaNe ) puSkaLa hatA ddha matavALAmAM be pakSa hatA; eka zaka rAjavaMzIone uttara saMpradAya, ane bIje dakSiNa athavA azokane saMpradAya, I sananA AThamAM sakAmAM siMdha upara caDhI AvelA prathamanA Ara e vallabhI rAjyane uthalAvI nAMkheluM che.

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prakaraNa 8 muM. hiMdumatanI vRddhi I. sa. 700 thI 1500 lagI. - hiMdanA kinAM traNa mULa -hiMdanA loka madhye traNa jAti che temanuM ApaNe avalokana karI gayA. emAM pahelI jAta anArya (anADI) ke janAmAM nAnA rahevAsInI hatI. vakhate emane asala ke prathamanA vatanI kahevAmAM Ave che. bIjI Arya jAta, e itihAsanA kALanI pUrve madhya eriAmAMthI hiMdamAM AvI. trIjI zAka ke tAra jAta. itihAsano AraMbha thavA mAMDyA pahelAM teo hiMdamAM AvavA lAgyA hatA, paraMtu pAchaLathI isvI sananI pUrvene pahele sake ane IsvI sanano pAMcamo sako e benI vaccenA vakhatamAM teonAM dhADA bahu mera AvyAM. A dareka jAtane potapotAnI rUDI ane bhASA hatI, tathA dharma hato. Arya ane anAye loka-anArya eka zikAra vaDe gujarAna calAvanArA hatA. saMsAra vyavahAranI bAbatamAM keTalAka lagnanI asala rIta pramANe vartatA. e rIta evI hatI ke be ke vadhAre bhAIo vacce eka vahu hoI zake, ane koIpaNa mAsano vAro potAnA chokarAne na maLatAM benanAM chokarAMne maLe. dAnane pUjavA ane janAvara tathA mANasonA bhoga ApI melA pApI chanA kopathI ugaravuM e temane dharma hato. evA ane teo deva kahetA. zikAravaDe gujarAna karI jaMgalI avasthAmAM Arya loka rahetA temAMthI vahelA sudharIne ardhI TharIThAma sthitie pahoMcyA, ane jamIna kheDavAno tathA Dhora pALavAno dhaMdho karatA thayA. saMsArI bAbatamAM eka nArIne ekaja dhaNI hato; ane rIta rIvAjo ane dAyabhAga vArasAnA kAyadA hAla hidamAM cAle che tevAja lagabhaga te kALe te khAmAM hatA. prakAzita ane hitakArI dene pUjavA e tamane dharma hato. zakaloka-pahelI be jAtinI vaccenI hAlata trIjI jAta eTale zaka lakanI hatI. itihAsanA kALanI pUrve AvelA ghaNA jUnA zaka loka

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hiMdumatanI vRdi. anArya tenA jevAja jaMgalI haze kharA, ane ApaNe jene hiMdanA mULa vatanI kahIe chIe temAM koI bhAga emane haze ema saMbhaviche. paNa I.sa. pU. 12 thI Isa. 800 lagImAM zakalekanAM TeLeToLAM hiMdamAM dhasI AvyAM. teo anAryanI peThe zikAra paraja gujAre karanArA na hatA, ane Arya lakanI peThe khetI karanArAo na hatA. teo bharavADa ke gAvALI A hatA, ane madhya eziAnAM medAnamAM potAnAM Dhere sahita bhaTakatA, ane yuddha karavAmAMja hoMziyAra hatA. AryanAM sudhArAnAM kAme-e pramANe hiMdamAM sudhAro karavAnAM sAdhana pUrAM pADanArA Aya ka hatA. temanI vizya nAme eka varSe jamInane kheDAtI karI. kSatriya nAme bIjI vaNuM aNusudharelA anArya lakane chatyA; ane brAhmaNa nAme temanI trIjI jJAtie dharma ane vidyA utpanna karyo. asalanA brAhmaNa dharmamAM nIca jAtine kAMI lakhavI nathI; paNa AgaLa kahI gayA tema I. sa. pU. pa00 ne sumAre hiMdu dharmaparathI boddha nAme vadhAre moTo dharma nIkaLyo hato. ucI Arya jAtanA saMbaMdhamAM asalanA anArya lokane ANavAnuM zrema e navA paMthe bahu karyuM, ane I. sa. pU. 126 thI I. sa. 400 sudhImAM zaka leka hiMdamAM AvyA, temaNe A dharma kabUla rAkhyo. mATe hiMdanI jAtine ekatra karanAruM paheluM moTuM sAdhana bauddha dharma hati. anArya, Arya ane saka lakane sarakhI rUDhIo ane sarakhA dharmavaDe sAMdhI eka prajA banAvavAnuM keTaluMka kAma te dharma karyuM. tenuM e kAma pUruM thatAM pahelAM tene hiMdamAMthI hAMkI kADhavAmAM Avyo. brAhmaNa-e kAma brAhmae jArI rAkhyuM. e prAcIna jJAti vaiddha matanI caDhatInA samayamAM paNuM uce dara rahI hatI. tene ti mArganA paDI bhAgavAthI kula satA maLI. I.sa. 640mAM je cIne hiMdamAM jAtrA karavA AvyA hatAM teNe brAhmaNo (tinA lakhavA pramANe pAkhaMDIo) potAnI sattA pAchI sthApavA lAgyA hatA tenuM varNana karyuM che. e veLAe paNa brAhmaNonA devaLAnI sAmA boddha mati bahu muzIbatathI TakI rahetA. tyAra pachInAM base varasamAM Aste Aste jAhmaNanI vadhAre caDhatI thatI gaI. e be dharmanA jhagaDAne lIdhe bedha

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jJAtibhedano pAyo. 93 karanArA eka pachI eka mahAna brAhmaNo pragaTa thayA. emAMnA keTalAkanAM caritra lagabhaga budanA potAnA caritranAM jevAM pUbI bharelAM che, emAMno pahele AcArya kumArila, bihArane pavitra brAhmaNa hatA. IsvI sananA AThamAM sakAmAM teNe upadeza karavA mAMDaze. vedapramANe jane mata e che ke saghaLuM sara janAra paramezvara saguNa che. A matane taNe baMdha karyA bAda dharmamAM saguNa Izvara mAnyo na hato. pAchalI eka kathA evI che ke kumArile bAda matanI virUddha upadeza karyo eTaluM ja nahi, paNa baddha lokanA upara julama karavAnuM dakSiNa hiMdanA keI - janA manamAM utA, evuM kahevAya che ke A rAjAe potAnA sevakone hakkama kIro ke bA mArgI gharaDAM mANasa ane nAnAM chokarAM hiMdanA dakSiNa cheDAthI himAlaya paryata jyAM hoya tyAM temane mArI nAkhe. je tamane nahi mAre tene mAre, paNa himAlayathI kanyAkumArI sudhI jAlama karavAnI sattA jene hAtha hoya evo rAjA e kALe hiMdamAM na hatA. dakSiNa hiMdanA ghaNA rAjAmAMnA koI eke potAnA saMsthAnamAM bhUlama gujArelo tene rajano gaja kare e hevAla che. bAda mArga nAza pAmavA mAMDayo hato, tathA hiMdanI jAtonI eka gAMTha karavAne brAhma e na IlAja karyo hato, e be kAraNethI temane (brAhmaNane) phateha maLI. e navI eka gAMTha karavAne IlAja te hiMdu dharma hati. hiMdu dharmano bevaDA pAya-hiMdu matanAM be svarUpa che, saMsArI baMdhAraNa ane dharmabaMdhana. saMsArI baMdhAraNano AdhAra jJAtibheda upara che; ane tenAM mULiyAM hiMdanA lokonI mULa jAtimAM UMDAM rahelAMche. boddha dharmane ekataraphathI brAhmaNonA vidika dharmane ane bIjI taraphathI anArya lekanI jaMgalI vidhione maLato karI devAthI hiMdu dharmabaMdhana utpanna thayuM che. hiMdu matanAM A baMne svarUpanuM ApaNe barAbara avalokana karavuM joie.-saMsArI baMdhAraNanA rUpanuM ane dharmabaMdhananA rUpanuM. jJAtibhedana pA -saMsArI baMdhAraNane arthe hiMdudharmamAM jUnA vibhAga pramANe lokanI pharIne beThavaNa thaI che. dvijamAM eTale bevAra janmelI skArya jJAtimAM brAhmaNa, kSatrI, ane vazya, tathA ekavAra

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hiMdu matane dharmano AdhAra. janmelI nAtimAM anArya zUdra laka ane varNasaMkara vagaeN hatA. hiMdanA lokanI A goThavaNu hajI lagI jArI rahI che. dvija jJAtio Aje paNu jaI pahere che; ane tamane badhAne vidanA pavitra graMtho bhANavAna e che paNa haka che evuM teo kahe che. ekavAra janmelAne Aje paNa jaIdevAmAM AvatI nathI; ane badhA varganA lokone vAste aMgreja sarakAre nizALe rathApI tyAM lagI teone pavitra pusta ne abhyAsa karavA detA nahi. vaLI lokanI judI judI jAtine dhoraNe nItinI vyavasthA karI che, te paNa vibhAga pADanArI bIjI be bAbatanI enA upara asara thaI che. e bemAMnI ekati likanA dhaMdhe che ane bIjIone rahevAnAM ThekANuM che. ghaNuM purAtana kALamAM paNa jJAtione judAM judAM kAma sopavAmAM AvyAM hatAM. brAhmaNa, kSatrI, vazya, ane zUdra evA teimanA vibhAga thaI zake. hiMdanA je bhAgamAM teo vase che, te pramANe paNa temanA vibhAga thayA che. brAhmaNamAM paNa kevaLa judA daza vargo ke prajA che. emAMnA pAMca brAhmaNavargo ke prajAo viya parvatanI uttare rahe che ane pAMca dakSiNamAM rahe che. e dazamAMno pratyeka varga bAkInAthI pitAne kevaLa nokho samaje che, ane te mAM 1886 netra ke koma che. e ja pramANe hiMdanA pratimAM vasanArA kSatrio ke rajapUtAnAM pa90 gotra che. jAtinI guMcavaNa-ema lekanA cAra vargo pADIne hiMdanI nAtinI ghaNuM sAdI goThavaNa karelI hoya evuM upara uparathI dekhAya che, paNuM kharuM jotAM te ghaNu guMcavaNa bharelI che; kAraNa ke nAtanA bheda traNa kevaLa judI vyavasthAne lIdhe paDe che; e vyavasthAnAM nAma jAti, dhaMdhe ane vasavAnI jagyA che. hiMdanI nAtonI saMkhyA viSe aTakaLa karavI paNu kaThaNa che. paraMtu jemane judAM nAma che, ane jeo potAne nokhA varga gaNe che evI nAto traNa hajArathI ochI nathI. e jUjAdI nati mahemAhe lagna vahevAra karI zakatI nathI, ane ghaNuM kharI eka ekanuM khAtI nathI. sAdhAraNa niyama e che ke UMcI nAtana hiMdu tenAthI nIcI nAtanAe saMdheluM anna jame nahiM. dareka nAte potAnA dhaMdhAne vaLagI rahevuM joIe, evo dhAre che. kharuM jotAM dareka prAMtamAM

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* jJAta e dhaMdhAnuM mahAjana che. 95 pratyeka judA prakArano dhaMdhe ke hunnara karanArAnI jadI nAta banAvavAnuM valaNa hoya che; paNa te pramANe hamezA thatuM nathI, ane natA dhaNakavAra pitAnA dhaMdhA badale che tathA nIca jAti koIvAra saMsAramAM UcI pAyarIe caDhe che. udAharaNa, prAcIna kALamAM vizva jJAti jamIna kheDanArI hatI. ghaNAkharA prAMtimAM A mahAmahenatanuM kAma cheDI daI he hamaNAM moTA vepArI ane zarApha thayA che. temanA pUrvaje taDakAmAM haLa pheravatA, vAvatA, ane laNatA, tyArathI temanI gorI cAmaDI, buddhizALI cahero, ane sabhya vartaNuka badalAyAM haze. AkhA hiMdamAM A tarehane dhaMdhAne pheraphAra A vakhatamAM thAya che. nAta e dhaMdhAnuM mahAjana che.-nAtabaMdhAraNuthI lekanA udyama upara paNa ghaNuM sattA thAya che. prathama to dareka nAta vepArI mahAjana che. pitAnA khAsa rojagAramAM nAtanA juvAnI ane yogya keLavaNI mApavAnuM kAma te barAbara sAdhe che; te pitAnA dhaMdhAnA niyamo TharAveche; ane ujANuo ane jJAti meLAvaDAthI snehabhAvamAM vadhAre kare che. malamala, rezamI kApaDa, lapa, mInAkArI hathI Are, ane suMdara jaDAva dAgInA vigere hiMdanA meya yuganA prakhyAta mAla e nAto ke vepArI mahAjanonI saMbhALathI saMpUrNatA pAmyo hato. hiMdanA ghaNA bhAgamAM evAM mahAjana hajI vepAranA kAmamAM pUrAM macelAM che. udAharaNa tarIke, muMbAI IlAkAnA vAyavya pratimAM hunara kAma karanArAM kuTuMbanA vaDIla pitapotAnA dhaMdhA pramANe mahAjana bAMdhI rahelA che. mahAjana ke nAta pitAnA AsAmIone mahA mAhe aNaghaTatI paDApaDI karatA aTakAve che, ane bIjA dhaMdhAvALA joDe vadhe UThe che tivAre pitAnA dhaMdhAvALAnI vahAre caDhe che. dAkhalAtarIke sane 1873mAM amadAvAdamAM keTalAka kaDiyA berojagArI thayA. e dhaMdhAmAM sAdhAraNa rAja uparAMta savAramAM vahelA jaI vadhAre vakhata kAma karavAthI savAI maLe che je AsAmIone rAjI nahotI maLatI temanI pharIyAda parathI kaDiyAnAM mahAjane maLI TharAva karyo ke hAla badhAne kAma maLatuM nathI mATe koIe savAIe javuM nahIM. tija zaheramAM sane 1872 mAM kApaDiyA leke sUtarAu lUgaDAM para Ara

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hiMdu matane dharmane AdhAra. denArAnA musAphAno dara ejha karavA mAMDe. Ara de tArAnA mahAjane halake hare kAma karavAnI nA pADI, ane cha aThavADIyAM baMdhI pALI. aMte vadhe patyo- baMne mahAjanoe maLI tyAra pachI ApavAno dara karAvyo, ane sTAMpanA kAgaLa para te karAra karI lIdhuM. tarUNe dhaMdhAmAM pahelA dAkhala thAya te vakhate UMcI nati ke mahAjanomAM temanI pAsethI dAkhala karavAnI dastUrI levAno rivAja amadAvAdamAM che. e lavAjamanI tathA nAtana dhArA toDanArane daMDa karavAmAM Ave tenI upajamAMthI mahAjananI ujANuM thAya che, ane pitAmAMnA garIba kArIgarone tathA mAbApa vinAnAM chokarAMne Azraya ApavAmAM Ave che. mahAjanane Upaja karavAnI phAvatI eka rIta suratamAM evI che ke amuka divase eNe pALa ane mAtra eka dukAna vADI rAkhavI. e dukAna ughADI rAkhavAne haka harAja karI tenI upajamAMthI ujANa karavAmAM Ave che. e mahAjane potAnI koI jAtane bhUkhe maravA detAM nathI. AvI rIta te ekamekane madada karanArI maMDaLInI garaja sAre che, ane bhIkhArInuM pAlana karavAnA kAyadAnuM kAma hiMdamAM bajAve che. nAta bahAra mUkavAnI sajAne hiMdu bhAre mAM bhAre saMsArI sajA gaNe che. hiMdu matane dharmane AdhAra-topaNa nAtane Azare raheluM - sArI baMdhAraNa ja hiMdumata che ema nahi. enA svarUpamAM devapUjAne AdhAre raheluM dharmanuM baMdhana paNa che. jema hiMdanA lokanI aneka jAto parathI nAto banI tema vidano ne sAdA mArga, buddhinA zAMta mata, ane anArya lekanI bIhAmaNuM kriyA jANe kulaDImAM gaLAIne ekarasa thayAM, ane te mUlyavAna dhAtu ane milavALA mikarasamAMthI judA judA prakAranI hiMdunI devapUjA banI. boddha dharmanI asara- boddha matamAMthI dAnadharma karavAne umadA cAla hiMdumArgamAM dAkhala thayo che eTaluM ja nahiM, paNa e mAne lagatAM dhamakhAtAM tathA rivAjeno vArasa hiMdudharmane maLyA che. ApaNuM vakhatamAM orissAmAM maThe che teo agiyArase varasapara zIlAdityAnA boddha apAsarA hatA tenI barobarI karI

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hiMdu bhaktamALAnuM pustaka zake tevA che. hAlanA vakhatamAM suratanA zAhukAronuM mahAjane huMDI para hakasAI le che, temAMno keTaloka bhAga pAMjarApoLa ane Ara che. I. sa.pu. 244 mAM azoke mAMdA mANasone ane banAvane davAnI madada ApavAnI yojanA karI hatI te uparathI ja nI A rivAja haju cAle che. hiMdu lekanA viSNuvapaMthamAM dharma pALIne rahevAnI rIta budde paDe ghaDelA purAtana niyama pramANe che. agALAno rAjadralAla mitra nAme meTe paMDita jAti bhiSNava hato. tapazu te mAnati ke jaganAthamAM rathane vadheDA nIkaLe che te boddha dharmanA evA koI vadheDAnI pAchaLa rahelI nizAnI che. anArya lekathI thayelI asara- hiMdu matanA maNuka AdhAra ane ghaNIka kriyA hiMdanA anArya loka pAsethI paNa A vyAM che. lAkaDAMnAM TUMThAMnI, aNaghaDa patharAnI, ane jhADanI pUjAtimanI taraphathI AvelI che. A jAtanI pUjAneja gALAnA gAmaDiyA leka dharma samaje che. dareka gAmaDAmAM paNuMkharuM sidara bagADelo vagara ghaDelo pathare ke lAkaDAnuM ThuM, keruMkhavuM hoya che. tyAMnA leka gAmadeva mAnI pUje che. vakhata jhADato mUkeluM mATInuM haiyuM paNa devanI garaja sAre che. nAgapUjA ane keTalAka hiMdu payAmAM liMgapUjA eTale utpanna karanArI zaktinA cihanI pUjA karavAmAM A che. tenuM mULa zodhIeto te kadAca ItihAsanA AraMbhanI pUre paNa ezikhAmAMthI AvelA zaka lokamAM jaDe. hiMdu bhakatamALAnuM pustaka-I. sa. 700 thI AjasudhImAM hiMdu lokamAM eka pachI eka ema keTalAka dharma ApanArA thaI gayA che. madhyayuganA saMtonA caritra ane tijanA karelA camakArAnI noMdha bhakatamALA nAme pustakamAM che. be graMtha traNa varSa vAbhAchae jeo hato. hiMdu dharmanA saMtanuM A pustaka piriya minI "suvarNa kathA" jevuM che. e noMdhamAM upadezahi e bA ekaja jAtanAM, adbhuta kAma saba ThekANe varNavyAM nathI. pa dareke pitAnI jIMdagImAM puSkaLa camatkAra karyo che. emAMmAM padhAre 13

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98 sithiane lokanI savArIo. moTA purUSone IzvaranA avatAra gaNyA che, ane temanI pRthvI para AvavAnI vAta jUnA vakhatathI Agamaca kahevAmAM AvelI che. A hi6 kahANIomAM keTalAkane kuMvArI kanyAne peTe jabhelA kahyA che; keTalAke sihone jItyA, muelAne jIvatA karyA; tamanA hAthapaga kApI nAMkhyA, tyAre pAchA phUTyAtemane pUrelAM kedakhAnAMnAM bAraNAM UghaDI gayAM; samudra timane rAkhyA ane sahIsalAmata jamIna para pAchA mULyA; temaja pRthvI phATI tamane bhAMDanArA hatA tene gaLI gaI. temanAM jIvana adbhuta hatAM ane keTalAMkanAM maraNa ghaNuM meda bharelAM hatA. zaMkarAcArya. Isanano 3 mo se ke-- bihAranA brAhmaNa kumArila upadezakonI paMktimAM pahelA hatA. I. sananA AThamA saikAmAM AkhA hiMdamAM bauddha dharmI leka upara julama thayAnI kalpita vAta AgaLa kahI gayAtinA uzkeranAra tarIke emanuM nAma jaNAvyuM che. enAthI vadhAre prakhyAta enA ziSya zaMkarAcArya thayA tyArathI kAMIka kharo itihAsa zarU thAya che. emano janma malabAra dezamAM thayo hato ane emaNe kAzamIra sUdhI pravAsa karI AkhA bharatakhaMDamAM dharmano bAdha karyo. 3ra varSanI umare himAlayamAM kedAranAthamAM tamane deha paDacho. temaNe brAhmaNanA vedAMtamatane cheluM svarUpa ApavuM, ane tene kapriya karI prajAdharma banAvyA. I. sananA 8 mA ke 9 mA saikAmAM ke AyuSya bhogavyA pachI temano kALa thayo tyAra pachI je dareka hiMdutha sthApana karavAmAM Ave che temAM Izvarane saguNa mAnyo hava che e kahevAmAM bhAgye atizayokti kahevAya. teNe eka taraphathI - cI varNanA tavattAne ane bIjI taraphathI nIca varNanA sAmAnya lakane manabhAvato bedha kI. pitAnI AkhI jIMdagInI mahenatathI thayelAM pariNAma dAkhala tenAM be kAma pAchaLa rahyA che. ekato jAmele zALAzapatha, ane bIjo lekathI samajAya te dharma. - ziva ane tenI strInAM svarUpa -zaMkarAcAryanA matane anusaranAsa ane temanI gAdIe besanArAne hAthe zivapUjana e hiMdanA be mukhya dhamAM eka dharma banyA. saMhAra karanAra ane pharI utpama

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zivapUjAnA be rU5. karanAra zakitavALA ziva UMDuM tatvajJAnanuM svarUpa gaNAyA ane bAhANee tene khAsa deva tarIke jaladI mAnyA. temane mana to zivasvarUpa mAta jaNAvanAruM cinha hatuM. matane teo mAtra avasthA pheraphAra karanAruM mAnatA. vaLI anArya jAtinA bhayanA pAyA para rahelA dharmane mATe tenuM bhayAnaka rUpa ThIka besatuM AvyuM. vedanA garjanA karanAra rUdradeva ane hAlanA hiMdu devagaNamAMnA bhayaMkara deva bhIma Adi nAmanI TIpamAM enuM bhayAnaka rUpa kAyama rahyuM che. ema zivane tenAM bevaDAM lakSaNone lIdhe UMcAmAM UMcI nAto temaja nIcAmAM nIcI nAtA Izvara mAnavA lAgI. cAlatA samayamAM hiMdu dharmano te mahAdeva eTale paramezvara che, tenI strI devI te paramezvarI che. enI pUjAnuM cinha liMga che, te pharI utpanna karanAra zaktinI nizAnI che. tenuM pavitra vAhana Akhale paNa tija matalabathI karAveluM che. tenuM trizULa tenA deharAne zikhare rAkhavAmAM Ave che. tenI mUrtiomAM tenA bane svabhAvanAM lakSaNa che. cAmaDI gerI, UMDA dhyAnamAM beThelA, jamInane rasALa karanAra gaMgAnuM cinha mastakapara, ane (prajA utpanna karanAra tathA Arya lekanI haLathI thatI khetInI nizAnI dAkhala) piThIo pAse, AvuM zivanuM svarUpa brAhmaNe kape che. gaLAmAM parInI mALA, koTe sApa vIMTALelo, vAghanuM cAmaDuM pahereluM, ane daMDane che. mANasanuM mAthuM, evuM zivanuM ravarUpa vadhAre jaMgalI anArya lokanA samajavAmAM che. zivane pAMca mukha ane cAra hAtha che. evI ja rIte tenI strI devI pitAnAM Arya ke brAhmaNa svarUpe 'umA' eTale "tajakahevAya che. umA kamaLa, kulIna, ane manohara kAntivALI devI che. vaLI sandara paNa bIvaDAvatI, vAghanA vAhanavALI, suvarNa raMganI nArInA jevA patAnA mizrarUpane lIdhati durgA kahevAya che. vikarALa dekhAvanI, lehIthI nIgaLatI, mAthe sApanA mugaTavALI, tathA parInA hAravALI, evA bhayAnaka anArya rUpamAM tenuM nAma kAlikA ke kALI jogaNI che. zivapUjAnAM be rUpa-zivapUjananI utpattinAM be mULa che, tenI nizAnI enI pUjanavidhimAM vadhAre khullI rIte jALavI rAkhavAmAM AvI che. vadhAre vicAravaMta mANasa hajI lagI. zaMkarasvAmInI AjJA

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>> sithiane kinI savArIe. pramANe bahAranI kriyAvinA muMgA dhyAnavaDe IzvarazaktinI ArAdhanA kare che. sAdhAraNa pAghaNu zivaliMgane phula hAra caDhAve che, athavA cAkhAnuM zunavedya dharAve che. paNa nIca jAti asaMkhya bakarAMnI hiMsA kIjenA bhAga bhayAnaka kALIne Ape che. marakI ane dukALanA vakhatamAM nirAzAnA AvezamAM nIca jAtanA loko mANasanuM lohI caDhAvI ramilIma kepa TALavAno prayatna karatA paNa hAla kI mudata thAM e badhuM paDayuM che. I. sa1896 nA dukALamAM kalakattAthI so sAIlanI aMdaramAM AvelA kALInA eka devaLamAM gaLuM kApela che mAlama paDe nahato; tenI udhADI AMkhe TakaTakIne jotI hoya tevI hatI, ane kaThaNu thaI gayelI hIvALI jIbha dAMtanI bahAra nIkaLelI hatI. vI nAme bIjA gAmamAM e devInA dehamAM mUrtinI A navA phulathI zaNagAreluM mAthuM mukAyuM hatuM. e jagA kalakattAthI mAtra roya mAlimara che, ane tyAM relve sTezana che. anArya jAtomAM mANasanuM baLidAna ApavAno niyamita rivAja pAchaLa kahevAmAM AvyA che, teparathI nIkaLela A cAla kharekhara rahI gayo che. prAcIna Arya dharmano asala bhedabharelo purUSadha ke manuSyaga e kharekhara haze ke bIjA arthamAM kahyuM haze, paNa tene AnI sAthe saMbaMdha nathIpurUSadha to bhayanA pAyA para rahelA anArya dharmano eka bhAga che. jema garaja vadhAre tema zAMtibega mATe Apavo evuM te dharmamAM hatuM. tira zavamaMca-zivane pUjanAgari mukhya paMthe enAM bheLaseLa svarUpa barAbara batAvI Ape che. smArta brAhmaNe zaMkaranA ziSyonA virAja che, ane dakSiNa hiMdamAM teo AzramamAM rahI potAnI jIMdagI hajI zAMti ane pavitratAmAM kahADe che. daMDI saMnyAsIe pitA kALa bhikSA mAgavA javAmAM ane dhyAna karavAmAM gALe che. temAMnA keTalAka ziva Arya tripuTI (brahmA, viSNune rUdra) mAMnuM trIjuM rUpa gaNI kriyA karyA vinA bhaje che. bIjA keTalAka dekhItI anArya dIkSA ApavAnI kriyA kare che. bhava nAme zivanA bhayAnaka rUpane bali ApavAmAM teo ziSyane dIkSA ApatI veLA tenA ghuMTaNa DhIcaNu)e enA nAmathI lehI kADhe che. anArya lakanI maDadAne dATavAnI

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ke kaI pavitra nadImAM nAMkhI devAnI rUDhI badhdhA daMDI saMbhImajI che. dareka prakAranA sAdhuo gImAM gaNAya che. je lAvuM tajI guptatAna meLavI, lAMbA vakhata lagI samAdhi caDhAvI ziva AnaMdamaya ekarUpa banI A bhavanuM bhAna bhUlyA che, teothI mAMDIne te havAmAM adhara laTakI rahevAnuM kahI ThaganArA bAvA ane khela karanAre baka laine bhaTakanAra madArI lagInA sAMI yiogI kahevAya che. vamArgIomAM dehadamana ane yogAbhyAsa karanArAthI utaratA uta2tA maDadAnuM mAMsa khAnArA ane potAnA tanapara charIvatI ghA karanArA sudhInA adherIo che. nIcAmAM nIcA paMtho, mAMsabhakSa ane ghAtakI pUjanavidhinI bAbatamAM Arya karatAM anArya rItane vadhAre pasaMda kare che. vighaNupUjA-dikathAmAM viSNune araja, "achata pAlana karanAra ane traNa DagalAmAM AkhuM vizva rokanAra rUpe varNavyA che, tyArI hamesa te manuSyanA jevA guNovALA deva che. pAchaLathI tenA avatAro thayA tethI te mANasanA samAgamamAM AvyA, ne temane vahA mitra thayA. daMtakathA pramANe viSNu nA daza ke bAvIsa avatAre che. temAMnA che atisundara avatArone vipUjAne mATe pasaMda karavAmAM - vadhyA che. enuM kAraNa manamamatA dharmaviSe lekanI kharI preraNAvyuM che. rAma ane kRSNane rUpa dehadhArI viSNunA premanI aneka gAma thaI. viSNu sAtame avatAra rAma e saMskRta vIrarasakA bhAyalunA nAyaka che. bIjuM vIrarasakAvya mahAbhAsta che temAM AThamA ane vatAramAM viba@ kRSNane rUpe udAra sAjakuMvara banyA che. e kaSNasaMbaMdhI pAchaLathI hiMdamAM paLepInA gItagarabA banyAM; viSNu purANamAM te parakhaMdA paramAtyA karyA ane te hala hiMduomAM saithI vadhAre lokapriya deva tarIke mahAle che. jagannAtha eTale jagatano prabhu, e nAme te purImAM pUjAya che, ane tyAMthI tenI kItta duniyAnA sudharelA bhAgamAM prasarI che, paraMtu tenI ratha jAtrAmAM saMkhyAbaMdha bhale AtmaghAta kare che evI sAdhAraNa vAta cAle che te kevaLa aghaTita ne beTI che. viSNu sadA tejasvI ane hitakArI deva che, lavinA bIjuM kAI mA

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102 sithiane lokanI savArIo. gatA nathI, ne hatyA karavAmAM doSa gaNe che. e bAbata keTalAka IMgrejI graMthakae nindA lakhI che. te sarakArI daphatarethI ane te sthaLe jaI barobara karelI tajavIjathI jUdI paDe che. viSNune mAnanArAo viSNava kahevAya che. viSNupurANuM Isa145 ni sumAra-vaSNava matonA saMgrahanuM dharmapustaka 11 mA sekAmAM banyuM. viSNupurANu racavAne samaya sumAre Isa 105 che, ane e pustakanA nAma uparathI evuM bhAe che ke zeva ane boddha matanI seMkaDo varasathI sAthe sAthe cAlatI vizu saMbaMdhI purANa kathAvArtA temAM dAkhala karelI haze. e pustakamAM jaNAvelA mata vidamAMnA che. ema chatAM te pAdharA vidamAMthI ApyA nathI, paNa be moTAM vIrarasakA mAraphate gaLAIne AvelA che. viSNava ane zeva mArgo racanArA brAhmaNe potapotAnA sarasAI karanAra mati jaNAvI 18 purANo lakhyAM che, temAMnuM eka e purANuM che. e zreyAmAM hiMdu trimUrtimAMnA bIjA ane trIjA devAnI khAsa prazaMsA karI che. kaImAM viSNune sarvathI zreSTha ekadeva kahyA che, ane kaImAM zivane kahyA che; paNa jyAM vadhAre UMDANamAM piThA che tyAM anAdi eka brahma tarIke e baMne rUpane mAnya che. temAM 15 lAkha lITIo che ema kahevAya che. paraMtu e purANomAM viSNupUjA ane zivapUjA viSe je lakhyuM che, te brAhmaNanI kalpanAne rUce tevuM che, paNa nIca varNonA vicArane game tevuM nathI. viNava upadezako-rAmAnuja, I. sa. 1150. veNuvapaMthanA upadeza karanArA AcAryomAM prathama dakSiNa hiMdanA brAhmaNa rAmAnuja thayA. bAramA saikAne madhyabhAge temaNe zaivamArganI sAmA mAthuM UThAvyuM, ane e mata calAvyo ke viSNu e jagatanuM AdikAraNa ane sarajanahAra eka advitIya brahma che. A matane mATe dakSiNanA colA rAjAe tenA upara jAlama gujAravA mAMDe, kemake te rAjA potAnA tAbAnA dezamAM vasanArAM badhAM mANasone zivamata manAvavAnI koziza karato hato. e kAraNathI rAmAnuja tyAMthI nAzI mahesaranA jena rAja pAse gayA, ane te rAjAnI dIkarInA aMgamAM bhUta bharAyuM hatuM tene

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kabIra. I. sa.1780-14ra. 103 kADhavAthI rAjA viSNuva thayo. e AcAryane kALa thayA pahelAM emanA bhae sAta maTha bAMdhelA kahevAya che. emAMnA cAra AjaparyaMta rahyA che. rAmAnaMda I. sa. 1300-1400-rAmAnuja svAmInI pachItamanI gAdIe besanAra pAMcamA AcArya rAmAnaMda hatA. emaNe temanA mata uttara hiMdamAM phelAvyA. emanI rahevAnI mukhya jagA kAzImAM eka maThamAM hatI, paNa tyAM hamezA paDI na rahetAM dezadeza pravAsa karI eche viNa eka adritIya paramezvara che evo bedha karyo. eNe bAra mukhya ziSya TharAvyA. teo brAhmaNa ke kSatriya nahotA, paNa nIcavarNa hatA. te mane eka camAra hati, eka hajAma hati, ane je sarvathI vadhAre prakhyAta thayo te zALavIno chokaro kahevAtA hatA. rAmAnuje mukhyatve zuddha Arya jJAtione upadeza karyo ane graMtha brAhmaNonI (saMskRta) bhASAmAM lakhyA. rAmAnanda sAdhAraNa lekene bedha karyo ane tenA mArganAM puratake lakanI (hiMdI) bhASAmAM cAyAM che. cAlatI hiMdI bhASAmAM sudhAra thayA che, te kaMIka bhAge gAmaDIA lokanAM gIta vaDe, kaMIka bhAge rajapUta darabAronA bhATa cAraNanAM vIrarasa kavitA vaDe thayA che, paraMtu ghaNe bhAge to navA lekapriya viSNumArgane baMdha karavAnuM vidhAnI jarUra jaNAI tethI thayo che, kabIra. I. sa. 1780-1420-rAmAnaMdanA bAra celAmAM eka kabIra hato, teNe tenA matane baMgALAmAM phelAvyAtenA gurUe jema badhI hiMdu natine eka mArgamAM ANavAno zrama karyo tima taNe 15 mA sikAnA AraMbhane sumAre hiMdu ane musalamAna beu dAkhala thaI zake evo paMtha sthApavAno prayatna karyo. hiMdamAM vasanAra mAtra hiMduja nathI e jaI kabIre e sAmAnya dharma sthApavAnI koziza karI. tinA sampradAyanA graMthamAM mAnyuM che ke hiMduno paramezvara che teja musalamAnane ahalA che. tenuM sAmAnya nAma aMtaryAmI che, pachI tene musalamAnanA alI nAme se ke hiMdunA rAma tarIke bhaje. kabIrapaMthanA zAstramAM lakhyuM che ke "alIkhe ane rAma kRpA karI ApaNane chaMdagI ApI che, ane tethI ApaNe paNa badhA jIva upara sarakhI

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104 siddhi ane lokanI savArIo. rahema karavI joIe. hiMdu dara agiyAro apavAsa kare che; yusalamAna ramAnAmAM kare che, tame ene mAnya kare che to bAkInA mahinA ane dahADA koNe karyuM? * hiMdunA IzvaranI nagarI ( nyArAsusI ke kAzI), pUrvamAM che. musalamAnanA alAnuM zahera (mA) pazcimamAM che, paraMtu tamAruM potAnuM hRdaya tapAse, kemake musalamAna ane hiMdu e beunA paramezvara timAM che. jyAM juo tyAM badhAmAM ekaja che. duniyAne je bhAvika che tija alIne pUjanArAno temaja zamane pUjanArAne pitA che. te mAre sto dekhADanAra che,ti mAre gurU che." caitanya I. sa. 14pa-15ra-cetanyano janma sana 148pa mAM tha. baMgALa ane orissA dezomAM eNe jagannAthanI bhaktinI jeke veNuvA matano phelAvo karyo. enI AkhI jIdagImAM adbhuta vAta ane camatkAra thayA che. cArase varSa thayAM te viSNuno avatAra manAI pUjAya che. enuM janmacaritra enA vizenI daMtakathAothI eTaluM badhuM bharapUra che ke temAMthI te AcAryanI khAnagI hakIkato viSe ApaNe thoDuM jANue chIe. mAtra eTaluM jANavAmAM AvyuM che ke te baMgALAnA nadI A gAmamAM vasanArAI rAghasuno putra hati. juvAnImAM koI prakhyAta bhaktanI beTIne te para hati. covIsa varSe saMsAratyAga karI gRhasthAzrama taLa orisA dezamAM gayo ane tyAM pitAne bAkIne bhava dharmabodha karavAmAM gALyo. I. sa. 15ra7 mAMti adazya thati paNa enA matanI puratI sAbItI maLe che. tene abhiprAya e hato ke badhA AdamI bhakita karI zake, ane sadhaLI nA bhakitathI sarakhI zuddha thaI zake che. saMpUrNa AsthA ane niraMtarabhajana e tenA paMthane mukhya baMdha hato. pUjanakriyAthI nahi paNa davAna mokSamArga maLe. dharmagurUnI AjJA mAnavI e tinA paMthanuM eka mukhya lakSaNa che, paraMtu teNe potAnA ziSyone tAkIda ApI che ke gurUone bIjA pitA mAnI pUjya guruvA, devapramANe pUjavA nahiM. hiMdanA bIjA badhA dharmamArgonI peThe enA saMpradAyanI meTI matalaba paNa AtmAnI mukita chepRthapha jIvane nAza e mukti nathI, paNa dehanA kalaMka, khAmI ane duSTa vAsanAthI tadana chuTAM thavuM tija mukti che evuM tenuM mata hatuM.

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valabhasvAmI.. ma cekapaMtha - paMthamAM dareka nAnA mANUse che, tApaNuM je sAM A caitanyanA prathama ziSya hatA temanA vaMsajeno amala te mAne cheA paMthamAM kuMvArA ane paraNelA beu dAkhala thaI zake che, bahAra cArIe, ane bhIkha mAgatA pharanArA verAgI o e mArgamAM che, topANu enA dharmopadezake dhANuM karIne paraNelA mANase che. teo viSNunA avatAra kRSNanA maMdiranI AsapAsa jathAbaMdha bAMdhelAM gharamAM pitAnA bairAM chokarAM sAthe rahe che; ane e rIte orisAmAM e mArganA mULa sthApanAra caitanyano bhati pratyeka kuTuMbamAM karavAmAM Ave che. jamInadAre pitAnA kuTuMbane sArU baMdhAvelAM ane caitanyane arpaNa karelAM maMdiramAM nitya tinI pUjA ane tenuM bhajana kare che. enA maraNa pachI enA paMthamAM eka peTA paMtha nIkaLyo temAM strIo pitAnI meLe AtmajJAna meLavI zake che evo bAdha karyo che. enA mamAM kuMvArA bAvA ane kuMvArI bArIo rahe che. bAvI maye eka laTa rAkhI bAkIno coTale muMDAve che. bAvA ane bAvIe bhegA maLI viSaNu ane caitanya e baMnenI stutinAM bhajana gAya che ane gAtAM gAtAM nAce che. saMsAramAM rahelAM bairAMne bhaNuMvavAM e bAvIonI pharaja che evuM temanA mArgamAM kharekharuM jaNAvyuM che. baMgALAmAM sArAM kuTuMbanI strIone bhaNAvavA sArU ghaNuM vakhata, lagI janAnAmAM mAtra temaneja dAkhala karavAmAM AvatI. AjathI pacAsa varSa pahelAM strI keLavaNIne sudhAre temaNe dAkhala karyo ane teo sArI keLavaNuM ApatI hatI tethI e paMtha kalakattAmAM phelAye. valabhasvAmI. Asare I. sa. 1520-caitanyanA maraNa pachI viSNubhaktinI kriyA nabaLI paDavA mAMDI. I.sa. 15202 sumAre uttara hiMdamAM vAlabhasvAmI evo bodha karavA lAgyA ke, jIvAtmAnA kalyANa mATe tapa ke kAyAkaSTanI garaja nathI; hari maLavAne mATe nAgA ane bhUkhyA rahevAnI ke araNyamAM vasavAnI jarUra nathI; te to puSTimArgamAM eTale saMsAranA sukhabhAgamAM sahI meLavI zakAya che. rAdhAkRSNune pUjanAra eka dhanavAna patha jUnA vakhatathI cAlatA hatA.

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16 zithiane lokanI savArIo. rAdhAkRSNanA lalita premano artha guhA che evuM bezaka kahevAmAM Aveja. bALagepALa eTale nA govALIne e rUpe kRSNanI bhakita hiMdu strIone ethI vadhAre priya che. "bALadeva' (isu khrista ) nI khristI pUjAnI asara ajANapaNe thavAthI kadAca evI pUjA nIkaLI hoya kharI. mokSanuM pUrNa sAdhana bhakita ke zraddhA che ema kRSNane pUjanArA payAmAM vadhAre manAtuM jAya che ; e paNa hiMdudharma para thayelI khristI dharmanI bIjI asara hoI zake. - kRNunI bhakita-bhegavilAsavALA vaiSNava dharmane upadeza karanAra valabhasvAmI hatA. divya bALa kRSNarUpe vanamAM krIDA karanAra ke kaMjabihArI (vihArI ) govALa rUpe avatarelA viSNunI bhaktino khAsa upadeza eNe karyo hato. ghaTAdAra kuMja, sundara nArIo, kheSTha bhAjana ane uSNu dezamAM vasanArA lekanA bhAgavilAsanI vRttine khIlave te sarva e sevAmAM bheLyuM che. enA pUjanavidhimAM dararoja ATha sevA che, ne temAM suMdara kizora kRSNanI mUrtine lADathI navarAve che, attara lagADe che, suzobhita zRMgAra ane vastra paherAve che, ne ghaNA kImatI bhega dharAve che. enI pUrve thaI gayelA vaiSNava AcAryonA sevake ekAMta maThamAM rahetA, juja vastra paheratA, ane bhikSAvaDe nirvAha karatAparaMtu vallabha kuLanA gurU kImatI vastrAlaMkAra sacha phulela tela ane sugaMdhIdAra kapura caMdana vigere lagADI sevA kare che. mahArAje vaNakara hajama ke camAra likane potAnA paMthamAM chevAnI kozisa karatA nathI; paNa A bhava sukha jogavavAne mATe che ane tIrthayAtrA e navarAzAnA vakhatamAM majhA mAravAne sArU vepAranI jogavAIne kAje jarUrI che, evuM mAnanArA sAhukAre ane vepArIone maheMlevAne yatna kare che. hiMduonuM dharmabaMdhana-jema jJAtibheda vaDe hiMdulakanA saMsAra vahevArane pAyo caNA che, tema zivanI ane viSNunI pUjAne lIdhe temanA dharmanuM baMdhAraNa thAya che. hiMdu dharmanuM kharuM mULa to vada che, ane te Izvare ApeluM pramANu gaNAya che. paNa ApaNe joyuM ke vahevAramAM cAlato hiMdudharma ghaNuM mULamAMthI nIkaLyo che. e saghaLA judA

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hiMduonuM dharmabaMdhana. 107 judA mULAnA bhaLAthI viSNubhakita ane zivabhakita nAme be bhAga utpanna thayA che, te lekamAM vadhAre manAya che. masa keLavAyele brAhmaNa zuddha ekezvarI mata che; ochA keLavAe jAhmaNa Izvara - kitanA koI rUpane pasaMda karI tene potAnA iSTadevatA tarIke pUje chesthitinuM ane pharI utpattinuM mULa hevAthI, tathA navA bhavamAM dAkhala karanAra tarIke AvakAra ApavA yogya ne bhayarahita mRtyunuM cinha hovAthI ziva potAnA uDA tavasvarUpamAM mAlUma paDe che; tethI sAdhAraNu brAhmaNe khAsa karIne dakSiNamAMnA ene ISTadeva mAne che ane tenA liMgane adazya paramezvaranuM cinha gaNe che. madhyama varganA ke ane vepArI maMDaLa viSNunA keI avatArane bhaje che. nIca vaNuM saMhAra karanAra zivane ke bhayaMkara kALI jevA tenA koI nArIrUpane ArAdhe che. paNa ghaNuM karIne dareka keLavAyelo hiMdu samaje che ke potapotAne ISTadevaja pUjya che, ane evA pasaMda karelA svarUpavaDe te paramezvarane bhaje che.

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prakaraNa 1 muM. jathama AvelA vijayI musalamAna, I. sa. 71-11rahiMdu dharmapara musalamAna loke karelI asara-I. sana 100 ne sumAre musalamAnI chata rUpI juvALa caDavA lAgyA temAM hiMdu dharma DabakAM khAdhAM paNa DabI gayo nahi. dakSiNa hiMdanA dhaNa kharA loka hajI lagIhiMdu dezI sAnA adhipationI saMkhyAne bahu vadhAre moTA bhAga hajue brAhmaNonI sattA nIce che. palsa vAyavya bAju mAM vasanArA lekanI saMkhyAne Asare eka tRtIyAMza bhAga - salamAna dharma mAne che. savArI rUpI pahelAM mAja hameza e khUNApa2 AvatAM. gaMgAnA pradezanA upalANanA bhAgamAM keTalIka musAlamAnI rAjyadhAnI o eka pachI eka thaI gaI che. nIcalA baMgALAnA bhejavALA pradezanA asala vatanI emAMnA ghaNAkharAe musalamAna dharma kabUla karyo che. hiMdanI kula vastI 28 karoDane 80 lAkha che, temAM hAla 5 karoDa 70 lAkha musalamAna che. prathama thayelA musalamAna rAjyavaMza, I. sa. 714-15ra- mugalAI rAjyano udaya thaze tenI pahelAM uttara hiMdamAM prathama je musalamAne chata karI tene viSe A prakaraNa che. paraMtu hiMdanA madhya yuganA itihAsamAM eka pachI eka musalamAnI rAjyavaMzo thaI gayA che te sarvanI ahiMsanavAra yAdI ApavI anukULa jaNAya che. hiMdamAM chata karanArA musalamAno ane musalamAnI rAja kuLonI sanavAra saMkSepa nodha I.sa. 1001-1857- 1. gIjanI vaMza (turthI). | (zAhabuda-dIna). 1001-1186 mahamuda gajanavIthI | 3. gulAma sulatAne (mukhyatve sulatAna khuzarU sudhI. | turthI). 1ra6-1ra90 kutubauda-do2. ghera vaMza (aphagAna). nathI balabana ane kaikubAda sudhI. 1186- 1ra0 sUdhI muhamada gherI ' 4. khIlajI kULa. 1ra90-13ra0.

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musalamAnI rAjakulonI savAra nAtha. 12 ja bhAla-uda-dInathI nAsira-uda- 1556-165 mahAna bakabara. dIna khurAra sudhI. 16 05-16ra7 jADaghara. panAnAlAka kI.(paMjAbI luka 1628-1658 zAhajahAna padabhraSTa 17 dIyAsa-uda-dIna taghalaka, thayA. 135 muhammada taghalaka. 1658-1707 oraMgajeba ke - lamagIra (le. 13pa1 kiphaja taghalaka. 1414 e vaMzano aMta. 177-176ra bahAdurazAha ke zAha Alama 1. 1398 (timura [ temasvaina ] nI 1712 jAMdAra zAha. saradArI nIce mugalo 1713-1718 pharUkhaziyara. 1398-99 mAM caDhI AvyA 171-1748 muhammada zAha (be temanA gayA pachI paMdara vara bALa pAdazAhAnI poLa sa lagI chellA taghalaka sulatAnanA vakhatamAM ane ( IrAnI bhAdirazAhanI ca dvAI1738-1739). 1414 mAM sane hAtha amala AvyA tyAM sudhI 1748-1pa4 muhammadazAhanuM mana aMdherI) : rahyuM ane ahamadazAhanuM 6. saccA . gAdIe besavu. 154 mAM 1414-14pa0 dilhInA rAjayano padabhraSTa thayo. eSTi thaI gayelo a. 154-159 mAlamagIra raje (ahamadazAha durAnI adhikAra. phagAne hadapa2 karelI cha sa9. lodI vaMza (aphagAna). vArI o 178 thI lo . 1450-1ra6 nabaLA rAjaamala | 159-186 zAhaAlama ane svataMtra rAjA thAya che. ' nAmanA pAdazAha, 8. tisarane vaMza (mugala). 1806-1837 akabara nAmane 1ra-1pa30 bAbara. pAdazAha. 1pa30-1papaM humAyuna. 1837-1857 suhammada bahAdurazAha (1pa4ra mAM baMgALAne a nAmano pAdazAha. sArA phazAna hAkema zerazAhe ha- 1 ane chelA mugala. pAdazAha mAyUnane himAMthI kADhI 1857nA baLavAnI khuzI muko ane pachI tenA - ApanAra zurAmAM rAjakI kragAna vaMze 1papapa lAgI ane rAkhelo tyAM 1862 mAM mArA mala karyo.) pAmyA.

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110 prathama AvelA vijayI musalamAno. musalamAnI ke IslAmI dharmano udaya-bauddha mArgane haThAvI hiMdamAM hiMdudharma jAmatA hatA tevAmAM arabastAnamAM navo paMtha uThavo hatA. hajarata muhamade vijayI dharma utpanna karyo. e pagambarano janma I. sa. 570 mAM thayo ane ene kALa 632 mAM thaye tenA muA pachI te varasamAM musalamAnee hiMdukurA sUdhI vasanArI eziyAnI prajAo para svArIo karI; ahiMtimane javuM paDyuM; bharatakhaMDano dhanavAna mUlaka jhuMTavI laI potAne vaza rAkhI zakavA jeTaluM baLa meLavavAne IslAmI dharmane bIjA traNaseM varasa lagI potAnI sattA barAbara jamAvavA maMDavuM paDyuM. paNa pahelethIja araboe e mAtabara bhUlakara potAnI najara ghAlI hatI, ane kavakhatanI keTalIka svArI karI pAchaLathI bhAre jhagaDA thayA tenI cetavaNI ApI hatI. siMdha upara ArabonI svAzIo-I. sa. 647 thI 828 sUdhI. pegambara sAhebanA bharaNu pachI paMdara varase usmAne muMbaI IlAkAnA kAMThA para AvelAM thANA ane bharUca para daraAI kAle mokalyo (I sa. 647). 662mAM ane 664 mAM siMdha bhaNI lUTa karavAne savArIo gaI. paNa temAM kAMI vaLyuM nahi. paraMtu koI hiMdI baMdaramAM arabI vahANa kabaje karyuM hatuM tenI nukasAnI bharI levAne 71ramAM juvAna kAsama siMdha upara caDhaze. mATe jaya meLavI teNe siMdhunA pradezamAM thANuM besADavAM; paNa tyAMthI AgaLa vadhavAno AdhAra e saradAranI paMDanI himmata upara hato, mATe 714mAM tenuM mota thavAthI musalamAnethI AgaLa javAyuM nahi. chadapara AvelA hiMduonI bahAdurI jeIne 6mane cakita thayA. eka gaDhanI rajapUta keje tAbe thavA karatAM samULa kapAI maravAnuM vadhAre pasaMda kIdhuM. temaNe miTI citA khaDakIne saLagAvI, ane temAM temanAM bairAM chokarAM potAnI meLe baLI mu. pachI rajapUta nAhI dhI ekamekane chelA rAmarAma kahI kilAnA daravAja udhADI bahAra AvyA, ane ghero ghAlanArA musalamAno upara dhazI ekeeka raNamAM paDyA. evuM kahevAya che ke 750 mAM rajapUtoe mu

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hiMdulAkanI aTakAva karavAnI zakti. 111 salamAna hAkemane hAMkI kADho. paNa I.sa828 lagI hiMduone hAtha siMdha deza pAchA Avyo nahato. musalamAno jItavA AvyA te vakhatane bharatakhaMDa-paMjAbamAM paga mUkavAnuM ThekANuM maLyuM tyAra pahelAM IslAmI lazkaroepatAnI bIjanA caMdravALI dhajAne hiMdukuzathI pazcime eziyAmAM, AkikAmAM ane dakSiNa yuropamAM dUranA ena tathA gAla ( kAnsa) dezo sudhI laI jaI pharakAvI hatI. paNa siMdhanA rAjapunI hamaNA varNavI tevI bIjI hiMdanI jAtinI himata ane hiMdu rAjyonAM lazkaranI sArI goThavaNane lIdhe paMjAbamAM dAkhala thatAM temane ATalI badhI vAra lAgI hatI. viMdhya parvatanI uttare AvelI miTI nadIonA vizALa pradezamAM, traNa nokhAM rAja maMDaLe hatA. vAyavya koNe siMdhunA badhA pradezomAM ane jamanAne upalANe AvelA pratimAM 2japUta rAjA rAja karatA hatA. saMskRta bhASAnA jUnA kALanA madhya dezamAM keTalAMka jabarAM paTAvata rAjyo hatAM, ane tiono uparI kanojane rAjAdhirAja hatA. gaMgAnA nIcalANanA pradezamAM bihAra ane tenAthI nIce nA keTalAka prAMtimAM A vakhate pAla ke boddha matanA rAjyavero amala karatA hatA. emanAM nAmo kAzIthI mAMDI bagAlI DeTAnA dhADAM jaMgavALAM nAnA gAmaDAMomAM hAla mAluma paDe che. hidanA uttara ane dakSiNa e be ardha bhAgenI vacce viMdhyanAM vana ane pahADorUpI koTa AvyAM che. enA pUrva ane madhya bhAgamAM vikarALa pahADI jAti vasatI hatI. tene pazcima cheDe muMbaI IlAkAnA kAMThAbhaNe mALavAnuM hiMda rAjya hatuM. e rAjyamAM vikramAdityanI vidyA saMbaMdhI moTI moTI vAto cAlatI hatI, ane tyAM puSkaLa paTAvata yoddhA hatA. viMdhyanI dakSiNanA hiMdamAM keTalAka zuravIra rAjA rAjya karatA hatA. teo mukhyatve anArya hatA, ane carA, viAlA, ane pAMDya nAme ardhA hiMdu ke ardhA buddha mahAn rAjAonI hakumata nIce jevA tivA baMdhanamAM rahetA hatA. hiMdu lokanI aTakAva karavAnI zakita-caDhI AvanAra paradezanI sAmA thavAne saMpa karavAnI keTalIka zakita uttara ane dakSiNa

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11ra prathama AvemA vijayI musalamAno. taraphanA dareka rAjyamaMDaLamAM hatI; ane e maMLAvI ane temAMnA chUTaka chUTaka rAjAnI moTI saMkhyAne lIdhe temane jItavAnuM kAma thakavI nAMkhe ne kaMTALo Ape tevuM hatuM; kemake uparI ke cakravata mahArAjAne jItyA pachI tenA tAbAnAM dareka rAjyamaMDaLa ane temAMnA dareka rAjAne chUTaka chUTaka jItavAnuM kAma bAkI rahetuM. temaja pAchathI baLavo UThAthavAne dareka maMDaLanI AsapAsa sadhaLA sahelAIthI bhegA thatA 1 mAM sidhamAM ja thuno musalamAnI rAjyavaMrA sthApavAne bhAre pramatna karavAmAM AvyA che ke niSphaLa gayA e pAchaLa kahevAmAM AvyuM che. traNa varasa pachI vAyavya koNathI musalamAnonI eka pachI eka ghaNI savArIo thaI tithI bahu mahenata vaDe I. sa. 977 ane 1176 nI vacce saraphudapara AvelA paMjAba prAMtane thoDA bhAga mAtra khAlasA karI zakAya. dakSiNa hiMdamAM sane 1565 mAM tAlikeTano saMgrAma thayo, tyAM sudhI hiMdubaLa pUrNa tuTayuM nahatuM, ane tyAra pachI sevarasanI aMdara 1950 mAM to hiMdustAnane pharI tAravI lAvavAnA moTA prayatno AraMbha thaze. je DAyalAM marAThI rAjAne hAthe hiMdanI sugala pAdazAhIne toDI pADanAre e prayatna hato. Isa 1556thI 165sUdhImAM akabare hindu rAjArA ane rAjanIti jANanAra purUSone rAjakAjamAM sAbhila karavAnI rAjyarIti calAvI tethIja mAtra uttaramAM te pAdazAhI majabuta thaI hatI. akabarane hAtha amala Avyo tyAM sudhI ane tenI kirdInA pahelA bhAgamAM musalamAnI rAjyanuM upavIpaNuM 2japUtAe kabula karI keTalIkavAra jhaghaDA macAvyA hatA. akabaranA mANu pachI basethI ocho varasamAM tenI gAdI upasno mugala pAdazAha dihImAM marAThA hiMdunA hAthamAM pUtaLuM ane kedI banelo hato. musalamAnanI chata mAtra apUrNa ane kI mudatanI hatI - musalamAnoe hiMdane kabaje sahelathI karyo evI kyAM cAlatI dhAraNA ItihAsamAM noMdhAyelI hakIkatothI UlaTI che. Isa640mAM usamAne luTa karavAne mokalelI savArathI te 1761 mAM ahamadazAhe vALIAnI peThe AvIdezane verAna karyo tyAM lagInA agIArase varasamAM musalamAnee eka pachI eka ghaNI vAra caDhAInA

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. sabaktigIna, I. sa. 97 113 karI ane thoDe thoDe mUlaka cho. madhya eziAnI DhasmArU jAtinAM pUra anikeNamAM nahi AvelAM te A savArI rUpe hiMdanA itihAsamAM dekhAya che. prajAone ucharavAnA eja miTA sthaLamAMnA huNa, turka ane bIjI tAtAra jAtinuM e ja pramANe pazcima bhaNI javuM thayuM te yuropanA AgalA jamAnAnI tavArIkhamAM najare paDe che. koI kALe AkhA bharatakhaMDanI chata IslAmI dharma karI nathI. hiMdurAjyavaMzo amala vizAla pradezo para sadaiva cAlato hato. musalamAnI baLa pUrNa kaLAe hatuM tyAre hiMdu rAjA khaMDaNI ApatA ane pAdazAhI darabAramAM vakIla mokalatA. AvA prakAranI mugala rAjyanI caDhatI doDhase varase paNa TakI nahi. (1560-1007). e TuMkI mudatanI Akhara pahelAM to pharI jItavAnuM kAma hiMduoe zarU karyuM hatuM. rAjapUta saMsthAnanA dezI ddhA agnikANuthI deza dabAvatA dilhI bhaNI AgaLa vadhavA lAgyA hatA. vAyavyamAM zIkhadharma mAnanArAM saMsthAno saMpa karI lazkarI baLavALuM rAjya ubhuM karavA maMDyAM hatAM. marAThI rAjyamAM nIcalI nAtonuM laDavAnuM baLa tathA brAhmaNonI rAjakArabhAra calAvavAnI zakti e be joDAyAM hatAM, ane hiMdanAM badhAM musalamAnI rAjyo pAsethI marAThA khaMDaNI letA hatA. hAla je. TalI aTakaLa karI zakAya che, te parathI ema jaNAya che ke cAlatA saikAnA AraMbhamAM aMgrejI sattAnA jAmavAthIja mugalAI bAdazAhI hiMduone hAtha pAchI gaI nahi. . pahelI tuka savArIo-sabakitagIna, Isa 977-jAbane sImADe hiMdu ane IslAma dharmo pahelavahelA bAjhayA temAM hiMdu lakanI cheDaNI hatI. paThANa ( aphagAna ) leka dhADa pADatA hatA tethI khIjavAI laheranA hiMdurAja jayapALe Isa977 mAM aphagAnistAnamAM AvelA gajanInA musalamAnI rAjya para savArI karItyAMnA sulatAna sabaktigIna ane tenI vacce sakhata yuddha cAlatuM hatuM, tevAmAM bahu bhAre vAvAjhoDuM thayuM teno lAbha laI sulatAne hidurAno pAchA javAno mArga ropacAsa hAthI ApyA, ane chuTakArAne sArU daMDanA daza lAkha dahama ( aDhI lAkha rUpIA ) pAchaLathI mikalavavAnuM va 5.

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114 " prathama AvelA vikkI musalamAne. cana devAthI sabaktigIne rAjAne pAchA javA dIdho. evI daMtakathA cAya che ke jayapALa pAcho lAheramAM AvyAti vAre jamaNe hAthe UmelAzAhmaNe tene salAha ApI ke myucachane daMDanA rUpIA A5vAthI nAmozI lAgaze mATe na ApavA ane DAbe hAthe UbhelA ThAkovAe ane kSatrI rAvarANAe vinaMti karI ke ApeluM vacana pALavuM, ati sabaktigIne e daMDa vasUla karavAne pahADanI vATe caDha AvI jayapALane harAvyA, ane pezAvaramAM aphagAna saradAranA hAtha nIce daza hajAra savAronuM thANuM besADyuM (I. sana 977). tyAra keDe thoDA vakhatamAM sabaktigInane madhya eziAmAM yudde javuM paDyuM,tethI tenI savArInA pariNAma dAkhala A bahAranuM thANuM mAtra hiMdamAM pAchaLa raheluM hatuM. paNa e vakhatathI paThANane hAtha khAIbara ghATanAM baMne nAkAM AvyAM. mahamuda gajanavI, 1001-130.-sane 997mAM sabatigIne marI gayo, ane tenI gAdIe teno 16 varasano putra gajanone mahamuda beThA. e tharA sulatAne tetrIsa varasa rAjya karyuM, ane pitAnA nAnA aphagAna rAjyanI maryAdA pazcime IrAnathI pUrvamAM paMjAbanA aMdaranA bhAgasUdhI vadhArI. khabaraghATanI AthamaNI dizAmAM potAnI sattAne jamAvavA cAra varasa gALyA pachI teNe potAnI hiMdapara karelI sattara savArIomAMnI pahelI Isa. 1001 mAM karI. emAMnI tera caDhAIo paMjAbane pazcimabhAga chatavAne karI. kAzamIrapara eka savArI karI temAM phateha maLI nahi ane bAkInI traNa beDA vakhata pahoMcI, paNa te jessAbharI hatI, ane kanoja, vAliyara, tathA somanAtha e traNa dUranAM zahere lUTavAne karI hatI. sarahadanA lAhora rAjyane adhipati jayapALa pharIne hAryo. bevAra hArele rAjA rAjyo karavAne hiMdu rUDhIpramANe nAlAyaka gaNatA. e cAlane anusarIne potAnA kuMvarane rAjya seMpavAnI kriyA karI jayapALa rAjya sahita citApara caDhI baLI mue. e taraphanA eka bIjA rAjAe zatrune tAbe na thatAM potAnI taravAra vaDe pitAno nAro karyo. chaThThI savArI (I. sa. 1008mAM) karI te veLA enI sAmA laDAI karavAnA

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somanAthanuM khedAna medAna 115 kharcamAM potAnA bharathAne madada karavAne uMcI kaLavAna nArIoe potAnAM ghareNuM gaLAvI ApyAM, ane garIba bAyaDIe rU kAMtavAthI thayelI kamAI bharI. moTuM yuddha thayuM temAM IslAmI phejanuM nasIba aNI para AvI rahyuM hatuM. ayodhyA ane mALavA sUdhInA hiMdu bhUpatie bhegA maLI laDavA AvyA che e joI mahamude dahezata khAI pizAvaranI pAse potAnI chAvaNInI AzapAza khAI bedAvI maracA baMdhAvyA. emAMthI ekavAra bahAra dhasI AvI 2japUta senApara chApa mAryo temAM tenI hAra thaI ane vagaDAu ghakkara leke tenI chAvaNImAM ghuzI jaI Asare cAra hajAra musalamAnone vADhI nAkhyA. somanAthanuM medAna medAna, Isa-1024-paraMtu dareka savArIne eti hiMdamAM musalamAnI sattAnuM baLa vadhatuM gayuM. thANezvara ane ja garakeTa jevAM hiMdu devAmAMthI mahamuda besumAra dhana harI gayA; ane soLamI ane sarvathI vadhAre prakhyAta savArI teNe gujarAtamAM AvelA somanAthanA devAlaya para karI (I. sa. 1024). ghaNAka sipAInI katala thavAthI tenI phejane keTalIkavAra pAchA haThavuM paDayuM te paNa aMti somanAtha pATaNa tene hAtha AvyuM. pAMca hajAra AdamIne muelA mukI hiMdu joddhA temAMthI nIkaLI hoDImAM bezI samudravATe jatA rahyA. hiMdanA judA judA bhAgomAM bAra jyotirliMga hatAM temAMnuM eka e somanAthanuM prasiddha liMga hatuM. paNa mahamude "mUrtikhaMDana karanAra" evo IlakAba dhAraNa karavAthI A kALanA phArasI ItihAsa racanArAoe tenI pavitra dharmalAgaNI jaNAvavA somanAthanI lUMTasaMbaMdhI eka kahANI dhIme dhIme jeDI che. e banAva banyA te vakhatanA lakhAyalA hevAlamAM e liMgane aNudhaDa pathare kahyuM che. e vAta bhulI jaIpharistA nAmanA tavArIkhakartAe jaNAvyuM che ke mahamuda daherAmAM peThA tyAre pUjArAoe araja karI ke liMgane sahIsalAmata rahevAdo ane tene badale bahu bhAre rakama ApIe lo. mUrtinA vecanAra karatAM mUrtikhaMDana karanAranuM nAma meLavavAne huM vadhAre cAhuM chuM ema bAlI mahamude pitAnI gadAno ghA karI liMgane phADI nAMkhyuM. tatkALa tinA peTamAMthI jhaverano moTo khajAno nIkaLyo. pUjArA bahu dhana ApavA

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116 prathama AvelA vijayI musalamAno. mAgatA hatA tenuM kAraNa ethI samajAyuM, ane sulatAnane tenI sAbhArahita bhaktine badale maLe. A vAtanuM juThANuM khulluM mAluma paDyuM che. tipaNu te hajI pharI pharIne kahevAmAM Ave che. daherAnAM bAraNuM tathA liMganA kakaDA mahamuda gajanI laI gayo, ane siMdhunA raNamAM potAnI senA sahita nAza pAmato pAmati bacyo. paraMtu sane 1842 mAM laoNrDa elaba e "somanAthanAM prakhyAta sukhaDanAM kamADa" chatanI nizAnI jaNAvavAne ApyAM hatAM, ane uttara hiMdamAM ThAThathI dekhADaDyAM hatAM evuM kahevAya che. e vAta paNa A ratna bharelA liMganI vicitra hakIkatanI mAphaka jUThI che. I. sa. 1030 mAM gajanI nagaramAM mahamudane kALa thayo. * mahamudanI savArIonAM pariNama-mahamude hiMdapara sattara thayuM ke paMjAbanA pazcima mahA gajanInA rAjyane tAbe thayA, ane tenI laTanuM saMbhAraNu pUrve kanoja sUdhI ane dakSiNe gUjarAta lagI rahyuM. hiMdamAM vasI rAjya karavAnI dhAraNA teNe karI na hatI, paMjAbanI hadapAra savArI karavAmAM tenI matalaba mAtra ATalIja hatI. dharmAtmA zuravIra kaheDAvavuM, sAhasa kAma karavAM, moTAM devAlayavALAM zahero lUTavAM ane daherAmAMnI mUrti bhAMgavI. teno kharekha hetu koI deza chatavAno na hato. paNa tenA bApa sabakitagine jema potAnA rAjyanI hada bahAra pezAvaramAM thANuM besADayuM, tema teNe gajanInA rAjyanI hadabahAra paMjAba prAMta jI. mahamuda viSe vAto-musalamAna tavArIkha lakhanArA tenI bahA6rInI ane bhakitanI ghaNI vAti noMdhI gayA che eTaluM ja nahIM, paNa tenI kharca karavAnI nItinI noMdha paNa temanAM pustakomAM che. eka dahADe koI garIba bAIDIe pharyAda karI ke mArA dIkarAne eroe IrAkanA raNamAM mArI nAMkhe. mahamude ghaNuM dilagIrI jaNAvI kahyuM ke rAjadhAnIthI eTale badhe dUra evA banAva banatA aTakAvavAnuM kAma kaThaNa che. "tame jeTalA bhUlakAra barobara amala calAvI zake tethI vadhAre na rAkhe.' evuM vacana kahI zIe tene Thapako dIdho. su

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dharavaMza, 115ra-11. 17 latAne turata tene bakSIsa ApI ane te raste thaIne janArA kAphalAnuM rakSaNa karavAne savAra mokalyA. kavionI buja jANa mahamuda tamane Azraya Apati, ane tenI udAratAnI khabara sAMbhaLI phidazI tenA darabAramAM gayo. e kavinuM zAhanAmuM eTale pAdazAhanA caritranuM pustaka sAMbhaLI sulatAna khuzI thaya ne te pUruM thaye dareka beta eTale zakane mATe eka dAma (dahama) ApavAnuM vacana ApyuM. e veLA suvarNa dAma ApavAno irAde hato. trIsa varSaparyata mahenata karI e inAma kavie mAgyuM. paNa sATha hajAra beti thaelI joI sulatAne tane senAne badale 60,000 rUpA dAma ApavA mAMDyA. phidazIe nAkhuza thaI tenuM darabAra tavuM, ane tenA viSe hasI bharelI kaDavI kavitA DI. sulatAna nIca kulanI strInA peTano hato e bInA Aje paNa te kavitAmAM vAMcIe chIe. mahamude A hAMzI bhUlI jaine te mahAna vIrarasa kAvyane yAda rAkhyuM, tathA pitAnI halakAI ne mATe pastAvo karI kavine eka lAkha suvarNa dAma (dihIMma ) mokalyA. A bakSisa vakhatasara AvI pahoMcI nahi; kemake sulatAnanA mANase sunaiyAnI thelIo sahita phidazInA zaheramAM eka dara; vAjethI peThA te veLA bIje daravAjethI tenA zabane kabarastAna bhaNI laI javAmAM AvyuM. dharavaMza, 105-1186-ephagAnistAnanA prAMta tarIke paMjAbaDhase varasa lagI mahamudanI pachInA gAdIpatione hAtha rahyo. ane phagAnistAnanAM dhera ane gajanI zaherenI vacce ghaNA vakhatathI kakkI duzmanAI cAlatI hatI. Isa1010 mAM mahamude gharane vaza karyuM hatuM; 1051 ne sumAre dhAranA hAkema gajanI jItI tyAMnA mukhya mAsene pitAnA pATanagaramAM ghasaDI laI jaI tyAM temanAM gaLAM kApyAM, ane koTa bAMdhavAmAM kola karavAmAM temanuM lehI vAparyuM. vArA pharatI veranAM sATAM keTalIka vAra vALyA pachI aMte 115ra mAM dhArane jaya thayo ane gajanInI paDatI thaI. mahamudanI olAdano chelle sulatAna khuzarU potAnA rAjyanI hada bahAranA prAMtanI rAjadhAnI lAhAra zahera hatuM temAM nAThA. 1186 mAM e paNa tinI kanethI chInavI lIdhuM.

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118 prathama AvelA vijayI musalamAne. gharanA sulatAna zAhabuddIne (je mahammada ghorI nAme vadhAre mazahura che teNe) potAne mATe hiMda jItavAno AraMbha karyo. paraMtu hiMdu rAjyomAMnuM dareka rAjya khUba laDyuM, ane e rAjyone mAthe aphagAna hamalA rUpI pANI pharI vaLyA pachI sAta varase Aje paNa teomAMnAM keTalAMka hayAta che. mahammada ghorInI sAme hiMduloka thAya che, 111.-Isa. 1191mAM mahammada ghorIedilhI upara pahelI savArI karI temAM thANezvara Aga te cheka hAryo, ane sakhta jakhamI thaI jIva laIne nAThA.tenI vikharAyalIkejanI pAchaLa cALIsa mela sUdhI 2japUta savAro deDyAe bhaMgANa pAmelI senAne teNe lAhoramAM pAchI ekaThI karI, ane madayA eziAmAMthI navAM ghADAMnI madada meLavI pharIne 1193 mAM hiMdustAnapara caDAI karI. 2japUtomAM kuTuMba kalaha hovAthI teo saMpa karI tenI sAmA thaI zakyA nahi. mAM mAhi harIphAI karanArAM hiMdu rAjyonA mukhya mathaka dilhI ane kanoja e be zahero hatAM, ane emAMnuM dareka uttara hiMdanAM rAjyo para uparIpaNuno dAvo karatuM hatuM dilhI ane ajamera upara rAjya karanArA cohANa rAjAe pRthvIrAjA ke sArvabhaumarAjA e moTuM nAma dhAraNa karyuM hatuM. kanAja nagarI je Aje paNa pharUkhAbAda jIllAmAM cAsa melapara paDelAM roDAM chArA ne kacarA parathI pArakhI zakAya che, tyAMnA rAThoDa rAjAe potAnuM cakravartIpaNuM jAhera karavAne mATe asalanA azvamedhanA je ekamahaitsava karyo hato. e prasaMge halakA nokaranA kAma mAMDalika rAjArA ne karavAM paDe che, ane te pramANe hiMdustAnanA bIjA mahIpatienI hAre dilhInA rAjAne hAjara thaI daravAnanuM kAma banAvavAne hukama thayo hato. e ocachavane prasaMge kanojanA rAjAnI kanyA svayaMvara karavAnI hatI. te svayaMvara vIrarasa saMskRta kAvyomAM varNavelI rIte thavAne hato. e kanyApara dIhIpatine prema hato, paNa bIjAne bAraNe daravAna thaIne ubhA rahevuM tenAthI saMkhAyuM nahite A nahi tyAre tene ThAme teno cADIo banAvI bAraNe Ubhe karyo. svayaMvara karavAne kuMvarIe mAMDavAmAM AvI cemara beThelA rAjAone zAMtapaNe jeyA,

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rajapUtanuM bIjI jagAmAM jaI vasavuM. pachI gaMbhIratA rAkhI temanI kanethI cAlI jaI bAraNe ubhelADala bAvalAnA gaLAmAM varamALa AropI. vArtAmAM kahyuM che ke tatkALa kihIpati pazI AvyA, ane kanyAne potAnI joDe ghoDA upara besADI potAnA uttara taraphanA pATanagara bhaNI dheDe mArI mUkyo. apamAna pAmelo pitA potAnA sanyasahita emanI pAchaLa gayo. dilhI upara bIjI merathI eTale pazcima taraphathI humalo karavAne teNe paThANu (ephagAna) pAdazAhanetaDAvyA ane tethI baMne hiMdu rAjyano vinAza thayo 2japUtAnuM bIjI jagAmAM jaI vasavuM, 1193- kalahane lIdhe rajapUta rAjA ekasaMpa karI mahamada ghorInI sAmA thaI zakyA nahi tenI neMdha e vArtAmAM che. te A be tyAre kumAra kaLanA rajapUtane kabaje dilhInuM rAjya hatuM. cauhANa 2japUto aja'maranA dhaNI hatA, ane rAThoDa kenejamAM rAja karatA hatA. vAyavya kANamAMthI AvatI savArIone aTakAvanArA kudaratI pustA jevAM e rajapUta saMsthAno hatAM. dilhI ane ajameranI gAdIo e same eka rAjAne hAtha hatI; paNa tenA 108 paTAvata sAmati hatA temAMnA mAtra 64 upara kahelI mAMhamAMhenI laDAIne lIdhe rahyA hatA. 1193 mAM aphagAne pharIne paMjAba para caDhI AvyA. dilhI ane ajamerane pRthvIrAja hAryo ane raNumAM paDaze. tenI zrI rANI tenI pAchaLa satI thaI. mahamada ghorI dilIno kabaje karI ajamera para caDha, ane 1194 mAM kanojanA rAjAno teNe parAjaya karyo. raNatramAM tenuM muDa6 tinA banAvaTI dAMta parathI parakhAyuM. paradezIne tAbe thavuM nApasaMda karI kanojanA bahAdura zeThADa rajapUtAnAM tathA uttara hiMdanAM bIjA 2japUta kaLAnAM moTAM ToLeToLAM potAnA gharabAra cheADI jatAM rahyAM. siMdhu nadInI pUrva dizAnA raNanI kere AvelA bhUlakamAM jaI teo vasyA, ane tyAM lazkarI rAjya sthApyAM. hAlamAM e rAkhyA 2japUta saMsthAno (rajaputAnA) kahevAya che. phArasI tavArIkha lakhanArAe A saMbaMdhamAM kharekharA banelA banAvAyA che te ItihAsamAM dAkhala karavAmAM AvyA che. paraMtu pRthvIrAjAnA darabAranA hiMdu bhATe eka AkhyAna karyuM che, temAM enA kuLanI paDI bhAgavAnI vAtane sva

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1ra0 prathama AvelA vijayI musalamAno dezAbhimAnanuM rUpa ApI lakhI che. A AkhyAna "caMdane pRthvIrAja rAsa" nAme kahevAya che, ane hiMdI bhASAmAM prathama racAyelAM kAvyomAM enI gaNatrI thAya che. rAsAmAM kahyuM che ke chellA vinAzakArI saMgrAma sivAya bAkInA tamAma yuddhamAM laDavA AvelA musalamAne hAryA hA, temanA senApatine hiMduoe keda pakaDayo hato ane bhAre mUla laIne cheDa hato; mAtra rAjAonI mahemAhinI vaDhavATathI hiMdupakSane nAza thayo hato. ' musalamAna baMgALA deza chati che, 123-A svadezAbhimAnI kavitAne kere mUkI jatAM jaNAya che ke mahamada gherI paDe naityamAM kAzI ane gvAliyara sudhI pahoMcyo hato. paraMtu tenA matiyAra khilajI nAme saradAre 1188 mAM bihAra, ane 1203 mAM gaMgAnA DeTA eTale mukha AgaLanA nadIpradeza sudhI nIcalo baMgALA, e deze jItI lIdhA. musalamAno pAse AvyA te vAre bAgALAnA rAjA lakSmaNanane brAhmaNe e salAha ApI ke nadiyA nagaramAMthI jaI bIjA koI dUranA zaheramAM rAjadhAnI karo; paNa aphagAna saradAre AvI rAjadhAnI kabaje karI tyAM lagI te eMzI varasanA gharaDA rAjAthI potAnA manane nizcaya thaI zakyo nahi. mahArAjA jamavA beThA hatA, tevAmAM aphagAna nAyakatinA mahelamAM dhaza AvyA. lamaNusena pAchale bAraNethI nAThA. pagarakhAM paheravAnoe tane vakhata maLyuM nahi. orissA dezanA purI nagaramAM ja teNe jagabhAthanI sevAmAM potAnI bAkInI jIMdagI pUrI karI. e dArmiyAna poranA sulatAna mahamada koIvAra aphagAnistAnamAM vaDhavAmAM rokAto ane koIvAra hiMdamAM savArI karavA AvatA. gajanI tenI rAjapAnI hatI. tene tenAM hiMdamAM chalAM rAjyano pAyo majabuta karavAno vakhata thoDAja maLyo. paMjAbamAM vasanArI jAto parAjaya pAmI hatI, paNa vaza thaI na hatI. 1203 mAM ghakakara leke pahADomAMthI AvI lahera lIdhuM ane AkhA prAMtane UjaDa karyo. 1206 mAM aphagAna chAvaNI siMdhune kAThe hatI te vAre teja jAtanI eka ToLIe A pArathI tarIne pile pAra jaI taMbumAM UMdhelA sulatAnane katala karyo.

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kutuba-uda-dona. .. 11 - mahamada dhirInAM hiMdamAM karelA kAmo-gajanInA. mahamadanI peThe dharmanI khAtara potAnuM parAkrama tathA zurAtana dekhADanAra dhorano mahamada na hato; te to rAjya maLavAne arthe deza chatato hato. tenI dUra deza para karelI savArIonI matalaba devAlane luTavAnI na hatI, paNa pratio kabaje levAnI hatI. sabaktigIne pAtAnA bIjanInA rAjyanI hadapara pizAvaranuM thANuM karI rAkhyuM hatuM, (I. sa0 977); ane mahamude pazcima paMjAbane chatI teja rA jyano samAparane prAMta banAvyo hato ( I. sana 1030). gajanI taraphathI hiMdapara karelI turkI caDhAIne pAchaLa raheluM pariNAma eTaluM ja hatuM. paraMtu gharanA mahamade potAnI pachavADe catura musalamAna saradAronA hAtha nIce siMdhunA nadI pradeza DelTA) thI gaMgAnA nIpradeza parvatano A uttara hiMda mUkyA, ane tenuM maraNa (I. sa. 1206 mAM ) thayuM, tyAre e saradAro te mUlakonA paDe paNa thaI paDyA. kutuba-uda-dIna, 1206-1217-mahamadano hiMda khAtane sarasa katuba-uda-dIna hato. teNe hiMdanA sulatAna tarIke potAnI duvAI dilhImAM pheravI, ane rAjavaMza sthApana karyo, te 1206 thI 1290 sUdhI cAlyo. siMdhathI nIcalA baMgALA lagInA saghaLA musalamAna saradAranA ane lakSmI saMpAdana karavA AvelA sipAIenA uparIpaNuno dAvo kutube karyo. umadA nakazIdAra ane hiMdu ghATanA suMdara staMbhevALI kutuba masjida (masIda) ne lIdhe tathA je minArApara kurAnamAMnAM prakaraNe kotarelAM che, ane jenuM zaMku AkAranuM zikhara jAnI hi6 dihInAM khaDo karatAM uMcuM gayeluM che evA kutuba minAravaDe tenuM nAma tinI rAjadhAnImAM rahyuM che. turkI gulAma tarIke teNe duniyAdArI zarU karI hatI. tenI gAdIe besanArAmAMnA keTalAka tevIja nIca avasthAmAMthI potAnI bahAdurIne lIdhe ke kAvatarAMthI UMcA caDhI rAjapada pAmyA. e parathI enA vaMzanuM nAma gulAma rAjavaMza paDayuM che. hiMdamAM rahIne rAjya karanArA pahelA musalamAna sulatAno evaMzanA hatA. 1210 mAM kutuba-uda-dIna marI gayo.

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12 prathama AvelA vijayI musalamAno. gulAma vaMza, 1206-190.-je traNa saMkaTo hiMdanA sasalamAnI rAjyanI keDa pahelethI ja lAgyAM hatAM ane jethI te rAjya tUkhyuM hatuM te saMkaTo gulAma vaMzanI sAme AvI ubhAM. paheluM rAjyanA nakomAMnA musalamAna saradAra ke prAMtinA sarasabAonA baLavA; bIjuM, hiMduonAM baMDa: trIjuM madhya erisTa taraphathI AvatI navI savArIe, mukhyatve mugalonI. ata maza, 1221-1236 -e vaMzamAM trIje ane sarvethI moTo sulatAna altamaza hatA. nIcalA baMgALA ane siMdhanA hAkemo svataMtra thaI beThA hatA temane eNe jItyA. e mugala savArIthI nAza pAmatA pAmato eka veLA bacI gayo. caMgI jakhAnanI saradArI nIce mugala koI aphagAna rAjAnI pUThe hiMdI ghATa eLaMgI Amera AvyA; paNa siMdhue tamane AgaLa vadhatA aTakAvyA, ane tethI dilhI ugarI. atamAnA maraNa pahelAM (I. sa. 1236) hiMduonA udhADA jhaghaDA kAMIka vakhata sudhI baMdha paDyA hatA ane viMdhya parvatanI uttare AvelA dezamAM, eTale paMjAba, vAyavya prAMti, ayodhyA, bihAra, nIcalo - gALA, ajamera, gvAliyara, mALavA ane siMdhamAM dilhInA sulatAnanI vatI musalamAna sUbedAre amala karatA. altamazanI kArakIrdImAM bagadAdanA khaliphe hiMdane juduM musalamAnI rAjya mAnyuM ane dilahInI navI bAdazAhI kabula rAkhI zikkA pADavA (I. sa. 1229). tamazano kALa 1236 mAM thayo. 2jIyA begama, 123-1239-dilhInA musalamAnI takhta para besanAra nArImAM mAtra 2jayA begama hatI. e atamanI dIkarI thAya. kurAna bhaNelI, sarakArI kAma karavAmAM udyogI, hareka bArIka vakhate dRDha ane tijadAra hovAthI itihAsamAM tenA nAmane narajAtino IlakAba lagADI tene sulatAna 2jIyA kahe che. paNa teno savArInA cheDAkhAtAno uparI keAI habazI gulAma hati tenA upara tenI maherabAnI jeItanA paThANa saradAro gusse thayA. sADa

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balabana. 13 traNa varasa dukhe rAjya karyA pachI tene padabhraSTa karI mArI nAMkhavAmAM AvI. mugalonI caDhAI ane rAjapUtonAM baMDa-gulAma vaMzanA amalane pAyo yugalanI savArIone lIdhe ane 2japUtonA baLavAne lIdhe thoDA vakhatamAM nabaLA paDavA lAgyA. 125 mAM lieTanI vATe mugala baMgALAnA IzAna bhAgamAM dhasI AvelA kahevAya che; ane pachInAM cumALIsa varasamAM aphagAna ghATamAM thaI teo vAre vAre paMjAbamAM utarI AvatA ( 125-1288). ghakkara loko, mevAtanA DuMgarI leka, vigere hidanI jaMgalI jAti lagabhaga dilhI lagInA paMjAbamAMnA musalamAnI rAjyanA pradeza luTatA. hiMduonA laDavaiyA lAkamAM nahi holavAI zake evI taka hatI tenAM cinho rajapUtAnAM baMDAmAMthI mAluma hatAM. teo musalamAnI rAjyavaMzane pahelethI chelle lagI herAna karyo ane temanI pAchaLa paNa kAyama rahI. gulAma vaMzanA vakhatamAM uttara hiMda paNa musalamAnethI mAtra adhuM vaza thayuM hatuM. mALavAmAM, 2japutAnA (rajapUta saMsthAno) mAM, budelakhaMDamAM tathA gaMgA ane jamanAne kAThe cheka dilhI paryaMta hiMdu vAre vAre sAmA UThatA. balabana, 1265-1287-gulAma vaMzamAM chelo pAdazAha thayo tenI pahelAnA sulatAnanuM nAma balabana hatuM. ene mugalo joDe, jaMgalI hiMdI jAti jaDe ane rajapUto joDe laDhavuM paDayuM eTaluM ja nahi, paNa potAnA prAMtinA hAkema upara paNa najara rAkhavAnI jarUra paDI. mahela kheti turkI gulAma hatA temAno te eka hati. juvAnImAM taNe emAMnA cALIsa gulAmo sAthe ekamekane Azraya ApavAne tathA lAbha karavAne karAra karyo hato. e pramANe thaelA sapane teDavAnI jarUra tene gAdIe beThA pachI paDI. keTalAka prAMtAnA hAkemone teNe udhADe chege phaTakA marAvyA; keTalAkanA jIva potAnI rUbarU mAra marAvIne levaDAvyA; ane baMgALAnA baLavAra bedArane jItavA mokalelo senApati ta kAmamAM pAra paDaze nahi

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jajha : prathama AvelA vijayI musalamAno. mATe tene pharI dIdhA. balabane paDe jaI baMgALAnA phirane caturAI tathA ghAtakIpaNuM vAparI besADI dIdhuM. hiMdu baMDakhonI upara tinI sakhtAI behada hatI. dilhInI dakSiNe vAtamAM eka lAkha rajapUtAne vADhI nAMkhI teNe temane lagabhaga jaDamULathI ukheDI nAMkhyA. je jaMgalamAM nAzI jaItio bharAI rahetA hatA temane kapAvI naMkhAvI tyAM beDavAnI jamIna banAvI. te vakhate madhya eziAmAM mugalanA dhADAMe karelI khuvArIne lIdhe tyAMnA rAjavaMzIo ane kevio nAzI hiMdI darabAranA AzramamAM AvI rahyA hatA. svataMtra rA jyonA ekavAra dhaNI evA paMdara rAjAonuM gujarAna mArI udAratAthI thAya che evI baDAI balabana mArato hato ane temaNe beyelAM rAjyanA nAma uparathI teNe dilhInA mahelAnAM nAma bagadAda, khArijama, ghora vigere pALyAM. sane 1287mAM te marI gayo. tenI pachI gAdIe besanAra vikhathI mAryA gaye, ane gulAma vaMzane aMta 1290mAM AvyA. khilajI vaMza, 129 -1320.--e varasamAM khilajInA hAkema jalAludIne (jalAla-uda-dIne) dilhInI gAdIe bezI sajavaMza sthApyoti trIsa varSa pahoMcyA. khilajI vaMze musalamAnI sattAna dakSiNa hiMdamAM phelAvI. jalAludInano bhatrIjo ane tenI pachI gAdIe besanAra alA-uda-dIna alAhabAdanI pAsenA karono gavarnara hatA tyAre, pitAnA savAro sahita viMdhyAcaLamAM dhu ne trayuse milane cheTe raheluM bhIsA nAme bauddha devaLavALuM zahera hatuM te teNe lUTayuM. budelakhaMDa ane mALavAnA baLavAra rAjA rANapara potAnuM baLa ajamAvyA keDe dakSiNa deza lUTavAne moTI savArI karavAno manasubo alA-uda-dIne karyo. mAtra ATha hajAra DesvAra laIle dakSiNa hiMdanA madhyabhAgamAM pahoMcyo. mArgamAM teNe jasuvyuM ke huM mArA kAkAnA darabArathI nAzI rAjamaheMdrInA mahArAjanI nokarImAM rahevA jAuM chuM. bIjAne zaraNe javAne nAsanAra jANI udAra rAjaputroe tenA upara humalo kayI nahi, ane AlA-udavane te samaye mahArASTranA hiMdu rAjyanA mukhya zahera devagiri

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alAuddInanI dakSINamAM jIta 1rapa (hAla dolatAbAda) upara chApo mAryo. ekadama zaheramAM dhasI jaI taNe jAhera karyuM ke AkhI pAdazAhI pheja Ave che tenA mokharAno bhAga mAtra laI huM AgaLa kUca karuM chuM. ema kahI puSkaLa luTa bhegI karI, ane sAtameM milapara gaMgAne tIre tenA mahAlanI rAjadhAnI hatI tyAM laI gayo. tyAra pachI tenA kAkA sulatAna jalAluddInane e luTamAMthI bhAga ApavAnI lAlaca batAvI karrA zaheramAM belAvyA ane tyAM Doso teno hAtha jhAlavA jAya che eTalAmAM tene mArI nAkhyo. (I. sa. 1295-). alAudInanI kArakIrdI, 125-1325-dhamabhA musalamAna nanI peThe bakSisa ke dAna ApavAmAM lUTane verI nAMkhI alAuddIne sulatAna banI pitAnI ANa pheravI. enA vIsa varasanA amalamAM musalamAnI rAjyanI sthApanA dakSiNa hiMdamAM thaI. 1297 mAM teNe hiMduo pAsethI gujarAta pharIne jItI lIdhuM; 1300 mAM meTA ghero ghAlyA pachI jayapUra 2japUto kanethI ziktimburagaDha lIdhe, citiragaDha jIvI sidiA rajapUtane keTaleka daraje vaza karyA (1303) ane viMdhyanI uttaranA hiMduone ema jItyA pachI dakSiNa chatavAnI taiyArI karI. e moTI caDhAI karyAnI agAu uttarathI A vatI pAMca mugala savArIo sAme tene Takkara jhIlavI paDI. 1295 mAM mugala caDho AvyA temane teNe potAnI rAjadhAnI dilahIna koTanI thaDamAM harAvyA. 1304-5 mAM temanI bIjI cAra avArIo sAme Takkara jhIlIne temAM pakaDAyelA badhA kedIone dilhI mikalI daI tyAM temanA saradArane teNe hAthInA paga heThe zRMdAvI mAryA ane vagara kasure sAdhAraNa sipAIone bakarAMnI mAphaka katala karyA. e arasAmAM tenA pitAnA kuTuMbamAM keTalAMka baMDa thayAM teone paNa teNe eTalI ja krUratA vAparI dabAvI nAMkhyAM-da karanArA bhatrIjAne prathama AMdhaLA karyA ane pachI temanAM mAthAM kApyAM (1288-1300). tinI dakSiNa hiMdamAM jIta-e pramANe uttara hiMdamAM potAnuM kAma ThekANe pADayA pachI teNe dakSiNa jItavAnuM kAma upADyuM. 1303mAM teNe potAnA khojA gulAma malIka kAkurane Droja sahita

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1ra6 prathama AvelA vijayI musalamAne. baMgALAnI vATe tiliMgAnA nAme hiMdu rAjyanI rAjadhAnI varaMguLa hatI te upara humalo karavAne mokalyo hato. 136 mAM kAre mALavA, khAnadezamAM kuca karI jaya meLavyo, ane mahArAjUnI rAjadhAnI devagiri chatI tyAMnA hiMdu rAjA rAmadevane samajAvI sulatAnanuM uparIpaNuM kabula karavA pitAnI sAthe dilhI laI gayA. e daramyAnamAM alAuddIna mevADanA rajapUtAne tAbe karavAnA kAmamAM lAgela hatA. tenA gulAma saradAra kAkure mahArASTra ane karNATaka para savArI karIne dakSiNamAM hiMdane cheDe rAmasetu lagI pahacI tyAM masjida (masIda) baMdhAvI. hiMdamAM musalamAnI rAjyano vistAra, 1306-hidane musalamAna sulatAna have mAtra dilhIne aphagAna pAdazAha na hato. madhya ezikhamAMthI AvelI caDhAInAM traNa moTAM mAjAe karIne uttara hiMdamAM musalamAnI vastI ghaNu thaI hatI. pahelA ke AvyA te gajanI vaMza, pachI paThANa (ghaNuM karIne aphagAnanAme oLakhAtA te) A vyAti ghara vaMza darzAve che, chellA mugale AvyA temanI paMjAba jItavAnI koziza niSphaLa gaI tyAre temAMnA saMkhyAbaMdha mANase dilhInA sulatAnonI nokarImAM rahyA. gulAma sulatAnanA vakhatamAM e bhADutI mugala sIpAIo eTalA baLavAna thayA ke temanI katala karavI paDI (128). I. sa. 1292 ne sumAre traNa hajAra yugalo temano tAra dharma choDI musalamAna thayA ane temane rahevAne dihInuM eka parUM ApavAmAM AvyuM, te Aja paNa mugalapura kahevAya che. pachI bIjA mugale AvyA. emaNe keTalAMka kAvatarAM karyA. tyAre alAuddIne temAMnA paMdara hajArane ka tala karyA, ane temanA kabIlAne gulAma karI vecyA (I.sa. 1311). ema uttara hiMdamAM ane tenI pilImeranA mUlakamAMthI turka, paThANa, ane mugala jAtinA sipAI joIe teTalA maLavAthI enI pahelAMnA sulatAna karatAM ThaTha dakSiNamAM lazkare mokalavAne e vadhAre zaktimAna thayo. paNa enI uparanAM pAchalAM varasamAM gujarAtamAM hiMdu loke baMDa karyuM. rajapUtoe citoDagaDha pAche jItI lIdho,

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taghalaka vaMza. ja ane dakSiNamAMnAM ghaNuMka lazkarI thANuMne hAMkI kADhavAmAM AvyAM. 1303 mAM citoDagaDha cho tyAre temAMnI keje tAbe thavA karatA maravuM vadhAre cAhyuM hatuM. Aje paNa gAmaDIA lAka eka januM hiMdI gANuM gAya che temAM rANuM ane tera hajAra nArIo citAmAM paDI baLI muI ane purUSo maraNiyA thaI ghere ghAlanArA upara dhazyAti varNavyuM che. keTalAka zatrunI senAmAM thaI aravallI DuMgarAmAM gayA; alAudInanAM amalamAM 2japUtanI svataMtratA aTakI hatI, paNa kadI nAza pAmI na hatI. potAnA dIkarAne keda karIne tathA paDe krodhanA Avezana ane aniyamitapaNAne AdhIna thaI alAudIna 1315 mAM marI gayo. evuM kahevAya che ke tenA mAnItA saradAra kAre tene jhera dIdhuM dharmabhraSTa hiMdu pAdazAha, 1312-13ra-khilajI vaMzanA amalanAM bAkInAM cAra varasamAM kharo rAjyAdhikAra khuzarUkhAnanA hAthamAM hatA. e kaI nIcI jAtane vaTale hiMdu hatA; ane teNe pitAnA murakhI kApuranI mAphaka laDhAimAM phateha meLavI, ane tenI mAphaka durAcAra karyo, tathA potAnI dekharekha nIce tinuM khUna karAvyuM. khuzarU durbasanI sulatAnano kartAha thaI paDaze; pachI tene mArI nAkhI gAdI bathAvI paDI. huM musalamAna chuM evuM bahArathI jaNAvyAM chatAM kurAnane besavAno pATale banAvI tene apavitra karato ane hinduonI mUrtio mUkI maryAdAmAMnAM upadeza karavAnAM Asane bhraSTa karata. 13ra0mAM tenI phoje phitUra karI teno prANu lIdhe, ane khilajI vaMzane aMta ANyo. taghalaka vaMza, 1320-1414-baLavo karanAra lazkarane AgevAna thiyAsa-uda-dIna taghalaka hatA. duniyAdArImAM paDI tyAre kukI gulAma hatA. ane te hAlatamAMthI UMce caDhatAM sarahadanA paMjAba prAtine hAkema thaye hati. enA sthApelA taghalaka vaMzane mAthe 1398 nA vimura (malena) nA humalAnAM pANI pharI vaLyAM, to paNa e vize chelluM varasa lagaNa jema tima TakI rahyo. piyAsudIne (Isa

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1ra8 prathama AvelA vijayI musalamAno. 1320-1325) rAjadhAnI dilhImAMthI kADhI tyAMthI UgamaNI dizAe cAra malapara karI, ane tenuM nAma tughalakAbAda pADyuM. - mahammada taghalaka, 1324-1351-teno dIkaro ane tenI pachI gAdIe besanAra mahammada taghalaka pUro pravINu, vidvAna, hImatI saradAra ane santa parahejagAra hato. paNa teno svabhAva rahevAthI te ghAtakI nyAyAdhIza hatA ane mANasanAM duHkhanI tene darakAra na hatI. araNyamAM vasanArI jAti taraphathI e svabhAva kadApi tenAmAM janmathIja Avyo haze. koI sahaja sAmuM thAya ke gAMDA krodhanA Aveza tenAmAM ubharAI Ava. paMjAba upara mugale vArevAre dhasI AvatA temane nANuM ApI pAchA kADhavAmAM teNe alAuddIne bheLo - rele dhanabhaMDAra UDAvI nAMkhyo. ethI ulaTuM vaLI lobhanA jussAmAM IrAnapara savArI karavAne pheja jamAvI ane eka lAkha lazkara cIna jItavAne kahyuM. Izanapara caDhavAne ekaThI karelI senAe pagAra nahi maLavAthI vikharAI jaI enAja ( taghalakanA ) mUke vaTayA, cIna para mokaleluM lagabhaga badhuM lazkara himAlayanA dhAmAM nAza pAmyuM. dakSiNa hiMdamAM moTI chatA karavAnI taNe yojanA karI ane devagirimAM vasavAne sArU dilhI mAM rahenArA lekane te ghasaDI gayo. devagirinuM nAma taNe delatAbAda pADyuM. te dilhIthI AThameM mailane cheTe che. bicArA duHkhI thatA lekanI arajI sAMbhaLI be vAra temane pAchA dilhI javA dIdhA, ane dilhImAMthI nahi nIkaLe tene mitanI sajA pharamAvI be vAra tyAMthI pAchA javAnI jarUra paDI. ema baLAtkAre dezAMtara kADhelA lakane eka vAra dukALano bhAre mAre cAlato hato tevAmAM potAnAM gharabAra mUkI javuM paDyuM hatuM. hajAra nagaravAso marI gayA ane Akhare sulatAnane e prayatna cheDI devuM paDaze. khajAno khAlI karI nAMkhIne eNe trAMbAnANuM barIthI calAvI rAjAnA pItaLane lokanA rUpA barAbara karavA mAMDyuM. eja sakAmAM cIna jItanAra yugala pheblekhAne potAno pahelAM thaI gayelA cInI mahArAjAe kAgaLanI ne kahADelI te - lAvI hatI ane teonI kharAba nakala kekhAtue IrAnamAM dAkhala

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prAMtinAM baMDa. 129 karI. taghalakanA balAtkAre calAvelAM nANune aA eno miLeja jaladI Avyo paradethI vepArI e mAla vagarane pItaLanA sikkA lIdhA nahi, vepAra baMdha paDe, ane sulatAnane karaverAne peTe pitAnAja halakA mUlanAM nANuM levAM paDyAM. prAMtonAM baMDa. 1330-1351-e damiyAna judA judA prAti dilhInA tAbAmAMthI nIkaLI javA lAgyA. 1324mAM mahamada taghalaka gAdIe beThe tyAre hiMdamAM tyAM sudhImAM thayeluM moTAmAM moTuM musala - mAnI rAjya tene hAtha AveluM hatuM. paraMtu IslAma dharmane mATe tene nAmAM haThIlI hoMsa hovAthI teNe hiMdu rAjyavaMzI para tathA hiMdu amaladAre para bharose rAkhyo nahi; e kAraNathI jemane rAjyanA kAyamapaNanI darakAra nahi evA paradezathI AvelA sAhasika musalamAnene tamAma miTA hAdA ApavA paDaze. e samayanA ItihAsamAM eka pachI eka thayelAM ghaNuM baMDa noMdhAyelAM che. sulatAnanI tAbedArImAMthI nIkaLI gayelA rAjanA eka bhAgane chatI pharIne tAbe kare eTale bIjo bhAga baLavo karI chUTo paDe. tenA bhatrIjAeja mALavAmAM daMga karyo. te pakaDAyAthI sulatAne tenI cAmaDI utarAvI naMkhAvI (1338 ). paMjAbanA hAkeme baLavo karyo (1338), te besADI daI baLavo karanAra saradArane garadana mAryo. nIcalA baMgALAnA ne kore mAMDala kAMThAnA musalamAna sUbedAre te te pratAnA dhaNuM thaI paDyA (sumAre 1340 mAM), ane temane sulatAna vaza karI zakyo nahi. karNATaka ane tiliMgAnAnA ha6 rA e pAchAM svataMtra thaI jaI potAnA rAjyamAMnAM musalamAna thANuM uThADI mUkyAM (1344). dakSiNanA musalamAna gavarnaroe paNa baLavA karyA; ane gujarAtamAMnA lazkare phisAda macAvyo. dakSizumAMnA rAjadrohIo upara vera vALavAne mahamuda taghalaka keja laIne dhAyo, paNa temano raMga DivAnuM kAma bhAgye pUruM thayuM tevAmAM gUjarAta, mALavA ane siMdhamAM phitura uThayAM. siMdhunA nIcalA pradezamAM baMDakhoronI pAchaLa paDI temane nasADato hato tyAre 1351 mAM te maraNa pAmyo. 1

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130 prathama AvelA vijayI musalamAno. mahammada taghalakane karaverA levAmAM bhUlama-vasUlAtanA niyama karAvanArA hiMdanA musalamAna bAdazAhamAM mahammada taghalaka pahelo hato. gaMgA ane jamanA vaccenA dezamAM teNe jamIna ve vadhA keTalAka jillAmAM daza gaNe ane keTalAkamAM vIsa gaNo karyo. kheDuto potAnAM gAmone jaMgala thavA daI kara ugharAvanArAthI nAThA, ane lUTArU TALAM banyAM. zikArane vAste TharAvI rAkhelI hadamAM jeo pAse temane sulatAna krUra sajA karatA. mANasene zikAra karavAnI yukita teNe racI. mANasa jAtanI krUratAnA itihAsamAM enI barobarIne bIje dAkhala nathI. moTA pradezane teNe potAnAM lazkaravatI gherI lIdhe, ane pachI hukama Apyo ke e cakarAvAne madhya bhaNuM nA karatAM javuM ane tenI aMdara je heya (bahudhA niraparAdhI gAmaDiyA leka hatA ) temane saghaLAMne jaMgalI pazunI mAphaka katala karavA." A prakArano zikAra ekathI vadhAre vAra karyo hatA; eka prasaMge to moTA kanoja zaheramAM katala karAvI badhA lokane mArI nakhAvyA. AvAM kacakacATa bharelAM kRtyone lIdhe vakhatasara dukALa paDaze; e veLA dazamAM bhAre duHkha paDyAM tenuM varNana thaI zakatuM nathI. phiraja zAha taghalaka, 1351-1388-enA dIkarA phiraja tapalake dayALupaNe rAja karyuM. paraMtu baMgALA ane dakSiNamAM musalamAnI rAjyAnuM svataMtrapaNuM tane kabUla karavuM paDayuM. zarIranA vyAdhi ane darabAramAM thatAM kAvatarAMnI pIDA paNa teNe ghaNuM bhegavI. teNe sArvajanika bAMdhakAma ghaNAM karyA-khetIne sArU pANI levAne nadIomAM pALa baMdhAvI, taLAva khodAvyAM, musApharakhAnAM, madi , masA, davAkhAnA ane pUla baMdhAvyAM. jamanAnI jUnI nahera karAvI e tinuM sarvethI moTuM kAma che. parvatamAMthI jyAM jamanA nIkaLe che tyAMthI tinuM pANI e naheramAM lIdhuM, ane khetarone pANI pAvAne badalI khADIo vaDe jamanAne dhagara ane satalaja sAthe joDI dIdhI. e naherano keTaloka bhAga briTiza sarakAre pharIne baMdhAvyo che. te tenA baMne kAMThA uparanA bhUlakane phaLavaMta kare che. paNa musalamAnanA

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131 dakSiNanA hiMdu rAjayo baLavA ane hiMdunA baMDathI taghalaka vaMzanuM jera utAvaLe narama paDI gayuM, ane tethI hiMda sahelathI 1388 nI moTI mugala savArIno bhaMga thayuM. timura (timalaina) nI savArI, 1398-e varasamAM tArtarInAM ekaThAM maLelAM jheLAne leItimUra timalaina) aphagAna ghATanI vATe hiMdapara pazI AvyA. dilhInA koTanI thaDamAM sulatAna mahammada taghalakane harAvI te rAjadhAnImAM paThe. pAMca dahADA sudhI katala cAlI; maDadAMnA DhagalAthI keTalAka mahelAmAM cAlavAnI jagA rahI nahiM. timUra e zAMtapaNe joyA karyuM, ane phatahanI khuzAlImAM ujANuM karI. jamanAne tIre phirUjazAhanI ArasanI masIdamAM prathama paramezvaranI AbhArapUrvaka stuti karI timUra 1388nA varasane chelle divase pAchA javAne upaDaze. gaMgA oLaMgAne maratamAM bhAre katala calAvI ane tyAMthI pachI haradvAra gayo. tyArako DuMgarAnI taLeTInI kere pazcimabhaNuM kUca karatA madhya eziAmAM gayo (1398). ujaDa karelAM zahere uparAMta timUre potAnA baLanI bIjI koI nizAnI hiMdamAM pAchaLa mUkI nahi. mahammada taghalaka gUjarAtamAM jaI bharAI beTho hato te timUra gayA tyAre tyAthI chAna mAno pAcho Avyo ane 141ra lagI teNe mAtra nAmanuM rAjya karyuM. seyado ane dIo-1414mAM taghalaka olAdano anA AvyA. saiyada vo 1414 thI 1450 sudhI ane aphagAna(paThANa) : jAtanA bhedI vaMze 1450 thI 1526 lagI rAjya karyuM. te paNa A sulatAnomAMnA keTalAkano amala mAtra dilhInI AsapAsa thoDA gAu sudhI cAlato hato; ane e badhA vakhatamAM hiMdu rAjyavazIo ane musalamAna hAkema hidanA ghaNA bhAgamAM kharekhara svataMtra hatA. 15ra9 mAM bAbarano saradArI nIce mugaloe savArI karI tethI lodI vaMzanI Akhara AvI. dakSiNanAM hiMdu rA -bAbare mugala bAdazAhI sthApI tene chelle bAdazAha briTiza sarakArano najara kedI thaI 1862 mAM raMgunamAM marI gayo. e bAdazAhInI vAta karyA pahelAM ApaNe

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13ra prathama AvelA vijayI musalamAno. viMdhya parvatanI dakSiNe AvelAM hiMdu ane musalamAnI rAjya para najara karIe. cera, cAla ane pAMDaya e traNa prAcIna rAjya draviDa derAmAM hatAM, ane temAM tAmila belI belanArA loka vasatA hatA. emAMnA sAthI miTA pAMDyanI rAjyadhAnI madukAmAM hatI, ane tene pAye I. sa. pahelAM 4 thA sikAmAM naMkhAya jaNAya che. ela rAjyanAM mathaka kebanamamAM ane tAMjoramAM hatAM. mahesUramAM tAtkada nAme nagara hatuM, te I. sa. 288 thI 900 sUdhI cira rAjyanI rAjyadhAnI hatIhAla e zahera korInI retImAM daTAI gayuM che. pAMDatha vaMrAnA 116 mA rAjAne 1304 mAM marI kare mArI pADaze. paNa cheka dakSiNamAM musalamAno potAno adhikAra sthApana karI zakyA nahi, ane 18 mA sekA sudhI purAtana pAMDaze rAjyapara keTalAka eka pachI eka hiMdu rAjavero. e madurAmAM rahI lAgalagATa amala karyo. madurAnI gAdIe jema lAgalagATa vaMrA paraMparA rAjA thayA tema kaI pUrepanA rAjyanI gAdIe thayA nathI. vaMzAvaLI banAvanArAnA rAjyabhakitabhAve karIne kheMdhI rAkhavAthI rAjyAsane besanArA adhipatio nI pAchaLa be hajAra varSa lagInI peDhInAM nAma jANavAmAM Ave che. nAnA vaMze uparAMta cera athavA asura ane trAvaNakoranA rAjyAsane thayelA pacAsa rAjA gaNyA che, ane cAlanI gAdIe chAsaTha gaNyA che. * vijayanagaranuM rAkhya-paraMtu dakSilu hiMdane khare ItihAsa to vijayanagara ke narasiMha nAme hiMdu rAjyathI zarU thAya che, I. sa. 1118 thI 1565 sudhI. madrAsa ilAkAmAM tuMgabhadrA nadIne jamaNe vIre belArI jIllA mAM enA pATanagaranAM cinho hajI lagI jevAmAM Ave che. devAlayonAM, killA koTanAM, taLAnAM ane pUnAM mATI khare che, ne temAM tarasa ane sarvei vase che. hiMda dvIpakaupanA dakSiNa bhAgapara ochAmAM ochAM traseM varasa lagI vijayanagare amala karyo. dakSiNanA musalamAna sulatAna jeDe barobarIA tarIke tyAMnA rAja saMdhivigraha karatA. dakSiNanAM musalamAnI rAkhyo-olA-uda-dIne karelI chatanuM

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brAhmaNa vaMza. 133 pariNAma e thayuM ke dakSiNa hiMdamAM sulatAna utpanna thayA (13031305). keTalAka mudata sudhI laDAIne gheTALe cAlyA pachI dakSiNa hiMdamAM musalamAnI amala calAvanAra brAhmaNa rAjya UbhuM thayuM. mahammada taghalakanA amalamAM (1325-1351 ) koI paThANuM saradAra jApharakhAna dilhInI kejane harAvI dakSiNa musalamAna sulatAna banyo. juvAnInI zarUAtamAM kaI brAhmaNane tyAM gulAma hato tyAre te brAhmaNe tenA upara mAyA karI hatI ane AgaLa moTI padavIo caDhavA che evuM bhaviSya vahyuM hatuM. te parathI kare chehmaNapada dhAraNa karyuM ane tenI pachI to besanArAne te vArasAmAM ApyuM. brAhmaNI vaMza-bArANIvaMzano udaya ghaNuM karIne 1347 mAM thayele kahevAya che, ane te 178 varasa eTale 15ra5 sudhI cAlyo. tenI rAjyadhAnIo anukrame gulabarga, varaMgula ane biDara hatAM. e traNe zahera haidarAbAdanA mUlakamAM che. hAlanA vakhatanA nijAmanA rAjyanI maryAdAne e brAhmaNI rAjyanI maryAdA jevI tevI maLatI Ave che. jyAre e rAjya pUrNa kaLAe hatAM tyAre tyAMnA sulatAna ardhI dakSiNa deza upara dakSiNe tuMgabhadrAthI uttare orisA, ane pUrve machalIpaTanathI pazcime govA lagI, adhikAra calAvavAne dAvo karatA, te paNa temano kharo amala ethI ghaNuM ochA pradeza para cAlatA hatA. dilhInI gAdInI sAme prathama jhagaDo karavAmAM temane dakSiNa hiMdamAMnAM vijayanagara ane varaMgulanAM hiMdu rAjyonI madada hatI. paNa e brAhmaNIvaMzanI kArakIrdIne vadhAre moTe bhAge viMdhyanI dakSiNe hiMdu pakSane toDavAne musalamAnI sattA vAparavAmAM nIkaLI gayo hato. bIjA rAjyo sAthe saMpa ane vigraha karavAthI, baMne rIte enI musalamAna ane hiMdu vastI bheLaseLa thaI gaI. udAharaNa, mALavAnA sulatAne brAhmaNI rAkhyA upara savArI karI temAM bAra hajAra paThANa ane rajapUta lazkara hatuM. vijayanagaranA hiMdu rAjAe potAnI phejamAM paThANa sipAIone nekara rAkhyA hatA, ane temanA pagArane paTe temane jamIna ApI

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134 prathama AvelA vijayI musalamAne. hatI, tathA temane masIda baMdhAvI ApI hatI. tema bIjI tarapha ghAghaNI lakaranA senApatio ghaNIvAra musalamAna thayelA hi6 hatA. bAhmaNI lazkaro jAte pahu be virUddha paMthanA musalamAnonAM banyAM hatAM. eka paMtha ziyA, temAM mukhyatve IrAnI turka ke madhya eziAnA tAtAra hatA. bIje paMtha sannIne, temAM dakSiNa hiMdamAM janmelA musalamAne, ane temanI jaDa nekarIAta habasI sipAIbA hatA. A be musalamAnI pAnI caDasA caDasIthI ghaNuMvAra ghAdANuM gAdI jokhamamAM AvI paDatI hatI. 1937mAM bIjA elAuda-dInanAM vakhatamAM e vaMza pUrNa kaLAe pahoMcyA, ane 1488 ane 1rapa nI vacce mahinA kusaMpane lIdhe te rUTI gaye. dakSiNanAM pAMca musalamAnI rAkho, 1489-1988-bAhyaNI vaMzanA kakaDA thayA temAMthI dakSiNamAM pAMca musalamAnI svataMtra rAjya banyAM. teonAM nAma (1) adIlazAhIvaMza; enI rAjyadhAno thijApuramAM hatI, ane te 1488 mAM turkasthAnanA sulatAna bIjA amurathanA eka dIkarAe vasAvI hatI. mugala pAdazAha auraMgajebe 1986-88 mAM e rAjyane jItI laI potAnA rAjyamAM bheLI ghauM. (2) tubazAhIvaMza; enI rAjyapAnI goedA nagara hatuM. ane te 1512 mAM kaI sAhasika varSomAne vasAvyuM. ene paNa raMgajene jItI laI potAnI pAdazAhamAM sAmila karI dIdhuM (16871688). (3) nijAmazAha vaMzanI rAjadhAnI ahamadanagara 1480 mAM vasuM; ane te baMdhAvanAra vijayanagaranA darabAramAM musalamAna thayo brAhmaNa hatA. mugala pAdazAha zAhajahAne 1936 mAM e rAjyane nAza karyo. (4) ImAdazAhI vaMzane amala varADamAM hatA, ane tenuM pATanagara Ilicapura paNa 1484 mAM vijayanagaranA koI hiMdue vasAvyuM hatuM. e rAjyane 1572 mAM ahamadanagaranA rAjya (13) jItI lIdhuM. (5) bArIdazAhIvaMza; enuM pATanagara bIdarate kaI mukI ke gaeNjIana gulAma vasAvyuM (142-1488). ene kabaje thoDe mUlaka hato, ane tene sImADA nakkI thayela na hatA; 169 paryata e svataMtra hatuM. 1957mAM auraMgajebe bIdara gaDha lIdhe.

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prAMtAnI svataMtratA. 135 vijayanagaranA hiMdu rAjyanuM paDI bhAMgavuM -dakSiNa hiMdamAMnA musalamAnI rAjyavaMzono ItihAsa varNava e A pustakano hetu nathI. akabara tathA tenI pAchaLa thayelA pAdazAhanA samayamAM uttaramAM mugala bAdazAhInI dRDha sthApanA thaI tyAM lagI teo pitAnI svataMtratA jALavI zakyA. keTalAka vakhata sudhI vijayanagaranA hiMdu rAjyanI sAme temane jhaghaDo karavo paDaze, paNa 1565 mAM saMpa karI teo teinI sAme vaDhayA. vijayanagaranI hadamAM baLavo uThavAthI temane madada maLI. 1565 mAM tAlikeTanA saMgrAmamAM temaNe vijaya nagaranA rAjAne harAvyo. e laDAImAM vijayanagaranA moTA hiMdu rAjyane anta Avyo, paraMtu tenA mAMDalike athavA nAyake potapatAnA mahAlo ke jAgIrono kabaje rAkhI zakyA, ane dakSiNanA musalamAnI sulatAno e rAjyane keTaleka bhAga mAtra khAlasA karI zakyA. madrAsa ilAkAnA prakhyAta pAlegAre ane hAlanA mahesraranA mahArAjA e nAyakonA vaMzaja che. vijayanagarano eka rAjakamAra caMdragirimAM nAThe ane tyAM teNe rAjyavaMza sthApyA. teNe 1639 mAM potAnI pUrvanI uparI sattAne adhikAra vAparI Igrejane madrAsa vasAvavAne jagA ApI. eja moTA ka vaMzaja hevAne dAvo rAkhanAra eka bIje phaTAyo hajI paNa vijayanagaranA khaMDiyeranI pAse vase che. te anarguDIno rAjA kahevAya che, ne nijAmane khaMDaNa bhare che. musalamAnI samayamAM dakSiNa hiMdanA hiMdu rAjA rANA svataMtratA bhogavatA hatA teno dAkhale joIe to maMjarAbAdanuM kuTuMba che. 1387 thI 1799 sUdhI e nAnakaDA rAjyavaMze svataMtratA bhogavI. prAMtanI svataMtratA-1340 mAM nIcalA baMgALAe dilahInI tAbedArI cheADI dIdhI. tenA musalamAna hAkema phakIra-uda-dIne pote sulatAna thaI paDI gaDa zaheramAM rAjyapAnI karI ane potAne nAme sikkA pADayA. 1538 sUdhImAM baMgALAmAM eka pachI eka vIsa sulatAne amala karyA hatAtyAra pachI humAyue thoDAka vakhata lagI tene sugala pAdazAhImAM bheLI dIdhuM. 1576 mAM akabare e

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136 prathama AvelA vijayI musalamAne. rAjyano nakkI aMta ANuM tene khAlasA karI dIdhuM. e ja pramANe pazcima dimAMnA moTA prAMta gujarAta svataMtra musalamAnI rAjya banyuM hatuM, ane te 1371 thI bameM varasa lagI TakI rahyuM. 1573 mAM akabare tene karyuM. mALavAnA musalamAna hAkema paNa Apa akhatyArI thaI sulatAna banyA hatA. 1531 mAM e rAjyane gujarAtanA salatAne jatI potAnA rAjyamAM joDI dIdhuM. senA ane lAdIvizanA pahelA rAjAnA tophAnI amalamAM gaMgAnA pradezanA madhyabhAge AvelA jaunapura ane tenI joDe vArANasInA mUlaka paNa 1393 thI 1478 sudhI svataMtra musalamAnI rAjya rahyAM. dilhImAM pahelA thayelA rAjyanI nabaLAI-prathama thayelA dilhInA musalamAna hAkemanI sthiti ghaNuM muzkelI bharelI hatI. turka, paThANa, ane tAtAra lokanAM dhADAM DuMgarI ghATane mArge eka pachI eka utarI AvI temanI pahelAM AvelA potAnA dharmavALA savArI karanArA kanethI hiMda chInavI letAM. e kAraNathI dilhInuM rAjya traNu prakAranA saMkaTathI sadA dherAyaluM hatuM. paheluM, madhya eziAmAMthI caDhI AvanArA musalamAnonI navI savArIe; bIjuM, hiMdanI aMdaranA phitUrI susalamAna saradAre athavA hAkema; trIjuM, prathama thayelA dilhInA hAkema hiMduonI je jAtinAM mana meLavI lIdhelAM nahi athavA jemane kacarI nAkhelI nahi te jAti. dilhInA rAjyanI mULanI nabaLI sthiti maTADavAnuM tathA hiMduone rAjya kArabhAramAM sAmila karI paradezathI caDhI AvanArA musalamAnene tathA rAjyamAM vasanArI ati baLavAna salamAna prajAne aMkuzamAM rAkhavAnuM kAma mahAna akabarane mATe rahyuM hatuM.

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prakaraNa 10 muM. mugala vaMza, upara-1761bAbara, 1482-1530-1526mAM bAbara hiMda upara caDhI Avyo tyAre upara kahyuM timatiNe keTalAka musalamAna sulatAna ane hiMdu rAjAnI vacce deza vaheMcAyelo The. ItihAsamAM prakhyAta dilhInA rAjyano je cheDA bhAga rahyA hatA te upara lodha olAdano aphagAna (paThANa) sulatAna AgrAmAM rAjyapAnI karI amala karatA hatA. bAbara (zabdArtha siMha)ne janma 1482 mAM thayo hato, ane timUra tArathI chaThThI peDhIe hato. jakArtI nadIne kAMThe nAnakaDuM phardhananuM rAjya hatuM tenI gAdIe bAra varasanI nAnI umare potAnA bApanI pachI beThA (1884). abhuta sAhasa ryA pachI teNe 1497 mAM timalenanA vaMzanI rAjyadhAnI samarkada jItI lIdhuM. baLavAkhoroe tene harAvyA ane Asisa nadInA pradezamAMthI kADhI mUkyo tyAre 1504 mAM teNe kAbulanuM rAjya kabaje karyuM. hiMdI ghATenI aphagAna bAjue bAvIsa varasa sudhI potAnA baLamAM vadhAro karIne raste 156 mAM paMjAba para ghasAro karyo, ane pANIpatanA raNamAM tiNe dilhInA sulatAna IbrAhIma lAdIne harAvyuM. khavacIna kALamAM hiMdanuM (nasIba ) bhaviSya nakkI karanAra traNa moTA saMgrAma 1526, 1556, 161 mAM eja raNakSetramAM thayA timAMno A pahelo hatA. dilhImAM peThA pachI musalamAnoe tenuM uparIpaNuM svIkAryuM, paraMtu citoDanA rajapUtoetinA upara tarataja humalo karyo. e jAtio ane jamIra, mevADa, ane mALavApara potAno amala besADo hato ane have teo hiMdumahArAjya sthApana karo evuM bhAsavA lAgyuM. AgrAnI najIka kRtihapura sIkrInA raNamAM bAbare temane 1527mAM harAvyA. e dahADe bAbara moTA bhayamAM sapaDAyo hato te mATe, tathA teNe Akharano vakhata pAse jaI dArUne kadI aDavuM nahi evI bAdhA rAkhIne sArU e juha yAda rAkhavA joga che. dakSiNa paMjAbamAM sulatAna lagI ane gaMgAnA pUrva pradezamAM bihAra paryata teNe potAno amala utAvaLe phelAvyo. A 18

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138 mugalavaMza. grAmAM bAbara 1530 mAM maraNa pAmyA, tyAre tenA rAjyano vistAra madhya eziomAM Amu nadIthI nIcalA baMgALAmAM gaMgAnA trikoNa pradezanI hada sudhI hato. humAyuna pAdazAha 1530-155-teno dIkaro humAyuna hiMdamAM tenI gAdIe beThA. paNa tene potAnA bhAI ane harIpha kAmarAnane kAbula ane pazcima paMjAba ApavAM paDayAM. emahadamAM jItelA mUlajjara amala karavAnuM kAma humAyunane hAtha AvyuM, ane tenA bApane je mUlakamAMthI madada maLatI te aphagAnIsthAna ane paMjAbanA sImADAno mUlaka teja vakhate tenA hAthamAMthI gayA. prathama caDhI AvelA aphagAnonA vaMzajo hiMdamAM ghaNA vakhatathI vasyA hatA, teo hiMduo karatAM paNa bAbaranAM navA musalamAna dhADAne vadhAre deSa karatA. baMgALAnA hAkema zerazAhanI saradArI nIce daza varSa sudhI laDI temaNe humAyunane hiMdamAMthI kADhI mUko. siMdhanA raNamAM thaI InibhaNuM te nAsato hato tyAre ane marakeTanA nAnA gaDhamAM tene prakhyAta putra akabara avataya (154ra ). rizAha pAdazAha thaI beThA, paNa kAliMjaranA DuMgarI gaDhapara humale karatAM tenuM mRtyu thayuM (1545). teno zAhajAde tenI gAdIe beThA, paNa baMgALAmAMnA aphagAna kuLano trIjo pAdazAha zararAhano patra amala karatA hatA tyAre mALavA, paMjAba, baMgALA, vagere prAMtie baLavA karyA, ane humAyuna pAcho Avyo. e veLA cAda varasanI ummaranA akabare pANIpatanA raNamAM maraNa thaI laDI aphagAnane harAvyA(1556). hiMdanuM rAjya have A chellIvAranuM aphagAne hAthathI jaI yugalone kabaje AvyuM. zerazAhane vaza jeke nIcalA baMgALAmAM thoDA vakhata Tagumagu rahe topaNa dilhI ane uttara hiMdamAMthI nAbuda thaye. humAyune pitAnuM kAbulanuM rAjya pharIne meLavI thoDA mAsa paryata pAchA dilahImAM amala karyo, paNa 1556 mAM tene kALa thayo. akabaranI kArakIrdIno varasavAra sAra, 1556-1605. 154ra. janma, siMdhanA amarakeTamAM. 1556. pANIpatanI laDAImAM aphagAne chatI potAnA pitA humAyunane kAje dilhInA takhta pAchuM meLave che; (e juddhamAM

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mahAna akabara. 139 vAstavika senApati marAmakhAna hato ). thoDA mahInAmAM bApanI pAchaLa pAdazAha thAya che. e sama bharAmakhAna rAjAnA taraphathI rAjya calAve che. 1560. rAjyavahIvaTa pitAne hAtha le che. berAma baMDa kare che tenA parAjaya karI tene mAphI bakSe che. 156. akabarano bhAI hAkIma je teno harIpha hato tenI paMjAba upara savArI ane tene parAjaya 1562-1568, 2japUta rAjAne mugalapAdazAhInA tAbedAra kare che. 157-1573. gUjarAtamAM jhagaDA ane tenuM pAdazAhImAM pharIne joDAvuM. 1576, baMgALa pharIne jItI le che, ane te deza chellI vAra pAda zAhImAM joDAI jAya che. 1581-1593 gujarAtamAM phiktara. e prAMtane chellIvArane 1593 mAM vaza karavAmAM Ave che. 1586. kAzmIra jItI le che. tenuM chelluM baDa 152 mAM besADI devAmAM AvyuM. 152. siMdha chatI leI sagala rAjyamAM bheLI dIdhu. 1584. kaMdahAra tAbe karyuM ane viMdhyanI uttarethI te kAbula ane ka dahAra lagI yugala rAjyane majabuta karyuM. 155. zAhajAdA murAdanI saradArI nIce dakSiNamAM ahamadanagara upara karelI savArImAM akabaranI pheja phateha pAmI nahi 1599. akabare paDe ahamadanagara upara khIja caDhAI karI. te zahera lIdhuM. paNa tyAM mugala rAjyanI sthApanA thaI nahi. 1901.khAnadezane khAlasA karI akabara pAche uttara hiMdamAM jAya che. 165. AgrAmAM akabaranuM maraNa. mahAna akabara, 1556-165-mahAna akabara tenA bApanI pAchaLa cAda varasanI umare pAdazAha thayA. je gugala pAdazAhI doDhaso varasa rahI tene khare sthApanAra e hato. 1542 mAM janmI 1556 thI 1905 lagImAM eNe pacAsa varasa rAjya karyuM ema IglAMDanI Ilijaya rANI (1558-1903) ane te eka vakhata rAjya karatAM hatAM.

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40 mugalavaMza. tenA pitA humAyune hiMdamAM pAchala mUkeluM rAjya nAnuM sarakhuM hatuM. hAlanA briTiza paMjAba prAntanA jeTaluM paNa te na hatuM. tene vadhArIne akabare vizALa bAdazAhI banAvI. paMjAbamAM baMDakhera paThANenI sAme rAmakhAnanA vAlIpaNanIce akabara laDato hato tevAmAM humAyunano kALa thayo. humAyuna derAvaTe bhagavato hato tevAre akabarane berAmane AdhAra hato ane pANIpatanA raNamAM yuddha karI tene rAjya pAchuM meLavI ApanAra jano kharo senApati paNa rAma hato. rAma jAte kaumana hato. have te khAnabAbA (eTale rAjapitA) no mAnavatA IlakAba meLavI tarUNa akabarano rAjapratinidhi banyA. senApatinuM kAma karavAmAM te bahAdura ane catura hato, paNa svabhAve karaDa ane mijAjI hovAthI teNe ghaNAne potAnA duzmana karyA hatA. cAra varasa paravazapaNuM bhagavyA pachI zikAre javAmAM lAga phAvyAthI akabara e vajIranI dhuMsarIthI chUTo thayo (1560). padabhraSTa thayelA pratinidhinA manamAM rAjyabhakti ane krodha ghaNuvAra dhaLAmAM kIdhAM. pachI teNe baLavo karyo, temAM hAryathI akabare tene mApha karI javA dIdhuM ane sAruM penthAna ApyuM. pachI berAma makAnI haja karavA jatA hatA tevAmAM kaI paThANe tene katala karyo. e paThANanA bApane teNe yuddhamAM haNyo hato. akabaranAM ka -akabarane amala salAhazAMti bharelo hato. 1556 mAM te rAjyAsane beThe te vAre hiMda nAnA rAjyomAM vaheMcAI gayuM hatuM, ane temAM saMpa hevAthI salAhazAMti na hatI; 165 mAM tenuM mRtyu thayuM te vAre te ekasaMpI pAdazAhI potAnA dIkarAne ApI gayApahelAM turka, paThANu ane mugala savArIe hiMdapara AvI, emAMnI baLavAna musalamAna vastI potapotAnA rAjAonA uparIpaNuM nIce hiMdamAM rahI hatI. akabare be musalamAnI rAjyone dilhInI bAdazAhatanA tAbAnA prAMto banAvyA. ghaNAka hiMdu rAjA ane rAjapUta , jAoe pharIne svataMtratA meLavI hatI. akabare temane potAnI rAjyasattAnA tAbedAra banAvyA. lazkaranA baLathI tathA sagAI ane mitrAcArIvaDe teNe A be kAma karyo. lagnasaMbaMdhanI ane snehabhAvanI rAjyarItithI teNe rajapUtAne potAnA rAjAnA madadagAra karyA. pachI

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akabare hidunAM mana meLavyA. 141 teNe temane moTA adhikAra soMpyA, ane upalA hiMdamAM bhagalapakSanI sAme ane baMgALamAM aphagAna ToLInI sAme hiMdu matadAro ane hiMdu kArabhArIone rAkhIne eka bIjAnA kAma upara dAba rahe evI yukti racI. rajapUtone vaza karyA, 1562-1568-humAyunathI maLeluM rAjya te nAnuM hatuM. temAM paMjAba ane dilhI tathA ArAnA mahAle mAtra hatA. akabare pADA mAMnAM 2japUta saMsthAnone tAbe karI tene utAvaLe vadhAryuM. jayapuranA rAjAne jItI tene pAdazAhatano jAgIdAra banAvyA, ane tenI kuMvarIne paraNuM e chatane puSTi ApI. jodhapurane paNa e pramANe vaza karyuM, ane tenA rAjAnI pautrI vere akabare potAnA vArasa ane pachI jahAMgIra nAma dhAraNa karI pAdarA thanArane paraNAvyA. lAMbe vakhata jhagaDe cAlyA pachI citoDanA rajapUto parAjaya pAmyA, to paNa temaNe potAnA UMcA kSatrI kaLanI sagAI pAdazAha vire paNa karavAnI nA kahI. parvatomAM ane siMdhanA raNamAM bharAItae bacyA, ane pachIthI tyAMthI nIkaLI pitAnA jAnA rAjyano ghaNuM khare bhAga temaNe pAchA jItI lIdho, tathA udepura vasAvI temAM rAdhAnI karI. Aja paryata e temanI pAse che. hajI e mUke tAla daI kahe che ke moTI rajapUta jAtamAM mAtra ame ja koI mugala pAdarAhane kanyA dIdhI nathI. A hiMdunAM mana meLavyAM-hareka hiMdu saMsthAnanuM mana miLavavAnI rAjyanIti akabare jArI rAkhI. vaLI teNe nAnA hiMdu umarAne paNa kAme lagADyA. jayapuranA rAjAnA kuMvarane eTale potAnA sALAne, paMjAbane gavarnara TharAvyA. temaja tenA hiM6 sagA rAjA mAnasiMhe kAlathI orissA sudhImAM laDavAnI sevA achI bajAvI ane 1589 thI 1604 sudhI baMgAlI hAkemI karI. akabarane dIvAna eTale vasulAta khAtAno uparI rAjA ToDaramala paNa hiMdu hato. teNe hiMdamAM pahelIvAra jamInanI jamAbaMdhI ane majaNuM karI. 415 mansabdAra eTale peDesavAra kejanA uparI hatA, teomAMnA 51 hiMdu hatA. akabare jajIAve, eTale jeo musalamAna na

Page #156
142 mugalavaMza. haiyatimane ApavAno kara mApha karyo, ane potAnI tamAma reyatane eksarakhA rAjyahaka ApyA. saMskRta dharmapustako ane vIrarasa kAvyonAM phArasImAM bhASAMtara karAvyAM. te pitAnI hiMdu prajAne mATe bahu kALajI rAkhatA. teNe temanA kAyadA ti svIkAryA, paNa temanI krUra kriyA baMdha pADI. dhIjanI, janAvaronA bhega ApavAnI, ane juvAnI phuTaTyA pahelAM thatAM bALalagna karavAnI tiNe manA karI. hiMdu vidhavAnA punarlagna karavA viSe teNe kAyado karyo, paraMtu satI thavAne dhAre te baMdha pADI zakyo nahi; bAInI rAjI khuzI vinA tene bALI nAMkhI zakAya nahi, evo baMdobasta mAtra teNe karyo musalamAnI saMsthAnone tAbe karyA-e pramANe akabare patAnI hiMdu yitane mUlakI ane lazkarI nokarImAM dAkhala karI rAjyavahIvaTamAM madadagAra banAvI ane temanI sahAyatAthI uttara hiMdanA svataMtra musalamAna sulatAnane jItyA. paMjAbathI bahAra sudhImAM ApaakhatyArI nAnA nAnA hAkema hatA temane teiNe vaza karyA. keTalAka jhagaDA thayA pachI zerazAhanI kaLanA paThANu zAhajAdAo kanethI taNe baMgALA jItI lIdha (1576,138 pAne juo.) pachI meM varasa (1576-1765) paryaMta te mugalAI rAjyanA prAMta rahe ne tyAM dilhIthI nImAyalA hAkemoe amala calAvyo. 1765 mAM pAdazAha sanadathI te IMgrejane maLyo. baMgALAne kAMThe Avela orissA prAMta akabaranA hiMdu senApati ToDaramalanA hAtha nIcenA lazkarone tAbe 1174 mAM thayo. hiMdanI bIjI bAjue Avelo gRjarAta deza tyAMnA susalamAna sulatAna pAsethI karIne jItI lIdhA (1572-73), paraMtu 1583 lagI te pUrepUra tAbe levA nahi. 1572 mAM mALavA jItyA hatA. kAzamIradeza 1586 mAM chavAyo ane tenuM chelluM baMDa 1592 mAM zamyuM. siMdhane 159ra mAM khAlasA karyo; 1594 mAM kaMdahAra pharIne hAtha AvyAthI aphagAnistAnanA madhya bhAgathI vidhyanI uttaranA badhA hiMdamAM pUrva orissA, ane dakSiNe siMdha sadhI mugalAI rAjya phelAyuM. teNe rAjyadhAnI dihImAMthI kADhI AgrAmAM TharAvI, ane AgaLa jatAM pATanagara karavAne kRtihapura sIkrI nAme zahera va

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akabarano navo dharma. 143 sAvyuM, jamanAnA moTA jaLamArga upara AgrAnuM vadhAre sAruM sthaLa joIne pAchaLathI teNe e irAdo badalyA 156 mAM teNe AgrA gaDha be dhAvyo. tene rAtI retInA patthara (reDamAnDasTena) no koTa hajI lagI moTA dabadabAthI jamanA upara jhajhumI rahyo che. dakSiNa hiMda mAM akabaranA prayatno-dakSiNa hiMdamAM mugalAI rAjya sthApavAnI tenI koziza evI sArI rIte pAra paDI nahi. e kozizano AraMbha 1586 mAM thayo, paraMtu ahamadanagaranI musalamAna rANuM cAMdabIbInI bahAdurI ane rAjakAjanI dezIrIthI te mithyA thaI. dakSiNamAM habasI ane IranI pakSa hatA, patieno e bIbIe caturAIthI saMpa karAvyo ane vijApura vigere dakSiNanA musalamAnI saMsthAne joDe saMpa karI pitAnA baLamAM vadhAro karyo. 1599 mAM akabara paDe ke ja laI te bAInI sAme yuddha karavAne gayo; ahamadanagaranI keje phitUra karI cAMdabIbInuM khUna karyuM; to paNa zAhajahAMnA amalamAM 1636 sudhI e rAjya chatAyuM nahi. akabare khAnadezane tAbe karyo ane tene potAnA rAjya sAthe joDI dIdhuM. A lAbha ke na Take evo hato. tyAra pachI jItavAnuM kAma baMdha karI te uttara hiMdamAM pAchA gayo. kadAcit teNe ema dhAryuM haze ke dakSiNa deza chatavAne joIe eTaluM sAmarthya mArI navI pAdazAhImAM nathI. akabaranuM maraNa-akabaranA jIvataranAM pAchalAM varasa tenA kaTuMbanAM kAvatarAMthI ane tenA priyaputra salIma je pachavADethI jahAMgIra nAme pAdazAha thayo tenI badacAlathI bedakAraka thaI paDayAM. 1605 mAM tenuM mRtyu thayuM. sikaMdrAnA umadA rojAmAM tenA zabane dATayuM che. e rojAmAM boddha dharmanA devalane ghATa ane arabI nakazInI meLavaNuM jovAmAM Ave che, te mugalAI rAjyanA sthApanAra akabarane mizra dharma batAve che. je sAdA ArasanI zilAnI e akabaranI lAsa che tenA mAnakAje te para oDhADavAne jaTiza vAIsarAya laoNrDa nabuke 1873 mAM cAdara ApI hatI. akabarano navo dharma-akabare hiMdanAM mana meLavI lIdhAM ane

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144 mugalavaMza. temanI vidyA ane temanA dharma upara bhAva dekhADo, tethI ghaNAka bhAvika musala no tenA verI thayA. tenI mAnItI rANI 2japUta rAjAnI kuMvarI hatI. tenI eka bIjI begama prIstI (vizvAsI ) dharma mAnatArI hatI evuM kahevAya che. zukravAre ( IslAmanA ArAmane vAre) aneka dharmanA AcAryone potAnI pAse bhegA karavAne tene zokha hato. brAhmaNa ane musalamAna, anipUjaka (pArasI), yAhudI, je yujha (beka jAtanA khristI pAdarI), ane nAstikatavattAnI e sapaLAnI takarAra te niSpakSapAtapaNe sAMbhaLo. judAjudA dhamanA patinI eka samAnI hakIkata enA janmacaritra akabaranA mAhamAM che. e samAmAM khristI pAdarI reDIphe keTalAka musalamAna mulAnI sAthe badhA dharmanA paMDitonI rUbarU vAdavivAda karyo, ane temAM tenI dalIla vadhAre saMgIna mAlUma thaI hatI. mana mAnato dharma mAnavAnI sarvane chuTa hovI joIe evA vicAra para cAlI sarva dhamainI carcA sAMbhaLyA pachI potIkA bApadAdAnA musalamAnI dharmanI saccAI vire tenA manamAM zaMkA utpanna thaI. devatAI sarvazakti amArAmAM che e bhAva hara koInA manamAM Apa akhtiyArapaNAne lIdhe utpanna thAya che, tene maLatI salAha tenA mitra abula phAjala kanethI maLavAthI teNe nA pAdazAhI dharma pragaTa karyo. kudaratanA avakana vaDe maLatA IdharajJAnane AdhAre e na IzvarI dharma sthApyo hato, ane temAM jAguvAmAM AvelA sadhaLA matinA sItama pracAra dAkhala karyA hatA. A banAvaTI saMpradAyano pegaMbara ke vadhAre kharuM kahIe to teno pramukha akabara paDe hatA. jagatane sajIvana karanAra IzvarI cetana darzAvanAre sUraja che ema mAnI tenI pUjA te dararoja savAre ughADe cheka karato, ane ajJAna, loka akabaranI sevA karatA. ema jAte pUjavavAne te paDe kone kaMI uttejana Apati ke nahi te saMzaya bhareluM che, tathApita pitAnA zivyAne khAnagImAM page lAgavA deto e vAta nakkI che. paNa e kAraNane lIdhe je namana mAtra paramezvaraneja karavAnI rajA che te svIkAravAno deSa vadhAre Astika musalamAno tenA para mUkatA hatA.

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akabaranI rAjayaracanA. 15 akabaranI rAkhyaracanA-viMdhya parvatanI uttare Avela tamAma hiMda akabare vaza karyo eTaluM ja nahi, paNa tyAM vaLI teNe bAdazAhI sthApI, rAjyanA vibhAga pADI prAti TharAvyA ane pratyeka prAMtane kArabhAra calAvavAne gavarnara ke vAIsarAya (sUbedAra ) nImyAM. e hAkemone dIvAnI ane lazkarI kAmano kula adhikAra saMkhyA hatA. e adhikAra vAparavAnAM traNa khAtAM karyAM hatAM. lazkarI, nyAya (polIsano samAveza e bhAgamAM karyo hato) ane vasUlAta. phejamAM baMDa thatAM te tathA lazkaranA uparane svataMtra thatA aTakAvavAnA IrAdAthI lazkaranI racanA navA pAyA para pharIne karI. senApatione jAgIro ApavAnI jUnI paddhatine badale banI zake tema sipAIone pagAra ApavAnI taNe goThavaNu karI. A pheraphAra jyAM banI zakyA nahi, tyAMnA jAnA lazakarI jAgIradArene rAjyanA madhyasthaLa eTale dilhInA adhikAra taLe mUkyA. vaLI prAtinA senApatikhAnI svataMtratA aTakAvavAne teNe eka prakAranI lazkarI vatanadArInI rIta dAkhala karI ne temAM mugala umarAvonI joDAjoDa khaMDiyA hiMdu rAjya vazIone rAkhyA. nyAya khAtAne mATe rAjadhAnImAM eka nyAyAdhIza ( mIraI-adala ) TharAvyo hato, ane tene madada karavAne mukhya nagaramAM kAcha rAkhyA hatA. zaheremAM polIsanA uparI keTavALa hatA. keTavALane mAchaTa akhatyAra paNa Apyo hato. paragaNuMomAM jyAM kAMI paNa polIsa hatI, teno vahIvaTa vatanadAre ke vasUlAta khAtAnA adhikArIo calAvatA. paNa AkhA hiMdanA gAmAmAM lekanA jAna mAlanuM rakSaNa karavAne briTiza rAjyanI sthApanAnI pUrve niyamasara koI phoja rAkhavAmAM AvelI hatI ema kahI zakAya nahi. hiMdu gAmamAM vaMzaparaMparA nokarI karanAra rokIdAra raheto, dezanA ghaNA bhAgamAM e ekIdAra lUTArU jAtanA hatA tathA teo ghaNIvAra ceranI sAme thatA tema ghaNe prasaMge teo sAthe maLI paNa jatA. jamIdArone ane vasUlAta khAtAnA amaladArone potapatAnA paMDanA pilIsa sipAI hatA. teo potAnA dhaNune nAme kheDutane lUTatA. 19

Page #160
146 mugaladza. akabaranI vasulAta paddhati-akabaranI vasUlAta paddhatino pAyo prAcIna hiMdu rUDhIone AdhAre hatA, ane te avApi cAlu che. prathama teNe khetaronI mojaNI karAvI eTale khetarenAM kharekharAM mApa karAvyAM. tyArakeDe tenA amaladAre dareka vidhAmAM keTaluM pAke che tenI beLa karI, ane kula ekaMdaramAMno eka tRtIyAMza sarakArano hisso TharAvyo. chelle pAkamAMnA sarakAranA A bhAgane badale nANuM ApavAnA dara TharAvyA. pahelAM to khetaranI jamAbaMdhI nAme oLakhAtI A badhI vidhi dara varase karavAmAM AvatI, paraMtu evI vArSika tapAsathI kheDuta para paDato jAlama ane saMtApa dUra karavAne evI tapAsa daza daza varase karavI TharAvI. kula upajamAMthI trIje hisso UdharAvavAmAM tenA adhikArIo cekasa hatA; ane hAla uttara hiMdamAM IMgrejane jamInanA karathI jeTalI pedAza che tethI akabarane vadhAre hatI. aphagAna sImADAnI pilImeranA kAbula ane dakSiNa khAnadeza suddhAM tenA paMdara prAMta hatA. teo para jamIna khAte dara varase cAda karoDa rUpIAno vire hato. athavA kAbula, khAnaza, ane siMdha bAda karatAM e khAte 123 karoDanI upaja hatI. 1783 mAM uttara hiMdanA ethI ghaNuM vadhAre mUlapara aMgreja sarakArane kara mAtra bAra karoDa rUpI A hato. kSetraphaLa ane mAlanI | kismata tathA rUpAno bhAva e sarva dhyAnamAM letAM akabarano kara che"greja le che tethI Azare traNagaNe hato. 1883 5chInAM be patrakamAM akabaranI jamInanI pedAza 16 ane 17 karoDa batAvI che. yAdazAhI lazkarathI juduM bhUmi lazkara prAMtimAM hatuM. tenA kharcanA ochAmAM ochA daza karoDa rUpiA prAtAne mAthe hatA. kAbula ane khAnadezane bAda karatAM jamInanI upaja khAte ane bhUmiphajanA verA khAte uttara hiMdanA kheDuto pAse akabara darasAla bAvIsa karoDa rUpI AthI vadhAre mAgato. e uparAMta bIjA keTalAka paracuraNa varA hatA. akabaranI kula upajakara karoDa rUpI AnI gaNavAmAM AvI che. akabaranA pradhAne -akabaranA hiMdu pradhAna rAjA ToDaramale

Page #161
jahAMgIra pAdazAha. 17 jamAbaMdInuM kAma karyuM. tenuM nAma Aje paNa gALAnA kheDUtanA koI dharamAM ajANayuM nathI. vidvAna abula phAjala akabarano dIvAna (vasUlAta khAtAne pradhAna) hato. teNe AIna-I-akabarImAM rAjyanI sthitinuM patraka ApyuM che, tathA tenA svAmInA darabAranuM ane tenI dararojanI hakIkatanuM asarakAraka varNana lakhyuM che. hAla te vAMcatAM manoraMjaka lAge che. 1603 mAM TIlAta zAhajAdA salImanI zIkhavaNIthI abula phAjalane keIe mArI nAMkhe abula kAjalanI hatyAthI akabaranI vRddhAvasthAne kalaMka lAgyuM. jahAMgIra pAdazAha 1605-1927 -akabaranA vahAlA dIkarA salIme tenA pitAnI pachI 1605 mAM pAdazAha thaI 1927 sudhI jahAMgIra eTale duniyAne jItanAra nAma dhAraNa karI rAjya karyuM. e bAvIsa varasane amala eNe potAnA putranA baLavA besADI devAmAM, potAnI begamanI sattAne UMce daraje caDAvavAmAM ane jAti mojamajhA karavAmAM gALyuM. dakSiNamAM teNe lAMbA vigraha calAvyA, paNa tethI tenA bApe meLavelA bhUlakamAM thoDAja vadhAre thayAviMdhya parvatanI dakSiNe AveluM hiMda hajI uttaramAMnI dilhInI bAdazAhatathI juduM rahyuM. hAra pAmyAM chatAM ahamadanagaranA habasI vajIra malika aMbare te rAjyanuM svataMtrapaNuM jALavI rAkhyuM. jahAMgIranA rAjyane ati tene baMDakhAra dIkaro zAhajAdo zAhajahAna dakSiNamAM nAzI gayo hato, ane malika aMbara je maLI jaI mugala senAnI sAme vaDhato hato. rajapUto paNa pAchA svataMtra thavA lAgyA. 1614 mAM pAdazAhanI vatI zAhajahAne udepUranA rANuM upara jIta meLavI, paraMtu e jIta apUNa hatI, ane te mAtra thoDA vakhata TakI. e damiyAna rajapUtanI TUkaDIo pAdazAhI phejemAM mukhya madada ApanArI thaI paDI. kAbulamAM phitUra thayuM te baMdha pADavAmAM zAhajahAne temanA 5,000 savAroe madada karI hatI. 1921 mAM aphagAnistAnane kaMdahAra prAMta jahAMgIra kanethI IzAnIoe khuMcavI lIdhe. jahAMgIranA amalamAM mugalAI rAjyanA jamInaverAnI upaja 17 karoDa rUpiA rahI, ane tenI kula pedAza 50 karoDa rUpiAnI hatI evI gaNatrI karavAmAM AvI che.

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148 mugalavaMza. begama arajahAna-jahAMgIranI kArakIrdImAM mukhya sattA calAvanAra tenI begama arajahAna "duniyAnuM teja" che. ene nuramahAla mahelanuM teja" paNa kahe che. garIbAImAM ucharelIto paNuti IrAnI umarAva kaLanI hatI. akabaranA samayamAM te beu UgatI juvAnImAM hatAM te vAre e strInI phuTaDAIe jahAMgIranuM mana mohyuM. pitAnA kuMvarathI dUra karavAne vRddha pAdazAhe te bAIne keAI bahAdura sipAIvare paraNAvI hatI. e sipAIne baMgALAmAM UMcI pAyarInI nokarI maLI hatI. jahAMgIra tapta beThA te vAre e nArIne talAka ApavAne pharamAvyuM. paNa tema karavAnI tenA vare nA pADI tethI tene teNe katala karAvyo. e vidhavA bAIne rAjamahelamAM ANI, tyAM te keTalAka vakhata lagI zIyaLa vrata pALI ekAMta rahI. paNa ati begama rajahAM 'duniyAnuM teja' evuM nAma dhAraNa karI bahAra paDI. teiNe potAnA sagAne pitAnI AsapAsa rAkhyA, ane mojIlA jahAMgIra upara prathama je sattA teiNe calAvI te pAdazAhane lAbhakArI hatI. paraMtu pAdazAhI zAhajAdAo ane mugala saradAre tenA pakSanI adekhAI karatA tethI kAvatarAM thayAM ane baMDa uDyAM. tenA vijayI senApati - hAbatakhAnane 1626 mAM potAnA bacAva khAtara tenI sAmA thavuM paDayuM. teNe bAdazAhane jhAlI nurajahAM sahita mAsa lagI keda rAkhyo. khIjI sAlamAM (1627 mAM ) tenA putra zAhajahAne ane tenA mATAmAM meTA senApati mahAbatakhAne UThAle baLavo cAlato hatA tevAmAM jahAMgIranuM maraNa thayuM. jahAMgIranAM lakSaNa-hiMdamAM AvelA pahela vahelA briTiza elacI sara Tomasa roe khuda jahAMgIranAM lakSaNa Abehuba varNavyAM che ( 1615). sarakAranuM madhyasthaLa AgrA jArI rahyuM hatuM, paNa pAdazAhI sainya kuca karatuM te vAre bhabhakAdAra rAjadhAnI jevuM te banI rahetuM. jahAMgIrane mata aA hatA ke musalamAnI dharmathI akabara bahu khullI rIte chUTo paDagho hato. navA pAdazAha bahArathI susalamAnI dharmanI rItabhAta pALI tene vadhAre vaLagI rahyo, to paNa dharma viSe aMdaranI lAgaNI tenAmAM teinA pitA jevI na hatI. potAnI raiyatane

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zAhajahIna pAdazAha. 149 dArU pIvAnI manA karI hatI ane paDe chAkaTa thaI' mijhamajhAmAM rAtanI rAta gumAvato. dArU pItAM pItAM dharmanI vAto karatA ane tene keTaloka nIza caDato tyAre te raDato ane bIjA manovikArone AdhIna thatA, ne madharAta sudhI tevI sthitimAM jArI rahetA jAheramAM te sazuNunuM DALa barAbara jALavI rAkhatA, ane jenA moDhAmAMthI madirAne vAsa Ave tevA mANasane potAnI hajUramAM kadI AvavA deto nahi. eka veLA tenI madhyarAtanI japhatamAM bhAga lenAra eka darabArI vagara vicAre te viSe bIjI savAre kAMIka bolyoevI chAkaTAImAM tenI joDe jeo sAmila hatA teonAM nAma bAdazAhe gaMbhIrapaNe pUchI lIdhAM, ane pachI te mANasane lAkaDIne mAra eTale ta marAvyo ke temAMno eka tethI marI gaye. sAvadha avasthAmAM jahAMgIra pitAnA rAjyanuM kAma DahApaNathI karato. killAnA koTaparathI jamIna sUdhI eka sAMkaLa te rAkhato. te sAMkaLanA eka cheDAne saMbaMdha tenA pitAnA oraDAmAM TAgelA keTalAka suvarNa dhaTe jeDe karelo hato. darabArIonI mArkata vinA, evaDe harakoI mANasa potAnI pharyAda pAdazAhane jAhera karI zakato. chezuka sAhasika yurepavAsIo tenA darabAramAM gayA, ane jahAMgIre temanA hunara ane dharma baMnene Azraya Apyo. tenI juvAnImAM teNe pitAnA bApa nA dharma kabUla rAkhyA hatA. evuM kahevAya che ke pAdazAha thayo tevAre teNe akabarane IzvarI mAna maLatuM tevuM mAna potAne ApavAnI paravAnagI ApI hatI. jahAMgIranI pahelI vahu hiMdu rAjakumArI hatI. khristanI ane kumArikA mariyAma (merI ) nI AkRtiothI tenI japamALA zebhatI hatI ane tenA be bhatrijA tenI pUrNa maMjUrIthI khristI thayA hatA. zAhajahAna pAdazAha 1628-1858-bApanA maraNanI vAta sAMbhaLI zAhajahAne dakSiNamAMthI utAvaLe uttaramAM AvI 1628 nA jAnevArI mAsamAM pite pAdazAha thayAne DhaTe AgrAmAM pheravyA. saro daramA bAMdhI ApI teNe nurajahone darabArathI dUra rAkhI temaja potAnA bhAI zaharI Ara tathA gAdIpara haka dharAvI sAmA thAya tevA eka

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150 mugalavaMza. baranA tamAma vaMzajone mArI nAkhyA. evI rIte vaLI teNe te begamane darabAramAM pakSa hato tene samULago nAza karyo. paNa loka je te vyAja khI rIte vartatA. tenI Adata khAmI vagaranI hatI. te mahesUlanI bAbatamAM pravINa hatA ane bhabhakAdAra darabAra, suzobhita jAhera mAratana, ane vegaLanI lazkarI savArIone kharca karatAM chatAM jeTalI karakasara thaI zake teTalI karato. zAhajahAnanA vakhatamAM aphagAnistA nane kaMdahAra prAMta mugalAI rAjyathI chUTo paDayo te pharIne temAM bhaLe nahi, paNa teNe rAjyano viratAra dakSiNamAM vadhAryo ane uttara hiMdamAM zobhAyamAna makAno baMdhAvyAM. e imArato mugalAI rAjyanuM ati tajavI saMbhAraNuM che. dilhInI keje 1937 mAM thoDIvAra bakhane kabaje karyo ane kaMdahAra prAMta kharekhara pharIne jItI lIdhuM. tyArapachI zAhajahAne potAne aphagAnistAnamAM ghaNuM mUlaka bo; ane 1953 mAM IrAnIoe kaMdahAra prAMtane mugalAI rAjyamAMthI chUTa pADI laI lIdhe. ethI UlaTuM dakSiNadeza pAdazAhImAM bhaLyA, tyAM ati ahamadanagara chatAyuM ane 1936mAM mugalAI rAjya sAthe joDAyuM. 1572 mAM ahamadanagara sAthe Ilicapura joDAyuM hatuM te paNa joDe mugala pAdarazAhane maLyuMti bidaragaDa 1657 mAM jItI lIdhuM. pAMca rAjyamAMnAM bijApura ane gAvalakoMdA e be pAchaLa thanArA pAdazAha - raMgajebanA amalasUdhI chatAyAM nahi, paraMtu temane khaMDaNuM ApavAnI jarUra zAhajahAne pADI. tema have e sthaLamAM (dakSiNamAM ) marAThA dekhAva devA lAgyA. temaNe pahelo hAtha 1937mAM ahamadanagara para karyo temAM teo phateha pAmyA nahi, paNa temaNe AgrahI thaI eka pachI eka hiMdu humalA calAvavA mAMDyA, tithI AvatA saikAmAM mugalAI pAdazAhata tUTI paDanAra hatI. auraMgajeba ane tenA bhAIe potAnA bApanA taraphathI dakSiNa hiMdamAM ane aphagAnistAnamAM vigrahacalAvatA hatA. zAhajahAnanI ImAratA-eka ke be lazkarI caDhAIono sama bAda karatAM potAnI kArakIrdIne bAkIno vakhata zAhajahAne ghaNuM damAmathI uttara hiMdamAM gALe AgrAmAM teNe atizaya suMdara tAjamahAlane rAjo baMdhAvyo. ArasamAM utArela A svajha sarakhe vATe

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zahAjahAnanA rAjyanI " . detyoe manamAM goThavyo ane jhaverIoe pUrepura, ria. kilAmAM tenI moTI majida che te kadAcit duniyAmAM sauthI vadhAre svaccha ane ramaNIya prArthanAmaMdira che. A ane bIjI ImAratI kArIgarInI khUbIothI potAnA dAdAnA pATanagarane zaNagArI na dharAtAM teNe rAjadhAnIne pharI dilhImAM laI javAnI yojanA karI ane te zaherane anupama ThAThamAThavALAM makAnethI zobhAyamAna karyuM. tenI moTI jummA masjidatinA amalanA 4thA varasamAM baMdhAvavA mAMDI ane 10 mA varasamAM te pUrI thaI. dilahIne mahela, hAla killAnuM kAma bajAve che, te 160083200phuTa samAMtarabAjAcekhUNu jagA reke che, ane tamAM Arasa ane sArA pASANunI uttama nakadAra ane kImatI ImArata che. UMDA daravAjAmAM thaIne maherAbadAra divAnakhAnAmAM javAyache, ati moTA (gAyika kAthila) gAthika bAMdhaNunA khristI devalane madhya bhAge AvelA ghumaTanI mAphaka te dIvAnakhAnAnI uMcAI be majalA che, ane tenI laMbAI 375 phuTa che-zilpakaLAne ItihAsa kartA pharagyusana kahe che ke "harakoI ThekANAnA mahelanA daravAjAmAM e daravAje zreSTha che." "divAna-IkhAsa" eTale khAnagI mulAkAtanuM evAna (mahela) nadIne tIre AvI rahyuM che. emAM ghaNuM caturAIbharehuM nAjuka jaDAvakAma ane adbhuta nakazIkAma che. zAhajAhAne potAnI kArakIrdInAM ghaNuM varasa dilhImAM gALyAM ane e zaherane zaNagArI evuM taiyAra kIdhuM ke tenI pachI pAdazAha thanAra auraMgajebanA samayamAM duniyAnI saghaLI rAjadhAnIo karatAM vadhAre sundara e nagara banI rahyuM hatuM. dilhInI bAMdhaNuo uttama rUpALI che, te paNa akabare cahulA rAtA pattharano kille AgrAmAM che, teno bhavya dekhAva, bahAra nIkaLI AvatI nakazI, ane cAra khaMDanI hiMdu bAMdhaNIne ThekANe zAhajahAnano ArasanI ImAratamAM kAMIka nAjuka sundaratA che. rAhajahAnanA rathanI pedAza -zAhajahAnanA samayamAM mugalAI rAjyanuM baLa ane bhabhake vadhAremAM vadhAre hatA. tenI pachI tenA kara auraMgajebe rAjyane viratAra vadhAryo, te paNa tenI joDe

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upara * mugalavaMza. tenA nAzanAM bIja paNa ropyAM. akabaranA vakhatamAM jamInanI u ja 1LA kareDa te vadhIne zAhajahAnanA amalamAM rara karoDa rUpIA thaI. e vadhAre mukhyatve navA jItelA mUlamAM hatA. paNa e AMkaDAmAM kAzmIra ane aphagAnistAnanA pAMca pratinI pirAza hatI. e pAMcamAMnA keTalAka prAti zAhajahAne beyA. hidanI hadamAMhenI jamInanI pedAza mugalAI rAjyane ra0 karoDa rUpi AnI hatI. zAhajahAnanA darabArano vaibhava joI yUropanA musApharo vismaya pAmatA hatA. tenA mayUrAsanamAMnA tathA te AsananAM caLakatAM pUchaDAMmAMnAM svAbhAvika raMga badalatAM mANekanIlama(zanI) ane pAnA (lIlama) nI kismata jhaverI tAvartire hA karoDa rUpiA karI hatI. zAhajAdA raMgajebano baLavo, 1957.-akabaranA vezamAM baMDAra putro thatA e jAtanI tene mATe miTI Aphata hatI. jahAMgIra jema potAnA mAyALa pitA akabarano sAmA baLavA karyA hatA, ane zAhajahAne jema jahAMgIranI sAmA phitUra macAvyuM hatuM tema have zAhajahAno vAro Avyo tyAre teNe potAnA kuTuMbanAM kAvatarAM ane baLavAne lIdhe duHkha bhogavyuM. 1957mAM gharaDA bAdazAha mAMdo paDyo; ane auraMgajebe potAnA bhAIo joDe kapaTI jhaghaDe karI potAnA bApane padabhraSTa kI, tathA 1658 mAM paDe pAdazAhapada dhAraNa karyuM. e duHkhI pAdazAhane teNe sAta varasa baMdIkhAne rAkhyo. zAhajahAna 1668 mAM AgrA gaTamAM rAjahI tarIke maraNu pAmyo. raMgajebanA amalane vasavAra sAra. 158-177. 1658 zAhajahAnane padabhraSTa karI auraMgajeba rAjya haraNa kare che. 1658 raMgajeba pitAnA bhAIe suja ane dArane harAve che. je saradArane zaraNe dArA gayo hato teNe tene pakaDI - raMgajebane ApyA, auraMgajebe tene mArI nAMkhavA. 1660 auraMgajeba ane sujAne jhaghaDo jArI rahyuM temAM Akhare sujA ArAkAnamAM nAzI jAya che ane duHkha pAmI marI jAya che.

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raMgajebanA amalane varasavAra sA2. 15 1961 auraMgajeba pitAnA saithI nAnAbhAI murAdane kedakhAnAmAM mArI nAMkhe che. 1962 oraMgajebanA senApati mIrajumhAe AsAmapara caDhAI karI paNa temAM jaya maLe nahiM. dakSiNamAM tophAna-mijApura ane zivAjInA hAtha nIce marAThAnevigraha keTalIka hArajIta thayA pachI marAThI rAjyanI sthApanAra zivAjI ghaNeka mUlaka kabaje rAkhe che. 1962-1965 mugalAI rAjyanI sAme zivAjI baLo UThAve che. 1964mAM te rAjyapada dhAraNa kare che. ane potAne svataMtra thayAnuM jAhera rIte kahe che, paNa 1965mAM tenA upara maTI keja mokalavAthI te tAbe thAya che, ane dilhI jAya che. tyAM tene najarakeda karavAmAM Ave che, paraMtu thoDA vakhatamAM te nAsI chuTache. 1666 padabhraSTa pAdazAha zAhajahAnanuM maraNa, dakSiNamAM vigraha, ane bijApurane sulatAna mugalasenAne harAveche. 1667 oraMgajeba jeo zivAja salAha kare che ane keTalAka mUlaka meLave che. bijApura ane mAlakAMdAnAM rAjyo kane thI zivAjI khaMDaNI le che. 1670 zivAjI khAnadeza ane dakSiNa che. ane tyAM cothA eTale Upajano cethA bhAga UgharAve che. e eNe 5 hela vahelI A vakhate UgharAvavA mAMDI. 1972 zivAjI mugalone harAve che. 1677 auraMgajeba jajhIA 1ro eTale jeo musalamAna na hoya teo pAsethI levAne mAthAro pAchA cAlu kare che. 1678 rajapUto je auraMgajebane vaDhavADathaIoraMgajebane sauthI nAno zAhajAdo akabara baLa karI rajapUtane jaImaLe che, paNa tenuM lazkara tenAthI chUTuM paDe che. zAha jAdA akabarane marAThA kane nAzI javuM paDe che. 1972-1680 dakSiNamAM marAThAno vadhAre. 1974 mAM zivAjIe 20

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mugalaveza. rAyagaDhamAM potAne svataMtra bhUpati pramANe rAjyAbhiSeka karAvyo. bijApuranAM ane mugalanAM rAjyo jaDe tenA vigraha. 1680 mAM zivAjI nuM maraNa ane tenI gAdIe tenA dIkarA saMbhALanuM besavuM. 1683 potAnI moTI pheja sahita oraMgajeba jAti dakSiNa upara caDhe che. 168-1688 bijApura ane golA e baMne rAjyone chatI e raMgajeba khAlasA kare che. 1688 oraMgajeba saMbhAjIne pakaDI jaMgalIpaNe mArI nAMkhe che. 199ra marAThAnA svataMtra saradArenI sAthe niyama vagaranI laDAI 1988 oraMgajeba marAThA pAsethI jigaDha jItI le cheH 19-1001 satArA ane bIjA marAThI killA raMgajeba jIte che, marAThAno upalaka dekhAti nAza. 1702-1705 marAThAnI navI phataha. 1706 auraMgajeba ahamadanagaramAM pAcho jAya che ane 1707 duHkha pAmI tyAM maraNa pAme che. eraMgajeba pAdazAha, 158-1707-keda karelA bApane ThekANe 1958 mAM AlamagIra eTale jagane jItanAra evo IlakAba dhArA karI eraMgajebe pote pAdazAha thayAnAM jAheranAmAM kADhayAM, ane 107 sudhI rAjya karyuM. oraMgajebanA amalamAM mugalAI rAjyane vistAra vadhAremAM vadhAre thayo hato. paNa tenI ogaNa pacAsa varasanI lAMbI kArakIrdImAM mugala amalamAM vAraMvAra thatA kamakamATa baralA nATakarUpI banAvo mAtra vadhAre dabadabAvALA rUpamAM mAluma paSche. enA paMDanA saMbaMdhamAM tenA rAjyane AraMbha potAnA bApanI sAmA UThAvelA baMDathI thayo; potAnA bhAIonA khUnathI te vadhAre majabuta thayuM, ane tenA pitAnA putranA baLavA, kArastAna, ane adekhAIthI, tenI kArakIdI jhAMkhI paDI tene aMta Avyo uttara hiMdamAM moTA ThAThamAThavALuM darabAra, dakSiNamAMnAM svataMtra musalamAnI rAjyone jItavAM, ane rajaputAnAnAM temaja dakSiNanAM hiMdu

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dakSiNa hiMdamAM raMgajebanI laData. 150 rAjya mugalAI bAdazAhatane UthalAvI pADavAne baLa bheguM karatAM hatAM, teonI sAme laDavuM tenI kArakIrdInA jAhera banAvo hatA. moraMgajaba potAnA bhAIonI hatyA kare che-tane beThA pachI bIje varase potAnA vaDAbhAI dArAne oraMgajebe marAvI nAMkhyA (1958). dArA udAra paNa AkaLA svabhAvavALe hato. potAnI marajI mujaba moja karanAra bIjA bhAI sujAnI sAthe tyAra pachI bAra mAsa jhagaDA karI oraMgajhebe tene hiMdamAMthI hAMkI kADho. te ArAkAnanA. uhata jaMgalI lokamAM pIDA pAmI marI gayo (1960). bAkI rahelA bhAI bahAdura ane tarUNa murAdane tyAra pachInA varasamAM baMdIkhAnAmAM mArI nakhAvyo (1961). harIphAI karanArA bhAIone ema mane rAvI nAMkhIne oraMgajeba zuddha IslAma paMthane mAnanAro dhamadha pAdazAha thaI beThA, ane tene azakta bApa zAhajahAM katala thayelA putronA zokamAM 1666 mAM mUo tyAM sudhI kedakhAnAmAM saDyAM karyo. dakSiNa hiMdamAM oraMgajebanI laData-potAnA pitAnA senApati tarIke oraMgajebe dakSiNa hiMdane jItavAnuM kAma AgrahathI ane yazapUrvaka AraMvyuM hatuM, te teNe pAdazAha thayA pachI paNa jArI rAkhyuM. rAjyAsane beThA pahelAM dakSiNanAM pAMca musalamAnI rAjyamAMnA bIdara ane Ilacapura sahita ahamadanagara e teNe tyAM hatAM. bAkInAM be mijApura ane golakedA e rAjyamAM vadhAre mudata lagI jhagaDe calAvyA, paraMtu oraMgajebe TharAva karyo hato ke game teTaluM nukasAna 1ThIne e bane chatI mugalAI rAjyamAM bheLI devAM. tenI kArakIrdIne pahelA a kALa eTale barAbara 25 varasa lagI teNe potAnA saradare mArkati dakSiNamAM yuddha calAvyuM (1958-1983). e vakhate dakSiAmAM eka navuM rAjya utpanna thayuM hatuM. e rAjya marAThAnuM hatuM, ane eno ItihAsa vadhAre vistArathI have pachI bIjAM prakaraNomAM Avaze. bijApura ane galakAMdAnA musalamAnI rAjyane jItavAnuM. pUrvanuM kAma mugalAI sejane mAthe hatuM eTaluM ja nahi, paNa A marAThI prajA utAvaLe vRddhi pAmatI hatI, tene kacarI mAravAnuM navuM kAma UbhuM thayuM hatuM.

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156 mugalavaMza. dakSiNa hiMda dhIme dhIme chatAyuM-pAsikA sUdhI tenA moTA prayatno rada gayA. bijApura ane gelandA chatAyAM nahi. 1970mAM marAThI saradAra zivAjIe dakSiNa hiMdanA mugalAI prAtimAMthI cotha UgharAvI, eTale te prAMtinI pedAzamAMthI ce bhAga khaMDaNuM tarIke lIdhe; ane 1674 mAM tene rAjyAbhiSeka rAyagaDhamAM thayA, pachI te svataMtra mahArAjA chatrapati banyA. 1980-1981 mAM rajebano baMDabAra dIkaro zAhajAda akabara marAThI phejamAM dAkhala thayo. oraMgajebane lAgyuM ke uttarano sundara mahela cheDI dakSiNamAM jaI lazkarI taMbumAM vAsa kara, yati dakSiNa jItavAnI ghaNuM vahAlI yojanA chADI devI. pachI vicAra karI teNe savArI karavAnI taiyArI karI. AgaLa kadI nahi gayelI evI mATI dabadabAvALI phoja pitAnI joDe laI javAne taiyAra karI. 1983 mAM A miTI senA sahita te dakSiNamAM AvyA, ane potAnI kArakIrdIne bAkIno addhabhAga eTale 24 varasa tyAM laDavAmAM gALyA. lAMbA vakhata lagI sAme laDyA pachI golakAMdA ane bijApura parAbhava pAmyAM, ane ati 1688 mAM teo mugalAI bAdazAhatamAM bhaLI gayAM. marAThA, 1688 thI 1707-paraMtu dakSiNanAM pAMca musalamAnI rA mAMnAM A chellAM rAjya chatAvAthI marAThAne potAnuM kAma karavAne jagA khullI thaI. mareThAnA humalAthI e be musalamAnI rAjyanI evI hAlata thaI gaI hatI ke auraMgajeba teone khAlasA karI zake. pAdazAhe potAnA jIvataranAM bAkInAM vIsa varasa (1988-1007) sudhI A vRddhi pAmatA hiMdu marAThI rAjyanI sAme vigraha calAvyA. tamane sauthI pahelA meTA nAyaka zivAjIe 1674 mAM paDe mahArAja chatrapati thayAnAM jAheranAmAM karyA hatAM; te 1680 mAM maraNa pAme. 1688 mAM tenI pachI tenI gAdIe besanAra tenA karA saMbhALane jhAlI kUrapaNe oraMgajebe mArI nAMkhyA marAThAnA puSkaLa killA suddhAM temanI rAjyadhAnI kabaje karI; ane navA sakAnA pahelA varasamAM to marAThAne lagabhaga nirmaLa karI nAMkhyA hoya tema bhAsatuM (1701). paNa nAsatA bhAgatA niyama vagaranI keTalIka laDAI

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auraMgajebanuM mRtyu. 157. karyA pachI teo pharI moTI laDAyaka prajA banI. 1705 mAM temaNe potAnA killA pAchA jItI lIdhA. auraMgajebe A lAMbA tathA phekaTa jhagaDAmAM ulaTI potAnI taMdurastI bagADI, potAno khajAno khAlI karyo ane potAnA lazkarane thakavI nAMkhyuM. tenA sipAI cuDelA pagArane mATe baDabaDavA lAgyA; ane A veLA pAdazAha gharaDA ane cIDhiyA thayelA hatA, teNe nArAja thayelA mANasane kahyuM ke tamane mArI nokarI karavI gamatI na hoya ti rAjInAmAM ApI cAlyA jAo. nANAnI aDacaNa dUra karavAne teNe pitAnA keTalAka ghoDe savArone rajA ApI. eraMgajeba gherAI gayo- e damayAna pAdazAhI chAvaNane bhUkhe maratA marAThA satAvatA hatA. oraMgajebanuM miTuM lazkara pA sekAmAM eTaluM vadhI gayuM hatuM ke te kabajAmAM rahI zake evuM rahyuM nahi. tenI hIlacAla dhImI ane chAnI rahI na zake tevI hatI. marAThA tenI chAvaNInAM nAkAM tUTatA ane tyAM AgaLanA lekanuM apamAna karatA temanI upara nAnI savArI mokalato tyAre teo tene vADhI nAMkhatA. moTI pheja laI temanI para caDhAI karati caDhatA tyAre teo bhAgI jatA. tenA pitAnA sipAI zatru joDe bezI ujANI khAtA ane zatruo pAdazAhane potAno zreSTha mitra kahI mazkarImAM tenI tandurastInuM sAruM IcchatA. ariMgajebanuM mRtyu -1706 mAM moTuM lazkara evuM DhaMgadhaDA vagaranuM thaI gayuM hatuM ke auraMgajebe marAThA joDe salAha karavAne bhAMjagaDa calAvI. teNe mugalAI pratiAne mAthe marAThAnI cutha lAgu karI khApavAne manasubo paNa karyo. marAThA saradAranA harakhathI bahekI javAne lIdhe te bhAMjagaDa baMdha paDI. 1706 mAM auraMgajebane ahamadanagaramAM Azraya maLyo, paNa tyAM te bIje varSe phebruArImAM maraNa pAmyo. putronI rAjyabhakita viSe tene aMdarakhAne zaMkA rahetI tathA jevI kharAbI pote potAnA bApanI karI hatI tevI teo mArI karaze evo tane bhaya lAgati. e be kAraNathI tenA chellA divasamAM te vikhUTe paDo. aMtakALe pitAnI saMsArI zIkhAmaNu tathA chellI

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158, mugalavaMza. salAma bhAgAkUTA vacanamAM kahI teNe bhaya ane pastAvo jaNAvyA hato. meM mAruM nAva samudramAM mUkyuM che, have je thavAnuM hoya te thAo. chellI salAma ! chellI salAma ! chellI salAma! e pramANe nAumeva bharelA tyAganA TaLavaLATamAM teNe potAnI deha cheDI. mIrajIssAnI AsAma upara savArI, 12-potAnI aMdagImAM dakSiNa jItavuM evI raMgajebanI daDha matalaba hatI, ane te mATe tene hevAla ahIM lAgalagATa Apyo che. uttara hiMdamAM paNa moTA banAva banyA hatA. hiMdanA cheka pUrva prAMtamAM AsAma talaka bAdazAhI phojane mIrajumlA laI gayA hatA (1962). varSAbatamAM tyAMnI kAdava ne pANIvALI rogiSTha bhUmimAM tenuM senya tavAI gayuM. tame bArAka maLati aTakI gayo, ane te dezathI vAkephagAra ane tyAMnI havAne pata na kare evA dezI enAM TeToLAM mArgamAM tenI AsapAsa vIMTaLAI vaLyAM. e duHkhamAMthI lazkaranA mukhya bhAgane mIrajussA bacAvI zakyo, paNa paDe DhAkA pahoMcyA pahelAM thAka ane nAumerIne lIdhe maraNa pAmyo. oraMgajebano dharmAdha rAjyanIti-hiMdanA pazcima bhAgamAM paNu oraMgajebane jaza maLyo nahi. tyAM Izvarane mAnanAra laDAyaka jAtanA zIkha leka vasatA hatA. enA vakhatamAM e leka vRddhi pAmI baLavAna thavA lAgyA hatA. paNa eka pachI eka karelAM je kAryo vaDe temaNe ati paMjAbadeza mugalAI bAdazAhatamAMthI chInavI lIdhe te to enI pAchaLanA rAjAonA vakhatamAM zarU thayAM hatAM. oraMgajebanA dhamadhapaNune lIdhe uttara hiMdanA sadhaLA hiMdu rAjA tathA raiyata tenI sAme thayAM. teNe jIA vire eTale jeo sasalamAna na heya teo para apamAna karanAra mAthAvere pAchA cAlu karyo '(1977). rAjyakArabhAramAMthI hiMdune kADhI mUkyA, ane potAnA bApanA nimakahalAla senApati jasavaMtasiMhanI vidhavA ane chokarApara julama karyo. 1976 mAM enA julamane lIdhe uttara hiMdamAM eka jagAnA hiMdu paMthane baMDa karavAnI jarUra paDI, ane 1677 mAM rajapUta saMsthAno saMpa karI tenA sAmA thayAM. pAdazAhe lAMbI mudata

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auraMgajebanI upaja. 159 lagI temanI joDe vigraha calAvyo. keIvAra rajapUtAnAne UjaDa karato ane koIvAra potAne ane pitAnI kejane kharUM buddhibaLa ane bhAre sAvadhapaNuM vAparI vinAzamAMthI bacAvI letA. 1680 mAM teno baMDAra karo zAhajAdA akabara potAnA lazkara sahita 2japUtone jaImaLe. e varasathI rajapUta sagalAI pAdazAhatathI sadaiva tA rahyA; ane je hiMdu zorya mahAna akabaranI zakti vadhAranAra hatuM, te raMgajebanA ane tenI pachInA pAdazAhanA vinAzanuM eka kAraNa hatuM. jepura, jodhapura, ane udepuranAM rajapUta saMsthAnamAM pAdazAhe lUTa ane katala calAvI. 2japUtae mALavAnA musalamAnI pratAne UjaDa karIne, masIdene bhAMgI beDeALa karIne, mulAone eTale IslAmI dharmagurUonuM apamAna karIne, tathA kurAnane bALIne vira vALyuM. dakSiNadeza jyAMthI te pAchA AvavA pAmavAno nathI tyAM miTuM lazkara laI jaI zakAya mATe rajapUto sAthe pAdazAhe 1981 mAM jevI tevI salAha karI. paNa hiMdunI prIti meLavavAnI ane temane potAnI susalamAna saiyata joDe eka bAdazAhatamAM bheLI devAnI akabaranI rAjyanItino have aMta Avyo. raMgajebanI upaja - AsAma vinA tamAma uttara hiMdanI ane dakSiNa hiMdanA vadhAre moTA bhAganI upaja auraMgajebane maLatI. tenA hiMdI prAMtino vistAra lagabhaga hAlanA briTiza mahArAjyanA vistAra jeTale hato, paNa vaDI sarakAra upara temane sIdhA AdhAra che hatA. e prAMti khAte kharca bAda karatAM darasAla jamInano upajanA 30 thI 38 karoDa rUpiA laheNuM kADhavAmAM AvatA-hamaNu braTiza hidanI jamInanI je upaja Ave che, te jeTalI mUDIthI kharIda karI zakAya tenAthI e rakama traNa gaNI che. paraMtu potAnA lAMbA vigrahane mATe dilhIthI dakSiNamAM gayA pahelAM oraMgajebanuM baLa pUrNa kaLAe hatuM tyAre paNa lAgalagATa keTalAMka varasamAM 38 karoDanI bahu bhAre rakama pUrepUrI vasUla thaI hoya te viSe zaka che; dakSiNamAM pA sadI rahyA che tenA amalanA chelA varasamAM e upaja 30 karoDa rUpiA gaNavAmAM AvI che. vasulAtanA

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160 mugaladza. jAlamane lIdhe nahi ApavAnA bahAnAM kADhavAmAM AvatAM ane phivara thatAM.dhAraNa patrakamAM auraMgajebanI jamInanI upaja kharca bAda jatAM rU. 34, 50, 58, 900 hatI ane tyAra pachInI ardhI sadImAM bAdazAhata tUTI gaI hatI topaNa hajAra trIjorInA hisAbamAM e khAte eTaluM nAmanuM laheNuM kADhavAmAM AvatuM. aphagAnistAnane ahamadazAha rAnI caDhI AvI 1761 mAM dilhImAM peThe tevA trojerInA adhikArIoe UpajanuM patraka tenI AgaLa raju karyuM. temAM pAdazAhatanI jamInanI pedAzarU 34,5066,400 dekhADI hatI. dakSiNa hiMdanAM rAne khAlasA karyA pachI ane chevaTe auraMgajebanI durdazA thaI tyAra pahelAM jamInano vadhAremAM vadhAre Upaja 38 karoDa rUpiAnI hatI; emAMnA cheka lagabhaga 38 karoDa hiMdanA prAtinA hatA. ane bAkInA kAzmIra ane kAbulanA hatA. 1995 mAM auraMgajebanI kula pedAzanI gaNatrI 80 karoDa hatI. tathA 1697 mAM 77 karoDa rUpiAnI hatI. aphINa jakAta cInanA aphINa khAnArA Ape che te bAda karatAM sane 1883 nI Akhara lagI AgalI daza salonI briTiza hiMdamAM levAyelA karaverAno sarAsarI upaja 38 karoDa rUpiAnI hatI. oraMgajebanAM lakSaNa-musalamAna pAdazAhane chAje tevA prakAranI aMdagI gujAravAnI koziza oraMgajebekarI. bahArathI dabadabo rAkhI rahetAM, khAnagI raheNI sAdI rAkhato, kAmamAM ugI hatA, dharmanI kriyA barobara pALatA, rasika patra lakhanAra hatA, ane kavienA graMthAnAM ane kurAnanAM cuMTI kADhelAM vacano jyAre joIe tyAre tene yAda AvatAM. padabhraSTa karavAne bApa na heta, khuna karavAne bhAIe na hota ane duHkha devAne hiMdu yata na heta, te tenuM jIvatara nirdoSa thAta. paNa jeo tene dharma mAnanArA na hatA, teomAMnA dareka jaNane tenA dharmodhapaNAe teno verI banAvyo; ane pitAnA bhAIbhAMDunI hatyA karyAthI kula rAjyavahIvaTa pArakAne saeNpa paDayo. hiMduoe tene kadI mAphI bakSI nahi, ane tenA maraNa pachI, zIkha, 2japUta ane marAThA leka pAdazAhatane turata vIMTI vaLavA lAgyA. tenA musalamAna senApatioe ane sUbe

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hiMduonA baDo zakha ane marAThA. 161 dAroe tenA jIvatAM te sArI nokarI bajAvI; paNa tenI AMkha mIcAyA pachI je mUlakAra tenAM baccAMne haka hato te teo pacAvI paDaDyA. mugalAI rampanI paDatI -enI pachI thanArA pAdazAhe ghaNuM baLavAna lazakarI saradAra ke rAjya kArabhArIonA hAthamAM pUtaLAM jevA hatA. evA purUSa temane gAdIe besADatA, tAbe rAkhatA ane pitAnI matalaba pAra pADavAne temane mArI nAMkhavAnI jarUra paDatI tyAre temano prANa letA. pAdazAhatanA pAchalA bhAgane ItihAsa to mAtra tenA aMtakALanI noMdharUpa che. enI paDatI ane aMtanA samayamAM banelA banAvone sArameM 165 pAne jaNAvyA che. keTalAka vakhata lagIta mugala pAdazAhae dilhImAM rahI hiMda upara amala calAvyA, pazu oraMgajebanI pachI thayelA cha pAdazAhomAMnA be baTuM kAma karatAM Acaka na khAya evA koI julaphIkArakhAna nAme senApatine vaza hatA, ane bAkInA cArane sAhasa karanArA be sayadA e gAdIe besADelA hatA. teo "pAdazAha banAvanArA" kahevAtA temAM bhUla na hatI. dakSiNa ane ayodhyAnI svataMtratA - 1720 nI sAlathI bAdazAhatanuM bhaMgANa vadhAre khullI rIta thavA lAgyuM. nijAma-ula-mulka (dakSi nA hakima) dakSiNa hiMdano moTAmAM moTA bhAge dilhIthI chUTa pADa (1720-1748). e dhyAnA hAkemane je prAMto saMbhALa rAkhavAne saMkhyA hatA teo para teNe mudAma pitAnA vaMzanI sthApanA karI (173ra1743). e vaMza ayodhyAnA navAba vachara nAme oLakhAya. e hAkema mULa IrAnI sedAgara hato ane vajIra eTale pAdazAhatano mukhya pradhAna thayo hato. hiMduonAM baMDo zIkha ane marAThA te ja vakhate pAdazAhatanI hiMdu raiyata svataMtra thavA lAgI hatI. paMjAbamAMnA zakhapatha upara jAlama thavAthI teNe baMDa karyuM, tethI dilahInA pAdazAhe tene nirdayapaNe kacarI mA (1710-1716). e veLA mugalAI je zIkha lekapara ghaNI krUratA vAparI tethI dilhI upara zIkha lokane jabaruM vira manamAM ThasI 21

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16ra mugalavaMza. rahyuM hatuM e nahi bhUlAya evI veranI lAgaNI 1857mAM briTiza pakSane bahu upayogamAM AvI. temanA gurU baMdAne majAkamAM pAdazAhI jAma, kasuMbI pAgaDI, ane kasabI zelA pozAkathI zaNagArele rUpe loDhAnA pAMjarAmAM pUrI pheravyo. tenA dekhatAM tenA dIkarAnI chAtI cIrI tamAMthI hadaya kADhI tenA moDhA para pheMkyuM. pachI lAla dhagadhagatI sAMDasI e baMdAnuM mAMsa toDI kahADayuM; ane haDakAyA kUtarAnI peThe zIkha lakane ghaNu kahA (1716). rajaputAnAnA hiMdu rAjA rANu vadhAre bhAgyazALI hatA. jodhapuranA ajItasiMhe potAnI svataMtratA sthApana karI, ane 1716 mAM rAjaputAnAnA rAjAoe mugalAI bAdazAhata joDe saMbaMdha toDI svataMtrapaNe rAjyavahIvaTa karavA mAMDaze. badhA dakSiNa hiMdamAM jera talanI vire (cotha) udharAvI viMdhyAcaLanI vATe marAThA uttaramAM ghUsyA, tyAM pAdazAha kanethI mALavA prAMta 1743 mAM meLavyo, orissA 1751 mAM lIdhe tathA baMgALAmAMthI khaMDaNI levAnI sanada meLavI (17pa1). madhya eziAmAMthI AvelI savArIo-173-1761 rAjyanA musalamAna hAkema ane hiMdu yate svataMtra thavA mAMDayuM hatuM. tevAmAM be prakAranA bahAranA duzmanoe dekhAva dIdho. emAMnA pahelA vAyavya koNane rastethI caDhI AvyA. 1739 mAM IrAnI nAdarazAha vinAzakArI dhADAM sahita dhasI AvyA, ane dilhInA maholAomAM lekanI katala karI tathA aThThAvana dahADA sUdhI lUMTa calAvI dravya meLavyuM tenI gaNatrI 32 karoDa rUpiAnI karavAmAM AvI che. e dravya laIne cAlato thayo. DuMgarI ghATamAM thaI chavAra paThANa loka ahamadazAha durAnInI saradArI nIce katala ane lUMTa karatA caDhI AvyA, ane bAdazAhatanI dolata laI dhikkAra batAvI pAchA gayA. Akhare aphagAnistAnamAM kaMgAla mugala pAdazAhano kAbula prAMta mAtra rahyo hato te 1738 mAM teNe yA; ane 1752 mAM paMjAba prAMta ahamadazAhane ApI devo paDaze. e cha savArIomAM paThANee dilahI ane uttara hiMdapara je ghAtakIpaNuM karyuM teno hevAla kALajuM phADI nAkhe evI pUnarejI ane svachaMdI krUratAnI hakIkatathI bhareluM che. kaMgAla sthitimAM AvelI rAjadhAnInA kAne khuzI batAvI daravAjA ughADI

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pAdazAhatanI paDatI. paThANone memAna rAkhavA paDyA, tepaNu cheka nirmala thayelA zatrune jaMgalI phaja je je dukha vitADI zake te badhAM tene eka veLA che ane vADIyAM lagI bhogavavAM paDavAM. e daramiyAna paThANa savAro dezamAM cAre tarapha pharI vaLI moTAmAM moTAM zaheramAM temaja nAnA nAnA gAmaDAMmAM aMgachedana, katala, ane bALI nAkhavAnuM kAma karavA lAgyA. hiMduonAM tIthI luMTavAmAM ane tyAM rakSaNanAM sAdhana vinAnA jAtrALune mArI nAMkhavAmAM teo vizeSa AnaMda pAmatA. prAMtanI kharAbI-pavitra mathurA nagarImAM AjIvana prasaMge zAMta hiMdu jAtrALunI ThaTha bharAI hatI ane te loka bhakti karatA hatA tevAmAM rapa,000 aphagAna eTale paThANu savAranuM dhAruM tyAM doDI AvyuM. tirolane jesyuITa pAdarI TIphenyAlara e same hiMdamAM hato te kahe che ke temaNe gharamAM vasanArA suddhAM dhare bALyAM ane bIjAne taravAra ane bhAlA vaDe katala karyA; kanyAone ane juvAna, purUpone ane strIone gulAma karI teo ghasaDI gayA. gAya hiMdu lekane mana pUjya che teone vadha maMdiremAM karI teonA hIthI muktiene ane maMdIramAMnI pharzAbaMdIne kharaDaghAM. aphagAnIstAna ane, hiMdanI vacce AvelI sarahadanI jamIna vastI vagaranI ane ujaDa thaI ane sImADethI ghaNe dUra AvelA aMdaranA jIllA jyAM pahelAM dhADI vastI hatI ane je hAla pharIne lekAthI bharapUra thayA che, tyAMnA rahevAsIene paNa nAza karI nAMkhyo. udAharaNa tarIke, boddha dharmanA vakhatamAM gujarAnavALA paMjAbanI asala rAjadhAnI hatI tyAMnI vastIne tadana nAza karI nAMkhyo. tyAM hAlanA rahevAsIo mukAbale thoDA vakhatapara AvI vaselA che. gaI sadImAM je jIllAne ujaDa karela temAM hAla daza lAkhathI vadhAre navI vastI thaI che. pAdazAhatanI paDatI, 1761-175-bIjA prakAranA savArI karanArA samudra mArge AvyA. dakSiNa hiMdamAM phreMca ane aMgrejanI vacce vigraha thayA teNe karIne karnATakamAMthI dilhInA adhikAranuM chelluM pagaluM bhUsAI gayuM(1748-11). 1765 mAM baMgALA, bihAra ane orissA Igrejane pAdazAhe ApyA. A rasALa prAtino kabaje

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14 mugalavaMza. aMgrejane hAtha pAdazAhanA TharAvathI rahyo hato ema kAyadAnA belamAM kahI zakAya, paNa tyAra pahelAM pANIpatanI laDAIthI dilahInuM takhta mAtra nAmanuM rahyuM hatuM. e laDAI 1761 mAM thaI hatI. je prakhyAta raNakSetramAM bAbare ane akabare hiMdane rAjyAdhikAra be vAra jItI lIdho tyAMja savArI karanAra aphagAna ahamadazAha ane marAThAnI vaye e yuddha thayuM hatuM. aphagAne marAThAne harAvyA. have musalamAno phateha mAtra meLavI zakatA, paNa teo rAjya karI zakatA nahi. tyAra pachI aMdhAdhuMdhI cAlI. te samayamAM mugalAI pAdazAhatanA bhegaNamAMthI aMgreje dhIrajathI navuM rAjya racyuM. akabara bI ane AlamagIra ( oraMgajeba) bIje, evA moTA IlakAbe dhAraNa karI pUtaLAM jevAM pAdazAhe dilhImAM bahu bAyaDIovALA janAnakhAnApara amala karatA hatA, paNa temane adhikAra mahelanI hadanI Adara mAtra hato; ane hiMdanA rAjyAdhikArane vAste marAThA, zIkha ane iMgreja vaDhatA hatA. 1857mAM baLavAkhora tarIke chelle nAmane pAdazAha bahAra paDagho, ane 1862 mAM briTiza brahmadezanI rAjadhAnI raMgunamA rAjya kedya avasthAmAM marI gayo. enI paDatInAM kAraNa-hiMdamAM vasanArI hiMdajAtinAM mana maLavI laIhiMdamAM moTuM rAjya sthApI zakAya evI yojanA akabare karI hatI. ema teNe trIjo baLavAna pakSa ubhe kI temAM dezI laDAyaka ke hatA. tenI madadathI madhya eziAmAMthI caDhI AvanArA sasalamAnanI navI savArIone te khALI zako tathA potAnA prAMtenA musalamAna hAkemane vaza rAkhI zakyo. eraMgajebanA ane tenI pachInA nirmAlya pAdazAhonA amalamAM lekanAM mana meLavI levAnI A nIti cheDI devAmAM AvI tethI aphagAnistAnamAMthI musalamAnonAM navAM dhADAM utAvaLe dhasI AvyAM; hiMdanAM prAMtinA musalamAna hAkema svataMtra sattA pacAvI paDyA; ane je hiMdu ane toe yugalAI rAjya UbhuM karavAmAM akabarane madada karI hatI teo tenI pachI thanArA mUrNa pAdazAhanA amalamAM teno nAza karavAmAM aAgevAna thaI paDI.

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mugala rAjyanI paDatI ane aMta. aMgreje hiMdano bAdazAhata mugalokanethI nathI jItI lIdhI paNa hiMduo pAsethI lIdhI che-rAjya jItanAra rUpe iMje darzana dIdhuM tyAra pahelAM mugalAI bAdazAhata truTI gaI hatI. IgrejanA chellA ane ati jokhamakArI vigraha mugala pAdazAha joDe ke tenA baMDaera hAkema sAthe thayA na hatA. paNa be hiMdu rAjyamaMDaLa marAThA ane zIkhanI joDe thayA hatA. musalamAna hAkema aMgreja sAya - gALAmAM, kaTakamAM ane mahesUramAM vaDhavyA; paraMtu hiMda jItavAmAM vadhAre vakhata lagI rojanI sAmA thanAra hiMdu hatA. iMgrejane chello marAThI vigraha cheka 1818 mAM thayo ane zIkha rAjya maMDaLa aMgreja mAtra 1848 mAM AvyuM. moTA mugala pAdazAhomAMno chello raMgajeba 1707mAM marI gayo tyAra bAda mugala rAjyanI paDatInA vakhatanA mukhya banAvo jaNAvavAne A nIcenI TIpa basa che. | mugala rAjyanI paDatI ane ata 1707-18ra. 1707. oraMgajebanA be moTA putra mukhAchama ane AlamanI vacce gAdIne mATe jhagaDA; mu AchamanI phateha ane bahAdurazAha nAma dhAraNa karI tenuM gAdIe besavuM; tenuM saradAra julaphrikAra khAnane tadana vaza thaI rahevuM. zAhajAdA kAmabakSanuM baM, tenI hAra thaI. pachI tenuM mRtyu. 1710. mugala pAdazAhanI zIkha lempara caDhAI 1712. bahAdurazAhanuM maraNa, ane tenA vaDA dIkarA jahAMdArazAhane gAdIe besavuM. vachara jula-phikArakhAnanA zI khavyA pramANe jahAMdArazAha amala kare che. tenA bhatrIjA pharAiyarane ba Lo, pAdazAhanuM ane tenA vaccharanuM khuna. 1713. pAdazAha banAvanAra hasanaalI ane abdullA nAme be saiyadanA kabajAmAM rahi pharanziyaranuM gAdIe besavuM. 1716. zIkha leke pAdarAhI mUlakapara karelI caDAImanI hAra ane temanA upara dhAtakI jAlama. 1718. be saiyadae pharaziyarane padabhraSTa karI mArI nAkhe. teo eka pachI eka traNa chokarAne pAdazAha banAve che. temAMnA pa

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mugalavaMza. helA be thADA mAsamAM marI jAya che, ane trIjo mahamadazAha 118 nA sapTembara mahinAmAM rAjya karavA mAMDe che. 120. pAdazAha banAvanAra siyanuM paDI bhAgavuM. 12-1748 dakSiNane hAkema ke nijAma-ula-muka, haidarAbAdamAM pa tAnI svataMtra sattA sthApe che.. 173-1743 dhyAne hAkema, je pAdazAhatano vajIra hatA, te dilhIthI svataMtra vahIvaTa calAve che. 1735-1751 pAdazAhatanI sAmAnya paDatI; rAjyamAMhe baLavA, ane IrAnathI nAdIrazAhanuM caDhI AvavuM (1739). hiMdapara ahamadazAha rAnInI pahelI savArI (1747). marAThAne mALavA maLe che. (1743) ane tenI pachI dakSiNa orisA maLe che. pachI bagALAnI khaMDaNuM maLe che (1751). 1748-1750 mahammadazAhane dIkaro ahamadazAha gAdIe beThe. a yiodhyAmAM rohillAnA lekanuM phivara ane pAdazAhI phejanI hAra, 1051 marAThAnI madadathI rohillAnA daMgAno nAza. 151-15ra ahamadazAha durAnInI bIjI savArI. mugala pAdazAha tene paMjAba Ape che. 1054 pAdazAhanuM padabhraSTa thavuM, ane AlamagIra bIjAnuM gAdIe besavuM. 17pa6 aphagAnIstAnamAMthI ahamadazAha durAnInI trIjI savArI ane dilhInI lUMTa 159 ahamadazAha durAnInI cothI savArI. pAdazAha bIjA Alama gIrane tene vajIra vAcha uda-dIna mArI nAMkhe che. marAThA uttara hiMdamAM mUke chatI le che ane dilhIne kabaje kare che. 1761-1805 pANIpatanI trIjI laDAI ane aphagAnAne hAthe marA ThAne parAjaya. (1761). bIjA AlamagIranA maraNa pachI zAhaAlama bIje nAmane pAdazAha thAya che,

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mugala rAjayanI paDatI ane aMta. 167 ane 1771 sudhI alAhAbAdamAM IMgrejanuM pAna khAI rahe che. tyAra pachI marAThA dilhI tAbAnA bhUlakanA dhaNuM thAya che, ane pAdazAhane pitAnA kabajAmAM rAkhe che. baMDakhora pAdazAhane AMdhaLo karI keda kare che. marAThA tene cheDache. paNa 1803 lagI vAstavika rIte temanA baMdIvAna tarIke te temanA hAthamAM rahe che. e varasamAM laoNrDa leke marAThI baLaDiyuM. 1806-1837 akabara bIje gAdIe bese che, paNa te mAtra nAmane pAdazAha che. 1837-1862 timuranA vaMzano che ane sattarame mugala pAdazAha mahammada bahAdurazAha hato. 1857mAM UThelA baLavAmAM te sAmila hato, tethI tene dezavaTe deI raMgunamAM mokalI dIdhuM ane tyAM te 1862 mAM marI gayA.

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prakaraNa 11 muM. marAThA, sane 150 thI sane 1818 sudhI marAThAnA udaya-sane 1934ne sumAre zAhajI mAmalAnAma e bhAgyazAlI marAThA sipAIe dakSiNa hiMdamAM AgaLa paDatAM kAma karavA mAMDyAM. ahamadanagara ane bIjApura e be svataMtra musalamAnI rAjyonA taraphathI mugale je te laDyo ane pitAnA dIkarA zivAjIne sipAIonI eka ToLI ane lazkarI jAgIra taNe vArasAmAM ApyAM. zivAjIne janma sane 1927mAM thayo hato. zivAjIe dakSiNanI hiMdu jAtimAMthI eka dezAbhimAnI prajAbaLa UbhuM karyuM. uttarethI AvelAM bAdazAhI lazkara ane dakSiNanAM svataMtra musalamAnI rAkhyo e beunI sAmA e baLa hatuM. ema sane 1650 ane tyAra pachInAM varasamAM dakSiNamAM traNa rAjyabaLa hatAM paheluM dillInI bAdazAhInI sadA humalo karanArI phoja; bIjuM ahamadanagara ane bijApura e be dakSiNa hiMdanAM bAkI rahelAM svataMtra musalamAnI rAjyanAM lazkara; trIjuM dakSiNanI hi6 jAtonuM lazkarI baMdhAraNa. e baMdhAraNaparathI Akhare eka saMpI marAThI rAjyamaMDaLa banyuM. dakSiNamAM marAThAno " trIjApakSa" tarIke vadhAra-dakSiNa hiMda jItavA mATe zAhajahAne ane auraMgajebe eza varSa (sane 127-107) lagI vigraha calAvyA. te daramiyAna A trIje eTale hiMdu pakSa koI veLA dilhInA pAdazAha taraphathI tathA kaI veLA svataMtra musalamAnI rAjya taraphathI laDato, ane ema vadhAre vadhatA gayA. uttaramAMthI AvelAM mugala lazkaroe ane dakSiNanAM svataMtra musalamAnI rAjyanAM sabhyoe dhIme dhIme ekamekane nAza karyo. e be pakSe paradezI hevAthI temane potAnAM ghaTI gayelAM lazkaramAM bahArathI navA sipAIo bolAvI bharatI karavI paDatI. joDAyelA hiMdurAjyamaMDaLe potAnI akhUTa dezI sipAIonI bharatI mahArASTramAMthI miLavI. e vizALa pradezane vistAra madhya hiMdamAM AvelA varADa

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zivAjI I. sa. 16ra7-7. 169 prAMtathI muMbAI IlAkAnA dakSiNa cheDAnI lagabhaga che. e kAraNathI dilahIthI AvatA mugala saradAra ane dakSiNanAM svataMtra musalamAna rAjyo marAThAonI madada levAno prayatna karatAM hatAM. marAThAonI sahAyatAthI e rAjyo mugala senyAnI sAme ghaNA samayathI Tarkara jhIlI zakatAM hatAM. paraMtu mugala senyo pAchAM haThatAM eTale marAThAo te svataMtra musalamAnI rAjya jItavAne jatA. tema vaLI mugala saradare jyAre marAThAo joDe maLI jatA tyAre to e svataMtra musalamAnI rAjyone jItI zakatA. . zivAjIH I. sa127-1180-marAThAne moTe saradAra zivAjI potAnuM baLa jANatA hatA. chaLabhedathI, khUna karavAthI ane sakhta laDAIethI teNe dakSiNa hiMdanuM kharekharuM uparIpaNuM marAThAone meLavI ApyuM. pazcima ghATamAM AvelA keTalAka chatAya nahi evA DuMgarI killAmAM teNe potAne nirbhayapaNe mukAma rAkhyo ne taomAMthI utarI te savArI karato. tenuM lazkara kasAyelAM TaTTapara besanAra ane bhAlA rAkhanAra hiMdu savAranuM hatuM. e savAre dakSiNa hiMdanA dhaNuAtI khetI karanArA kheDuto hatA. khetIne anukULa hoya evA varasanA harakoI bhAgamAM temane joIe te vakhate vikherI zakAya athavA kSaNavAramAM bhegA karI zakAya. teone rApaNInA athavA kApaNInA vakhata zivAya sadA laDAIpara javAnI phurasada hatI. e kAraNuthI zivAjInA tAbAmAM asaMkhya mANasa hatuM, ane jAdunuM lazkara rAkhavAne tene kharca paDatA nahi. e mANase leIta pitAnA duzmana para ekAeka hale karI temanI pAsethI khaDaNI leto athavA temane kAlakarAra karavAnI pharaja pADato. pachI sipAIbAne pagArane peTe lUTamAMthI hisso ApI moTA bhAga pate rAkhI te potAnA DuMgarI killAmAM pAcho jato. sane 1958 mAM teNe bijApuranA saradArane eka kapaTasthaLamAM AvavAne lalacAvI tenI joDe mitrAcArInI vAta karatAM teno ghAta karyo ane tenA sabhyo ghANa vALyo. sane 1962 mAM teNe muMbAI IlAkAnA cheka uttara cheDA lagI savArI karI pAdazAhI surata zahera lucyuM. teNe sane 1964mAM 22

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mAThA. rAjapada dhAraNa karyuM tathA pitAne nAme sikakA pADI rAjyasattA vAparavA mAMDI. sane 1665 mAM bijApuranA svataMtra musalamAnI rAjya phesalAvIne dilI laI javAmAM Avyo. auraMgajeba pAdazAhe tene bhAvathI satkAra nahi karatAM tene najara keda rAkhe. tyAMthI teNe dakSiNa bhaNuM nAzI jaI tyAM baMDane jhuMDA UThAvyo. sane 1674 mAM zivAjI rAyagaDhamAM moTA ThAThathI gAdIe beThA ane tenAthI potAnI tulA karI te sonAnuM pitAnA brAhmaNone dAna karyuM. sane 1976 mAM cheka karNATaka lagI pitAnI phoja mokalyA keDe sane 1680 mAM tene kALa thayo. oraMgajebanI bhUla bharelI rAjyarIti, sane 1988-1703- oraMgajeba pAdazAhe vRddhi pAmatAM marAThI rAjyano nAza karatAM sadhI dakSiNanA svataMtra musalamAnI sulatAnone cheDyA na hota to teNe DahApaNu vAparyuM kahevAta, kharekhara keI moTA rAjyanItimAM kuzaLa purUSe to uttaranA ane dakSiNanA musalamAnone ja jhadhaDa dATIdaI eka saMpI hiMdu rAjyamaMDaLa dakSiNamAM utAvaLe baMdhAtuM hatuM, tenI sAme thavAmAM tamAma musalamAnI baLa bheguM karyuM hatuM. paraMtu dakSiNanAM musalamAnI rAjyone dilInI pAdazAhatamAM joDI devAne auraMgajebano daDha TharAva hatA. teNe A yojanA pAra pADI te samaye tenA sabhyone kSaya thayo hato, ane marAThAnA bhAlAnA eka vAranA aDakavAthI mugalAI pAdazAhatanA kaDake kaDaka thaI jAya evI tenI sthiti thaI thaI hatI. zivAjIno vaMza-potAnA pitA zivAjInI pachI saMbhALa teNe potAnI AkhI kArakIrdI parTugIjha ane mugalo je vigraha karavAmAM gALI. sane 1988mAM tene oraMgajebe keda karI tenI AMbemAM no dhagadhagatA saLiyo dhoMcI AMkha phoDI nAMkhI, ane je jIbhe mahamada pegaMbara sAhebanI niMdA karI hatI te jIbha kApI nAMkhI, tenuM mAthuM uDAvI dIdhuM. e veLA ene zAha nAme kumAra cha varSano hato tene paNa raMgajebe pakaDI potAnA maraNalagI ke

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trIje pezvA. 101 damAM rAkhyo. dillInI tAbedArI svIkAryAthI tene 1707 mAM pAchI gAdI soMpI. paraMtu mugalenI sAthamAM ghaNo kALa kedakhAnAmAM rahyAthI te mAtra aDadhe marAThA rahyA hatA. teNe pitAne janmAre janAnakhAnAmAM gALyo ane bAlAjI vizvanAthanAme brAhmaNa maMtrIne pezvAne IlakAba ApI rAjyanA tamAma kArabhAra soMpyo. A be vaMzaparaMparA thayA ane marAThA rAjAonI sattAne ThekANe pezvAnI sattA jAmI. zivAjInA vaMzamAM satArA ane kalApura e be nAnAM rAjya mAtra rahyAM. chellA rAjAne putra na hovAthI satArAnuM rAjya sane 1848mAM jine hAtha gayuM. temanI rahema najarathI kAlApuranuM rAjya haju rahyuM che, ane te para temanI dekharekha taLe zivAjInA kuLamAM Avelo rAjA rAjya kare che. pizvA-e arasAmAM piyAe punAmAM mahAna marAThI ekasaMpI rAjyamaMDaLa racatA hatA. sane 1718 mAM pahelA pezvA bAlAjIe "pAdazAha banAvanArA sadanI madade eka lazkara dilahI makahyuM. teNe sane 1720 mAM cotha eTale dakSiNanI pedAzane ceye bhAga udharAvyo. vaLI puNu ane satArAnI AsapAsanA dezapara marAThAonuM uparIpaNuM maMjura karavAmAM AvyuM. bIjA pizvA bAjIrAve (sane 171-40) potAnA pitAne dakSiNanI khaMDaNuM yuvAne haka sane 120mAM maLyo hato tene badale e dezamAM pUrNa rAjyAdhikAra besADo. paMdara varSamAM teNe mALavA prAMta tathA vidhyanI vAyavya Avela narmadAthI caMbalA sUdhIno pradeza dilhInI pAdazAhatamAMthI khUMcavI lIdhe (sane 1736). teNe sane 1739 mAM porTugIjha pAsethI vasAI lIdhuM. 1743 mAM dilhInA pAdazAha taraphathI marAThAane chevaTane mALavA prAMta maLyo. trIjo pezvA sane 1740-1761.-trIje pezvA bAlAjI mAjIrAva sane 1740mAM gAdIe beThA. teNe mugalAI pAdazAhatanA cheka aMdaranA bhAgamAM marAThAono trAsa besADo. have dakSiNadezamAMthI uttare tathA pUrve ghaNI marAThA savArIo thavA lAgI. be vigraha karyA pachI nijAmanA mUlaka laI taLa dakSiNamAM pezvAe pitAnuM rAjya

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17ra marAThA. vadhAryuM. e vakhate marAThI rAjyanAM moTAM madhyasthaLe muMbAI ilAkAnA puNA zaheramAM ane madhyaprAMtinA nAgapura zaheramAM TharyA hatAM. e joDAyelA marAThI rAjyamaMDaLanI nAgapuranI bhosalA zAkhAno eka saradAra sane 1741-42 mAM baMgALApara caDhI AvyA. paNa teNe musalamAnI rAjyadhAnI murzidAbAdanAM parAM lagI lUTaphATa karyA pachI tene tyAMnA subA elivardikhAne oTiA (orissA)ne mArga pAcho hAMkI kahADo. kalakattAnA DAka bhAganI AsapAsa bacAva mATe "marAThI khADI" eTale ardhagoLa khAI khodelI che, te parathI te kALe AkhA baM gALAmAM je trAsa vartI rahe hati te Aje paNa jaNAya che. bIje varase sane 1743 mAM nAgapura zAkhAnA saradAra rAdhejI bheMsale jAte jaI baMgALApara halle kayoM. e lUMTane mATe puNunA ane nAgapuranA marAThAonI vacce vaDhavADha thayAM chatAM e vakhatathI gaLAnI nIcalANunA phaLadrupa pratiAmAM - salA lUTaphATa calAvavA lAgyA. sane 1751 mAM sUbA alivadie temane baMgALAnI cetha eTale Upajano pA bhAga Apyo, tathA dakSiNa ADhiA prAMta temane svAdhIna karyo. puNAnA marAThAe uttara hiMdamAM paMjAba sUdhI savArI karI tethI aphagAna saradAra ahamadazAha durAnIne temanA para kopa thayo. e saradAre e prAMta dilhInI pAdazAhatamAMthI chInavI lIdho hato. mugalAI pAdazAhatanI nAmanI tAbedArImAM rahelA uttara prAMtinAM ane aphagAnonAM ekaThA maLelAM musalamAnI sanyAe pANipatanA raNamAM marAThAne parAjaya karyo. (sane 1761). pAMca marAThA rAjavaMza -A A phatanA vakhatamAM cothA pizvA mAdhavarAvane hastaka marAThI rAjyAdhikAra Avyo. mAhe mahe kAvatarAM cAlavAthI tathA aphagAna lazkaro vadhAre baLavAna hovAthI joDAyelA hiMdu rAjyamaMDaLane nakkI nAza thaze evuM jaNAyuM. cheka sane 1742 nA varSathI puNanI ane nAgapuranI zAkhAo maMgALAnI lUMTane mATe ekabIjAnI joDe laDatI hatI. sane 1761nI pahelAM holakara ane siMdhiAnA uparIpaNuM nIce bIjI be zAkhA mALa

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sidhao ane helkara.' 173 vAnA jAnA mugalAI prAMtamAM ane tenI paDAzanA pradezomAM svataMtra sattA bhogavatI hatI. mALavA ane tenI paDozanA pradeza hAlamAM ira ane vAliyara saMsthAnomAM vaheMcAI gayA che. IderanI zAkhAnA saradAra hekare pANipatanA raNumAM cha tanI bAjI palaTAyelI jotAMne vAra laDAInI mIra cheDI dIdhI, tethI tenA vizvAsaghAtane lIdhe marAThAne tadana parAjaya thayo. e samaye pAMca mioTAM marAThI rAjyo upara pezvAne mAtra nAmanuM uparIpaNuM hatuM. e rAjyoe potapotAnI gAdI jude jude sthaLe sthApI hatI; pezvAnI gAdI puNAmAM hatI. salAnuM pATanagara madhayaprAMtomAM nAgapura zahera hatuM. sivionI rAjyapAnI gvAliyaramAM, halkaranI iMderamAM ane gAyakavADanA vRddhi pAmatA rAjyanuM pATanagara vaDodarAmAM hatuM. haiidarAbAda ane mahesUrane musalamAna sulatAnanI sAme tathA varADa prAMtanI marAThAnI bheMsalA zAkhAnI sAme cethA pizvA mAdhavarAva pitAnI sattA TakAvI rAkhavAne samartha hato. tenI pachI tene nAno bhAI nArAyaNarAva sane 1772 mAM pezvA thayo. paraMtu tarataja tene mArI nAMkhavAmAM Avyo. siMdhio ane hAlakara -pezvAnA nAmanA uparI zivAjInA vaMzaje je satArAmAM ane kelApuramAM rAjya karatA hatA temanI sattA dhIme dhIme jhAMkhI thatI gaI hatI, tema puNAmAM pivAnI sattA e vakhatathI nabaLI paDavA mAMDI. pezvAo uMcA kuLanA grAhmaNa hatA. paraMtu kharekharA laDanArA marAThA phojamAM nIca varNanA hiMduo hatA. e kArathI ema banatuM ke je je marAThA saradAranA hAthamAM harakoI prAMtane svataMtra adhikAra AvatA te dareka saradAra joDAyalA marAThI rAjyamaMDaLanA nAmanA uparI pezvA karatAM vadhAre vAstavika sattA bhogavatA, paraMtu pezvA karatAM tenI jAta utaratI hatI. uttara taraphanAM be moTAM rAjyakaLAmAM hAlkara bharavADanA vaMzane ane siMdhio pezvAnAM pagarakhAM sAcavanAranA vaMzano hato. A rAjAo pANipatanA raNamAM sajaDa hAra khAdhA pachI thoDA vakhata lagI zAnta bakSI rahyA, paraMtu e vinAzakArI saMgrAma pachInAM daza varasamAM temaNe

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174 marAThA. AkhA mALavA prAMtamAM potAnI sattA jamAvI hatI, ane pazcime paMjAbathI pUrve ayodhyA lagI, 2japUta, jATa, zahilA pratipara savArI karI hatI (sane 1761-1771). sane 1765 mAM nAmano pAdazAha - lama basara AgaLa sahekaTara manane hAthe hAra khAdhA pachI aMgrejanuM pAna khAI divasa gujArato hato. sane 1771 mAM te marAThAne jaI maLyo. tene siMdhio ane hArbare pharIne dilhInI gAdyapara nAmane besADaze, paraMtu sane 1803-1804 mAM bIjA marAThA vijhahamAM temano parAbhava thaye tyAM lagI temaNe tene kharuM jotAM baMdIvAna tarIke rAkhyo hato. siMdhio tathA hAkaranA vaMzo hajI lagI mALavAnA atirasALa bhAga para potAno amala jALavI rahyA che. nAgapuranA bheMsalAH sane 11-153 -uttaranA marAThA rAjyavaMzamAM trIje eTale varADa ane madhyaprAMtino bhoMsala vaMza pUrva bhaNuM savArI karyA karato hato. salAe potAnA mathakane killo nAgapuramAM rAkhyA hatA. tyAMthI teo savArIo laI jatA. temaNe sane 1751 lagImAM cotha eTale baMgALAnI pedAzano ceve bhAga UgharAvyo hato ane dakSiNa oDhiA jItI lIdhA hatA. baMgALAmAM aMgreja amala (sane 17pa6-1765) thayAthI e prAMtamAM temanI savArIo baMdha paDI. aMgrejI lazkaranI eka TUkaDIe sane 1803 mAM tamane oDhiAmAMthI hAMkI kahADyA. sane 1817 mAM chellA marAThA vigrahathI temanI sattAne cheka aMta Avyo. tene mana mathakanA mUlakane vahIvaTa sane 1817 thI sane 1853 sUdhI priTiza resiDenTanA hukama pramANe cAlato hato. hAlamAM e mUlakAnA madhyaprAMti banyA che. chello rAdhejI bheMsalA sane 1853 mAM ane putra maraNa pAmavAthI nAgapura ke madhyaprAMta IMgrejI rAjyamAM bhaLI gayo. vaDodarAnA gAyakavADa.--uttaranA marAThA vaMzomAMnA cothA vaMzanI eTale vaDodarAnI sattA muMbAIne vAyavya kAMThe AvelA AkhA - jarAta prAMtamAM ane tenI pAzanA kAThIAvADa dvIpakalpamAM jAmI hatI. gAyakavADa tAbAno rAto paraMtu mAtabara mUlaka e rIta ane

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175 bIje marAThA vigraha. che. sane 1817 mAM chelle marAThA vigraha thayo tyArathI vaDedarAnA rAjyapara aMgreja resiDanTa ane sahAyakArI briTiza phojanI madadathI gAyakavADe amala kare che. sane 1874 mAM je gAyakavADa gAdIpara hati tenA para briTiza usiDanTane jhera davAnI koziza karyAnuM tihamata AvyAthI hAI kamizane tapAsa calAvI ane tene padabhraSTa karyo. e hAI kamizanamAM traNa yUropI ane traNa dezI sabhAmada hatA. paraMtu e rAjyane potAnA rAjyamAM jeDI na detAM aMgreja sarakare e rAjyakuLa sthApanArane eka vaMza cheka nAcAra avasthAmAM khUNe paDela hato tene rAjyagAdI ApI. pahelo marAThA vigraha sane 1779-1781-uttaranA A cAra marAThA rAjyavaMze potapotAnAM judAM judAM parAkramo karatA hatA, te vaLA piyAnA kuTuMbamAM kAvatarAM cAlatAM ne tethI tenI sattA tUTI javA mAMDI hatI. chaThThA pezvA mAdhavarAva nArAyaNane janma tenA bApanA mane raNa keDe thayA hatA. ane tenI 21 varSanI TuMkI hayAtImAM pezvAne adhikAra tenA pradhAna nAnA phaDanavIsanA hAthamAM rahyA. mAcha pezvAnA kAkA rAdhAbAe pitAnA maraNa keDe avatarelA bALaka mAdhavarAvanA janma viSe vAMdho uThAvyA ane pita pizvAImeLavavAne mATe dAvo karyo. e bALakanA vAlI nAnA phaDanavIse cone madade bolAvyAthI muMbAInA aMgrejoe rAdhAbAne pakSa karyo. A ekkAne lIdhe pahele marAThA vigraha UDyA (sane 1774-1781), ane sAlabAInuM tahanAmuM thayAthI tene aMta AvyA (sane 1872). e tahanAmAnI rUe sATI (sAlaseTa) ane ghArApurI (elIphanTA) beTa tathA bIjA be dIpa Igrejane maLyA, zabAne bhAre pAna maLyuM, ane nAne piyA pitAnA adhikArapatra bahAla thayA. paraMtu ekavIsa varSanI pukhta umare AvatAM teNe AtmaghAta karyo. bIje marAThA vigraha sane 183-18ja-tenI pachI tene pitarAI bAjIrAva bIje sane 175 mAM gAdIe beThA. e sAtamA ane chelo pe hatA. e samaye uttara taraphanA holkaranA marAThA rAjyavaMze marAThAnI saradArI laI pezvAne aMgrejane zaraNe javAnI

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16 marAThA. jarUra pADI. sane 1801 mAM vasAInuM tahanAmuM thayuM, tenI rUe potAnA bhUlakepara potAne amala TakAvI rAkhavAne bAjIrAve eka Igreja pheja pitAne kharca rAkhavAnuM kabUla karyuM. uttaranA marAThA vaMzoe e tahanAmuM toDavAne ekko karyo, tethI bIje marAThA vigraha UThA (sane 1803-1804). janarala veleslIe (pAchaLathI viliMgTana DayUka thayA teNe) dakSiNe asAI ane ArgAmanI laDAImAM sidhio tathA nAgapuranAM rAjyonAM lazkarano ghANa vALyo ane uttare lAsvAri ane dillI AgaLa marAThA jene laoNrDa leke harAvI. sane 1804 mAM hokara diga AgaLa tadana hAra khAdhI. A chatAthI Igrejane puSkaLa mUlaka maLyo, hiMdamAM ca sattAno aMta khAvyo, ane dillIna nAmane pAdazAha pAchA IgrejanA rakSaNa taLe Avyo. chelA mAThA vigraha, sane 1811818 - sane 181-18 mAM pezvA, hokara ane nAgapuranA salA potapotAnI khAtara Ija sAme laDyA ane eka pachI eka hAra khAI beThA. e vigrahathI marAThI rAjyane sadAno aMta Avyo. bAjIrAva pezvA Ijane zaraNe AvyAthI teno mUlaka muMbAI IlAkAmAM joDAyo. IMgreja sarakAre piyAne tenA maraNu lagI moTuM penzana ApI kAnapura pAse badhuramAM rAkhyo. tene dattaputre sane 1857 mAM baLavo kIdhe ane atiduSTa nAnA sAheba nAme oLakhAya-teja varSamAM piyAne e chelle purUSakonI najara AgaLathI gupta thaI gayo.

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prakaraNa 12 muM. yupI lokonAM pahela vahelAM thANu, sane 1500-170. I. sa. 1500 pahelAMnA vakhatanasUropa ane bharatakhaMDa - hiMdapara savArI karanArA musalamAne vAyavya koNathI piThA hatA. hiMdane jItI lenArA khristio dakSiNamAMthI samudra mArge AvyA. I.sa. pUrve 327 nA mahAna sikaMdaranA vakhatathI I. sa. 1498 nA vAsko DA gAmAnA vakhata sudhI yurepa khaMDane pUrvanA dezo joDe pAdhare vepAra thoDA ja cAlato hato. hiMdamAM kaI kaI prasaMge musAphara Avato te baLavAna rAnya ane agaNita dravyanI vati cUpamAM laI jato. paNa hiMdaDe pAra pUre pUro kadI baMdha paDaze na hatA. pazcima eziAnI pelI tarapha thaIne athavA to IjIpta ane lAla samudrane mArge e vepAra cAlato hato ane Akhare bhUmadhya samudrane kAMThe AvelAM ITAlinAM je zahere lAvAMTanA niArAparanAM eziAnAM baMdaro sAthe vepAra calAvatAM hatAM tene bhAge AvatA hatA. sane 1892 mAM sTikara kelaMbase ATalAMTika mahAsAgaranI pelImara bharatakhaMDanI zodha karavA bhaNa vahANa haMkAyuM. teNe hiMdane badale amerikA zodhI kahADo. vAke DA gAmA, sane 1498-pAMca varasa pachI vAska DA gAmAnI saradArI nIce vahANane eka kAphalo lionanI sAmI eTale pUrva dizAe nIkaLyo. kepa oNva guDa hepanI pradakSiNA karI e kAphalAe lagabhaga agIAra mAsanI saphara karyA pachI sane 1498 nA me mahinAnI 20mI tArIkhe hiMdanA ne tyA kinArA para kAlikaTa zaheranI pAse laMgara karyuM. DA gAmAne sUra athavA kharuM jotAM ArabA joDe pahelethI ja zatruvaTa thaI; kemake malabAra kAMThAnA dariyApara vepAra eloke potAnA ekalAnA hAthamAM rAkhyA hatA. paNa DA gAmAe kAlikaTanA hidurAjA kAmArinanI maherabAnI miLavelI jaNAya che. 28

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178 yuropI lekinAM pahela vahelAM thANuM. malabAra kAMThe lagabhaga cha mahinA rahyA pachI te yuropa pAchA pharyA tyAre sAmarina rAjAe perTugAlanA rAjAupara tene nIce pramANe kAgaLa lakhI ApyA-"tamArA kuTuMbamAMnA umarAva vAska DA gAmAe mArA rAjyanI mulAkAta lIdhI che ane mane ghaNo AnaMda Apyo che. mArA rAjyamAM taja, lavIMga, AduM, marI ane kiMmatI ratno puSkaLa che. tamArA dezamAMthI huM tenuM, rUpuM, paravALA ane lAla raMga levA mAguM chuM.' pahela vahelA AvelA porTugIjha gavarnare -sane 1pa02 mAM piorTugAlanA rAjAne 6 alaphajhAMDara nAme pipe AjJApatra karI ApyuM, temAM tene 'saphara karavAno, chatAne, ane IthiopiA, arabastAna, IrAna, ane bharatakhaMDanA vepArano dhaNI banAvyA. e varasamAM vAsko DA gAmA vIsa vahANane kAphalo laI bIjIvAra bharatakhaMDa AvavA nIkaLyA. kAlikaTanA grAmarina rAjAnI sAmA teNe kocina ane kAnAnoranA rAjAo joDe ekako karI grAmarina rAjAne tenA mahelamAM gherI geLAno mAro calAvyo. sane 1503 mAM mahAna Alphansa DI Abukarka parTugAlathI nIkaLavAnA traNa kAphalAmAMnA ekano uparI banI tene pUrva bhaNI haMkAya. phrAnsisko DI AbhIDe nAme bharatakhaMDanA pahelA porTugIjha vAIsaroyanI saradArI nIce sane 155 mAM bAvIsa vahANa ane paMdara hajAra mANasane mATe kAphalo mokalavAmAM Avyo. sane 1509 mAM enI pachI A bukarka gavarnara thaze, ane teNe porTugIjhanI sattA ghaNuM bhAgapara vadhArI. kAlikaTapara humalo karyo temAM hArI javAthI teNe sane 1510 mAM govA baMdara sara karyuM. e govA tyAra pachI hajI sudhI pagIjha tAbAnA bharatakhaMDanI rAjadhAnInuM zahera rahyuM che. pachI siMhaladvIpanI pradakSiNuM karI teNe hiMdI ArkipelAmAM vahANa haMkAravAnuM kAma jethI hAthamAM Ave evuM malAkkA kabaje karyuM ane ziAma ane masAlAnA TApuDe vepAra cAlu karyo. chevaTe teNe pazcima bhaNuM pAchAM vahANa haMkAryA ane Ino akhAta tathA lAla samudramAM thaI. te sane 1pa1pa mAM pAcho gove gayA ane tyAM maraNa pAmyo. sane

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sane 1892mAM porTugIjha tAbAnAM saMsthAne. 179 154 mAM vAcche DA gAmA trIjIvAra pUrvamAM Avyo ane te paNa sane 15ra7 mAM kecInamAM maraNa pAmyo. bharatakhaMDamAM porTugIjhanAM ghAtakI kAmA sane 1500 thI sane 1600 lagI, eTale barAbara eka seka sUdhI, pUrvano saghaLe vepAra ekalA parTugIjhane hAtha hati. paNa bharatakhaMDamAM rAjya sthApavAne je rAjasaMbaMdhI baLa ane vizeSa lakSaNanI jarUra che te bemAMnuM eke temanAmAM nahotuM. cUpamAM pirTugIjhane sUra leke je jhaghaDo thayo hato temAM e AkhI prajAnA svabhAvanuM baMdhAraNa thayuM hatuM. teo vepArI nahatA paNa bhaTakatA zuravI ane dharmane mATe yuddha karanArA (Dara) hatA. teo dareka mUrtipUjakane porTugAlane ane Isukhristane zatru gaNatA. je vahema ane krUratAthI temanA IMDAsamAMnA ItihAsane kalaMka lAgyuM che te temanI chatinI vakhatanA vRttAnta jemaNe vAMcyA che temanA manamAM barAbara utarI zakaze. dezIonI prIti, ane hiMdu rAjAonI dastI miLavavAnI mAtra Abukarka kozIza karI hatI. joke tenuM nAma eTalA badhA pUjyabhAvathI saMbhAratA hatA ke govAnA hiMduo ane musalamAna suddhAM tenI kabara pAse jatA ane tyAM teno AtmA jANe hAjara na hoya tema potAnI pharyAda kahetA ane tenI pAchaLa thanArA hAkemanA julamamAMthI potAno chuTakAro karavA IzvaranI prArthanA karatA. bharatakhaMDamAM porTugIjhanI paDatI- sane 1580 mAM bIjA philiparAjAnA amalamAM pagAla ane spenanAM rAjya joDAI gayAM tyArathI yuropamAM spenanA lAbha para pahelI najara rahevA lAgI ane eziAmAM pArTugAlano lAbha Utarato gaNavA lAgyA. sane 1940 mAM porTugAla pharIne juduM rAjya thayuM paNa e daramiyAnamAM be vadhAre baLavAna harIpha, valaMdA ane aMgrejoe, pUrva samudramAM dekhAva dIdho hatA ane porTugIjha lokanuM IMDIsanuM rAjya jeTalI jhaDapathI ubhuM thayuM hatuM teTalI ja jhaDapathI kSaya pAmatuM hatuM. sane 1892 mAM porTugIjha tAbAnAM saMsthAne-hAla hiMdusthAnamAM porTugIjhanA tAbAmAM gAvA, diva ane damaNa saMsthAno ja

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180 yuropI lakenAM pahela vahelAM thANAM. rahyAM che. e saghaLAM pazcima kinAre che, emanuM kSetraphaLa 1,100 cArasa mela che ane temAM vastI Azare pAMca lAkha mANasanI che. vaLI briTiza hiMdamAM zumAre 500 porTugIjha che ane te uparAMta mizra jAtanA porTugIjha ethI ghaNuM vadhAre che. e mizra jAtanA 30,000 mANasathI vadhAre (porTugIjha hApha kAsTa) muMbaImAM ane 20,000 baMgALAmAM, mukhyatve karIne DAkA ane citoMganI paDezamAM vase che. e jAtanA loko phiraMgIne nAme oLakhAya che, ane tao remana kAlika dharma mAnatA rahyA che ane yUropI upanAma dhAraNa kare che te sivAya je dezIonI sAthe teo rahe che temanAthI varNa, bhASA, ane raheNInI bAbatamAM teo bhAgyeja judA paDe che. hiMdamAM valaMdA-pArTugIjhanA ekahathu vepArane toDI pADanArI pahela vahelI yUpI prajA valaMdA loko hatA. sALamA saikAmAM khUchama, AnTavarpa, ane AmasTarDama moTAM vepAranAM mathaka thayAM. piorTugIjha lika je mAla bharatakhaMDamAMthI laI jatAti mAla e badaramAMthI jarmanamAM ane IMglAMDamAM mokalavAmAM AvatA pahelAM to, eroja leke je te pakaDyo hato te raste cAlI valaMdA ke yuropa ane eziAnA uttara kinArAonI AsapAsa vahANa haMkArI bharatakhaMDamAM AvavAno mArga baLI kahADavAnI kozIza karI. AvI rIta valaMdA loko traNa vAra uttara taraphane mArge gayA te traNe pravAsamAM tamanA mukhya purUSa tarIke vilyama renTasa mazahUra che. AmAMnA chellA pravAsamAM te maraNa pAmyA. kepa oNva guDa hopanI pradakSiNA pahela vahelI kanaliyasa nAme valaMdAe karI. te sane 1596 mAM sumAtrA ane baMtAma pahoMcyo. pUrvanA dezo jeDe vepAra karavAne holAMDanA ghaNa bhAgamAM tarataja khAnagI kaMpanIo UbhI thaI paNa sane 1902 mAM sTeTasa janarale e saghaLI kaMpanIone jeDI daI tinI Daca (valaMdA) IsTa InDiyA kaMpanI banAvI. sane 1919 mAM valadAe jAvAmAM baTeviA zahera vasAvI IsTa IMDita mahilAM potAnA tAbAnAM saMsthAnI vaDI sarakAranI rAjadhAnI karI. agAu temanI mukhya koThI AyanAmAM hatI. zumAre eja samaye temaNe AsTreli

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valaMdAnI TUMkI najaravALI rAjayarItI. 181 Ane kAMThe zodhI kahADe ane uttara amerikAmAM nyu AsTaDama athavA mAnahaTTana zahera vasAvyuM. e zahera hAlamAM nyu yorka kahevAya che. pUrva samudramAM valaMdAnI sothI caDhI AtI sattA-sattaramA sakAmAM valaMdAlakanI dariyAI sattA dunIAmAM sAthI caDhIAtI hatI. sane 1623 mAM temaNe AyanAmAM aMgreja lokonI katala kIdhI tene lIdhe briTiza kaMpanIne pUrva kepelegamAMthI bharatakhaMDamAM javuM paDayuM. AthI ejanA hiMdI rAjyano pAyo naMkhAya. pUrva samudramAM aMgreja ane valaMdAnI vacce ghaNu vakhata sudhI dariyAI yuddha ane khUnarejI laDAIo cAlI hatI tene cheDe jyAre oreMjanA vilyame e baMne dezo sane 1688 mAM joDI dIdhA tyAre Avyo. thoDo vakhata valaMdAe hiMdI ApalemAM ekachatra rAjya calAvyuM ane porTugIjhane temanAM mulakI saMsthAnamAMthI dhIme dhIme hAMkI kahADayA. sane 1935 mAM timaNe maisA kabaje karyuM, sane 1940 mAM malAkkA lIdhuM. A bhAre nukasAnamAMthI piTuM gIjha lake kadI pitAnI sattA pAchI meLavavA pAmyA nathI. teo sane 1647 mAM pAlAra nadIne tIre AvelA hiMdusthAnanA anikAThe AvelA sAdrAsa zaheramAM vepAra calAvatA hatA. sane 1651 mAM temaNe kepa oNva guDa hopamAM pUrvamAM AvavAne ardha mArge eka saMsthAna sthApyuM. sane 165ra mAM temaNe madrAsa kAMThe pAlakalyumAM pahela vahelI hiMdI koThI bAMdhI. siMhaladIpamAM pirTugIjhano chello kilo jhAphanA paTama hati. te temaNe sane 1658 mAM laI lI. marI utpanna karanArA malabAra kAMThA para piArTugIjha pahela vahelAM je thANAM karyAM hatAM te temanI kanethI 1664 mAM khuMcavI lIdhAM, ane 1668 mAM temaNe saMTa comI ane makkAsaramAMthI piorTugIjhane hAMkI kahADayA. valaMdAnI TUMkI najaravALI zakhya rIta-valaMdAnI vepAra calAvavAnI rIta TuMkI najaravALI hatI. tethI karIne temanAM saMsthAnanA mahArAjyanI paDatI thaI. e rIte jANI joIne tioe evI rAkhI hatI ke tethI karIne tenA tamAma vepAra temanA ekalAnAja

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182 sUropI lekonAM pahela vahelAM thANAM. hAthamAM rahe. e vepAra calAvavAmAM pahelethI te chelle sUdhI teo kharA arthazAstranA niyama pramANe cAlyA na hatA. jAnA vakhatanA phiniziyana lokanI peThe teoe vepAramAM potAnI jaDa harIphAI karanArA lekepara julama karavAmAM bAkI rAkhI na hatI; paNa phiniziyana leke temanA sahavAsamAM AvelA dezIomAM sudhAro dAkhala karyo hato, tema valaMdAo karI zakyA nahi. sane 158 mAM kahe jamIna ane darIAne raste cisurAmAM valaMdApara hallo karI temane lAja lagADe evA karAra karavAnI pharaja pADI. temanI sethI caDhIAtI sattA toDI. sane 1793 thI 1815 sUdhI iMca jeo moTAM yuddha thayAM temAM aMgreje he lAMDa pAsethI tenAM pUrvanAM saMsthAne laI lIdhAM to paNa jAvA beTa sane 1816 mAM tene pAchA maLyo ane sane 1824 mAM malAkakA ane sumAtrAno adala badale karyo. hAla hiMdustAnamAM valaMdAno vAvaTe koIpaNa ThekANe UDatA nathI. paNa cisurA, nagApaTama ane jAphanA paTama zahera, je hAla ageja lokonA hAthamAM che tamAM tathA keremAMDala ane malabAra kAMThAnAM bIjA keTalAMka nAnAM baMdaramAM valaMdA naLIo ane nakazIvALAM vicitra makAna parathI ane e jUnAM saMsthAnamAMnAM keTalAMkamAM karelI Daca DhabanI pANInI nahero parathI musApharane nedhaleMDamAMnA dekhAvo yAda Ave che. pahela vahelA sAhasika aMgrejo, sane 159-159-vAyavya koNane raste athavA uttara mahAsAgaramAM thaIne hiMdamAM AvavAne aMgrejoe pahela vahelA prayatna karyA hatA. sane 1496 mAM 7 mA heni rAjAe jAna kaMbaTa ane enA traNa dIkarA (emAno eka prasiddha sabAsTiane hati) ne be vahANa taiyAra karI A mArga baLI kahADavAnI sanada karI ApI. e kAmamAM temane phatteha maLI nahi, paNa temaNe nyuphoDalAMDa beTa zedhI kahA ane amerikAne koTha lAkhADArathI varjhaniA lagI vahANa haMkAryA. sane 1papa3 mAM durbhAgI sara huM vilubie yUropa ane eziAnI uttare, uttara mahAsAgaramAM IzAna koNano mArga zodhI kahADavAno prayatna karyo, paNa e prayatna pAra pADavAnuM kAma ApaNu vakhatanA eka svIDa amaladArane mATe

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aMgrejI IsTa iMDiA kaMpanIo. 183 rahyuM che. sara hyu maraNuM pADe, paNa cAnselara nAme tene madadanIza ta samudrane kAMThe eka baMdara, je hAla Arkejala kahevAya che, tyAM AvI pahoMcyA. e pachI sane 1576 thI 1616 lagI vAyavya bhaNane mArga zodhI kahADavAne ghaNuM prayatna thayA hatA. e prayatnane lIdhe zira, Devisa, haDasana, ane bAkinanAM amara nAma hAlanA nakazAmAM rahI gayAM che. e darmiyAna sane 1577mAM sara kAnsisa ke pRthvIpradakSiNA karI ane cUrepa pAchA pharatI vakhate malAkakAnA TarneTa nAme eka TApumAM baMdara karyuM. tyAMnA rAjAe te beTamAM utpanna thatAM tamAma laviMga aMgrejI prajAne ApavAnI kabUlAta ApI. sAkhI beTanI jesyuITa kolejane mukhya zikSaka tAmasa sTIvansa nAme arvAcIna samayane aMgreja sane 1579 mAM pahelA pahelA hiMdamAM Ave jANavAmAM che. sane 1583 mAM traNa aMgreja vepArIo-- rAlpha phica, jemsa juberI, ane lIsa--sAhasika vepArIo tarIke eziA khaMDanA dezomAM thaI hiMdamAM AvyA. adekhA pi gIjha lekoe temane orgajhamAM ane pharIne govAmAM baMdIkhAne nAMkhyA. Akhare juberI gAvAmAM dukAna mAMDIne rahyo, lIDasa moTA mugala pAdazAhanI nokarImAM dAkhala thayA, ane phica, siMhaladIpa, baMgALA, paMgu, ziAma, malAkkA, ane IsTa IMDasanA bIjA bhAgamAM ghaNe kALa bhaTakyA pachI pAchA IMglAMDa gayA. spena ane porTugAlanA ekaThA thayelA rAje aMgrejanI sAme laDavAne sane 1588 mAM "jItI zakAya nahi evI aramAra 'mikalI hatI tenI hAra thavAthI dariyAI sAhasa karavAne aMgreja lokone navuM uttejana maLyuM ane sane 1596 mAM kenaliyasa homAnanI saphaLa sapharane lIdhe je samudromAM porTugIjha ke atyAra lagI ekahathu vepAra calAvatA hatA te samudramAM kepa oNva guDa hopamAM thaI javAno mArga hAtha lAgyo. aMgrejI IsTa IDiA kaMpanIo-laMDana ane AsTaDamanI vacce vepAranI sarasAI cAlavAthI egrajI IsTa IMDiA kaMpanI UbhI thaI. sane 1pa98 mAM valaMdAo aMgrejane vecavAnA marIna bhAva ratale traNa ziliMga hato te vadhArI che ane ATha ziliMga kayo

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14 yupI kiAnAM pahela vahelAM thANu. laMDananA vepArI oe phinDarsa haoNlamAM 1599nA sapTembaranI raramI tArIne laMDa leyaranA pramukhapaNuM nIce eka sabhA bolAvI. hiMda cheDe parabhAya vepAra karavA mATe eka maMDaLI sthApavAno TharAva karyo, IlijhAbetha rANIe paNa aMgrejI kaMpanIne mATe hakka mAgavA sara jona mi4nahAlane IstAMbulane mArge moTA mugala pAdazAhanA darabAramAM bekathA. sane 1600 nA DiseMbaranI 31 mI tArIkhe aMgrejI IsTaiMDiA kaMpanI rAjyalekhathI "IsTa DIsa je vepAra karanArA leDananA vepArIonA gavarnara ane kaMpanI" e IlakAbathI sanadI maMDaLI thaI. mULanI kaMpanImAM mAtra 1rapa bhAgIdAra hatA ane 70,000 piAMDanuM bhaMDoLa hatuM. sahIArA bhaDALa khAte paheja vahelI saphare karavA mAMDI tyAre sane 1912 mAM e bhALa vadhArIne 4,00,000 pAMDanuM karyuM hatuM. sane 1935 mAM korTananI maMDaLI sthapAI e maMDaLIo pAchaLathI mADAgAskaramAM eka kAThI ghAlI te parathI te "asADA chepArIo" nA nAmathI prasiddha thaI; paNu keTalAka vakhata lagI mAhamAhe jabarI sarasAI cAlyA pachI sane 1950mAM e maMDaLI laMDananI kaMpanI sAthe joDAI gaI. sane 1955 mAM kropele 'sAhasika vepArIonI kaMpanIne hiMda cheDe vepAra karavA sanada ApI, paNa e kaMpanI be varasa rahIne mULa kaMpanI sAthe joDAI gaI. pAchaLathI echa kaMpanI athavA "IsTa IMDasa De vepAra karanArI sAdhAraNa maMDaLI' vadhAre jabarI harIpha thaI paDI. sane 1998 mAM sArI madada maLavAthI ekaMpanI sanadI maMDaLI thaI ane tenuM bhaMDoLa 2,00,000 paDanuM hatuM. tApaNu laoNrDa meDelphinanI paMcAyatathI beu kaMpanIe vacce samAdhAna thayuM, ane "laMDana' ane " cha" kaMpanIe chevaTe sane 1708 mAM "ITa iMDIsa joDe vepAra karanArA IglAMDanA vepArIenI ekaThI kaMpanI' nA nAmathI joDAI gaI. laMDana kaMpanInI pahela vahelI saphare--e ja kenAM je vahANe pahela vahelAM pUrva samudromAM paThAM temane pahoMcavAnuM ThekANuM hiMdanuM kepage hatuM. kaMpanInI sauthI pahelI sapharamAM, eTale sane 162 mAM, kaptAna lAMkAsTare AcInanA rAja je vepAra saMbaMzI vahevAra

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AyanAnI katala. 15 cAlu karyo, ane baMtAmamAM koThI eTale "vepAranI vakhAra' bAMdhI. epachInAM varasAmAM te e sumAtrA, malAkkA, baMDA, AoyanA ane baMtAmamAMthI marI ane tejAnA vahANumAM bharIne laI jatA hatA. hajIsudhI hiMdane pazcima kAMThe adekhA pArTugIjha lokonI sattA sarvopari hatI. temaNe eja sAme laDIne temane pasavA dIdhA nahi. sane 1611 mAM pArTugIjha ke sAmA thayA tene lakhavyA vinA sara henrI miDakTane khaMbhAtamAM hid mAlathI vahANa bharyA. sane 1915 mAM muMbaInA kinArAthI cheTe tApI nadInA mukhathI thoDe suAlInuM prakhyAta dariyAI muha thayuM temAM kaptAna besTa pArTugIjhanAM saMkaDA vahANe cAra vAra mArIne hAMkI kahADyAM, ane aMgrejanA zauryane mATe dezIonA manamAM hamezane mATe mAna utpanna karyuM. eja varasamAM 1lA jemsa rAjAe sara Tomasa rone moTA mugala pAdazAha ( jahAMgIra ) nA darabAramAM elacI tarIke mokalyoti egra vepArane lAbhakArI mAgaNIo kabula karAvavAmAM phateha pAmya A yanAnI katala, sane 1923-hiMdamAM porTugIjha loko ane jeTalA hAnikAraka harIpha thayA hatA tenA karatAM tejAnAnA beTamAM valaMdA loko vadhAre hAnikAraka harIphe nIvaDyA. pUrva samudramAM ene mATe valaMdAne dhikkAra hato tenI AyanAnI katalathI hada vI. e katalathI ejenAM mana para UMDI chApa paDI. aMgrejoe valaMdA para Aropa mUkyA tenI sAmA bhAre ane dukhadAyaka Apo mUkIne valaMdAe 8 aMgreja, 9 jApAnI, ane 1 porTugIjha khalAsI sahita agrejanA kaptAna TAvarsanane sane 19ra3 nA phebruArI mAsamAM A yanAmAM paraheja karyA. e kedIonI tapAsa vakhate temaNe tene ene rIbI rIbone mAryA ane killAno phoja upara chApa mAravAnA tarakaTane a5rAdha temanA para sAbIta karyo. gussAnA jomamAM e bicArAone phAMsI dIdhI, ane emane mAra mArIne IsAphane nAme emanI hatyA karI tethI iglAMDano prajane krodha caDyA. chevaTe beu prajAnA hakkono toDa kahADavA kamizanare nImAyA ane egrejI kaMpanInA je loko mAryA gayA hatA temanA vArasAne nukasAnane peTe vala 24

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186 yupI lokonAM pahelavahelAM thANu. dAne 3615 pAMDa ApavA paDayA. paNa te vakhatathI baMDA ane tijAnAnA TApuo para valaMdAnI kala sattA rahI. sane 1793 mAM moTAM dariyAI yuddha zarU thayAM tyAM sudhI hiMdI kipegenA tamAma vepAra temaNe potAnA hAthamAM rAkhyo. madrAsamAM ejenAM pahelavahelAM thANuM-AyanAnI katalanuM pariNAma e thayuM ke aMgrejone tejAnAnA TApuomAMthI hiMdanI bhUmimAM javuM paDyuM. temaNe keramAMDalane kAMThe pahelavahelAM thANuM sthApyAM cheka sane 1911 mAM machalIpaTaNamAM temaNe AData bAMdhI hatI; ane e khAData vadhIne have (1632 mAM) galakAMDAnA sulatAna taraphathI maLelA sonAnA pharamAna" nI rUie keThI thaI. thoDAM varasa pahelAM (1626 mAM) ArmagAma, je hAla nAra jillAmAM khaDara che, tamAM paNa eka kAThI ghAlI hatI. emAM 12 tapa hatI, ane 23 yupI ADatI A kara hatA. Akhare sane 1639 mAM gAmanA hAkema phrAnsisa Dee caMdragirinA rAjAkanethI kAMThAnI dakSiNe madrAsa paTama athavA cinipaTama nAme vadhAre mAphaka jagyA kharIda karI. ahIMtaNe phorTa seMTa jyaoNrja bAMdhI madrAsa vasAvyuM. hiMdamAM kaMpanInuM pahelavaheluM mulakI saMsthAna madrAsa hatuM. keTalAMka varasa lagI e saMsthAna javAnA baMtAma nagaranA tAbAmAM rahyuMpaNa sane 1653 mAM tene svataMtra IlAko banAvyA muMbaImAM aMgrejanAM pahelavahelAM thANAM-pazcima kinAre ghaNe vakhata sudhI ja lokonA vepAranuM mukhya thAnaka sUrata zahera hatuM. e zaheramAM sane 161ra-5 mAM eka keThI ghAlI hatI ane ghoghA amadAvAda, tathA khaMbhAta je tenI AData cAlatI hatI. suAlIthI De che. aMgreja lake porTugIjha para dariyAI jIta meLavI hatI tenuM e paheluM phaLa hatuM. e vakhate mugala rAjyanuM mukhya baMdara sUrata hatuM. e baMdaramAM thaIne uttara hiMda tathA yUrepa je tamAma vepAra cAlatiA hatA. porTugAlanA rAjAe sane 1961 mAM bIjA cArsa rAjAnI rANI bragejAnI zAhajAdI kAtharenano paherAmaNImAM aMgrejane muMbaI beTa Apyo hato, paNa sane 1965 lagI porTugIjha kanethI temane tene kabajo maLe na hati. sane 1668mAM bIjA cArja rAjAe muM

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baMgALAmAM aMgrejanA pahelavahelo thANAM. 187, baI beTa parano pitAne hakka varase daza pauMDavA karIne IsTa InDiyA kaMpanIne vecyA. e vakhate muMbaIzahera mAtra mAchIonuM gAmaDuM hatuM ane temAM porTugIjhana jAne killo hati tathA kharAba havA pANIne lIdhe pUra vinA dezomAM paNa e gAmaDuM prakhyAta hatuM. paraMtu A gAmaDuM beTamAM hAvAthI marAThA cheDe savAranA humalAne tene bhaya naheti e tene mATe lAbha hatA. zivAjIe sane 1963mAM sUrata zahera laTayuM hatuM; aMgrejanI keDI TInahatI. kAraNathI pazcima IlAkAno rAjadhAnI sUratamAMthI khaseDI muMbaImAM laI javAnuM durasta dhAravAmAM AvyuM. ema karavAno hukama sane 1685 mAM thayo hato. paNa be varSa keDe (1687 mAM) amalamAM AvyA. gALAmAM aMgrejanAM pahelavahelAM thANA -baMgALAmAM thANuM moDAM sthApyAM hatA ane te madrAsa athavA muMbAInAM thANuM karatAM pahelAM vadhAre jokhamamAM hatAM. sane 1920 mAM ajamera, AgrA, ane cheka pUrve paTanAmAM sUratanI zAkhA rU5 nAnI ADati UghADI hatI. paNa sane 1934 nA varasa lagI dariyA kAMThA sadhI pahecAya nahotuM. e varasamAM mugala pAdazAhe pharamAna ApI kaMpanIne baMgALAmAM vepAra karavAnI paravAnagI ApI. paNa temanAM vahANene mAtra orisAmAM pIpaLI lagI javAnI chUTa hatI. e baMdara hAlamAM dariyAthI jamInanA aMdaranA bhAgamAM bahu dUra gayeluM che ane te kyAM hatuM te paNa aTakaLathIja jANI zakAya che. hagalInI koThI sane 1640 mAM ane bAlAsaranI koThI sane 1942 mAM ghAlI hatI. traNa varasa keDe, eTale sane 1645 mAM, "hola" nAme vahANunA zastravaivagebriyala bAuTane pAvyA. sane 1981 mAM baMgALAmAMnI aMgrejI keThI madrAsathI jArI paDI; ane hajIsane baMgALanA upasAgaramAM kaMpanInA kAmakAjane tathA kAsimabajAra, paTanA, bAlAsara, mAladAra, ane dhAkAnI tAbAnI kaThIono ejaMTa ane gavarnara nImyo. paNa aMgreje jema madrAsamAM ane mulakI saMsthAna meLavyAM hatAM tema baMgALAmAM hajI lagI meLavyAM na hatAM. vastIvALAM nagaranI madhye karelAM temanAM nAnAM

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188 baMgALAmAM aMgrejanAM pahelavahelAM thANuM. saMsthAna evAM hatAM ke dezI gavarnare tapara potAnI marajI pramANe caDhAI karI zake. sane 1686 mAM navAba zekhAne baMgALAmAM aMgrejanI je kAThIo hatI te sarvene japta karavAno hukama karyo. hugalInA vepArIo ane temanA uparI joba cArmIka e nadhana bArA tarapha A zare 26 mela dUra AvelA suTAnaTI gAmamAM gayA. suTAnaTI e veLA pANIvALI nIcI jagyAmAM gAmaDuM hatuM, ane hAlamAM kalakattAne uttara bhaNIno vibhAga che. A ThekANe temaNe asalanA phorTa viliyama pathi nAMkhyo ane sane 1700 mAM auraMgajeba pAdazAhanA dIkarA zAhajAdA AjhIma kanethI suTAnaTI kalikaTA, ane goviMdapura e traNa gAma vecAtAM lIdhAM, ane temane joDI daI hAlanuM kalakattA banAvyuM. mulakI sattAmAM kaMpanI hAtha ghAle che.-mugalo ane marAThAeno julama khALI zakAya te mATe mulaka meLavI hiMdamAM pitAnI sattA jamAvavAno eja samaye (sane 1988 mAM ) kaMpanIe niaya karyo. e matalabathI teNe hiMdamAM potAnA nokaronA vahIvaTa mATe nIcalo TharAva maMjUra karyo - ApaNuM vepAra viSe jeTalI kALajI rAkhavI teTalIja upaja vadhAravA tarapha kALajI rAkhavI; ApaNuM vepArane vIsa akasmAtathI khalela pahoMce tyAre paNa ApaNuM baLa ethI ja TakI raheze; ethI karIne ja ApaNe hiMdamAM prajA tarIke gaIzuM" eja matalabathI sara jona cAIlDane 'hiMda gavarnara janazva ane dariAI lazkarane saradAra nImI tene salAha athavA laDAI karavAnI ane kaMpanI nAM saMsthAnanA bacAva mATe goThavaNu karavAnI kula sattA ApI. bIjI IsTa InDiyA kaMpanIo-parTugIjha leke kaMpanI UbhI karavAno koI paNa vakhata prayatna karyo nahato. paNa pUrva bhaNInA dezo no vepAra ekalA rAjAne ja hastaka rAkhyA hatA. aMgreje pahelavahelI khAnagI kaMpanI sane 1600 mAM sthApI hatI. enI pachI tu rata sane 162 mAM valaMdAe eka kaMpanI UbhI karI. paNa valaMdAo rAjyane nAme saMsthAno meLavyAM hatAM, tethI teo prajAnAM saMrathAno gaNAya che, khAnagI saMsthAno gaNatAM nathI. emanI pachI so

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bIjI IsTa IMDiyA kaMpanIo. 189 AvyA. temaNe IsTa InDiyA kaMpanI sane 1904 mAM sthApI. bIjI 1611 mAM, trIjI 1615 mAM, cethI (rizalInI) 1642 mAM ane pAMcamI (kelbarkanI ) sane 1644 mAM sthApI. phreMca IsTa ane vesTa iDiyA senIgAla, ane cAinA kaMpanIone jeDI daIne chaThThI kaMpanI sane 1718 mAM sthApI hatI ane tenuM nAma "IDIsanI kaMpanI "pADavuM hatuM. bIjIone bAtala karI e kaMpanIneja ApelA hakene bega rAjAnA hukamathI sane 1768 mAM aTakAvyA hatA; ane e kaMpanIno Akhare sane 1780 mAM naeNzanala eNselphIe nAza karyo. unAkanI pahelI IsTa InDiyA kaMpanI sane 1912 mAM ane bIjI 1970 mAM UbhI thaI. Dena leke TAnDavIbAra ane serAmapuranAM saMsthAne mane 1616 mAM sthApyAM hatAM, ane te DenmArka kanethI aMgreje sane 1845 mAM vecAtAM lIdhAM hatAM. hiMdanI bhUmimAM Dena lekanAM bIja saMsthAno piTa ne, ane malabAra kITha IDAvA ane hacarI hatAM. sane 165 mAM skoTaleke je kaMpanI UbhI karI hatI tene utpanna thayA pahelAM marI gayelI gaNI zakAya. "philipena dvIponI bAdazAhI kaMpanI' ne sane 1733 mAM penanA rAjAe sanadI maMDaLI karI hatI tene hiMda bhUmi joDe thoDAja vahevAra hato. e kaMpanIthI "ApTeDa kaMpanI" vadhAre agatyanI hatI. paNa te thoDI mudata rahI. e kaMpanIne AsTriAnA zahenazAha 6 ThThA cArlsa sane 1723 mAM sanadI maMDaLI banAvI. e kaMpanIne ADatiyA mukhyatve valaMdA ane aMgrejI kaMpanIonI nokarImAM rahelA zakhsa hatA. paNa yuropanA bhAre dariyAI lazkaravALA deze sAmA thayA tethI viyenAnA darabArane sane 1727mAM e kaMpanInI sanado amala sAta varasa lagI baMdha rAkhavAnI jarUra paDI. jokhama bharelI hayAtI bhagavyA keDe AsTeDa kaMpanIe sane 1784 mAM devALuM kahADayuM. pUrva hiMdanA vadhatA jatA vepAramAM bhAga levAne AriAnI sarakAre maracha jaNAvyAthI ekaMpanI eTalI mudata TakI rahI. hiMda cheDe dariyAI pAra karanArI yurepanI chellI prajA svIDana ane praziAnA loka hatA. khAsTeDa kaMpanInuM kAmakAja thoDI mudata lagI baMdha pADayuM tyAre tenA keTalAka nokara rojagArI khAI beThA. sTekahAmanA rahIza hetri keniMga

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190 yuropI lokonAM pahelavahelAM thANAM. pUrvanA deza viSenI temanI mAhitIno lAbha laI sane 1731 nA jana mAsanI 13mI tArIkhe svIDananI kaMpanI'ne mATe sanada meLavI te paNa tenAM kRtyo agatyanAM vahetAM. praziAnA mahAna kreDarika rAjAe pUrvanA dezo jeDe vepAra karatI be praziyana kaMpanIone sane 1750 ane sane 1753 mAM madada karI, paNa e kaMpanIo thoDe vakhata ja rahI. jeo sauthI vadhAre lAyaka hatA ti TakI 2hyA-ema ghaNuka yupI prajAo hiMdanA vepAranA lAbhane mATe cArase varasa lagI jerathI laDI; hiMdI mahArAjya meLavavAnI AzAe pUrepanA keTalAka moTAmAM moTA rAjAe bhAyA hatA. harIphAI karanArI saghaLI kaMpanIo hAra khAI IMgliza IsTa InDiyA kaMpanI mAtra TakI rahI. rAjaenA mAthA parathI mugaTe khuMcavI levAya e bIjo pirU deza ke lokone luTavAne tathA vaTALavAne bIjI navI duniyA na hoya ema hiMda po. TugIjha ane sthAniarDa kone lAgyo. valaMdA lekane te mATe bajAra thaI paDyuM. paNa temAM judA judA mANasane sAhasa karavAnI jagyA maLI nahi, kAraNake hiMdanA vepArano IjAre bahu sakhtAIthI sAcavavAmAM Avato hatoje lAbhakArI kAvataruM karavAthI prasiddha mAna maLe paNa te mAna Akhare te meLavanArane nAzakAraka thAya tathA prajAne phaLadAyaka thAya nahitakAvataruM karavAnI nATakazALA hiMda che, evuM calokene lAgyuM. aMgrejI kaMpanIe je rIte pakaDI hatI, te ochI DALadAra paNa vadhAre pAka pAyA para hatI. jokhama bharelA khAnagI sAhasamAMthI dravyane lAbha thAya evuM karavAne jema karaDI rIte manovRttine kAbumAM rAkhavI joIe tema kaMpanInA mANasoe juvAnomAM rAkhI hatI. jIta meLavavAnI harakoI tadabIramAM paDyA pahelAM temaNe hiMda viSe puSkaLa jJAna meLavyuM. chevaTe yugala pAdazAhata paDI bhAgyAthI hiMdamAMthI hArIne nAzI javuM ke hiMda upara rAjya karavuM e bemAMne eka rasto pasaMda karavAnI jarUra paDI tyAre teoe potAnA manane daDha nizcaya karyo. koI paNa prakAranA dukha athavA AphatathI temane nizcaya kSaNavAra paNa Dagyo nahi; tema harakoI jakhamanA samayamAM aMgrejI prajA kaMpanIne sahAya thavAmAM kadI cUkI nahi.

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prakaraNa 13 muM. hiMdamAM briTiza rAjyanI sthApanA, 1746-1805. A ItihAsanI matalaba hiMdI lekano mukhatisara hevAla ApavAnI che. e lokane aMgrejI amalathI je je lAbha thayA che te navamAM ane dazamA prakaraNamAM batAvyA pramANe musalamAna pAdazAhanA amalamAMnA hiMdane hAlanA hiMda cheDe mukAbalo karavAthI manamAM barAbara UtarI zake. evo mukAbalo karavAnuM kAma A pustakanuM nathI mATe banAne TukA hevAla ahiM basa thavo joie. kALanA anukrama pramANa nodha kalAIvathI mArkisa Ava lAjaDAuna sudhI. IsTa InDiyA kaMpanInA hAtha nIce thayelA hiMdanA gavarnara ane gavarnara-janarala 175-1858. gavarnare. 1798 sara elyuDa kalArka (kAma 158 karnala (pAchaLathI haiDe ) calAu). phalAIva. 1798 ale Ava maeNniTana (mA1760 ja. a. hobela (kAma ca- ] karvasa veleslI). 1767 havAnsiTArTa. 185 mAkarvasa kavilisa (bIjI 1764 jona spensara (kAma calAu). vAra). 1765 lairDa kalAIva (bIjI vAra). 185 sara jaje bA beroneTa 1767 herI vesTa, (kAma calAu). 1768 jena kArTIara. 1807 laoNrDa (pAchaLathIala oNva) 17chara vairana hesTiMgsa. mo. gavarnara janarala. 1774 vairana hesTiMgsa. 1813 arla eNn mAyirA (bhA1785 sara jona mekaphana bero karvasa ova hisTimsa). | neTa (kAma calAu ). | 1823 na ADama (kAma calAu). 1786 (pAchaLathI mAkarvasa) 18ra3 laoNrDa (pAchaLathI arla) - kavailisa. maha . 1793 sara jona zoraraneTa(laoNDa | 18ra8 laoNDa viliyama vaMDiza Tenamaya). MTaka. - lAu).

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19ra hiMdamAM briTiza rAjyanI sthApanA 1746-185183pa sara cArlsa mekapha, pA haiorDa ne pIyara n maLathI laDe bekApha (kAma dalA) [kAma calAu). calAu). 1863 sAvaliyama Denisana (kA1836 laoNrDa (pAchaLathI arla oNva) ma calAu). kalAMDa. 1864 sara jona haeNrensa beroneTa 184ra lAMDa(pAchaLathI arla oNvuM) (lArDa laoNrensa). 1869 arla oNva me. elanabaro. 187ra sara jona sTrecI (kAma ca1844 sara hajI (pAchaLathI vAI lAu.) kAu8) hADIMga. . 1872 lairDa nipIara nyU ma8i1848 artha (pAchaLathI mArvesa) sTAuna (kAma calAu). DelahaisI. 187ra lorDa (pAchaLathI ala va) 1856 vAIkAuMTa (pAchaLathI ala) nabuka. laga. 1876 laoNrDa (pAchaLathI ale evu) bAdazAhatane tAbehiMda thayA liTana pachInA vAIsaraiyo. 1880 mArvasa eNvu zIpana. 1858-1892. 1884 arla va Dapharina (pAcha1858 ala keviMga. LathI mAkarvesa va 16ra kharla adajIna. Dapharina ane AvA.) 1863 saraoNbarTane pIyara(pachIthI 1888 mAkarvesa AvuM lAskAuna. dakSiNamAMca ane aMgreja-hiMdamAM aMgrejanA rAjakIya ItihAsa AraMbha karnATakamAM 18 mA saikAmAM thayelA iMca yuthI thAyache. madrAsa ilAkAmAM arkoTamAM kalAIvanA bhAgyano udaya thayo; ane hiMdamAM bAdazAhata sthApavAnI pheMcanI AzA vovozanA raNamAM bhaMga thaI pAchaLa kahI gayA chIe tema bharatakhaMDamAM aMgrejane kabaje pahelI bhUmi AvI te seMTa vyaMje gaDha ke madrAsa hatuM. 1639 mAM kAnsIsa De nAme je te baMdhAvyuM. eja kAramAMDaLa kAMThA AgaLanI 100 mailapara 1674 mAMcanuM padicarIyANuM sthApavAmAM AvyuM ane ghaNAM varasa sudhI hariphAI ke mUlaka meLavavAno lobha karyA vinA agreje ane e joDAjoDa rahI vepAra karyo. 1707 pachI dakSiNa hiMda-1707 mAM auraMgajebanuM maraNa thayuM tyArathI dakSiNa hiMda dhIme dhIme dilhIthI svataMtra thayo. khuda dakSiNamAM

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aMgrejanuM karNATakamAM 1luM yuddha. 193 nijAma-ula-mulka vaMzaparaMparA rAjagAdI sthApI, haidarAbAdane pATanagara banAvyuM, ane te vaza AkhA dakSiNa upara nAma adhikAra calAvato. maya deza ane pUrva samudranI vaccenI karNATakanI nIcI bhUmimAM ArkaTano navAba nijAmanA nAyaba tarIke amala karatA ane te paNa vaMzaparaMparA rAjya karavAne dAva rAkhato. vadhAre dakSiNe vicinapAlIkAI hiMdu rAjAnI rAjadhAnI hatI. bIjuM hiMdu rAjya tAMjoramAM hatuM ne tyAM adhama sthitimAM AvI gayele marAThA saradAra zivAjInA vaMzano rAjA rAjya karatA hatA. aMdaranA bhAgamAM plesa ranI sattA dhIme dhIme vadhatI gaI ane te trIjuM hiMdu rAjya thatuM hatuM. saghaLe ThekANe pagAra ke nAyaka kahevAtA rathAnika saradAre kilA ke - garI gaDhane adhe ravataMtra kabajo dharAvanArA hatA. teo jUnA vijayanagaranA rAjyanA lazkarI jamIdAranA kuLanA hatA, ane 1565 mAM te rAjya paDayuM tyArathI teomAMnAM ghaNuMke niyama vagara marajI mujaba khaMDaNI ApI vahIvaTamAM svataMtratA jALavI rAkhI hatI. aMgrejanuM karNATakamAM 1luM yuddha -1746-1748.yuropamAM 1743 mAM aMgreja ane iMcanI vacce yuddha cAlyuM tyAre dakSiNa hiMdanI evI hAlata hatI. te vakhate paMDicarIne gavarnara Dayuple hato ane tarUNa kalAIva madrAsamAM eka kArakuna hato. aMgrejanuM eka dariyAI lazkara pahelAM keromAMdala kAMThe AvyuM. paNa Dayue DahApaNathI ArkaTanA navAbane najarANuM daItine lalacAvyo ke tamAre vacamAM paDI jhagaDo karavAnI manA karavI. 1746 mAM eka phreMca aramAra lA buDanI saradArI nIce AvI. lagabhaga eka hAtha dekhADaDyA vinA madrAsa teine tAbe thayuM ane saMTa DeviDa gaDha (phorTa seMTa DeviDa) nAme aMgrejanuM thANuM piDicerInI dakSiNe keTalAka malapara hatuM te mAtra temanI kane rahyuM. kalAIva ane bIjA keTalAka tyAM nAzI gayA. pitAnI niSpakSapAta rAtine vaLagI rahI ane hAMkI kADhavAne daza hajAra keja sAthe karNATakano navAba temanA upara caDaghI, paNa hAryo. 1748 mAM emirala boska venanI saradArI nIce eka aMgrejI dariyAI lazkare AvI paDicerIne ghere ghAlavAnI koziza karI, ane mejara 25)

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194 hiMdamAM briTiza rAjyanI sthApanA. haiorensanA hAthatALa jamInanAM lazkare tene madada karI. badhA hamalA ce hAMkI kADhayA; paNa eja varasamAM ekasa-lA zApalanA kolakarArathI aMgrejane madrAsa zahera pAchuM maLyuM. Dayu -ca jeDanuM A paheluM yuddha yuropamAM vadhAre mATe jhagaDe cAlato hato tene lagato eka banAva hatA. bIjuM yuddha hiMdanA rAjyane lagatA banAva parathI UbhuM thayuM te samaye IglAMDa ane phrAnsa vacce salAha hatI. iMca lazkarane sahelathI phateha maLI teNe karIne DayuplenA manamAM musalamAnI rAjyonI chAyA taLe phreMca bAdazAhata sthApavAno lAbha pedA thayo. haidarAbAdamAM ane ATamAM rAjyagAdInA dAvAnA kajiyAthI tene potAnI dhAraNuM pAra pADavAnI jogavAI maLI. teNe bane tapato para pote nImelA dAvAdArane besADyA ane pata thoDA vakhata lagI AkhA dakSiNano paMca banI rahyA. sAhasika dhAraNuM karavAmAM ane eriyAI lekamAM rAjyavRti calAvavAnI kaLAmAM DayuplenI bAbarI kare to koI nahi haze, paNu yuddhamAM te kazaLa na hato ane raNumAM tene "svAbhAvika mahAbuddhivALA kalAIva joDe bAtha bhIDavAnI hatI. potAnA bacAvanI preraNabuddhithI madrAsanA aMgrejone ArkaTanI gAdIne mATe Dayue TharAvelA navAbanI sAme thanAra umedavArane pakSa karavAnuM sUjhayuM. A umedavAra muhammadaalI hato. pachIthI itihAsamAM te vAlAjAha nAme oLakhAyA. kalAIva-dakSiNa hiMdamAM ca ane aMgreja vacce yuddha thayuM tene khyAna e pUrepUruM karyuM che. 105 mAM kalAiva ArkaTa zahera lIdhuM ane pachI teno bacAva karyo, te banAva jhagaDAmAM ApaNuM dhyAna khece evo che. plasIno laDAI karatAM paNa e bahAdura parAkramathI aMgrejonA zUrAtananI kIrti hiMdamAM vadhAre phelAI thoDA vakhata pachI kalAIva tabiyata bagaDavAthI IglAMDa pAcho gayo, paNu yuddha rahI rahIne ghaNAM varasa lagI cAlyAM karyuM. ekaMdara to karNATakamAM eTale madrAsako aMgrejanI sattA prabaLa thaI ane temane umedavAra muhammadaalI ArkaTamAM potAnA

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baMgALAnA dezI hAkema. 185 mibho jALavI zakyo. paNa dakSiNanA aMdaranA bhAgamAM ca savapari hatA ane uttara sirakAra nAme dariyA kinArAnA pradezano kabaje paNa teo karI zakyA. vaoNDaoNzano saMgrAma, 1760-dale jaMga 160 sUdhI thayA nahi. te sAlamAM phrenca senApati lAvIne vaoNDivaoNrA nA yuddhamAM karnala (pachIthI sara Ayara ) kaTe sajaDa harAvyo. e jaya meLavyA pachI teNe pAkicarIne ghero ghAlyo. khAvAnuM khUTavAthI te zahera 1761nA jAnevArI mahinAmAM tAbe thayuM. thoDA mAsa pachI ane DuMgarI gaDha paNa tene tAbe thayo. ItihAsakartA ormanA bIlamAM kahIe to kere mAMDala kAMThA para be yupI harIpha rAjyo vaccenA lAMbA jhagaDAne aMta te dahADe AvyA ane ca sarakAre potAne mAne che e eke vA ke hiMdanA koI bhAgamAM UDatA rahyA nahi. baMgALAnA dezI hAkema, 1707-175 -edarmiyAna kalAiva baMgALe gayA tithI baMgALA eja konA vijayanA ItihAsanuM ThekANuM thAya che. auraMgajebanA maraNane vakhate 1707 mAM baMgALAno navAba ke gavarnara murada kalIkhAna hatA. yurepI ItihAsamAM jApharakhAna nAmathI paNa oLakhAya che. jAti ke janmathI te brAhmaNa hatA ane tene IrAnamAM gulAma tarIke ucheravAmAM Avyo hato, tethI tenAmAM hi6nI rAjya kArabhAra karavAnI buddhi ane pitAne dharma tajI bIjI prajAne dharma mAnavAnuM dhamadhapaNuM e beu bhegAM maLyAM hatAM. atyAra lagI rAjyane pUrva sImADe dhAMkAmAM baMgAlAnI rAjadhAnI hatI. parTugIjha ane ArAkAnIjha ke mAgha cAMcIAenA humalAne vadhAremAM vadhAre saDelAIthI aTakAva karavAnuM e ThekANethI banI zake tevuM hatuM. e samaye gaMgAnA vepAranuM baMdara kAsImabajAra hatuM. tenI cheka pAse AvelA murAdAbAdamAM musadakulIkhAne potAnuM raheThANa karyuM. aMgreja, phreMca ane valaMdA e darekanI keDIe kAsIma bajAramAM, temaja dhakA, paTaNA ane mAdA zaheramAM hatI. paNa aMgrejanuM mathaka ka nadInA nIcalA bhAgamAM dariya karanArAM vahANa AvI zake che, tyAM

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196 hiMdamAM briTiza rAjyanI sthApanA. eka ekanI najIka e traNe zahere che. murzIda kulIkhAne sukhazAMtithI baMgALAmAM ekavIsa varasa rAjya karyuM. ane maratIveLA pitAnI sattAno vAraso jamAI ane pautrane A vaMzaparaMparA cAlatI gAne niyama 1740 mAM alIvardIkhAna nAme rAjya pacAvI paDanAre toDo. baMgAlAnA moTA navAbomAM e che hati. enA vakhatamAM marAThI savAre deza luTavA lAgyA ane sane 1742 mAM kalakattAvAsIone temanA zaheranI AsapAsa khAI banAvavAnI rajA maLI. e Aje paNa "marAThAnI khAI" e nAme oLakhAya che. kalakattAnuM baMdIkhAnuM (bleka haoNla )-alIvadakhAna 1756 mAM marI gayA ane tenI gAdIeteno pAtra sirAjauda-dAlA (sarAjadaulA) beThA. A araDha varasane juvAna navAba thayo tyAra pachI be mAsamAM tene hAtha na rahe evA teinA mijAjane lIdhe aMgreja joDe aNabanAva thayA. tenA gurasAnA pariNAmathI bacavAne tenA kaTuMbane koI mANasa kalakatta nAzI gayo hato tenI pAchaLa maTI ja lejo tyAM gayo. aMgrejomAMnA ghaNuM potAnA vahANo nadImAM hatAMtimAM jatA rahyA ane bAkI rahyA teo kAMIka sAme thayA pachI tAbe thayA. korTa viliyama (viliyamagaDha)nuM lazkarI baMdIkhAnuM (bleka haoNla) aMdhArI koTaDI hatuM, temAM teone te rAtre ghoMcI ghAlyA. e koTaDI zumAre 18 corasa phuTa hatI ane tene loDhAnA gajhaA jaDelAM mAtra benAnA jALiyAM hatAM. killAnA lazkarane te sAdhAraNa kedakhAnuM hatuM. e samaye lazkarI gunhegArone krUra sajA karavAmAM AvatI tethI e jela evI hatI. emAM pUravAthI zuM pariNAma thaze te navAbanA jANavAmAM hoya evuM dIsatuM nathI, te paNa jAna mahinAnA guMgaLAve evA tApanA vakhatamAM emAM gAMdhelA sAheba ane maDo marI gayAM. bIje dahADe savAre kedakhAnAnuM bAraNuM udhADadhuM tyAre 146 mAMnAM mAtra 23 jIvatA nIkaLyAM. kalAIva ane vAMsana--A AphatanA samAcAra madrAsa 5hocyA te veLA sAre nasIbe tyAM kalAIva pAcho Avyo hato, ane

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khalAsInuM yuda. 1lpa IMglADanA rAjAnA lazkarI vahANenI eka TukaDI paNa emirala vaoNTasananA hAtha nIce hAjara hatI. maLI zake eTalI ja je leI kalAIva ane vaoNTsanajhaTapaTa gaMgA nadInA mukha bhaNuM hakArI gayA. kalakattA pAchuM levAne yADuM ja laDavuM paDayuM ane kaMpanIne badhA haka pAchA maLe tathA nukasAnane puSkaLa badalo maLe evA karArathI navAba salAha karI. plAsInuM yuddha, 17pa7-laDAI jAgavAnuM navuM kAraNa ekAeka utpanna thayuM na hota to e vAta eTalethI aTakavAno saMbhava hato. eja vakhate yuropamAM aMgreja ane iMca vacce jhagaDA thayA ane karNATakamAM cAlelA yuddhanI sAMbhaLelI vAto pramANe vartI kalAi humalIne tIre phrencanuM thANuM caMdranagara hatuM te kabaje karyuM. pitAnA mUlakamAM alaga rahevAno niyama toDavAne mATe gusse thaI navAba pheMcanI tarapheNamAM utaryo, paNa DayulethI zIkhelI yukti pramANe vartI kalAI je gAdhane sArU sAme umedavAra Ubho karyo. enuM nAma mIrajAphara hatuM. kalakattAnI uttare 70 malapara plAsInuM vana che tyAM 1000 pUrepI ane 2000dezI sipAIo tathA tapa joDe laI kalAiva nirbhayapaNe gayA. baMgALAnA navAbanI kane 35,000 pAyadaLa, 15,000 gheDa savAra ane 50 topo hatI. potAnI yuddhasabhAnA matanI sAme thaI kalA saMgrAma karyo ema kahevAya che. paNa kharI vAta e che ke yuddha karyA vinA bhAge cAle tevuM hatuM. savAre cha kalAke navAbe potAnI tamAma tipo tenA upara calAvI, paNa kalAive potAnA mANasane eNe ThIka rAkhyA; "moTAM jhADAnI ghaTA vALI jagA ane tenI Asa pAsa mATInA karADA e ThekANe tene rAkhyA hatA. bapore jamavAne duzmana potAnI mioracAbaMdha chAvaNImAM gayA. kalAIvane mAtra eTalI AzA hatI ke rAtre humale karavAthI phatiha maLaze." e damiyAna so vasA zatru lugaDAM utArI rAMdhavAnA kAmamAM lAgelA tevAmAM temanI eka AgaLa vadhelI TukaDIe tene herAna karyo hato te upara kalAIva dho ane temanI chAvaNanA eka khUNA para chApo mAryo. navAbanA amaladAromAMnA keTalAka paDyA ane aNadhAryo gabharATa joI navAba

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198 hiMdamAM briTiza rAjyanI sthApanA paDe nAhiMmata thaI uTa caDI nAMThe, tenuM AkhuM lazkara binakAraNa ekAeka habakI jaInA, ane piti moTI jIta miLavI evuM kalAI vane mAluma paDayuM. mIrajApharanA dheDe savAre laDAI cAlatI hatI tyAre Dhacupacu rahyA hatA ane temane dUra rAkhavAne temanA upara kalAI geLIo marAvI hatI; teo aMgrejanI chAvaNImAM sAmila thayA ane navAbanI rAjadhAnI murzIdAbAdano rasto khullo thayo. mIrApha2, 1757 -plAsI nI laDAI 17pa7 nA jUna mAsanI 23 mI tArIkhe thaI. 1857 no baLavo pUra jerapara hato tyAre A varase varase Aveti divasa saMbhAravAmAM Avyo hato. hiMdamAM briTiza bAdazAhatano AraMbha e tArIkhe thayo evuM ItihAsamAM manAyuM che. paNa A phatahanAM pariNAma mukAbale nAnAM hatAM, ane keTalAMka varasa sakhta laDAIo laDayA pachIja baMgALIoe paNa aMgreja phejanI sarasAI mAnI, topaNa tarata ti keAI sAmuM thayuM nahi. DakhenI rIta mujaba vartI kalAI potAnA nomilA mIrajApharane murzIdAbAdamAM navAbanI gAdI e besADaze, ane tenI maMjarInuM pharamAna mugala darabArathI meLavyuM. e miTI padavIe caDAvyA peTe mIrajAphara pAsethI ghaNI moTI rakama paDAvI. kaMpanIe potAnA nukasAnane badale eka karoDa rUpiA bhAgyA. kalakattAmAM vasanArA aMgrejone sArU pacAsa lAkha, hiMduone mATe vIsa lAkha, ane Armeniyanone vAte daza lAkha rUpIA mAgyA, pacIsa lAkha dariyAI lazkarane ane pacIsa lAkha jamInanAM lazkarane mATe mAgyA. konsilanA membarane maLyA tenI vigata - DuMka gavarnara hato tene be lAkha haMzI hajAra, ane karnala kalA Ivane paNa eTalI ja rakama bekara, vaoNTsa ane mejara kilyATrika emAMnA darekane be lAkha cALIsa hajAra maLyA. karnala kalAIvane vaLI senApati tarIke be lAkha rUpiA ane khAnagI " najarANuM " tarIke seLa lAkha rUpiA maLyA. konsilanA bIjA membarane paNa vadhArAnAM "najarANA" maLyAM. vaoNlsanane evA najarANAnA ATha lAkha rUpiA maLyA. kula 26,97,7pa0 pauMDa aMgreja koe mAgyA. hiMdanI lata viSe hajI aMgrejonA manamAM vicitra

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19 covIsa paragaNAnuM dAna. dhAraNA hatI, paNa temanI bezumAra mAgaNIne pUruM paDe eTaluM dhana na hatuM tithI TharAvelI rakamathI ardhI laI temane saMtoSa mAnavo paDaze. A ochI karelI rakamanA eka tRtIyAMzane paTe paNa dAgInA levA paDyA, kemake viSe pADeluM ke lagaDI rUpe tenuM rUpuM khajAnAmAM rahyuM na hatuM covIsa paragaNAnuM dAna, 1957-eja vakhate kalakattAnI AsapAsanA vizALa pradezanI jamIdArI navAbe kaMpanIne ApI. e pradeza hAla covIsa paragaNAne nAme oLakhAya che. jamInadAranA hakane jamIdArI kahe che. A pradezanuM kSetraphaLa 482 rasa mela hatuM. 1757 mAM kaMpanIne mAtra jamIdArInA haka maLyA eTale kheDuto pAsethI jamInanuM gata udharAvavAno haka ane tenI joDe lAgelA vasUlAtanA kAyadA amalamAM lAvavAno adhikAra maLyo. ne te evI zarata ke UdharAvela jamIna vera, navAbane, dilhInA pAdazAhanA pratinidhi tarIke bharapaNuM 1758mAM navAbanA nAmanA dhaNIe eTale dilhInA pAdazAha e jamIna dalAIvane bakSiza karyo. ema kalAIva je kaMpanIne nekara hati tene jamInadAra uparI banyo. A lazkarI jAgIra ke jenuM nAma pAchaLathI kalAIvanI jAgIra paDyuM te viSe - gaLa IMglAMDamAM tapAsa cAlIkaMpanInA uparI ke svAmI tarIke A mikataparanA laoNrDa kalAIvanA dAvA para 1764mAM vAMdho levAmAM AvyA; ane jyAre te baMgALAmAM pAchA AvyA tyAre 1765 mAM navI sanada ApavAmAM AvI, temAM vagara zarata e jAgIrapara daza varSa sudhI kalAIvano bhagavaTe bahAla rAkhyA, ane tyArapachI te yAvat caMdra divAkarau kaMpanIne maLe e TharAva thayo. A paTo 1765 nA AgasTa mahinAnI 12 mI tArIkhe bAdazAhe maMjura karyo tethI laoNrDa kalAiva asala ApelI jAgIrane pUrI majabutI maLI. e vaDe kaMpanIne eti vIsa paragaNa, jAgIra milakata pramANe hameza mATe maLyAM. 1757 mAM e paragaNAM pahelAM kaMpanIne ApavAmAM AvyAM tyAre teonI jamAbaMdI 2,22,958 rUpiA karAvI hatI. 1765 thI e rakama laoNrDa kalAIvane tenA maraNa (1774) sudhI maLI ane tyAra pachI kula mAlikI hakaka kaMpanIne hAtha gayA.

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ra00 hiMdamAM briTiza rAjyanI sthApanA. kalAIva baMgALAne pahele gavara, 1758-1758mAM DirekaTaranI koI kalAIvane baMgALAnA tamAma thANuone 1le gavarnara nImyA, kemake be rAjyo taraphathI laDAInI dhAstI ApavAmAM AvI hatI. vAyavyathI zAhajAdA je AgaLa zAhaAlama bAdazAha thayA te aphagAna ane marAThAnI bhegI phojanI madade baMgALA prAMta para dAvo karavA lAgyo ane tene ayodhyAnA navAba vacharanI madada hatI. dukSiNamAM lAlI ane busInI saradArI nIce eka madrAsanA - grejane jhAMkhA pADatA hatA. beu dizAmAM kalAIvanA nAmanA baLathI nIkAla Ave evI asara thaI. zAhajAdAe paTaNune dhera nA hato tene dhana ApI manAvavAnuM mana mIrajApharane hatuM, pazu 45 yuropI ane 2,pa00 dezI sipAIo joDe leI kalAIva paDe paTaNAnI madadagayA eTale mugala senA laDayA vinA vikharAIgaIeja varasamAM kalAI karnala korDanI saradArI nIce eka ja dakSiNa bhaNI mokalI teNe cakanethI madrAsanA kinArA para machalIpaTaNa pAchuM lIdhuM, ane uttara sirakAramAM ane dakSiNa hiMdusthAnamAM haidarAbAdanA darabAramAM jAtha cha sattA sthApI. kalAI pachI valaMdApara ha karyo; ejanI harIphAI kare evuM bIjuM yuropI rAjya mAtra te hatuM. jamInapara ane dariyAmAM beu ThekANe valaMdA hAya, ane tyArathI temanuM thANuM cinsAmAM hatuM te aMge je rahevA dIdhuM tethI ja rahyuM. gera vahIvaTa,1760-1764-1760thI 1765lagI kalAIva IMgloDamAM hato teNe baMgALAne mATe keI rAjyarIti TharAvI na hatI, paNa eTalI kaheNuM mAtra pAchaLa mUkI gayo hato ke aMgrejanAM nAmanA bhayathI dezI o pAsethI athAga dhana paDAvI zakAya. murzIdAbAdanI gAdIe aMgreje besADelA navAba mIrajApharane kADhI tene ThekANe tenA jamAI gIrakAsamane TharAvo e 1761 mAM yogya ane lAbhakArI mAlama paDachuM. A prasaMge khAnagI bakSiso uparAMta aMgrejane bardavAna, midanApura ane cittameMga nAme traNa mahAla maLyA. e mahA nI Upaja kharca bAda karatAM, pacAsa lAkha rUpiAnI gaI hatI. gIrakAsa mano baLavo, 173-paNa A navA nImelA baMgA

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21 baMgAne pharIthI jItyuM. LAnA navAba mIrakAsama tarataja svataMtra mana dekhADaze, ane tene Apa akhiyArI thavAnAM svama AvavA lAgyAM. murzIdAbAdamAMthI nIkaLI te saMdhiramAM rahevA gayo. madhira gaMgAne kAMThe mane jabUta sthaLa hatuM, ane vAyavya tarapha javAnA mArga para tyAMthI sattA calAvI zakAtI hatI. ahIM teNe hathIAra, kavAyata, vagere yUropI dhATanI pheja taiyAra karavA mAMDI, ane ayodhyAnA navAba vachara joDe kArasthAna calAvyuM. aMgreja De pitAnuM baLa ajamAvavAno teNe nizcaya karyo ane te karavAnuM tene sAruM bahAnuM jaDyuM. kaMpanInA nokaroe khAnagI vepAranA mAlane AkhA baMgALAmAMnA potAnA tamAma jakAta ane nAkAMpepara levAtA hAMsalanI mAphIne haka che e dAvo karyo. ethI karIne je dezI vepArIo sAcuM ke ja ema kahetA ke ame kaMpanInA nAnA mANasa chIe taonI ane navAbanA dANu lenArA amaladAronI vacce TA, thayA. navAbe kahAvyuM ke mAro mulkI adhikAra kaI mAnatuM nathI - kalakattAmAM kaunsilanA vadhu mate e TharAva thayo ke tenI phayade sAMbhaLavI nahi. gavarnara reMnsiTArTa ane kaunsilane kaniSTha ( jUna niyara) membara vairana hesTiMgsa e bee kAMI toDa kADhI patAvavAno prayatna karyo. paNa takarAra eTalA jorApara caDI hatI ke nikAla thaI zake nahi. aMgrejanI eka cheDI para navAbanA amaladAroe goLIo mArI ane lAgaluMja AkhA baMgALAmAM aMgrejonI sAmA baMDa UThavuM. paTaNAmAM aMgrejanA be hajAra dezI sipAI mAryA gayA, ane tyAM tathA baMgALA prAMtanA bIjA bhAgamAM maLI Azare 200 aMgrejo hatA temane musalamAnoe pakaDI katala karyA. gALA pharIne jItyu, 1764-paNa barAbara niyama pramANe yuddha cAlavA mAMDayA pachI mIrakAsamane phateha maLI nahi. eka laDAI deriyA AgaLa ane bIjI udhanAlA AgaLa thaI te beumAM tenI keLavAyalI palaTaNene mejara ADamsa harAvI. mIra paDe ke jaI navAba vacharanA rasa gumAM rahyA. tene pakaDI aMgrejane ApavAnI te hAkeme nA pADI, ne tethI yukra laMbAyuM. zAhaAlama hamaNA tenA 28

Page #216
202 hiMdamAM briTiza rAjyanI sthApanA bApanI pAchaLa pAdazAha thayo hato. tenI ane ayodhyAnA navAba vachara sUjA-uda-dolAnI ke je ekaThI thaI aMgreje pharI jItI lIdhelA paTaNA upara caDI. aMgrejI chAvaNImAM ethI vadhAre moTe bhayakhAyuM. e bhaya sipAIonuM pahela vaheluM baMDa hatuM. e baMDa mejara (pachI sara ) hekaTara mAe besADI dIdhuM. mugalAI - jamAM sajA karavAnI eka tarehanI jUnI rIta pramANe baMDakheronA covIsa AgevAnane teNe tipane gaLe UDAvI dIdhA. 1764 mAM - kasAranA yuddhamAM mejara manoe moTuM pariNAma nIvaDe evI chata meLavI. ethI ayodhyAmAM rAjya aMgrejanA pagataLe AvyuM, ane mugala bAdazAha zAhaAlama arajadAra banI aMgrejI chAvaNImAM AvyA. kalAIvanI bIjI vAranI hakamata, 1765-177-baMgALAne jAne navAba mIrajAphara, jene gAdI parathI UThADI mUkyA hatA, tene ekAMtavAsamAMthI lAvI aMgrejoe pitAnI sabhA thayelA mIrakAsamane badale pAchA navAba tarIke nImyo. baMgALAne navo navAba banAvavAnI ane dareka navAba rAjyAsana para bese tyAre tenI pAsethI najarANAM ane puSkaLa rokaDa rakama meLavavAnI je lAbhakArI taka aMgrejI kaoNnsilanA membare cAhatA hatA te temane A rIte be vAra maLI. paNa 1765 mAM bIjI vAra baMgALAne gavarnara banI kalAIva(hamaNa AyaleMDanI umarAva padavI plAsIno bAranA kalAIva) kalaka A bebInA parathI tenI rAjanIti jaNAI Ave che. prathama teNebhUpatinuM nAma dhAraNa karyAvinA bhUminuM kharekharUM dhaNupaNuM mugala pAdazAhanI sanadane nAme meLavavAne icchayuM. bIjuM gera rIte maLatA lAbha baMdha pADI pramANika upajamAMthI vAjabI joIe eTalo pagAra bAMdhI ApI kaMpanInA nekaranA hAtha cokhA karavAne teNe cAhyuM emAMnI eka bAbatamAM enI yojanAo enI pachI turata thayelA adhikArIoe amalamAM ANI nahi. topaNa jema lAsInI laDAIthI aMgrejanA lazkarI sarvoparipaNAno AraMbha tha, tema kalAIvanI bIjI vAranI hakamatanA vakhatathI hiMdamAM aMgrejI rAjyanI zarUAta thaI.

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disattApaddhatine vahivaTa. ra3 aMgALAnI dIvAnI maLI, 175-kalAIva kalakattethI jhaTa - lAhAbAda gayo, ane tyAM lagabhaga uttara taraphanA abaeNhiMdanuM bhaviSya dhyAnuM rAjya navAba vajIrane pAchuM ApyuM. alAhabAda ane korA e prAMto pAdazAha Alamane dIdhA. e be pratiAmAM AbanA vadhAre moTA bhAgano samAveza thAya che. pAdazAhe potAnI taraphathI kaMpanIne baMgALA, bihAra ane siAnI dIvAnI eTale vasUlAta khAtAno kArabhAra soMpyo, ane uttara sirakAranI jamAbaMdIno adhikAra Apyo. hajI murzIdAbAdamAM DhagalA jevo navAba rahyA hatA tene darasAla 6,00,000 pAMDa aMgreja taraphI maLatA. ethI ardhI rakama eTale 3,00,000 paDa baMgAlA, bihAra ane orissAnI khaMDaNI dAkhala pAdazAhane ApavAmAM AvatA. e pramANe dvirAja sattA paddhati cAlIe rIti pramANe aMgreje tamAma upaja UgharAvI lazkarano kharca mAthe rAkhyo, ane phojadArI guno karanArane sajA karavAno adhikAra navAbane hAtha rahyo. hiMdanI bolImAM kaMpanIne dIvAna kahe ane navAbane nijAma kahe. vahIvaTamAM upaja vasUla karanArA amaladAro sAta varasa (1765- 1772) lagI dezI hatA. niko saMbaMdhI kalAI karelI navI vyavasthA, 17-panInA nekaronI navI vyavasthA karI e kalAIvanuM bIjuM moTuM kAma hatuM. e samayano sAmAnya bigADa mulkI ane lazkarI tamAma adhikArIone lAgelo hato. temano kAyadesara pagAra juja hovAthI gujarAna calAvavAne khIlakula pUrato na hato. paNa khAnagI vepAra vaDe ane dezI rAkhyo nathI bakSisa laI temAM umare karavAnI temane rajA hatI. e vadhAro vakhate bAMdhelA musArothI segaNo thatA. mukI adhikArIo saM5 karI sAmA thayA ane base lazkarI amaladAroe kharekhara baLa karyo tema chatAM kalAIve e bAbatamAM potAno sudhAro amalamAM A . khAnagI vepAra karavAnI ane najarANAM levAnI manA karI ane teonA pagAramAM vAjabI vadhAre mIThAnA IjArAmAMthI karI Apyo. dvisattApaddhatino vahIvaTa, 177-72laoNrDa kalAIva 1760

Page #218
ra4 : hiMdamAM briTiza rAjyanI sthApanA. mAM trIjIvAra hiMda choDI svadeza gayo, ane pachI pAcho Avyo nahi. e mAla ane 177ra mAM vairana hesTiMgsa gavarnara nImA,tinA vacagALAmAM 1770nA bhayaMkara dukALa sivAya bIjo agatyane banAva banyA nahi. e dukALa viSe adhikArIonA karelA lakhANumAM jaNAvyuM che ke ethI vastIne eka tRtIyAMza maraNa pAmyo. kalAI 1765 mAM sthApelI dhirAjasattApaddhatithI kAma barAbara cAlyuM nahi. kharA rAjakartA aMgreja leke hatA, paNa chalAono vahIvaTa hajI paNa dezI amaladAro calAvatA hatA. A rIte javAbadArI ekane mAthe nahatI ane jyAre kaMI Aphata AvI paDatI tyAre kharekharUM ThapakAne pAtra koNa che te zodhI kahADavuM azakya hatuM. IMglAMDanI dUranI DirekTara keTe paNa joyuM ke baMgALAnA rAjakArabhAramAM tamAma pheraphAra karavAnI jarUra che. vairana hesTiMgsa kaMpanIno kasAyelo nokara hato. hoMzI ArI, pramANikapaNuM, eziyAnA kenI rItabhAtanuM jJAna e sarva guzene mATe prakhyAta hatA. AgaLathI TheravI rAkhelA keTalAka sudhArA amalamAM ANavAnA hukama ApI DirekTara keTegavarnara nI. TharAva Apyo hato te A pramAche to korTe nizcaya karyo che ke "paDe dIvAna tarIke AgaLa paDavuM ane vasUlAta khAtAnI kula saMbhALa ane vahIvaTa hAthamAM laI potAnA karathI kAma calAvavuM. A yojanA amalamAM lAvavAne hesTiMgsa trIjorIne murzIdAbAdamAMthI khaseDI kalakattAmAM ANI ane upajanI uparAta para dekharekha rAkhavAne tathA vasUlAtanI kacerInuM kAma calAvavAne kalekaTaranA IlakAbathI yurepI amaladAre rAkhyA. e IlakAba have jANa thaI gayo che. vaoNrana hesTiMgsa, 1772-1785-kalAIve baMgALAmAM briTiza rAjyano pAyo nAMkhyo hato. hesTie e rAjyane mATe briTiza kArabhAra utpanna karyo ema kahI zakAya.hiMdanA dezI rAjyoe tene yuddha karavAnI jarUra paDI te IMglAMDamAM tenA zeThana "sA mokalo pesA moklo' e bUmATa, kAsisa ane tenI ToLInuM kaTTA deSathI kalakattAmAM kaunsilamAM sAmA thavuM, e saghaLI bAbate tenI yojanAne pAra pADavAmAM DhIla karI. paNa yojanA karavAmAM teNe kevuM dharyuM bhareluM rAjyakozalya batAvyuM

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dezI rAjyo sAthe hesTiMgsanI rAjyarIti. 5 ane kevo athAga uga karyo te lakhAelAM daphataro parathI jaNAya che. 165 thI 1772 lagI kalAIvanI dvisattApakraticAlI. e calAvanArAomAM aMgreja uparIo ghaTArA hatA ane temanA hAtha nIcenA dezI kAmadAro durAcArI hatA. vairana hesTise have aMgreja amaladAre vaDe mahAne vahIvaTa calAvavAno prayAga tera varasa sudhI karyo (171785). enI pachI thayelA adhikArIoe yojanA pUrI karI. hiMdanA aMgre cha rAjyano pAyo nAMkhanAra jema kalAIva hato tema te rAjyanA kArabhAranI racanA racanAra hesTiMgsa hatA hiMdamAM hesTiMgsanAM kRtya-hiMdanA hAkema khAte hesTimsano dAvo tanA rAja vahIvaTane mATe che. teNe hiMdI rAjyanA nekaranI goThavaNupharIne karI vasUlAta khAtAnI dareka zAkhAmAM sudhAro karyo, InsApha karanArI korTo (kacerIo) rApI ane polIsanI keDI ghaNI yojanA karI; paNa itihAsamAM tenI nAmanA rAjyanI aMdaranA kArabhAramAM karelA sudhArAne mATe thaI nathI, paNa dezI rAjya joDe hiMmatathI vartavAne mATe ane tema karavA jatAM teNe je aparAdha karyA tene sArU thaI che. 1772 thI 1774 sudhI te baMgALAno gavarnara hato1774 thI 1785 sudhI te hadano pahelo gavarnara janarala hatA. sane 1773 mAM regyuleTiMga ekTa nAme pArlamenTa karelA kAyadAnI rUe nImAyalI konsilanA presiDaMTa ( adhyakSa ) hatA, ane tenI nImaNuka paNa tija kAyadA pramANe thaI hatI. philipa phrAnsisa, jene teNe Akhare bAbAthAmAM ghAyala karyo,te konsilamAM tene sAthI hatA. tenA sAmA thavAthI rAjyanI aMdaranA kArabhAranI rItimAM tene ghaNI harakata paDI. paNa ayodhyAnA rAjya joDe, marAThA jaDa ane oNsraranA haidara alI jeDe vartavAnI rItimAM ghaNuM karIne tenA mata pramANe cAlavAnI te tene jarUra pADI zakato. dezI zo sAthe heriTamsanI rAjyarIti-ti jema rAjyanI aMdara vartavAnI paddhati barAbara vicAra karI racI hatI tema dezI rAjya joDe vartavAnI rIti paNa pukhta vicArathI yojI hatI. IglAMDamAM DirekTara korTa taraphathI dhananI mAgaNI thatI hatI te tene pUrI pADavAnI hatI. temanA nekara hiMdanI dolatane sArU jevA taraNyA hatA tevA ja

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206 : hiMdamAM briTiza rAjayanI sthApanA. eDirekaTare paNa hatA. paNa teo e tarasa vadhAre sabhyatAthI dekhADatA hatA. hesTiMgsane vaLI dezI rAjyothI kampanInA mUlakano bacAva karavAno hato. teNe teno nAza na karyo hota to teo teno nAza karata. begALAnI sarahadanI bahAra jAnA mugala bAdazAhatanA ghaNuM musalamAna hAkemoe svataMtra rAjya sthApyAM hatAM, emAMnuM sauthI moTuM adhyAnuM rAjya hatuM. A musalamAnI rAjyanI pelI tarapha marAThAo uttara hiMdustAnanA kharA dhaNuM thaI paDyA hatA ane temaNe dilhInA nAmanA bAdazAhane pUtaLA tarIke potAnA kabajAmAM rAkhyo hato. varana hesTiMgsanI DAhI rAjyanIti evI hatI ke A svataMtra rAja ane tamAM mukhyatve potAnA mulakanI sarahadanI pAse AvelA adhyAnA rAjyanI sAthe saMpa karo. tene AzA hatI ke je A musalamAnI rAjya baLavAna thAya to teo marAThAone baMgalAmAM AvatAM ane TakAvI zake, paNa rAjyo paDe evA nabaLAM hatAM ke A rAjanItithI mAtra thoDIja phateha maLI. Akhare aMgreja sarakArane mulaka gaMgAnA mUlaka tarapha vadhAre vadhAravAnI ane musalamAnI rAjane vahIvaTamAM potAnI sattAtaLe lAvavAnI tene jarUra paDI. baMgALAnI UpajamAMthI kharca pUro pADavAnI goThavaNa cherise kI-baMgALAnI upajamAMthI kharca pUre paDe ema karavAnI hesTiMgsane pahelI jarUra paDI. kalAIvanI dvirAja paddhati cAlavA devAthI ema bane tevuM na hatuM. e paddhati baMdha pADI tyAre teNe navAbane apAtI rakamamAMthI arka bhAga che karyo. ema karavAthI varase seLa lAkha rUpIA bacyA. A kAmanA bacAvamAM kahI zakAya ke nAmane navAba te vakhate bALaka hato ane tenA ghaNA bhAre penzanane mATe kAMI nAmanI sevA paNa bajAvato na hato. 1766 mAM navo navAba gAdIe beThA tyAre kalAIve paDe sATha lAkhane ThekANe 45 lAkha rUpIA TharAvyA hatA, ane pachI 1769 mAM bIje navAba beThA tyAre 35 lAkha rUpI A TharAvyA hatA. vahIvaTamAM e pAna badalAyA karatuM ane lenAra mANasa pramANe hatuM. vaLI A bALa navAbanA vakhatamAM vadhAre ghaTADavAno khulle hukama DirekTara korTe hesTisane hAtha kAma AvyAno pUrve cha mAsapara karyo hato.

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hesTiMgsa alAhabAda ane korA vece che. ra7 heriTa diDIne pAdazAhane ApavAnI khaMDaNI baMdha kare che, 1773 kaMpanIne baMgALA prAMta maLyA tene sATe dilhInA pAdazAhane traNa lAkha pauDano khaMDaNa khApavAnI kalAIve kabUla karI hatI te hAsTise baMdha karI enANA ugAravAnuM tenuM bIjuM kAma hatuM, paNa heTiMgsane mata e hato ke bAdazA hama zu marAThAne kabaje havA - thI svataMtra nathI. bAdazAhane pisA javA e kharuM jotAM marAThA ane pasA ApavA jevuM che; marAThA je thoDA vakhatamAM vaDhavuM paDaze e dekhAInuM che to temane dravya ApavuM e briTiza rAjyane hAnikAraka che, e vicArathI teNe pUtaLa jevA pAdazAhane athavA kharuM jotAM tenA rakhavALa marAThAne traNa lAkha pAuMDanI khaMDaNI ApavI baMdha pADI. hemsi alAhabAda ane kerA vice cheH 1773-17741765mAM kalAi gaMgAnA pradezanA hissA pADavA, tyAre allAhabAda ane kerA prAMti pAdazAhane ApyA hatA. pAdazAha A veLA marAThAnA kabajAmAM hatA, ane teNe te prAMto potAnA navA svAmIne ApyA hatA. vaoNrana heriMgsa TharAvyuM ke ema karavAthI pAdazAhano hakaka te parathI UThI gayo che. e TharAva karI tene prAMto pharIne dhyAnA vajIrane vecAtA ApyA. ema karavAthI heTise kaMpanIne mAthethI lagabhaga pAMca lAkha pAunDanA lazkarI kharca che je utA ane pAMca lAkha pAuDathI vadhAre nANAM e prati nI kImatanA kaMpanIne maLyA. apovyAnI vAyaya sarahada upara Avela praderA pacAvI paDI rahilA ane phaghAna leka e thoDo vakhata potAnA kabajAmAM rAkhyo hato, te lokone tAbe karavA aMgreja lazakaranI madada ApavAnI belI e vecANukhatamAM hatI. rohillA leke jo musalamAna hatA, ane paradezI hatA, kheDuta loko para te e krUra pa dha paNuM bajAvatA, ane hAla teo enA baLavAna zatru marAThAo sAthe tarakaTa karatA hatA. hesTiMgsa dhIrelI aMgrejI phejanI madadathI ayodhyAnA vajhI3 zehilAne pUrepUrA harAvyA. e lekAmAMnA ghaNu kharA ddiAone teNe gaMgA nadIne bIje kinAre AvelA praderAmAM jaI vasAvAnI jarUra paDI. e pradeza temanA mULa raheThANanI pAse hato ane te ja phaLadrupa hatA, paNa tyAMthI

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ra08 hiMdamAM briTiza rAjyanI sthApanA. teo ayodhyAnI upara uttara sarahadamAM marAThAone dAkhala karI zake ema nahotuM. A upara varNavelA upAyathI hesTise dillInA bAdazAhanA marAThA rakhavALAne baMgALAnI khaMDaNI ApavIbaMdha kIdhI, jenA maLatI A eplAnA vajhIranuM jora vadhAryuM, ane tenI sarahadamAM marAThA leke AvI na zake ema kIdhu. mahesula temaja kharacamAM daravarase daza lAkha pAuMDa, eTale badhu maLIne vIsa lAkha paDanA lAbha karI teNe baMgALAmAM kaMpanInI upaja vadhArI. cetasiMha tathA ayodayAnI begamane lUTayAM-kaMpanInA vasalAta khAtAnI hAlatamAM vadhAre sudhAro karavAne heTise caitasiMha ane ayodhyAnI begamo pAsethI nANAM kAvyAM. aMgrejanI rakhavAlImAM banArasano rAjA cetasiMha dhanavAna thayo hato. jenAM kharcamAM madada karavAne heriTase tenI pAse je vAjabI nANAM mAgyAM te ApavAnI teNe nA pADI te mATe tathA aMgreja sarakAranA duzmana paDe patravaDevAra karyo tethI tene paraheja karyo. teNe nAzI phitUra macAvanArAnI saradArI lIdhI temAM tenI hAra thaI. tenI jAgIra japta karI tenI gAdIe tenA bhatrIjAne, vadhAre khaMDaNI ApavAnI zarate besADo. caitasiMhane sahAya karavAnuM tohamata ayAnI begama (navAba vacharanI mA ) upara mUkI bhAre daMDa mAgyA. bAIe te nahi ApavAnI bhAre haTha lIdhI. tenA upara ane tenA gharanA bAjAo upara nirdaya julama karI daza lAkha pAuMDathI vadhAre rakama paDAvI lIdhI. IMglAMDamAM hesTisapa2 cAlelo mukaddamo, 1788-195-. vairana hesTimsa 1785mAM pAchA iMglAMDa gayA tyAre tene mAthe A ane bIjo janamanAM kAmanuM himata mUkI AmanI sabhAe tenAM kRtyanI tajavIja calAvI. amIranI sabhAmAM teno kAyadA mujaba InsApha thayA. tapAsaNI cheka sAta varSa pUrI thaI (1788-1995). IMglAMDanA ItihAsamAM noMdhAyelI ghaNI prakhyAta rAjakIya tapAsaNIomAMnI eka khA che. badhAM tehamata nAsAbIta TharAvI hesTisane choDI vadhe. topaNa e tapAsaNImAM potAno bacAva karavAnA kharcathI te pAyamAla thaI gayo, ane tenA gujarAnano AdhAra DirekTara korTanA udArapaNA para rahyo. e udArapaNuM karavAmAM teo kI cUkyA nahi.

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paheluM marAThI yuddha. ra08 hesTimsanuM nabaLuM bahAna-baMgALAmAM karelAM hesTiMgsanAM keTalAMka kono kha sababa e hato ke tene potAnI hayAtInAja rakSaNane sArU bAtha bhIDavAnI hatI; dezI rAjyakartae karAra tathA tethI tane jogavAI maLI. mugala vAIsaraoNyathI e nirdayapaNe potAnI jogavAino upayoga karyo. hiMdamAM amala karI gayelA aMgrejomAM je purUSa atitIvra buddhivALA ane atidaDhatAthI kArabhAra calAvanAra hatA tene mATe A kAraNe sabaLa nathI. dakSiNu hiMdanA kAmamAM vaoNrana hesTiMgsane phakta nANuM meLavavApara najara rAkhavAnI na hatI. mahApurUSa e tenuM kharuM svarUpa hatuM te tyAM dekhAya che-maMtrisabhAmAM zAMta, sAhasakarma mATe levAmAM sAvadha, paNa kAma hAthamAM lIdhA pachI tene tvarAthI amalamAM lAvanAra ane je je kAma karavA dhAre temAM achata himmatavAna hatA. paheluM marAThI yuddha, 1774-1781-madrAsa ane baMgALa sarakAre mUlaka jItyA para muMbAI sarakArane adekhAI AvI. puNAnA darabAramAM potAnuM uparIpaNuM sthApavAno TharAva temaNe karyo. A lobhane tRpta karavAnI jogavAI temane 1775 mAM suratanA karArathI maLI. puNAnI gAdI para pezvA tarIke dAvo karanArAmAMnA eka umedavAra nAme radhunAtharAva joDe e karAra thayA temAM evI bolI hatI ke aMgreje tene puNe laI jaI gAdI apAvavI ne tene mATe temane sAlseTa ane vasAI ApavAM. e karAra pAra pADavAne laDAI cAlI tene paheluM marAThI yuddha kahe che. gavarnara janarala nA yoddAnI rUe vorana hesTi gsa muMbAI sarakAranA TharAvapara potAno adhikAra dharAvato hato. teNe suratanA karAra bahu nApasaMda karyo, paNa vaDhavADha kharekharI zarU thaI tyAre teNe baMgALAnA tamAma lazkaranI madada mokalI. tenA eka mAnI tA saradAra nAme karnala gaDarDa eka samudra kAMThethI sAmA bIjA samudrakAMThA sudhI kuca karI gujarAtane tavaMgara prAMta lagabhaga eke laDAI karyAvinA jItI lIdhuM. kaptAna pehAma nAme bIjA saradAre vAliyarano DuMgarI gaDha humale karI lIdho. e killo hiMdustAnanI kUMcI gaNati hato. 1778 mAM muMbAInI phejane chatI 27

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210 hiMdamAM briTiza rAjyanI sthApanA. marAThAo vArgamamAM potAnI marajI pramANe tenI kane karAra lakhAvI lIdhe te nAmozInuM sATuM A bhAre tothI vaLyuM. paNa yuddha 1781 sudhI jArI rahyuM. 1782 mAM sAbAI gAmamAM salAhane karAra thayA te vaDe teno khanta AvyA. e karArapramANe yuddhanI pahelAM jevI sthiti vahIvaTamAM hatI tevI ja sthiti pAchI sthapAI. ijanA umedavAra rAdhAbAne penzana ApI dUra karyo, gUjarAta marAThAne pAchI ApI, ane mAtra sArseTa, ghArIpurI, ane bIjA be nAnA beTa aMgreje rAkhyA. mahesUrajaDe yuddha, 1780-1784-e arasAmAM marAThA rAjya maMDaLathI vadhAre bhayaMkara zatru sAthe vairana hesTiMgsane kAma paDyuM. madrAsa sarakAranI bejhIkarI cAlathI mahaisUranA "hiMdaraalI ane dakSiNanA nijAma joDe duzmanAI thaI. hiMdanA musalamAnI rAjyakattAmAM e be aThThI vadhAre baLavAna hatA. aMgrejanI virUddha eke karI e bee marAThAne temAM bheLavavAnI koziza karI. matalaba pAra pADavAmAM hisTimsanI caturAIe karIne nijAma ane nAgapuranA marAThA rAjA e saMpamAMthI chUTA paDyA; topaNu vIjaLInA jhapATAnI pade haraalInI senA kanauTakamAMnA briTiza mUlaka upara tuTI paDI. karnala belInI hAthe nIcenI jabarI lazkarI TukaDI parakhAdama AgaLa katala thaI ane mahesUranA savAre deza UjaDa karatA madrAsanA keTa lagI jaI pahoMcyA hesTiMgsanA utsAhathI ukezAI baMgALIne bIjI vArakI aMgrejI nAmanI lAja rAkhI. madrAsane cheDavavAne vaidevaoNzanI laDAI jItanAra sara Ayara kaTane banI zake teTalI ja ane nANAM ApI teNe samudravATe mokayo, ane varADanA rAjAne tathA nijAmane trAsamAM rAkhavAne jamInane raste karnala piarsane dakSiNamAM ravAnA karyo. jhaghaDe jesabaMdha cAlavA pAmyA, kemake gharaDA sara Ayara kUTamAM dama rahyA nahati ane mahesaranuM lazkara sAruM keLavAyeluM hatuM, eTaluM ja nahi, paNa haidara ane tene dIkaro TipU caturAIthI teno upayoga karatA hatA. 1782 mAM hadara marI gayo ane araspaparasanuM jIteluM pAchuM ApavAnI zarate 1774 mAM Tipu joDe salAha

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baMgALAnI vasUlAtanI jamAbaMdI. ra12 thaI. sane 1785 mAM vorana heriTamsa gavarnara janaralanI nokarI cheDI svadeza gayo, laoNDa kornavolisa, 17-1793-sane 1786 mAM laoNrDa kornavolisa khALyA. hiMdanA gavarnara janaralanA kAmapara AvanAra UMcA darajAne pahele aMgreja umarAva e hatA. A be moTA mANasanA vakhatane vacagALe vIsa mAsa lagI (pheba0 178pa thI sapTembara 1786 sudhI ) kaMpanInA sivila sarvaTa sara jona saeNlpharasane kAma calAvyuM. lorDa kornavolise gavarnara janaralane mATe adhikAra be vAra calAvyA. pahelIvAra 1786 thI 1793 lagI teNe amala karyo. e samaya be moTA banAvane mATe prakhyAta che -baMgALAnI sthAyI jamAbaMdI, ane bIjuM mahesUra yuddha mulkI kArabhArano pAyo vorana hesTimsa nAMkhyo, ne tenA upara ImArata kornavolise caNI. yupIane phojadArI InsAphanuM kAma sepanAra, ane kalakattAmAM nijAmata sadara adAlata ke jidArI InsApha karavAnA adhikAravALI suprIma korTa sthApanAra pahele te hatA; kalekaTara ane jaDajanAM kAma judAM pADanAra paNa teja hato. madrAsa ane muMbAI IlAkA vadhI hiMdanA moTA mulkI vibhAga banyA tyAre emAM paNa e baMgALAmAM racelI paddhati dAkhala karI. baMgALAnI vasUlAtanI jamAbaMdI-paNa je miTA kAma mATe kaMrnavAlisa paNe prasiddha thayA che, te baMgALAnI jamInanI pedAzanI sthAyI jamAbaMdha che. A vakhatasUdhI Upaja UdharAvavAmAM thoDI ghaNI janI mugalAIrIta cAlatI. jamInadAre ke sarakArI IjAradAronA adhikAranuM valaNa hameza vaMzaparaMparA thavAnuM hatuM. jAta jamIna kheDanArA kanethI Upaja UgharAvavAne temane atiyAra kabUla karavAmAM Avyo hato. paNa kheDutonI pedAzamAMthI keTale bhAga levo tene mATe kAMI mukarara niyama TharAvela nahato, tethI varasovarasa eka sarakhI rakama vasUla thatI nahi. hasTise AvatA pAMca sAlanI jamAbaMdI parathI anubhava meLavavAnI koziza karI ke te uparathI AgaLane mATe daranuM dhoraNa nIkaLI zake. ethI ulaTuM hesTisanA harIpha krAnsisanuM mata evuM

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21ra hiMdamAM briTiza rAjyanI sthApanA. hatuM ke sarakAranuM laheNuM TheravI haze tenuM teja rAkhavuM. IglAMDamAMnA adhikArIone abhiprAya paNa eja hati. tenuM eka kAraNa e ke upaja vadhAre kAyama pAyApara rahe ane bIjuM kAraNa e ke A jamInadAra mikatanI aMgrejI paddhatinA jamInanA mAlIka jevA bane. 1780 mAM kaoNrnavolisa A tarapha AvyA tyAre e vicAra pramANe sthAyI jamAbaMdI TharAvavAne tene hUkama ApavAmAM AvyA hatA. sthAyI jamAbaMdI, 1793-jamAbaMdInuM kAma 1789 mAM zarU thayuM ane 1791 mAM pUruM thayuM. jema akabare karyuM hatuM ane hAla briTiza prAMtomAM jyAM jyAM jamAbaMdha TharAvavAmAM Ave che tyAM karavAmAM Ave che tama khetaro mApavAnI ke pAkano hisAba kADhavAnI koziza karI nahi. pAchalI sAlamAM bharaNuM thayeluM te parathI have pachInAM varasamAM ApavAnI rakama irAvI. prathama daza varasano TharAva karyo paNa 1783 mAM tene hamezane mATe sukarara karyo. baMgALAnI jamInanI phala upajane AMkaDA e TharAva pramANe zakkAI rUpiyA 2,68,00,989 the, eTale Azare trIsa lAkha paDa jeTale thayA. lorDa kornavolise e goThavaNa amalamAM ANI, paNa tenI vigata mATe vakhANu ke Thapake je Thare te sara jona zera (pachIthI lorDa Tenamatha) ne mAthe che. te sivila sarvaTa hatA, ane te kALe dezanuM jJAna tene jeTaluM hatuM teTaluM bIjA koIne na hatuM -mAlikI dharAvanAra jamIdAra vargaviSe kaoNrnalisanA manamAM pahelethI utpanna thayelA vicArane lIdhe ane sthAyI TharAvane sArU DirekaTara keTenI utAvaLe karIne jeTalI sAvacetI rAkhI zakAI ti karatAM zera vadhAre sAvacetIthI kAma karata. mahesUra joDe bIjuM yuddha 1780-1703- 1780-170rane heMsraranA rAjya sAthe thayelo bIje jhagaDA be bAbatamAM vikhyAta che. gavarnara janarala lorDa kornalisa briTiza lazakarane senApati banI paDe evA dabadabA ane sAmAna saraMjAmanAM ThAThamAThathI caDho ke auraMgajebanI savArI AvI hoya tevuM jaNAyuM. dakSiNamAM be moTAM rAjAe, nijAme ane marAThI rAjya maMDaLa, aMgrejane madada karI,

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hiMdamAM phreMca sattA. 213 ane TipU sulatAnanI rAjadhAnIne laoNrDa kornavolise gherI levA mAMDI tyAre te tAbe thayA. traNe saMpIlA rAjayomAM vaheMcI levAne sulatAne potAno ane ardha mUlaka tathA yuddhamAM thayelA kharca peTe trIsa lAkha pauDa ApavAno karAra karyo. e zarato teNe amalamAM AvyuM, topaNa te divasathI tene jItanAra egrejapara vera levA te tapI rahyA. laoNrDa kaoNrnavolise sane 1783 mAM adhikAra cheDo ane tenI pachI sara jona zera (pAchaLathI laoNrDa TInamAutha)AvyA. laoNrDa vilesle, 1798-185-sane 1783 thI 1798 lagI sara jona zere gavarnara janaralane adhikAra calAvyA te vakhatamAM kAMI moTo banAva banyA nahi. 1788 mAM laoNDa maoNrniMgTana hiMdamAM Avyo. a amIra mArjisa eNva vileslenA nAmathI vadhAre mazahura che. je pAdazAhI yojanAothI dezano nakazo badalAI gayA te yojanAo ahiM AvyA pahelAM tenA manamAM utpanna thaI hatI. te piTTano mitra ane mAnIto hatA, ane rAjakIya bAbatamAM, lAMbI najara ane phreMca nAma mATe svAbhAvika zatruvaTanA vicAra tene piTTa kanethI maLyA evuM dhAravAmAM Ave che. teNe pahelethI eka dhoraNa bAMdhyuM. te eka hindI dIpakalpamAM sarvopari rAjyasattA agreja sarakAre potAne hAthe levo ane dezI rAjA ane rAjya cinha rAkhavAM hoya to teoe rAjakIya svataMtratA ApI devI. enA samayathI hiMdanA ItihAsamAM mAtra A DAnyarIti dhIme dhIme khIlatI jAya che, ane 1877nA jAnevArI mahinAnI 1lI tArIkhe rANI vikaTorIAe hiMdanI epresa ( kesare hiMda ) no IlAkAmAM dhAraNa karyAnAM jAheranAmAM karyA tyAre e rAjyarIti pUrepUrI amalamAM AvI. hadamAM phreMca sattA, 1798-1800-pararAjyo vartava mAM teno mukhya vicAra e hato ke naliyana paDe iMca pheja laI hiMdapara caDavA pAme nahi tema karavuM. hiMdI rAjakArabhArIonA manamAM pAchaLathI rUza viSe je ka95nA baMdhAIte kalpanA A veLA ane pachI ghaNuM varasa sudhI krAsanA saMbaMdha mAM hatI. e bhaya paNa hAla che.

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ra14 hiMdamAM briTiza rAjyanI sthApanA. na hatuM e paNa kharuM. palaTaNe haidarAbAdanA nijAmanI cekI karatI ane tene dhAkamAM rAkhatI. marAThI rAjyamaMDaLamAM lazkarI kAmamAM mukhya siMdhIA hatA, ane sAhasika che tenI palaTa nA nAyaka hatA ane teone kavAyata zIkhavatA. ca rAjyanA DirekTara jeke Tipu chupa patravahevAra calAvato hato. teNe potAnA rAjyamAM svataMtratAnuM vRkSa pavA dIdhuM, ane eka prajAsattAka maMDaLIne paDa 'siTijhana Tipu' nAme sabhAsada thayo. caDe khaTapaTa calAvavAne ane caDAI karavA nI ja bhegI karavAne be dezonI vacagALe. AvelA bhArIriyasa ane khuba beTa phAvatA khAvyA. e sarva uparAMta e veLA nepoliyana bo pArTa misara derAmAM hato. mahAt sikaMdaranI peThe hiMdustAna jItavAnAM svapnAM tene AvatAM hatAM, ane atyAra sudhImAM tenI je koIthI cha tAI nahatI tene kaI dizAe te vALaze te koI jAtuM nahatuM. laoNrDa vile plenI pUrva hiMdanI hAlata, 1798-phreMca lokanI eAimAM je AzA hatI te dhULadhANuM karI nAMkhavAnI yukita vilae yojI. te e hatI ke pote moTA hiMdIrAjya maMDaLanA pramukha banavuM kalA vinI taravAre ane vaoNrana hisTiMgsanI rAjapukitae aMgrejane nIcalA baMgALAmAM sarvopari ryA hatA. e sake puro thayA pahelAM gAnA pradezane UMce sadhI dariyAI ki reithI be vArama lagI aMgrejanI sattA barAbara jAmI hatI. aMgrejI hadanI pilImera ayodhyAnA navAba vajIre briTiza lazkaranI madadane mATe nANAM ApavAnI kabUlAta ApI hatI. e nANAMnI rakama 1797 mAM darasAla 7,60,000 pAuMDanI TharI. e rakama navAbathI darasAla bharI zakAI nahi tethI teNe rokaDa nANAne badale mUlaka ApavAnI viTTI calAvI. 1801mAM lakhaneramAM karAra thayo. temAM doAba nAme gaMgA ne jamanAnI vacce Avela rasALa prAMta tathA riohilakhaMDa aMgrejane A che TharyA. leDa vileslenA vakhatanI pahelAM dakSiNa hiMdamAM ejane kabaje mAtra madrAsa ane muMbAI IlAkAnA kAMThAne mUlaka hati. uttara hiMdamAM dilIlagI aMgrejane sarvopari karavA ane dakSiNa

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nijAma joDe karAra. ra1pa hiMdamAMnAM moTAM rAjyone kaMpanI sarakArane tAbedAra karavAM evo TharAva vilesTee karyo. karelA kola toDyA vinA dezI rAjAonA kAvatarAMthI A TharAva amalamAM lAvavAnI tene jogavAI maLI. vakhata evo AvyA hatA ke aMgreje hiMdamAM zreSTha thavuM ke hArIne nAzI javuM. mugalAIna rAjya cheka sUTI gayuM hatuM ane have mukhya sattA te pAdazAhatanA prAMti nA musalamAna gavarnarene hAtha jAya ke marAThI rAjamaMDaLanA hAthamAM jAya ke egreja sarakArane hAtha ave. laoNrDa vileslIe nizcaya karyo ke e sarvopari sattA aMgreje levI. laoNrDa veleslenI rAjanIti-hiMdamAM prathama tene karavAnuM kAma saheluM hatuM. lakhanAranA karArathI hAlanA vAyavya prAMtonA madhyabhAga lagIne mUlaka egrejane kabaje Avyo ane ayodhyAmAM temanI sattA sthApanA thaI. e hadapAra rAjyAdhikArano vahivaTa marAThI rAjamaMDaLanI uttara zAkhAone hAtha hato ane nAma ke pUtaLA je pAdazAha temanA kabajAmAM hato. bIjuM marAThI yuddha (182- 1804 mAM ) thayuM tyAre tene AkhI prajA joDe asarakAraka rIte vartavAno lAga maLe tyAM sUdhI teNe e zAkhAone choDI nahi. dakSiNa hiMdamAM tene haidarAbAdanA nijAmanuM rakSaNa karavAnI garaja mAluma paDI. ahIM te evI rIte varyo ke pachIthI UThelA jhagaDAmAM nijAma tenI salAha pramANe cAlyo. dakSiNamAM bIjuM musalamAnI rAjya hesraramAM TipU sulatAnane hAtha hatu. e sulatAna jeDe vartavAnuM kAma eTaluM saheluM na hatuM. laoNrDa vizlesTee tene chUMdI mAravAno TharAva karyo ane aMgrejane teNe masa khIjavyA hatA tethI tene tama karavAnuM puSkaLa kAraNa maLI AvyuM. dakSiNanA trIjA rAjabaLanuM-marAThI rAjamaMDaLanuM baMdhAraNa evuM DhIluM hatuM ke prathama laoNrDa vilvee tenI sAthe mitrAcArInA ebastathI rahevAnI AzA rAkhelI jaNAya che. temanI sAthe dostI thAya ne vaLI truTe evuM keTalAMka varasa lagI thayAM kyathI jyAre tenI khAtarI thaI ke dakSiNa hiMdanuM saparipaNuM marAThAne hAtha rahe ke aMgrejane hAtha rahe, trIje rastA nathI, tyAre zuM karavuM teno nizcaya karavAmAM te khaMcAyo nahi. nija ma joDe karAra, 1798.-dakSiNanAM traNa rAjyomAM vadhAre nabaLuM rAjya haidarAbAdanA nijAmanuM hatuM. lairDa vilee prathama

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216 hiMdamAM briTiza rAjayanI sthApanA. 7. hAthamAM levAnI keziza karI. khabaradArI bharelI taLAvaTathI kAma calAvI teNe potAnI dhAraNA pAra pADIne je harIpha bane tevo hato tene tahanAmA vaDe upayogI mitra karyo. haidarAbAdanI ca palaTaNone toDI nAMkhI ane nijAma karAra lakhI Apyo ke aMgreja sarakAranI majurI vinA koIpIanane nokarImAM rAkhavo nahi-e vakhatathI dezIrA joDe karelA dareka tahanAmAmAM e zarata dAkhala karI che. sUra cheDe trIjuM yuddha, 179kaeNrnavolise TipUne harAvyo hato paNa vaza kayo nahato. have vizlee potAnuM badhuM baLa tenA upara lagADayuM ca sAtheTikhaTapaTa karato hatati UghADI paDI ane sahAyabhUta aMgrejI pheja rAkhavA vagerenA navA tahanAmAne vaLagI rahevA tene kahAvyuM. tema karavAnI teNe nA pADI tyAre tenI joDe yuddhanuM jAheranAmuM karyuM ane savArInI goThavaNa jAte karavAne tathA je bane tenI upara dekharekha rAkhavA rAjapratinidhita zobhe tevA ThAThamAThathI vile madrAsa AvyA. nijAmanI madadagArI pheja sAthe eka grajI phoja madrAsathI mahesUramAM peThI. pazcima kAMThethI bIjuM lazkara AvyuM. laDAInA medAnamAM nabaLI rIta sAmo thayA pachI Tiy potAnI rAjadhAnI zrIraMgapaTamamAM bharAyo ane jyAre te zahera para eja lazkare halA karyA tyAre tUTelA koTamAM te bahAdurIthI laDhatAM paDaze (1799). lAsInA yuddha pachI je banAva banyA temAM AthI eTale zrIraMgapaTama chatI levAthI dezI tenI kalpanA para jeTalI asara thaI teTalI bIjA kAIthI thaI nahatI. e phataha janarala haoNrisane amIrapada ane vizlene AIriza mAsino IlakAba apAvyA. TipUnA bhUlakanI vaheMcaNuM karavAmAM vilesle vivekathI va. madhyabhAge mahezvaranuM jUnuM rAjya hatuM te tenA hiMdurAjAne gAdI parathI uThADI mUkI haidaraalIe khuMcavI lIdhuM hatuM. e rAjAno bALa vArasa hato tene be bhAga pAchA ApyA; TipUne bAkInA mUlaka nijAma, marAThA ane aMgreja vacce vahaM. hiMdanI agnikoNamAM AvelA karnATaka dezapara arkaTane navAba hakamata calAvatA hatA. e derA tathA tAjetaranuM saMsthAna e bane A arasAmAM khAlasA karI erojanA pratyakSa adhikAramAM ANyA. ema madrAsa like banyo te

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bIjuM marAThI yuda. ra17 Aja sudhI lagabhaga teTaloja che. katala thayelA TipUnA putro para pitAnA jevI mAyA dAkhavI teNe temanI saMbhALa rAkhI, temane moTA daramAyA bAMdhI ApyA ane ardhapardhA rAja jevA ThAThamATha sAthe prathama gulAma muhamada 1877 lagI jIvato hato. kalakattAmAM tene so oLakhatA hatA, ane sulehanA amaladAranuM kAma te ugathI karato. mAThI rAjya, 1800-kipU joDe thayelAM baMne yuddhamAM marAThA ejanA nAmanA sAthI hatA, paNa teoe kharI madada karI hatI, ane hamaNAM jema nijAma aMgrejo pakSakAra thayA hatA tema ti thayA nahatA. A veLA marAThAnA baLavAna rAjya pAMca hatAM. e marAThI rAjamaMDaLamAM puNAno pi yA sarvopari manAta hatA ane marAThA lokanuM mULasthAna pazcima ghATanA mulakamAM hatuM, tyAM teno amala hato. vaDodarAnA gAyakavADa rasALa gUjarAta prAMtamAM varase varasa pIDA karatA madhya hiMdamAM gvAliyarane siMdha ane IMdorano hAlekara e be lazkarI saradAre vArApharatI zreSThatA dhAraNa karatA. pUrvamAM nAgapurane bhAMsalA rAjA vAthI orissA nA kinArA lagI rAjya karato. emane sahAyabhUta senApaddhatimAM levAnI mahenata vilesTee karI. hA kare pezvAne harAvI briTiza mUlakamAM nAzI javAnI jarUra paDI tethI tene vasaImAM aMgreja jeDe 1802 mAM taha amuM karavAnI jarUra paDI. emAM teNe greja sarakArane vacana ApyuM ke yurepI ke dezI koI rAjya joDe vahevAra rAkhavo nahi, ane sahAyabhUta manAnA kharcane sArU teNe aMgrejane mUlaka Apo. AthI muMbAI IlAkAmAM aMgrejanI mulkI sattAno ghase vistAra thayo. paNa evA bIjuM marAThI yuddha utpanna rAjAe ane sidhioe kabUla rAkhyuM nahi. bI marAThIyu ddha, 1802-18-laDAI cAlI tethI kadAca hiMdamAM briTiza je karelI saLI laDAIkhAthI vadhAre kIrti maLI. sAmAnya goThavaNuM ane joIe teTalAM sAdhano pUrAM pADavAnI trevaDa laoNrDa velvesTee karI hatI ane pAchA nahi haThe evI ke hArI na jAya evI 28

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218 hiMdamAM briTiza rAjyanI sthApanA. himmata paNa tenI ja hatI. lazkaranA senApatio sara Arthara velle (pachIthI Dayuka oNv velliTana ) ane janarala (pachIthI lorDa) leka hatA. vizlee dakSiNamAM kAma calAvyuM ane thoDA mahinAmAM ese ane ArgAmanI laDAImAM bhAre jaya meLavyo tathA ahamadanagara jItI lIdhuM. hiMdustAnamAMnI lekanI savArI paNa tevI phatehamaMda thaI. ItihAsa lakhanArA enA jaya viSe ochuM bolyA che, paraMtu tane jAya che nahati. te alIgaDha ane lAsvArInA hapUrvaka thayelAM yuddhamAM phatiha pAmyo ane teNe dilhI ane AgrA zahero lIdhAM. sidhiAnI ca phejane teNe vikherI nAMkhI ane te ja vakhate mugala pAdazAhano himAyatI thaI tenA pUrvajonI rAjadhAnImAM te rahyo. 1803 nI sAla pUrI thayA pahelAM sidhio ane nAgapurane bheMsalA rAjA, e beue, salAhanAM kaheNa mokalyAM. jamanAnI uttare AvelA potAnA tamAma mUlaka para hakka sidhioe ApI dIdho ane AMdhaLA gharaDA pAdazAha zAhaAlamane aMgrejanA rakSaNamAM mU. bhAMsalAe orisA prAMta aMgrejane Apyo. tyAra pahelAM 1803 mAM utAvaLe kaca karanArI eka eka keje e prAMtano kabaje karyo hato. bhasalAe varADaprAMta nijAmane ApyA. (zaTiza sarakAranA kahyA pramANe vartavAthI nijAmane daravakhate na mUlaka maLatA hati. laTAra jasavaMtarAva hAkara e raNamAM rahyA. mALavA ane rajapUtAnAmAM lUMTa karI te pitAnA lazkaranuM gujarAna calAvatA hatA. vileslenI hakumatanAM chellAM varasa hAlkara sAthe vaDhavAmAM gayAM, paNa tethI aMgrejanA nAmane thoDI AbarU maLI. madhya hiMdamAM karnala mAnsanane pAchuM haThavuM paDayuM te Aphata bhareluM thayuM (1804) ane tethI vArgImano kelakarAra ane haidara alIe karnala zailInA lazkarano nAza karyo hato te yAda AvyAM. bharatapuranA dherAmAM leka vaDe hAryo. e aMgrejI sence potAno matalaba pAra pADazA vinA pAchI pAnI karI tenuM eka udAharaNa che (185). 1827mAM ati bharatapura chatAyuM. laoNrDa vileslenA pachI hiMdanI hAlata, 1875-la - lesTee cha varasa kArabhAra calAvyo, te daramiyAna potAnI mulkI .

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laDa velesTonA pachI hiMdanI hAlata. ra19 yojanA lagabhaga saghaLI pAra pADI. uttara hiMdamAM laoNrDa lekanI savArIthI vAyavya prAti ( prAcIna madhyadeza ) ane pUtaLA jevo pAdazAha aMgreja sarakArane kabaje AvyAM. e navA mUlakane pUrve ayodhyAnA nabAba vajIra pAsethI maLelA mUlaka sAthe joDI daI "ApelA ane jItelA prAMto' banAvyA. 1844 ane 1847 mAM sIkharAya je yuddha thayAthI paMjAba daza maLyo tyAM lagI uttara hiMdane be vibhAga e hAlatamAM rahyo. pAchaLa kahI gayA tema agni kANumAM laI vilemsanI jItathI madrAsa IlAke banyA te hajIlagI lagabhaga teTaloja che. pazcima hiMdamAM pezvA kaMpanI sarakArano tAbedAra rAjA banyA. 1818 mAM chelluM marAThI yuddha thayuM tyAM sUdhI muMbAInA gavarnaranA tAbAmAM hAla jeTalo mUlaka che teTale Avyo na hato.

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prakaraNa 14 muM. briTiza hiMdanuM sudaDha thavuM. laoNrDa kaoNrnavolisa bIjIvAra Ave, 185-e damiyAna laoNrDa veleslenA bhAre kAmothI nANunI tANa paDavAthI tenA svarAmAM korTa oNv DirekaTaranI dhIraja rahI nahi. 1805 mAM laoNrDa kornavAlisane harakoI prakAre salAha karavAnuM pharamAvI gavarnara janarala nImI bIjIvAra mokalyo. e vakhate holkara chatAya nahato ane siMdhio pharI yuddha karavAnI dhAstI Apati hatA. paNa kaoNrnavAlisa hamaNAM gharaDA thayA hatA ane tenuM zarIra cheka levAI gayuM hatuM. comAsAmAM vAyavya koNa bhaNI musApharI karatAM gAjIpuramAM te nirgata thaI jaImaraNa pAmyA. te vakhate tene hiMdamAM AvyAne hajI daza aThavADImAM thayAM hatAM. sara khyaoNrja bAla, 185-tenI pachItano jagAe saraLyorja bAla thayo. e kaMpanInA mulkI khAtAmAM ( sivila sarvisamAM) nokara hatA ane te avejI ke kAmacalAu jevo hovAthI tene pitAnA uparIonA hukama amalamAM lAvyA vinA bIjo rasto nahati. e hakama pramANe teNe briTiza rAjyane vistAra kamI karyo ane karelA kelakarAra toDI 2japUta rAjAone choDI dIdhA tethI teone kaThaNa haiyAnA holakara ane siMdhione zaraNa thavuM paDyuM. velloramAM madrAsI sipAI e (1806 mAM ) baLa paNa tenA kArabhAranA vakhatamAMja karyo. e phitara jhaTapaTa besADI devAmAM AvyuM, topaNa tethI AkhA rAjyamAM dhAstI peThI. A vacagALAnA vakhatanI nabaLI karakasaravALI rAjanIti ghaNuM nukasAnakAraka thaI paDI. paNa sAre nasIbe rAjanI lagAma veDA vakhatamAM vadhAre daDha mananA mANasane hAtha gaI. arla vuM baTa, 187-1813-laoNrDa miTae 1807 thI 1813 sudhI gavarnara-janaralanuM kAma karI vilesTee jItelA rAjyane

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lorDa morA. rara1 majabUta pAyA para ApyuM. teNe mArisa beTa (maoNriziyasa) ne kabaje karyo ane jAvA upara savArI karI te beTane jItI lIdhuM. e ja tenuM lazkarI ke huM kAma hatuM. e savArInI je te paDe gayA hatA. madhya hiMdamAM garabaDATa jArI hati, paNa laoNrDa miTe jAte yuddhe caDyA vagara bhAre varavADa UThatI aTakAvI zakyo. kaMpanIe tene hukama kIdhe hati ke bIjA rAjyonA kAmamAM hAtha na ghAlavo. aMgrejanA nAmane nukasAna lagADayA vinA teNe A hukama pALavA tajavIja karI. enA AsarA nIce hiMdIsarakAre paMjAba, aphagAnistAna, ane IrAnamAM elacIo mikalI e navAM pararAjya joDe vahevAra calAvyA. e badhA elacIo velenA hAtha nIce keLavAyelA hatA, ane hiMdI sarakAranA nokarImAMthI nIvaDelA rAjyAdhikArIomAM kadAca sahuthI vadhAre nAmAMkita e traNa hatA. eTakApha lAheramAM raNajItasiMhanuM sIkha darabAra hatuM tyAM gayA, elphinsTana pezAvaramAM aphagAnistAnanA zAhane maLyo, ane mAlkamane IrAna mekae vakIle javAthI kAMI jAzuM pariNAma thayAM ema kahI zakAya nahi; paNa tethI aMgrejane navAM rAjyamAM elacIo mikalavA saMbaMdha tha, ane temanI sattA vAparavAnI jagA vadhI. sane 1813 mAM IsTa IDiyA kaMpanIne bIjA vIza varSano paTo karI ApyA, paNa hiMdustAna sAthe vepAra karavAno tine ekalI ja hakaka hato te have laI lIdho. oNrDamAI, 1814-1823-laoNrDa minTone ThekANe arla vuM. moI nImA. pachIthI "mAkirvasa oNva hesTiMgsa" no IlakAba tane maLyo te nAme te vadhAre prakhyAta che. madhya hiMdamAM laoNDevilvesTee zarU karelI chatane laoNrDa heTiMgsa pUrI karI, ane hAla jeTalo muMbAI kalAko che teTalo te gayo te vAre lagabhaga thayo hato. 1814 thI 1823 sUdhInI tinI lAMbI kArakIrdImAM be moTAM yuddha thayAM, eka nepALanA gukhaloka De, ane bIjuM marAThA jaDe. nepALa joDe yuddha, 1814-1815-hAla nepALamAM amala calAvanArA gurbA lika tyAM jaI vaselA hiMdu che ane kahe che ke ame mULa rajapUta hatA. nivAra nAme asala vatanIo hiMdI-tibeTI kuLanA che

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rarara briTiza hiMdanuM sudRDha thavuM. ane baddhadharma mAne che. gukhaM rAjyano AraMbha mAtra 1767 nA varasathI thayo che. e sAlamAM temaNe khaTamaMDunI khINa hAthe karI lIdhI, ane pachI dhIme dhIme nepALanA DuMgarA ane khINapara potAnI sattA phelAvI lazkarI jAgIronA pAyA para rAjavyavasthA racI teo evAti baLavAna thayA ke temanA pADozI e thoDA vakhatamAM temane nAthI trAsavA lAgyA. pUrve sikkimamAM, pazcima kamAunamAM ane dakSiNe gaMgAnA pradezamAM teo ghumyA. emAM chelle ThekANe temaNe AjanI raiyatane pIDA karI, tethI temane AgaLa vadhatA aTakAvavAnI jarUra mAluma paDI. sara jyaoNrja bAlee tathA laoNrDa minToe temane samajAvI vAravA prayatna karyo te niSphaLa javAthI laoNrDa IrAne yuddha karavA sivAya bIjo rastA rahyA nahato. 1814 mAM savArI karI tenI pahelAM hAra thaI. rogI havA ane sIdhA DuMgarAthI thatI kudaratI aDaca ne dUra karyA pachI e ja keTalIka laDAI laDI, temAM ThIMgaNuM gukhanI joza bharelI bahAdurIthI tenI pUrepUrI hAra thaI. gukhanA kukarI nAme charAe e laDAImAM khuba dhANu kADho. paNuM 1814 nA ziyALAmAM janarala okaTalanIe satalajane raste bIjI savArI karI ane hallAM karIne eka pachI eka DuMgarI gaDha lIdhA ane nepALa darabArane salAha karavAnAM kaheNa mokalavAnI jarUra pADI. himAlayanAM je saMsthAno hAla paMjAba sarakAranA hAtha nIce che taomAM e killA hajI paNa che. bIje varase 1815 mAM eja janarale paTaNAthI khaTamaMDunI UMcI khINu sUdhI bahAdurIthI kUca karI, ane je zarato nepALanA darabAre prathama maMjUra rAkhI na hatI te pADI samAulInA karAra pramANe anikeNe sikkimamAMthI gukha nItAla, masurI, ane simalAnAM taMdurastI ApanAra sthaLa ejane hAtha AvyAM. aMgreja ane nepALanAM rAjyonI vacce eja karAra pramANe hajI paNa vahevAra cAle che.

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piMDArI yuddha. piMDArA, 184 thI 1827-e hArmiyAna madhya hiMdanI hAlata varasovarasa vadhAre asaMtoSakAraka thatI jatI hatI. moTA marAThA saradAra laTAra TALInA saradAre TaLIne zAhajAdAonI rIta - rtavA lAgyA hatA. paNa temanI asalanI adharmI gerakAyadAnI rahe cAlanArA piMDArA nAme navA lUTArU UbhA thayA hatA. marAThAti eka hiMdu prajA hatI ane eka saMpathI rAjya karavAnI asala cAlatI AvelI rIta pramANe vartavAne teo baMdhAyelA hatA, paNa piMDArAto madhya yuganA pUrepanI bekeda TALIonAM jevAM mAtra luTArU dhADAM hatAM. koI eka jAtanA ke eka dharmanA nahotA. AkhA hiMdamAMnA harakoI bAravaTIA ane TuTI phUTI jatAne-paThANa, marAThA ke jaTa je hoya tene teo khuzIthI potAnAmAM dAkhala karatA. mugalAI rAjyarUpI ImArata tUTI tenA chArAM ke kacarA jevA e hatA. te rAjyanA khaMDeramAMthI je hiMdu ke musalamAnI rAjyA dezamAM sthApana thayAM teomAM jemane nokarI na maLI tio emAM AvI bharAyA. keTalAka vakhata lagI to ema lAgyuM ke mugalAI rAjyano vAraso e luTArU phejane maLe e kharo. baMgALAmAM paNa kADhI mUkelA musalamAna savAro ane lUTArU hiMdu jAtinAM evAMTALAM baMdhAyAM hatAM. paNa vairana hisTimsanA AkarA amalamAM teone vikherI nAMkhyAM hatAM. madhya hiMdamAM e pIDA vadhAre vAra TakI, vadhatI vadhatI gaI ane Akhare niyamapUrvaka yuddhathIja teno nAza thaye piDArI yuddha, 1817-piMDArAnAM raheThANuM mALavAmAM hatAM, paNa teo madhya hiMdamAMja lUTaphATa karatA ema na hatuM. keIvAra saMkaDA ane koIvAra hajAre savAre nA dhADAM madrAsa ane muMbAInA sAmasAmA kinArA lagaNa jatAM. amIrakhAna nAme piMDArAno sAthI - LavAna saradAra hatA. tenI pAse ghaNuM palaTaNonuM ane keTalIka tipanuM barobara goThaveluM lakara hatuM. cIku ane karIma nAme be bIjA saradAroe ekavAra potAnA chuTakArAne sArU, siMdhione dazalAkha rUpiA daMDa Apyo hato. tamAma marAThA saradArone temanI joDa ochA

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rara4 briTiza hiMdanuM sudRDha thavuM. vadhatA eka rAga hatA. lorDa heriTamsa (1817 mAM ) e piMDArAne nAza karavAne 1,20,000 yoddhAonI senA bhegI karI. hiMdamAM e vakhata lagI evaDI miTI briTiza phoja ekaThI thaI nahatI. emAMnA ardha bhAge uttarathI kAma calAvyuM. ane bAkInAe dakSiNathI kAma calAvyuM. sidhiAne dhAratImAM rAkhavAthI te zAMta rahyA. amIrakhAnane hAla TAMkanuM saMthAna che teno kabaje svAdhIna rahevA devAnI khAtarI karI ApavAthI teNe pitAnA lazkarane rajA ApI. bAkInA piMDArI ToLAMe para temanA raheThANamAM hallAM karI gherI leI temano nAza karyo. karIma jItanArAkane dayAdAna mAgI zaraNe Avyo cI jaMgalamAM nAThe ne tyAM tene vAdhe mAya. cheluM marAThI yuddha, 1827-1818-je sAlamAM piMDArAne chUMdI mAryA tija sAla (1817) mAM ane lagabhaga tija mAsa (navembara)mAM paNu, nAgapura, ane aMdaranAM traNa meTAM marAThI rAjyo jAdAMjudAM agrajanI sAme UDyAM. 182 mAM vasAinA kolakarAramAM thayelI zaratothI pezvA bAjIrAva kyArano akaLAI nArAja thaI rahyo hato. 1817 nA jUna mahinAmAM guNAmAM navo karAra thayetivaDe gAyakavADa tenI sattAthI chUTo thayo. teNe sahAyakArI briTiza phojanA pagArane paTe bIjA navA prati ApyA, ane tyArapachI je vAMdhA UThe tene niveDA aMgreja sarakAre karo evuM TheravyuM. e veLA aMgrejo resiDaMTa e phisTana hatA. tene tophAnanI cetavaNI maLavAthI te khaDakInI chAvaNImAM jaI rahyo. tyAM teNe eka yuropI palaTaNa maMgAvI hatI. bIje divase resiDesIne bALI nAMkhI pezvAnI AkhI phoje khaDakI upara humalo karyo. e hamale bahAdurIthI aMgrejI lazkare pAcho vALe, eTale turata pezvA potAnI rAjadhAnI cheDI nAzI gaye. nAgapuramAM paNa lagabhaga eja pramANe banyuM. tyAM sItAbAdInA DuMgaranuM rakSaNa duzmanenI saMkhyA ghaNI ja vadhAre chatAM sipAI e karI aMgrejI nAmanI lAja rAkhI. bIje mahine mahidapura AgaLa baMne lazkare vyuha racI laDAI karI temAM halkaranI pheja hArI. chelA marAThI yuddhanAM pariNAma-have zatruo khullIrIte sAmA

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- a Amahasya. rara5 thatA baMdha thayA. nAsanArAnI pAchaLa javuM, ane sAmAnya zAMtine mATe zarato manAvavI evinA bIjuM kAMI agreja sarakArane karavAnuM rahyuM nahi. A baMne kAma karavAmAM sara jona mAlkame AgevAnI karI. pezvAnA mUlaka muMbAI ilAkamAM jeDI dIdhe, ane piMDArAnA bhUlaka lIdhA te AsapAsa vadhatAM vadhatAM hAlanA madhyaprAMta thayA. pezvA pote zaraNe AvyA. tene kAnapuranI pAsenA biyUramAM rahevA daI varase rU. 8,00,000 nuM penzana bAMdhI ApyuM. 1857 nA baLavAmAM phajeta thayele nAnA sAheba ene dattaputra hato. pezvA asalathI marAThI rAjamaMDaLano mukhya manAto hato, tenI A khAlI paDelI jagA pUravAne zivAjInA khUNe paDelA vaMzajane bahAra ANI satArAnI gAdyae besADa. eka bALakane hAlkarane vArasa mAnyA; bIjA bALakane briTiza sarakAranA vAlIpaNuM nIce nAgapura rAja TharAvyo. eja arasAmAM rajapUtAnAnAM saMsthAnoe aMgreja sarakArane uparI mAnyA, ane pati tenAM mAMDalika banyAM. e pramANe hiMdano nakazo laoNrDa hesTiMgsa dAya te lairDa Dela hAusInA vakhata lagI kharuM jotAM badalAya nahi. paNa briTiza rAjyanI sImA vadhArI emAM lairDa hesTiMgsa ane sara jona mAlkama uttama vaDAI mAnatA nahatA, paNa kare AdamIne marAThA ane piMDArAnA jAlamathI cheDAvI temane zAMtinuM ane rUDA rAjyabaMdobastanuM sukha ApyuM emAM mAnatA hatA. arla AharsTa, 1823-1829- mAvasa eNvuM hesTiMgsanI jagAe thoDA mahinA pachI lairDa AharsTa AvyA, ne vacagALAnA vakhatamAM sivila sarvisanA mI. ADame gavarnara janaralanuM kAma calAvyuM. hiMdha dIpakalpamAM marAThA yuddhano aMta Avyo na hato eTalAmAM aMgrejI ke jene dariyApara navAja zatru joDe bAtha bhIDavI paDI. laoNrDa AhararTana kArabhAra 1823 thI 1828 lagInAM pAMca varasa cAlyA, te dAmaiyAnamAM itihAsamAM paMkAyelA be moTA banAva banyA, paheluM brahyI yuddha tathA bharatapura gaDhanA chata. prAcIna kALamAM brahmadeza-keTalAMka varasa thayAM ApaNI IzAna 29.

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rara6 briTiza hiMdanuM sudaDha thavuM. hadapara luTa karavAne brahmaleka caDI AvI lokane harakata karatA hatA. brahmadeza e "suvarNamaya dIpakalpa " (golDana kanIsa) nA nAmathI prAcIna grIkalekanA jANavAmAM hati. e dezanI daMtakathAo evI che ke koI dhArmika rAjAe kAzIthI AvI Isukhristano janma thayA pahelAM seMkaDo varasapara ArAkAnane brahmo kAMThe rAjya sthApyuM hatuM. vaLI evI daMtakathA cAle che ke brahmadezanA dakSiNa bhAgamAM baMgALanA upasAgaranA madrAsa taraphanA kArAmAMDala kAMThethI loko AvIne vasyA hatA. game tema he topaNa hAla brahmI leka boddha dharma mAne che te to ghaNA jAnAM vakhatamAM hiMdathI Avyo e nakakI che.kharuM jotAM e dharma brahmadezamAM I. sa. 164 mAM sthapAye evuM kahevAya che. vAyavya koNe hiMdamAMthI sudhArAnuM vaheNa brahmadezamAM dAkhala thayuM, tyAre vagaDAu zAna jAti tathATibeTI-cInAI olAdanI bIjI jAti IzAnamAMthI IrAvadInA pradezamAM peThI. ema anikeNe ziyAmamAMthI ane IzAnakANe cInanI sarahadanA jaMgalavALA pahADamAMthI samudranA mojAnI paDe humalo karanArAnI savArIe eka pachI eka seMkaDo varasa lagI caDhI AvI hatI. emaNe haLave haLave traNa judAM judAM rAjya sthApyAM te A pramANe --zrI kAMThe AnAkAna; IrAvadInI upalI khINamAM AvA, ane e nadInA DeTAmAM pigu. teo TibeTI cInAI jAtanA hoI brabhedezanI rAjya karanArI olAda banyA ane temaNe potAnAM navAM raheThANomAM hidathI Ave bauddha dharma pALyo. e traNa brahma rAjyo mahAmahe laDI lokapara ghAtakIpaNuM gujAratAM ane temanI hatyA karatAM. ema dhAtakIpaNuM gujAravuM ane hatyA kathvI e TibeTI-cInAI jAtane svabhAva jaNAyache; topaNa e saghaLA pheraphAramAM ddha dharmanI vidyA tathA sudhArAne jarAe cheke to lAgyo nahi, pazu jUnAM devAlayonI Asa pAsa tio AbAda rahyAM. 15 mA sikAmAM rAkhI musApharo pigu ane tenA sarimamAM gayelA temaNe lakhyuM che ke tyAM dariyAIvepAra sAro cAlato hato. pUrvamAM porTugIjhanI caDhatI hatI, tyAre bharaNu A yuropa sAhasika AzakAnamAM Azraya letA. temanI madadathI ArAkAnIoe dezanA

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bharatapura lIdhuM. rara7, aMdaranA bhAgamAM potAnAM sattA phelAvI cittAgoga kabaje karyuM ane (mAdhanAmathI ) gaMgAnI zAkhAono vaccenA pradezamAM trAsa vartAvyo. sane 17pa0ne sumAre praudezamAM no rAjavaMza thayA, ne AlauMgapayA ke AlokhkhAe AvAmAM rAjadhAnI karI e vaMza sthApyA. svataMtra brahmadezamAM e vaMzane amala sane 1885 sudhI rahyo. - paheluM ghI yuddha 1824-1826-AlekhkhAno pachI thayelA ane dhikArIoe A brahmadeza tAbe karyo. e vakhate AsAma svataMtra rAjya hatuM. te upara pharI vaLI teo baMgALAnAM briTiza paragaNAmAM pagapesAro karavA lAgyA. salukAInAM saghaLAM kaheNu temaNe tiraskArathI pAchAM vALyAM, tyAre Akhare 1824mAM laMDa Ahane yuddhanA jAheranAmA karavAnI jarUra paDI. eka savArI ga (tapavALI heDIo) vaDe brahmaputranI vATe AsAmamAM gaI. darIone raste javAnI baMgALI sipAIoe nApADI tethI bIjI ja cittAgogamAM thaI ArAkAnamAM peThI. trIjI ane sahuthI jorAvara pheja madrAsathI vahANe caDhI sAdhI IrAvadInA mukhabhaNI gaI. yuddha be varasathI vadhAre pahocyuM. 20,000 aMgreja lokonA mANasa, mukhyatve maMdavADathI, muA ane 14 karoDa rUpiA kharca thayA pachI 18ra6 mAM AvAnA rAjAe yAndAbunA karAra upara sahI karI. e karArathI teNe AsAma uparathI potAno badhe dAvo UThAvI lIdhuM ane ArAkAna tathA tenA rima prAMti egrajanI keje kabaje karyA hatA te aMgreja sarakArane ApI dIdhA. samudra para AvelA raMguna sudhI IrAvIno tamAma pradeza brahmI rAjAe rAkhyo. bharatapura lIdhuM. 1827-madhya hiMdanA miTA jATa saMsthAna bhAratapuramAM, gAdhane mATe vAMdho UThavAthI briTiza sarakAra vacamAM paDI. lArDa kAmbaramI are mane 1827 nA jAnevArImAM e zahera jItI laI 1805 nA jAnevArI mAM lADa lekanI hArathI je nAmozI lAgI hatI te bhUzI nAMkhI. mATInA jabarA keTapara topanA geLAthI jhAjhI asara thatI nahatI, paNa chevaTe suraMga pheDavAthI keTa truTa, ane guTelA bhA

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gamAM dhasAro karI bharatapura jItyuM, ne hiMdano AgaDha chatAya e nathI e je vicAra lekamAM cAlato hato te nAza pAmyA. e vicAra echi rAjyane bhaya karanAra thayA hatA. laoNrDa viliama beMTika, 1838-1835-vIsa varasapara (1806 mAM ) viramAM baMDa thayuM tyAre madrAsane gavarnara lairDa viliama baMTika hatA, te have gavarnara janarala nImAyo. jema vadhAre chata meLavAya ane mUlakano vistAra vadhe tema rAjyanI vRddhi thAya ema tavArikha lakhanArAo gaNe che. paNa enA sAta varasanA amalamAM evuM kAMI jANavA lAyaka banyuM nathI. tApaNuM eNe kArabhAramAM sudhAre dAkhala karyo tathA je dhImI dhImI rItithI tAbAnI raiyata pakSamAM kheMcAI paradezI rAjakartAne mAna Ape che ane temanAthI Dare che, tevI rIta - kaDI, tethI e samaya nAmAMkita che. hAlanA vakhatamAM aMgreja leke hiMdamAMzI lekanA bhalA upara najara rAkhI paragajupaNe, dezane rAjavahIvaTa kare che evo temane ItihAsa lorDa viliama TiMkathI zarU thAya che. kalakattAmAM tenuM pUtaLuM che, te upara mekolenI kalamathI lakhAyelo lekha A pramANe che - teNe krUra dharmakriyA nAbuda karI nAzI bharelA bheda kADhI nAMkhyA; prajAne mata jAhera karavAnI chUTa ApI; ane tene havAle je prajAone soMpavAmAM AvI hatI temanI buddhi ane nItine sudhArI temane UMcA lakSaNanI karavI e tenA manamAM hameza ramyA karatuM. beTiMkanA vasUlAta khAtAmAM sudhArA-brahyI yuddhathI kharcamAM vadhAro thavAthI upaja kharca khAtu DAlavA lAgyuM hatuM, tene ThekANe lAvavAparateNe AvatAMvArane prathama lakSa lagADavuM. e kAma teNe traNa tarehanA upAyathI pAra pADavuM. 1, jAthe kharcamAM vase doDha karoDa rUpiAnA ghaTADe karyo. 2 je. je jamIna para geravyAjabI rIte vire mApha karyo hato para vere nAMkhI UpajamAM vadhAro karyo. 3. mALavAnA ApINa upara jakAta TharAvI kaMpanInI nokarImAM dezIone pasavAnA rastA hatA te paNa teNe vadhAre khullA karyA. emAMnA keTalAka sudhArA

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satI thavAno cAla baMdha pALyo, ane ThagIne nAza karyo. rara9 sanI nokarane tathA lazkarI amaladArone aNagamatA hatA, paNa lorDa viliamane keArTa DirekaTarae tathA iMglAMDanA pradhA e jabareTa Apyo. satI thavAno cAla baMdha pADo ane ThagIne nAza karyoenAM sahuthI vadhAre saMbhAravA joga be kAma cheH satIne nAme vidhavAne bALI mAravAno rivAja baMdha pAta; ane Thaga eTale phAMzIA lekano nAza karyo te. A be jaMgalI rivAjethI hiMduonI saMsArI vyavarathA keTalI badhI bagaDI hatI teno khyAla ATale badhe vakhata gayA pachI manamAM kharekhara ANu kaThaNa che. yuropI paMDitonI zodhathI barobara sAbIta thayuM che ke vidhavAne bALI mAravAnA AdhAra tarIke vedanA je maMtrano artha dekhADavAmAM Avyo che teno tarajume jANIIne beTe kayo che. paNa seMkaDo varasathI ema thatuM AvyuM che ema dhArI e rivAja hiMduonA manamAM dRDha thayA hatA, ane teo tene dharmakriyAnA jevo pavitra gaNatA hatA. akabara pAdazAhe vidhavAne bALavAnI manA karI hatI, topaNa e cAla baMdha pADavAnI tenI koziza vyartha gaI. prathamanA aMgreja hAkemoe lokamAM cAlatI dharmanI vAtonI sAmA thavAnI himmata karI nahi. evuM kahevAya che ke sane 1817 no sAlamAM ekalA baMgALA IlAkAmAM ochAmAM ochI 700 vidhavAne jIvatI bALI dIdhI. Aje paNa hiMdanA tIthamAM nAnA dhaLA thAMbhalA ke pAlIA puSkaLa che. emAMnA dareka thAMbhalo kaI satInuM saMbhAraNuM rAkhavAne kare che. yUrepI ane dezI leka AgrahathI sAmA thayA chatAM laoNrDa viliama baMTike 1828nA DiseMbara mAsanI 4thI tArIkhe kAunsilamAM kAyado maMjUra karAvyo-tamAM TharAvyuM ke jeo satIne madada kare temane sarvane "sAparAdha manuSya vadha karanArA" gunegAra gaNavA. ThagIne nAza karavAnuM mAna lairDa viliama beTika ane kaptAna slImanane sarakhuM ghaTe che. Thaga loka vaMza paraMparAthI khUna karanArA hatA, ane gaLAmAM phasA vAlI mANasane mArI nAMkhavuM e tamane dhaMdhe hati. vipArI ke jAtrALane veze teo ToLAMbaMdha pharatA ane e AkhI ToLIe lohInI tarazI kALI

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230 briTiza hiMdanuM sudaDha thavuM. devIne bhega ApavAnI vidhi karavAnI pratijJA lIdhI hatI. sane 1826 ane 1835 nI vacce briTiza hiMdanA judA judA bhAgomAM cheka 1562 Thaga (eTale phAMzIA) pakaDAyA; guno kabUla karanArAnI sAkSIthI A anItinA gajabane Aste Aste jaDamULathI ukheDI nAMkhyo. kArabhAramAM ItihAsamAM prasiddha bIjA be banAva banyA. 1833 mAM IsTa InDiyA kaMpanIne bIje vIsa varasa lagInI sanada pharIne maLI, paNati evI zarata ke kaMpanIe hiMda ane cIna jeDa pitAne vepAra - dana baMdha karo, ane yUpI lekane dezamAM vasavA devA. teija vakhate gavarnara janaralanI kAunsilamAM cotho membara kAyadA khAte vadhAya. e kaMpanIne nokara hoya ke na hoya. kAyadAmAM sudhAre vadhAre karavAne ane teone saMgraha karavAne kamizana eTale adhikArIenuM maMDaLa nImAyuM. kAyadA khAte pahela vahele nImAyalo ane e lo kamizanano pahelo adhyakSa eka hatA mahesurapara japtI besADI ane kurmana khAlasA karyuM-1830mAM aMgreja sarakArane ahesUrane rAjakArabhAra potAnA hAthamAM levAnI jarUra mAlUma paDI. 1881 nA mArca mahinAlagI e goThavaNa jArI rahI ane pachI e dezano vahIvaTa tenA rAjAne soMpyo. kurganA bahAvarA rAjAe calAvelA aMdherane lIdhe 1834 mAM tenI joDe TuMkI ane ju sAdAra laDAI thaI. rAjAne kAzImAM rahevAnI paravAnagI ApI, ane tenA pahADI nAnA rAjyanA bahAdura ane abhimAnI leke kaMpanIne rAjyAdhikAra seMpavAno TharAva karyo. oNrDa villiama Tike eTaluM pramANe e kAma karyuM. lAMI meTakApha, 1835-183-laoNrDa villi amanI pachI kAunsila vaDe membara hevAthI sara cArsa (pAchaLathI laoNrDa) meTApha gavarnara janarala thayo. chApakhAnAne tadana chUTa ApavAnuM vicAra mAjI gavarnara janarale UThAvyo hato te eNe amalamAM ANyo te

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231 durAnI vaMzanI sattAnIce aphagAnistAna. mATe enI thoDA kALanI hakumata saMbhAravA joga che. beTiMkanI rAjanIti pAra pADavAne saithI vadhAre lAyaka purUSa makAka che, evuM hiMdamAM saghaLA lokonuM mata hatuM, tathA IMglAMDamAM korTa oNva DirekTaroe paNa evI ja IchA khullI paNa kahI batAvI hatI. thoDA vakhata sudhI kAmacalAu taki nahi, paNa gavarnara janaralanI nImaNukanI pUrI mudata sudhI rahe te kAma taNe karavuM e abhiprAya e sarvene hato. lairDa lAMDa 183-1843-ema chatAM paNa iMglAMDanA rAjapakSanA pheraphArane lIdhe lairDa ophalAMDa nImA A vakhatathI yuddha ane mUlaka jItavAno samaya zarU thayuM. ane te vIsa varasa lagI paheo ema kahI zakAya. zAhasujAne kAbulanA tata upara besADavAno prayatna karavAnI kharAba mati lorDa ooNlAMDane sUcho tyAM sudhI badhuM zAMta dIsatuM hatuM. e prayatna ghaNuM gerabastathI karavAmAM Avyo, ane aMte kAbulanA briTiza gArisanano (te zaheranA rakSaNane sArU rAkhelI phojano ) nAza thayo. kurAnI vaMzanI sattAnI aphagAnistAna, 1717-1829gIjanI ane dhArI sulatAnanA vakhata pachI 1747 mAM pahela vahelAM aphagAnene svadezI rAjA maLyo. e ahamadazAha durAnI hatA. IrAnI vijayaka nAdirazAhanA maraNanI pAchaLa gerabaMdobarata cAlyA tavAmAM A dRDha mananA zUravIrane potAnuM kAma karI levAnI taka maLI. 1773 mAM tenuM maraNa thayuM tenI pahelAM teNe herAtathI pizAvara lagI ane kA kSmIrathI siMdha sudhInuM bAhe rAjya jItyuM hatuM. pANipatanA raNamAM te (1761mAM) vacce A titho marAThAonI chatamAM rokANa thayuM, ane dihino gAdhae pAchA musalamAna pAdazAha beTho. paNa ahamadazAhe hiMdamAM vasavAnI kadI darakAra karI nahi, ane potAnA dezamAM kAbula ane kaMdahAra e be rAjadhAnI hatI, temAM te vArA pharatI darabAra karatA. durAnI sulatAnane dIkarA bahu hatA, ane te dIkarA gAdIne mATe ekameka vaDhI maratA. Akhare 1826mAM baLavAna - bArakajhAI kaLano mukhI dosta mahamada, amIranA IlakAbathI

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: ra3ra briTiza hiMdanuM sudaDha thavuM. kAbulamAM potAne amala sthApana karavAmAM phateha pAmyA. e veLA darAnI vaMzanA be bhAIo nAzI AvI paMjAbanI sarahada para AvelA ludhionA zaheramAM aMgrejanA AzarA taLe rahetA hatA. egreja sarakArano kAbula sAthe prathama vahevAra-lArDa vileslenA vakhatathI aphagAna mAmalA para agreja sarakAranuM lakSa lAgyuM hatuM. jhamAnazAha e samaye (1800) lAheramAM darabAra karI rahetA hatA, te ahamadazAhanI peThe hiMdusthAna para caDI Ave e Dara vizlene hati. raNajItasiMhanA jabaradaratI sIkharAjyano vRddhithI have pachIne mATe A bhaya tadana jatuM rahyuM. hiMdapara hajI ca savArI thaI zake tevuM hovAthI tenAthI bacavAnI goThavaNu karavAnI hatI tethI 1808mAM lorDa biTae mATe huarTa elphinsTanane jamAna-zAhanA bhAI zAhasujAnI pAse parasparanA bacAva mATe saMpa karavAne mokalyA. e varasa pUruM thayAM pahelAM zAhasujAne rAjyamAMthI kADhI mUkyo hato, ane tenI jagAe trIjo bhAI mahamudazAha sulatAna thayo hato. zAhasujAne e je pAcho gAdIe besADyo, 1839-1837 mAM jyAre aphagAnistAnanA rAjyakAjamAM jene pahela vahelAM hAtha ghAlavAne prasaMga Avyo, tyAre rAjya pacAvI paDanAra dosta mane hamada bArakajhAInI sattA kAbulamAM sArI peThe jhAmI hatI. sIkhaloka kanethI pezAvara pAchuM levuM e tenI moTI IcachA hatI, mATe jyAre laoNrDa ophalAMDanI taraphathI vakIla kaptAna elekajhAnDara banne vepArano rasto khullo karavAne bahAne gayA, tyAre pezAvara maLe te je kahe te karavAnuM vacana ApavAne te khuzI hati. paNa laoNrDa oNphalAMDanI najara bIjI ane vadhAre moTI matalakhapara hatI. e same madhya ezikhamAM rUzarAja utAvaLe AgaLa vadhavA mAMDayuM hatuM. ane IzinI phoje hirAtane ghero ghAlyo hato. e gaDha jUnA vakhatathI UgamaNI dizAe aphagAnistAnane bacAva karanAra gaNAya che. e kAmamAM IzinIone rUzikhAnI madada na hatI ema nahi. barnsa kAbulamAM hato teja vakhate rUziAne vakIla paNa tyAM Avyo hato. dosta mahamadanI pezA- *

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233 aphagAnistAnamAMthI aMgrejanuM pAchuM vaLavuM. vara saMbaMdhInI mAgaNI mansathI kabUla karI zakAI nahi, ne te potAnuM kAma pAra pADavA vinA pAchA AvyA. laoNrDa lIDa lAgeleja kAbulanI rAjagAdI upara agraja lekanA kahyAmAM rahe e hAkema besADavAno jokhama bharela ghATa goThavavAno TharAva karyo. ladhakhAnAmAM nAzI AvelA be aphagAna sulatAna hatA temAMnA zAsujAne A kAmane sArU pasaMda karyo. e kALe paMjAba ane siMdha baMne svataMtra rA bhyo hatAM. emAMnuM siMdha chuM . baLavAna hovAthI te vATe zAhasujAne laIne briTiza lazkara mAlAna ghATamAM thaI dakSiNa aphagAnistAnamAM peThuM kaMdahAra zaraNe AvyuM, halA karIne gajanI lIdhuM, hiMdukaza oLaMgI dosta mahamada nAThA ane 1839nA AgasTa mAsamAM kAbula zaheranA bAlA hissAramAM phatihathI zAhasujAne dAkhala karyo. eka bIje bahAdura jhagaDA karyA pachI dosta mahamada zaraNe AvyA, ane rAjakIya kedI tarIke tene kalakattAmAM Apyo. gavarnara janarala maeNna oNklAMDene sane 1838 mAM arla evuM lAMDa banAvyo. aphagAnistAnamAMthI aMgreja pAchuM vaLavuM, 1841-184- zAhasujane aMgreja rAjyAna apAvI zakyA, tApaNu aphagAna lAkanA pramatanApara rakhAvI zakyA nahi aphagAna leke tene dezanikAla karelA adhama rAjAne paradezI pheje prajAnI marajI virUddha ANI gAdIpara ghAMcI ghAlele heya e gaNatA. be varasa sudhI aphagAnistAna erojane lazkarI kabaje rahyuM. 1841 nA naveMbaramAM Aphata AvI. e vakhate poliTikala ejaMTa sara alekjhAnDara barnsane kAbula zaheramAM katala karyo. chAvaNImAMnA lazkarane uparI janarala ane lphinsTana hati. (buddhimAna siviliana ane itihAsaka7 - narabala manTa TuarTa elphinsTana hato te A nahi). sara vilima eNphanaiTana poliTikala amaladAra hato. eliphansTana gharaDA hato ane tenA ekkAnuM jokhama bhareluM kAma calAvavAne joIe teTale tenAmAM dama mAluma paDyuM nahi. dosta mahamadanA vaDA dIkarA saradAra akabarakhAnanI joDe maiphanauTananI mulAkAta thaI tyAre vizvAsaghAta karI che 80

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ra34 briTiza hiMdanuM sudRDha thavuM. kanaiTanane akabarakhAne mArI nAMkhyA. chAvaNamAM be mAsa lagI dheALAcAM karI aphagAna saradAranI jUThI bAMhedharI para AdhAra rAkhIbhara ziyALe aMgrejI senca pahADI ghATane mArge hiMda AvavA nIkaLyuM. jyAre lazkara UpaDavuM tyAre 4,000 yuddhA ane 12,000 chAvaNInI pAchaLa janArA hatA. e badhAmAMthI eka DAkaTara brAIDAna mAtra UgarI jalAlAbAdamAM rahelA mitrone jaI maLyA. tyAM janarala sela bahAdurIthI TakI rahyA hatA. bAkInA khuda kAbula ane jagadalakanI baraphavALI nALAmAM aphagAnanAM charA ane baMduthI ke TADhathI maraNuM pAmyA. thoDAka kedIonI, mukhyatve barachokarAM ane amaladAronI, saMbhALa akabarakhAnanA hukamathI levAmAM AvI hatI. lorDa elemba, 1842-1844. viravALanArI pheja, 1842- caDAI karavAnA vicArathI paheluM aphagAnistAnamAM sAhasa karavAmAM AvyuM hatuM, ane te calAvavAmAM aNabanAva ane gera baMdobasta hevAthI ane aMgreja phejane nAmazI lAgI. kha kharuM nukasAna to mAtra eka gArisananuM thayuM, paNa ziyALAno kUcanI bhayaMkara khAphatone lIdhe ane pUrepUro nAza thavAthI te nuksAna bhAre lAgyuM. kalakattAmAM e samAcAra pahecyA pachI eka mahinAnI aMdara laoNrDa lAMDanI jagAe jorDa elebo Avyo. e navA gavarnara janaralanI pahelI IcchA e hatI ke kaMdahAra ane jalAlAbAdamAMthI gArisanane bolAvI levI, paNa tene kAunsilanA vadhAre sAhasika abhiprAya pramANe vartavuM paDyuM. janarala piloka paMjAbane sAdhe raste selanI madade jato hato tine kAbula sudhI javAnI paravAnagI maLI. janarala noTane kaMdahAra cheDI AvavAne hukama thayA hatA, to paNa teNe kAbulane mArge javAno TharAva karyo. leDa elena baree hakama lakhavAmAM evA zabdo cuMTI kADhI lakhyA hatA ke kAMI Aphata Ave to tenuM jokhama janaralene mAthe rahe. siMdhu tarapha pAchA AvavAne anikoNu bhaNI na jatAM e jokhama mAthe laI janarala noTe kAbula javAne uttara tarapha hiMmatathI kuca karI. sapta jhagaDA karyA pachI janarala pika ane nauTanA hAthanIcenAM be khriTiza lazkara 184ra mAM kAbula AgaLa bhegAM thayAM. kAbula zaherane

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lairDa hArDiga. 235 lAMchana lagADavAne mATe bajAra dArUthI UrADI dha; baMdIvAne cheDavyA, ane dosta mahamadane potAnuM tata vagara vAMdhe pAchuM levA devAne ja hiMdamAM pAchI khAvI. oNrDa elebaranAM sAravagaranAM miTAM moTAM vAvALAM jAheranAmAMthI A nATakano cheDo Avyo. teNe . somanAthanuM vera vALyAnI " yAdagIrIne mATe mahamuda gajanInA rejAnA daravAjAnAM kamADa letAM AvavAno hukama karyo hato. A kamADa prAcIna somanAthanA daherAnAM hatAM, paNa navI banAvaTanAM hatAM. priTiza lazkaranuM zuM thaze te nakkI na hatuM. tyAre A kamADAne nATakanI rIte paMjAbamAM pheravyAM e lairDa elebaranA darzAvelA bIkaNupaNAnuM beDasAI bhareluM chevaTa hatuM. siMdhano vijaya, 1843-lairDa lebara lazkarI dabadabAne cAhato hato. teno zokha bIjAM be yuddhathI saMtoSa pAmyo. 1843mAM siMdhanA mIra ke amIra kahevAtA musalamAna hAkemone sara cArlsa nipiare chuMdI mAryA. temano mukhya vAMka e hato ke pitAnuM svataMtrapaNuM ApI devAne teo rAjI na hatA. mIAnI AgaLa laDAI thaItimAM 3,000 briTiza je, 12,000 balucI sipAIone harAvI bhAre jIta meLavI. A banAva aMgreja lekonA hiMdI itihAsamAM moTuM parAkrama gaNAya che. paNa e dezane aMgrejI rAjyamAM dAkhala karI devAnuM vAjabI kAraNa bhAgye jaDI zake. eja varasamAM gvAliyaramAM gAdhane sArU vAMdhe UTha ane strIoe tene uzkerI vadhAryo tenuM pariNAma e thayuM ke siMdhiyAnA kuTuMbe atize mioTuM lazkara rAkhyuM hatuM teNe haMgAmo karyo. mahArAjapura ane patnI AranI laDAIo thayAthI pAchI salAha zAMti thaI. mahArAja puranA yuddhamAM laoNrDa allekha jAti hAjara hatA. lorDa hAga, 1844-1848-kArabhAranI bAbatamAM laoNrDa eleone abhiprAya keArTa oNva DirekaTaronA abhiprAyathI judo paDayo, ane te korTano tenI calita buddhipara vizvAsa naro, tethI temaNe tene rajA ApI. tenI jagAe kasAyelo zuravIra sara hani (pA

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ra36 briTiza hiMdanuM sudRDha thavuM. chaLathI lorDa) hArDaga nImAyo. eNe enanAM yuddhamAM karI bajAvI hatI, ane lignAnA raNamAM tene eka hAtha kapAI gayA hatA. sarva pakSane lAgyuM ke ejanI ane hiMdamAM bAkI rahelA hiMdurAjanI vacce baLanI ajamAyazane vakhata najIka Avyo che. e rAjya maTI sIkha prajAnuM hatuM. sIkhaka-sIkha lokamAM marAThA jevo eka prajAbhAva na hatA. teo eka paMthanA hatA, ane te uparAMta teo ekasarakhA yuddha karavAmAM keLavAyelA hatA, tethI tenAmAM eka jAtane saMpa hati. teo pitAnI utpatti nAnakazAhathI gaNe che. e sudhAro karanAra hiMdu bhakta hatA. hiMdamAM mugalake porTugIjha lokanI sattA thaItanI agAu 1468 mAM te avataryo hato. enA vakhatanA bIjA ulaTavALA upadezakonI mAphaka nAnakano bAdha e hato ke jJAtibheda tio, eka paramezvarane mAnavo, ane zuddha AcaraNa pALavAM. nAnakathI goviMdasiMha sUdhI 168 lagImAM daza gurU thayA. goviMdasiMha chello gurU hato. rAjya karanArA musalamAnoe temane ghAtakI rIta kanaDyA, ane raMgajebanI pachI thayelA hINuM bAdazAhe khetimano lagabhaga nAza karyo, topaNa dharmane mATe jIva ApanArA sIkha loka bhAre UlaTathI potAnA matane vaLagI rahyA. mugala rAjyanA bhAMgI paDavAthI ati teo dezanA dhaNu thaI baLavAna thayA. paMjAbamAM eja rAjya baMdhAraNa rahyuM hatuM. ema uttare sIkha ane dakSiNa tathA madhya hiMdamAM marAThA e be moTAM baLavAna rAjya banyAM, ane temaNe mugala bAdazAhata vahecI lIdhI. raNajItasiMha, 180-1839.raNajItasiMhanI caDhatI thayAnI saradArane pasaMda karI satalajane kAMThe lazkarI jAgIre meLavI hatI, ne emAMnI keTalIka hajI paNa TakI rahI che. sokha rAjyanA sthApanAra raNajItasiMhano janma 178bhAM thayo hato. vIsa varasanI umare aphagAna sulatAne tene lAherano gavarnara nIkhe, ane e va

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23) paheluM sIkha yuddha. khate teNe potAnA svadezIonA dhamadha jessAne AdhAre pitAnA paDane amala besADavAnI tadabIra karI. teNe sIkha "eTale mukti pAmelA lokone keLavI temanuM lazkara banAvI yuropI amaladAronA hAtha nIce mUkyuM. krAyelanA "Ayarna sAIDasa"(lehAMgI)nA vakhata pachI daDhatA ane dharmanA jussAmAM bIjuM kaI lazkara, enI babarI karI zakyuM nathI. lAheramAM rAjadhAnI karI teNe dakSiNe mulatAna, pazcime pezAvara ane uttare kAzmIra sudhInA mUlaka jItI lIdho. phakta pUrvamAM satalaja nadI tene ADe AvI. 1804mAM aMgrejanI sattA tyAM lagI jaI poMcI hatI. 1809 mAM maskApha joDe je karAra raNajItasihe karyA hatA, te 1838 mAM tenuM maraNa thayuM tyAM sudhI pALyA. paNa tenuM rAjya calAvI zake tevo putra teNe pAchaLa mUkyA nahi. sAmasAmA pakSanA saradAre, pradhAna, ane rANIonA kawAthI lAhoramAM saMpa truTa. rAjyamAM jabaruM baLa mAtra khAlasA (eTale madhya maMDaLI) sainyanuM hatuM. e khAlasA sainya aphagAnistAnamAM briTiza phojanI kharAbI thayA keDe aMgrejanI nokarI karanArA sIpAIonI joDe bAtha bhIDavAne Atura thayuM hatuM. AviTabala ane keATe nAme raNajItasiMhanA catura yupI senApatione mUrkhAIthI adhikAra parathI kADhayA. ane lazkaranuM sau paripaNuM keTalIka paMcAyatone eTale pasaMda karI pAMca pAMcanI maMDaLIone soMpyuM. paheluM sIkha yuddha, 1845-185 mAM satalaja oLagI sIkhakeja aMgrejI mUlakapara paDI. e phejamAM 60,000 joddhanI joDe 150 tapa hatI. senAdhipati sara huM gAka tathA gavarnara janarala jaladI sarahada para AvI pahoMcyA. muDakI, phIrojazAha, alIvAla, ane sAbrAna, e cAra jagAe traNa aThavADIAnI aMdara laDAIo thaI. emAMnI dareka laDAImAM aMgrejane bhAre nukasAna thayuM. paNa emAMnI cAthI laDAImAM aMgrejanI chatane lIdhe sIkha lazkarane satalaja oLaMgI pAchA javuM paDayuM, ane lAhora nagara aMgrejane tAbe thavuM. be rAjyo vacce karAra thayo tenI rUe agreja raNajItasiMhanA bALa

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ra38 briTiza hiMdanuM sudRDha thavuM. kamAranAme dulIpasiMhane rAjA mAnyA. jalaMdhara doAba, eTale satalaja ane ravInI vacagALanA pradeza khAlasA karyo. sIkha phojanI saMkhyAnI amuka hada TharAvI, briTiza sejane ATha varasa lagI paMjAbamAM rAkhI. rara hetri hAkaMgane umarAva padavI maLI, ane te 1848mAM IglAMDa pAchA gayA. ala (pAchaLathI mAkarvasa) Dela hAusI,1848-185enI pachI lairDa DelahAusI Avyo. hiMdanA rAjapratinidhiomAM e sahuthI moTo hati. ATha varasanI hakamatamAM eNe je je kAma karyA, tenAM pariNAma, lairDa vileslI pachInA, kadAca kalAIva pachInA paNa harakoI gavarnara janaralanAM kAmanAM pariNAma karatAM vadhAre jANuvAgI rahyAM. moTA manane, rAjanItimAM kuzaLa, kamaLa aMtaHkaraNavALe ane salAha zAMtimATe ghaNoja Atura chatAM potAnI marajI virUddha lorDa Dela hAusIne be yuddha karavAM paDayAM, tathA dezI rAjyone khAlasA karI devAno mArga pakaDavo paDaze. pajAba ane brahmadezanA jhaghaDAthI teNe vizALa mUlaka meLavyo. vaLI nAgapura, adhyA, ane bIjA keTalAMka nAnAM saMsthAne briTiza rAjyamAM bheLyAM. paNa lairDa DelahAusInI moTAmAM moTI IcchA konI nIti sudhAravAnI ane dezanA dravyanI vRddhi karavApara hatI. chatAyalA paMjAbamAM be laeNrejoe ane temanA AsisTaTae je rItano rAjavahIvaTa calAvyati ghaNuM karIne aMgrejoe karelAM mUzkela kAmamAM sahuthI vadhAre jazAbhareluM che. ApaNI saradAranA tAbAmAM AvyA pachI briTiza brahodeza paNa paMjAbathI ochI AbAdI pAmyA nathI. e baMnenA kArabhAranI phatehane pAyo nAMkhanAra lorDa DelahAusI hatA, ane tenA mAnane miATe bhAga tene Apavo ghaTe che. rAjyakArabhAranuM aMke khAtuM tene hAthe sudharyA vinA rahyuM nahi. saDake ane naherenI jALa hAla hiMdamAM patharAI che, te utpanna karavAne teNe pablika varksa khAtuM thApyuM. gaMgAnI nahera khullI karavAnI kriyA ene hAthe thaI. enA jevaDI moTI bIjI nahera A dezamAM hajI lagI banI nathI. pahelI hiMdI relavenuM khAtamuhUrta eNe karyuM. rAtA samudrane mArge AgaboTa

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bIjuM sIkha yu. ra39 vaDe IglAMDa joDe vahevAra calAvavAmAM teNe madada karI, sastA bhAvathI kAgaLa laI javAya levAya tevo TapAlakhAtAmAM sudhAro karyo, ane tArakhAnuM navuM dAkhala karyuM. je dRDha mananA purUSe briTiza hiMdano ghATa pheravyA tenA gayA pachI tenI dezI rAjyone khAlasA karavAnI rAjarItine lIdhe baLa UThathati yAda karatAM teNe karelA A guNa ghaNIvAra bhUlI javAmAM Ave che, e tenuM (lorDa DelahAusanuM ) kamanasIba che. bIjuM sIkha yuddha, 1848-1849-lairDa DelahAusI hiMdamAM AvyAne cha mahinA nahi thayA eTalAmAM bIjI sIkha laDAI jAgI. sulatAnamAM be briTiza amaladArene vizvAsaghAta karI mArI nAMkhavAmAM AvyA. kamanasIbe hetri lairensa mAMdagInI rajA para svadeza gayo hato. UnALAmAM yuddhe caDhavAne briTiza sainya taiyAra na hatu; ane lephTananTa (pAchaLathI sara harbarTa) avarDase ekale hAthe mahenata karI, tema chatAM paNa A dharmAdhapaNuMnA UbharAmAM paMjAbamAM badhe ThekANe baMDa uThayu. khAlasA pheja pharIne ToLe maLI, ane briTiza lazkarajeDe laDaka vAmAM pharIthI barAbara UtarI. ciliyanavAlAnA nAzakAraka medAnamAM aMgrejI phejanA amaladAro ane mANase (sela tathA sipAI o) maLI 2,400ne ghANa vALyo, tathA cAra tapa ane traNa palaTananA vAvaTA zatrune hAtha gayA (13 mI jAnevArI 1849). aMgreja leka svadezAbhimAnathI ema kahe che ke A laDAImAM ake pakSanI hArachata thaI nathI. sara cArlsa nipiarane senAdhipati nImI tenI joDe madadane mATe IMglAMDathI lazkara mika9yuM, paNa tenA AvyA pahelAM lorDa gAke gujarAtanI laDAImAM saMpUrNa jIta meLavI potAnI gayelI Ijata pAchI meLavI. e phatihathI sIkha phojane tadana nAza thayo. enI agAu sulatAna chatAyuM hatuM. aMgrejapara vera hovAthI teo paNa pitAnuM sIkhaka paranuM vazaparaMparAnuM vera vIsArI dosta mahama- danI saradArI nIce temane madada karavAne AvyA hatA. e aphagAna savArone lAja khAI potAnA DuMgaromAM nAsavuM paDyuM. 1849 nA mArca mAsanI 28mI tArIkhe paMjAbane khAlasA karavAthI te aMgrejI prAMta

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ra40 - briTiza hiMdanuM sudRDha thavuM. thayo. DelahAusI ane be lorensanI. rAjakArabhAra calAvavAnI caturAIne ajamAvavAne e navuM sthaLa hatuM. mahArAjA dulIpasiMhane rU. 580,000 nuM varSAsana bAMdhI ApyuM. e UpajavaDe te ghaNuM varSa IglAMDanA jAgIradAranI peThe narkeka paragaNAmAM rahyA. sane 1848 mAM . arla DelahAusIne mArvesanI padavI para caDhAvavAmAM Avyo. paMjAbanI samAdhAnI-paMjAbamAM salAhazAMtine mATe pahelAM tyAMnA lokanAM hathIAra lIdhAM. ethI jUdA jUdI jAtanAM 1,20,000 hathI Ara tyAMnA lekee ApI dIdhAM. tyAra pachI dareka gAmanI jamAbaMdI karI. sIkharAjyanA julamathI jamIna ve bhAre thaI 5Da hato, tene A jamAbaMdImAM masa e che karyo. dIvAnI ane jadArI vahIvaTane kAyado TharAvyA, te lokone sakha nahi lAge to ane vAjabI hati. karnala barTa nipiare (pAchaLathI magadalAno laMDanepiara thayA teNe) saDake ane nahere banAvI. briTiza zAMtithI jAnamAlanuM je rakSaNa thayuM tenI tathA briTiza amaladAranI paMDanI sattAva AbAdI no samaya zarU thayo, ane tenI asara e prAMtanA cheka dUranA khUNu lagaNu jaNAI. ethI ema banyuM ke 1857mAM baLa UThaze tyAre paMjAbamAM zAMti rahI eTaluM ja nahi, paNa te vaphAdAra rahyuM bIjuM bahmI yuddha 1852- raMgunamAM keTalAka yurepI vepArI upara mAThI vartaNuka calAvI ane aMgrejanA lazkarI vahANanA kaptAnane vAravA mekalelo tenuM apamAna karyuM tethI 1852 mAM bIjuM badhI yuddha jAmyuM. thoDA mahinAmAM raMgunathI prema sudhInI IrAvadInI tamAma khINu ejanI phaje kabaje karI, ane AvAnA rAjAe salAhanA kolakarAra karavAnI nA kahI tethI 185ra nA DisembaranI 20 mI tArIkhanA jAheranAmAthI, nIcalA brahmadezanA jItelA mUlakane khAlasA karyo, ane pahelA brahma yuddha pachI 1826mAM meLavelA ArAkAna ane tenAsarIma prati sAthe tene pigune nAme jeDI dIdhe. briTiza barmAnI AbAdI-aMgrejI amala nIce AvyA pachI

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laoNrDa DelahaoNkI ane dezI rAjya 241 sane 1891 lagaNumAM raMgunanI vastI gaNI vadhI che. khAlasA thayA pachI e baMdarane vepAra cAra varase (1851858mAM) rU. 2, 13, 10, 55 na hato te vadhI 1881-1882mAM rU. 11,2,31,81 ne thayo. nAnA nagara ane pagaNuM paNa eja pramANe AbAda thayAM che. 1826nI pahelAM mAhate jIllAmAM siAma ane pazunA rAja sadA vahayAM karatA ane tethI temAMthI vastI jatI rahI hatI. 1827nA phebruvArImAM koI talaeNga nAyaka daza hajAra sAthIo sAthe maulameInanI pADerAmAM vA; ane tyAra pachI thoDe varase, bIja vIsa hajAra AdamI tyAM AvI vasyAM. 1855 mAM AmahasTa jillAnI vastI 83,146 AdamInI hatI. 1860mAM te 1,30,953nI thaI sane 1881mAM te 3,01,086 nI thaI. athavA eka baMdarano dAkhalo laIe. 18ra6 mAM ApaNI sarakAre ArAkAna prAMtano kabaje karyo, tyAre kyAba garIba macchImAra gAmaDuM thatuM. 1830 sudhImAM te vadhI nAne ko banyA ane tene vipAra rU. 70,000 na thayo. 1881 mAM tene vepAra be karoDa paMcAtara lAkha thayo hato. A pramANe pacAsa varasamAM ekasAbane vepAra lagabhaga cAra gaNuM vadhyA. 1855 mAM briTiza brahmaderAnI vastI sADAbAra lAkha hatI te vadhIne 1891mAM sADI pastALIsa lAkha thaI. lorDa Delahai usI ane dezI rA -lorDa DelahAusInI hiM danAM mAMDalIka rAkhyo joDenI vartaNukathI tene svabhAva pUre pUrI jaNAI Avyo. raiyatanA bhalAne mATe ja rAjA che etanA rAjakArabhArane mukhya siddhAMta hato, ane eno te udhADe dAkhalo pitAnA dararojanA kAmakAjamAM batAvI Apati. prajAne mATe dezI rAjavahIvaTathI aMgrejI rAjakArabhAra sarasa che, evuM A siddhAMtaparathI anumAna nIkaLyuM. sArAMza e ke laoNrDa vilelI ane tenI pachInA adhikArIoe dezI - jyone briTiza rakSaNanIce mUkavAnI je paddhati dAkhala kIdhI hatI, te koI paNa rIte pUrepUrI phatihamaMda nIvaDI na hatI, ethI, dezI rAjA o potAnI sattAno game te gera upayoga kare ane prajAne pIDe topaNa temanAM rAjyone ke mahelane lagAra paNa nukazAna thatuM nahotuM. A gera baMdobastane upAya hAla mahArANanA samayamAM evI rIte karavAmAM

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24ra 'liTiza hiMdanuM sudaDha thavuM. AvyA che ke hiMdanA mAMDalika rAjAnA mana para rAjyatarapha potAnI jummara lAvInA uMcA vicAro ThasAvavAmAM AvyA che. paNa jorDa DelahAusInA vakhatamAM jUnI vagara sudharelI paddhatinAM chellAM ane kharAbamAM kharAba pariNAma jovAmAM AvyAM. e parathI enA manamAM evuM AvyuM ke dezI rAjAone kArabhAra nukazAnakAraka ane niyamathI ulaTa che. mATe temane hareka vAjabI raste dUra karavA joIe. je rAjAo gAdIe heya temanI joDe ane temanA paNa atanA vAra sAthe karelA karAra pramANi kapaNe pALavA. paNa je rAjavaMzapeDhI dara peDhI aMdhera calAvI, ApaNuM prIti beI heya tamane bacAvo beTI narama lAgaNIne lIdhe thavo na jeIe, tathA jenI pAchaLa gAdIe besanAra paNuM ane vArasa nahoya te vAne cAlu rAkha na joIe. A dheraNa pramANe vartavAthI dezI rAja aMgreja sarakArane hAtha Ave paNa temAM hiMdano dattaka karavAno rivAja vacamAM AvavAthI guMcavaNa paDatI hatI. khAnagI milkata saMbaMdhI hiMdustramAM kahyuM che ke dattaputrathI peTanA dIkarAnuM saghaLuM kAma sare, te potAnA bApanI marakriyA karI zake che, tathA tenI milkatano vArasa thAya che. ebAbata kadI koIe vAMdho uThAvyo nathI. maranAranA tamAma hakka dattakane maLe che. paNa ItihAsamAM noMdhAyelA banAvo parathI tathA rAjakIya bAbatamAM zuM karavuM yogya che ane zuM athAgya che tenA vicAra parathI evI takarAra levAmAM AvI ke maranAranI pachI gAdI para bezI rAjakaranArane Aniyama lAgato nathI; e viSayano pAyo jaja che. uparI sarakAra e haka kabUla rAkhI zake nahi; kemake lAkha mANasanAM sukhane keI nIca phaLanA dhUtArAnA hAthamAM mUkavAmAM kapaTathI ene gera upayoga thaI rAke. "yatanAM sukha" viSenuM laoNrDa DelahAusInuM dhAraNa ahIM lAgu paDe che. vahemI ane ghaNIka veLA ThagAI bharelA banAvaTI vArasAnA niyamano amala thavA dava ta karatAM briTiza rAjavahIvaTathI je kalyANa thAya te tenA manane vadhAre baLavAna lAgatuM hatuM. laoNrDa DelahAusInuM mata- jyAre koIpaNa dezI rAjA sIdhA vArasa tarIke peTanA dIkarA mUkI marI jAya tyAre jorDa DelahAusInA mata pramANe tamane bApanI khAnagI milakata temaja rAjyagAdI

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vArasa nahi hovAthI sarakArane maLelAM dezI rAjayo. ra43 baMnenA sarakhA hakka hato. paNa rAjAne mAtra eka dattaka putra hoya te khAnagI milakata uparanA be vArasAnA hakkane jorDa DelahAusI bahuja saMbhALathI jALavato hato, topaNa tene rAjagAdInA hakka nathI emata gaNato. tene vicAra pramANe dezI rAjya eka seMparata karelI jAhera mIlakata jevuM hatuM, ane vArasAne vAjabI hakka dharAvanAra sIdhe purUSa vArasa na hoyato e hakka aMgreja sarakAre nakkI kare, ane tema karavAmAM mAjI rAjAnA kuTuMbano svArtha jevo nahi, paNu prajAnA kalyANane vicAra karavo. e rAjyone pAdharA aMgrejI amala nIce lAvavAthI tenuM kalyANa ghaNIja saphaLa rIte sacavAya che ema te mAnati. vArasa nahi hovAthI sarakArane maLelAM dezI rAjyo-e dhAraNa pramANe aMgreja sarakArane prathama satArAnuM rAjya maLyuM. 1818 mAM pezvAnuM rAjya chavuM te vakhate lArDa hesTise ene pharIne UbhuM karyuM hatuM. zivAjIthI utarelA tenA vaMzane rAjA 1848 mAM putra vagara marI gayo, ane maratI veLA teNe baLe lIdhelA dikarAne aMgreja sarakAre kabula karyo nahi (1849). eja varasamAM koI evuM DirekTarsa tAbAnAM rAjya ane rakSaNamAM rahelA mitranA rAjyanI vacce bArIka taphAvata gaNI karaulInA saMsthAnane khAlasA karyuM nahi. satArAnI po jhAnsInuM saMsthAna 1853 mAM pUchyuM. paNa e niyama pramANe rAjya DUbavAne ghaNuM mazahura banAva nAgapurano che. hiMdanA briTiza rAjyathI vadhAre jUnA muo. e rAjyane khAlasA karI tene madhyaprAMta banAvyo. haidarAbAdanA nijAmanA rakSaNa mATe briTiza pheja rAkhavAmAM AvatI tenAM kharcanA nANu varase varasa nijAma ApI zakato nahi ne caDyAM jatAM hatAM mATe tenI bAMhe dharIne peTe teNe varADa prAMta aMgrejane Apyo tethI tyAM paNa eja varSamAM briTiza rAjavahIvaTa cAlyo. bIjA traNa rAjavaMza paNa e varasamAM nAmanizAnI vagara cAlyA gayAM, paNa tethI aMgrejI rAjyane vistAra vadhyA nahi. cheka dakSiNamAM kanaiTakano mAtra nAmano navAba, ane tAnano nAmano rAjA e beu binavArasI maraNa pAmyA. temanI padavI ane temanA pAna temanA maraNa pachI baMdha paDyAM, topaNa tema

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ra44 briTiza hiMdanuM sudaDha thavuM nAM kuTuMbone dayA khAte chavAI bAMdhI ApI. hiMdanA uttara bhAgamAM gAdI parathI uThADI mUkelo vizvA bAjIrAva 1818 mAM rAjya bayA pachI 1853 lagaNu cho, ane jIvatAM sUdhI teNe tenuM varase rU. 8,00,000 nuM penzana bhogavyuM. teNe paise saMdha hatA, te tenA dattapatra nAnAsAhebane maLyo. paNa te uparAMta tene bIjuM kAMI ApavAmAM AvyuM nahi. azodayAne khAlasA karyuM 185- laoNrDa DelahAusIe ane dhyAnuM rAjya judA kAraNuthI laI lIdhuM. 1765 mAM navAba vachara zujA uda-dalAne tene japata karela mUlaka laoNDa kalAive pAchA ApyA, tyAthI tenA vaMzanuM rakSa briTiza phejavaDe thatuM hatuM. paradezI caDhAI ane dezanI aMdaranA baMDa e baMne taraphathI rakSaNa pAmI enI elAdamAM ghaNA navAba thayA teo khAnagI raheNImAM laMpaTa durvyasanI hatA, ane jAhera karaNamAM yata upara julamI hatA. temAM eka guNu hati. tio aMgreja sarakAra tarapha daDha vaphAdAra rahetA. gaMgA ane gogarA nadIonI vacce je rasALa mUlaka che temAM eTalI ghADI vastI che ke pRthvI upara bIje koI hakANa eTalA ja vistAranI jamInamAM teTalI ghADI vastI nathI. e pradezamAMnI raiyata bhavanA bhavasudhI aMdhera rAyapIDA pAmatI hatI, ane te pIDAne mATe dareka gAvanara janarala keTaleka daraje potAne javAbadAra gaNuto hato. navAbene (jemaNe 1818 thI zAhane IlakAba dhAraNa karyo hato.) tAkIdapara tAkIda ApavAmAM AvatI ke tamArI vartaNUkamAM sudhAro kare paragaju baeNTiMke tathA jaMgI hADage je karavAnI mAtra dhamakI ApI hatI te laoNrDa DelahAusIne hAthe thavAne raheluM hatuM. enA lakSaNamAM temanA jeTaluM ja pramANikapaNuM ane temanAthI vadhAre dRDha nizcaya hato. teNe tamAma binA korTa oNvaDirekTarane lakhI mokalI. temaNe lAMbA vakhata ane duHkhakAraka rIte AnAkAnI karyA pachI e rAjyane khAlasA karavAno TharAva karyo. e hakama AvyA tyAre laoNrDa DelahAusIne svadeza pAchA javAno vakhata thayA hatA, to paNa teNe vicAryuM ke A jokhama bhareluM kAma tenI pachI AvanAra adhikArIne tenA besatA amalamAM karavAne

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khAnasA karavAnAM kAraNa. 25 rAkhavuM e vAjabI nathI. korTa DyU DirekTaranA TharAvane AvatAM bahuvAra thayAthI te bajAvavAne tene mAtra thoDAMja aThavADImAM maLyAM. paNa te kharA manathI mAnatA hatA ke e kAma karavuM e mArI - yodhyAnA lakatapha pharaja che. teiNe khAnagI kSetramAM lakhyuM che ke mArA kRpA u52 navatApUrvaka AdhAra rAkhI (kema ke tenA sarajelA nA mANasa A pheraphArathI svataMtratA ane sukha pAmaze) huM A pharaja bajAvavAnuM kAma gaMbhIrapaNe ane citAthI paNa zAMta rIta ane zaMkA vinA hAthamAM lau chuM. khAlasA karavAnAM kAraNaka-laoNrDa DelahAusInA amalanI chellI sAla 1859 hatI. e sAlane AraMbhe teNe lakanonA darabAra khAte janarala (pAchaLathI sara jemsa) TrAma resiDeTa hato tene dhyAne rAjakArabhAra hAthamAM laI calAvavAno hukama Apo. ema karavAnuM kAraNa e ke lAkhA bhAlusane je rAjavahIvaTathI duHkha thAya che tene Teko ApI vadhAre vAra jArI rAkhavAthI briTiza sarakAra paramezvaranI tathA mANasanI najare caDegAra thAya che. e DhaTe 1856 nA phebruArI mAsanI 13mI tArIkhe pragaTa karyo. aTakAvI nahi zakAya evI aMgreja sattAne pAdazAha vAjIda allI tAbe thayo. te paNa tene pada glAMDamAM mANase mokalyA pachI kalakattAnI pAse gArDana rIca nAme khuzakAraka parAmAM te TharI ThAma va. ane tene varase bAra lAkha rUpiAnuM penzana ApavAmAM AvyuM. ema vagara laDaze ayodhyAnuM rAjya khAlasA thayuM. A kAmane laoNrDa DelahAusI ghaNuM pramANika gaNa saMbhArato hato. topaNa kadAca AthIja dezI jAhera mata tenA amalanA saghaLAM kAma karatAM vadhAre uzkerAyuM. hiMdamAM kareluM laoNrDa DelahAusInuM kAma-1856 nA mArca mahine nAmAM mAphaTvasa DelahAusIe adhikAra choDI dIdhe, e viLA enI ummara mAtra cuMmALIsa varasanI hatI. paNa te svadeza gayA

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ra49 tyAre potAnI joDe lAMbI pathArInA maMdavADanA bIja leti gaye ne tethI 1860mAM te maraNa pAmyA. kaeNrnavAslisane bAda karatAM je eja rAjakIya purUSo hiMdanI garaja pUrI pADavAnA bhAga thaI paDaSA temAM te pahelo hato, paNa chelo na hati. hiMdamAM briTirA rAjyanI ImArata - lairDa DelahAusIe pUrI karI. e makAnA pahelA bhAgamAM lorDa vile e, tathA laoNDa hesTise hiMdanA adhirAjyane nakazo banAvyo hati temAM 1843mAM siMdha umerAyuM. vacamAM je vizALa jagA bAkI hatI,timAM ayodhyA, madhyaprAti, ane hiMdamAMnAM nAnAM saMsthAnanI je vAyavya sarahada para Avelo paMjAba prAMta, tathA samudrapAra rahelA briTiza brahmadezano sauthI vadhAre samRddhivAna bhAga eTalo mUlaka mArthivasa DelahAusIe chevaTe dAkhala karyo. laoNrDa kaMjiga 185-1862-A moTA gavarnara janaralanI jagAe tenA mitra lorDa kaeNbiMga Avyo. tene jatI vakhati IglAMDamAM korTa evuM DirekTarae khAnuM ApyuM te same A bhaviSya vANI te belyA. "mArI nokarInI mudata zAMtimAM jAya evuM huM icchuM chuM. paNa huM bhUlI jaI zakato nathI ke hiMdanuM AkAza game teTaluM zAMta che to paNa temAM mANasanI havelI jevaDuM nAnuM vAdaLuM caDhI Ave ane te vadhAre vadhAre moTuM thaI truTI paDe ne ApaNane nAzamAM garaka karI nAMkhe.bIje varase baMgALI lejanA sipAIoe baLavo karyo ane paTanAthI dilI sudhInA gaMgAne badhe pradeza tithI saLagI UThaze.

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- prakaraNa 15 muM. 1857no sipAIono baLavo sipAIonA baLavAnAM kAraNa-baLa UThavAnAM je judAM jAM kAraNe ApavAmAM Ave che te yuropInA manane pUratAM lAgatAM nathI. kharuM kAraNa e che ke AkhA hiMdamAM dezIonAM mana ukerAyelAM hovAthI te rehavAra gapATA mAnavAne ane trAsanA hArAmAM hovAthI jhapalAvI paDavAne loko taiyAra thayA hatA. yuropI ToLApara dArUnI jevI asara thAya che tevI ezionI prajApara hebakanI asara thAya che. jo DelahAusInI rAjya khAlasA karavAnI rIta paNa sudharelA vicArathI ghaDI kADhelI hatI, tepaNuM dezIone te aNagamatI hatI. keLavaNIno phelAvo karavAmAM tathA ekaja vakhate varALamaMtra ane tAra dAkhala karavAmAM hiMdI sudhArAne ThekANe aMgrejI sudhAre phelAvavAnI temanI UMDI tadabIra che evuM dezI ene lAgyuM. mukhyatve karIne baMgALI palaTaNanA sipAIe evuM dhAratA hatA ke amArI najara bIjA svadezIonI najarathI vadhAre dUra pahoMcI zake che. emAMnA ghaNu kharA sipAIo UMcI nyAtanA hiMduo hatA ane puSkaLa sipAIonI bharatI ayodhyAmAMthI karI hatI. pazcima bhaNInA dhoraNe je sudhArA karavA mAMDyA hatA tene vize temaNe ema dhAryuM ke e prajA tarIke ApaNuM ekatva toDavAnAM humalA jevA che. ane khAlasA karavuM eTale zuM te temaNe najare joyuM hatuM. amArA parAkramathIja paMjAba prAMta chAyA che ane AkhA hiMda kabaje rahe che, evuM mAnatA hatA. A bedilI ane hebaka gAdIparathI uThADI mUkelA puSkaLa rAjAo athavA temanA vAra ane vidhavA rANIonA jANavAmAM pahelAM AvI ane temaNe teno lAbha lIdhe. temaNe krimIAnI laDAInI hakIkata sAMbhaLI hatI, ane rUzadeza IglAMDane hamezano verI che evI tamane khabara maLI hatI. eja taraphathI maTAM pAna maLavAthI temanI pAse paisA ekaTho thayo hati te hathiyAra kAvatarAkherone nANuM ApI temanI madada laI zakatA hatA

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248 157ne sipAIone baLA baLavAnA kahevAtAM bIje kAraNe-ethI ulaTuM kaMpanInI nokarImAMnI vadhAre UMcA rajAnI jagyAo vidvAna, buddhimAna, athavA vaphAdAra nIvaDelA dezIone maLatI nahi. nAnA darajAnI nokarI dezIone maLe tene mATe kaMpanIe agatyanA pagalAM bharyA hatAM. paNa hidanI sarakArI nokarImAMnI bhAre pagAranI ane darajAnI ghaNIka jagyAo hiMdanA vatanIone maLe evuM mahArANInI sarakAre hamaNuM TharAvyuM che, te jagyAo para te veLA thoDAka egrajenoja mAtra haka hatA. baLa thayAM pahelAM thoDA vakhata upara sara hani hairese jaNAvyuM hatuM ke buddhimAna purUSanI vAjabI tRSNa satiSa pAmI zake evI jagyA lazkaramAM paNa dezI amaladArane temanuM parAkrama dekhADavAne ApatA nathI. AvI sthitine lIdhe bhAre hAni thaze evuM teNe AgrahathI kahyuM hatuM, paNa enI sUcanA para chellI ghaDI lagI koIe lakSa ApyuM nahi. baLavAnA bArIka samayamAM lairDa kaeNjigane kAMI aNadhArI aDacaNa thAyatiti kAma calAu gavarnara janarala thAya e TharAva thayo hato ane e moTuM phitUra zamyA pachI kaMpanInA hAthamAMthI jaI mahArANanA hAthamAM rAjyagAdI AvI, tyAre mahArANIe jAhera karelA DhaMDherAmAM teNe lArensa) majabUta kAraNe batAvIne je dhAraNu pramANe vartavAno Agraha karyo hato te dhAraNu bahAla rahyuM. mahArANInAM maherabAnI bharelAM vacano A pramANe che -"vaLI ame pharamAvIe chIe ke banI zake tyAM jAtibheda ke dharmabheda upara najara rAkhatAM amArI ramatamAM jeo keLavaNuM, buddhibaLa, ane pramANikapaNuthI nokarI karavAne lAyaka hoya temane chUTathI ane niSpakSapAtapaNe sarakArI nokarImAM dAkhala karavA" A udAra rAjyanIti kaMpanInA amalamAM ajANI hatI. e kAraNathI sane 1857nA sipAonA baLavA vakhate hiMdanA puSkaLa rAjAo, temAM mukhyatve karIne gAdI parathI uThADI mukelA rAjyavaMzA kaMpanInA verI thayA hatA ane khuda kaMpanInA ja dezI amaladArenI moTI saMkhyA ughADa iMga bevaphA thaI hatI athavA to tenuM zuM thaze te viSe be darakAra hatI. carabI lagADelAM kArasA (kAja). Avo aNano mAmalo cAlati hati te vakhate lazkarI chAvaNIomAM evI gapa cAlI ke

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lakAmAM buddhimAna amadAnI ghaTa. 29 baMgAlI phojanA sipAIonAM kAratusAne DukkaranI carabI copaDelI che. e prANane hiMdu ane musalamAna e beu prajA apavitra gaNe che. ghaNae khAtarI karyA chatAM sipAIonA mana zAMta thaI zakyAM nahi. dezI palaTaNane rahevAnAM makAnamAM rAte lAhe thatI; sipAIe potAnA amaladArenuM apamAna karatA vizvAsa uThI gayo hato ane kavAyatanuM DAla mAtra rahyuM hatuM. lazkaromAM buddhimAna amaladAronI ghaTa-e uparAMta phidUra UThayuM te vakhate dezI palaTaNemAM uttama amaladAronI ghaTa paDI gaI hatI. je moTI pAdazAhatano pAyo laoNrDa DelahAusIe nAMkhyA hato teno kArabhAra calAvavAne sivila sarvisathI jeTalA nokaronI bharatI thaI zakatI tenAthI vadhAre amaladArono khapa hatA. mulkI khAtAnA oddhApara hoziyAra lazkarI adhikArIo pasaMda karavAno rivAja lAMbA vakhatathI cAlato hato temAM ekAeka puSkaLa vadhAro thaI gayo. adhyA, paMjAba, madhayapratA ane briTiza brahmadezane kArabhAra ghaNe daraje kaMpanInI palaTaNamAMthI cuTI kahADelA adhikArIone hAtha hatA. sArA ane kuzaLa senApati rahyA hatA to paNa A aNanA vakhatamAM dezI phojamAM ati tejasvi buddhi ane daDha saMkalpavALA adhikArIone moTo bhAga rahyo na hato. temaja gavarnara janarala laoNrDa DelahAusIe jeTaluM briTiza lazkarane rAjyanI sahI salAmatI mATe jarUranuM jaNAvyuM hatuM tenA karatAM teNe sakhata kAraNa batAvI takarAra UThAvyA chatAM, paNa te dhAraNa ochuM karI nAMkhavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. jyAre dezI palaTaNamAM 'carabI lagADelAM kAratusa" nI hebaka pasarI ane baMgALAmAM tophAna UDyuM, tyAre lArDa DelahAusIe hiMdanI briTiza ke januM baLa vadhAravA viSe temaja temAM ane dezI pheja baMnemAM sudhAro karavAnI ghaNI jarUra viSe je kharA dilathI lakhANa karyA hatAM te laMDanamAM emanAM ema paDI rahyAM hatAM ane te para kaMIdhyAna ApavAmAM AvyuM na hatuM. baLa UpI, sane 1827-sane 1857nA me mAsanI tA. 10 mIne ravivAre pAchale pahere mIrata (mIratha ) nA sipAIoe 32.

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250 1857ne sipAIono baLa. baLavo karyo. teo kedakhAnAmAM ghusyA ane chAvaNIomAM vegathI dhazI je yuropa maLyo tene temaNe kApI nAMkhyo. pachI pAsenA moTA dillI zaheranI dezI phojane tathA badamAza lekone uzkeravAne ane gAdIparathI uThADI mUkelA yugala pAdazAhanI sattAnI rahevAne teo tyAM gayA. te vakhate uttara hiMdamAM moTAmAM moTI lazkarI chAvaNI mIratamAM hatI. baLavAnero dilhI jaI pahoMce te pahelAM temane kacarI nAkhe evaDI pAyadaLa, dheDesavAra, tathA taponI jabaradasta pUrepI pharaja e chAvaNImAM hatI. paNa sipAIe utAvaLA thaI vagara vicAre cAlyA tema rApI amaladAroe ghaNu bAbatamAM daDhatA tacha daI eTalIja mUrkhAI bharelI vartaNuka calAvI. baLavo ume ThavAnI khabara tAramAM dillI mokalI te sivAya te rAtre bIjuM kazuM karyuM nahi. je kSaNa damananA eka mANasathI hiMdanuM rakSaNa thaI zakata evI hatI te kSaNe mIratatA koI paNa lazkarI amaladAramAM vicAra karavAnI ke vartavAnI zakita jaNAInahi. bIje divase savAre dillInA musalamAnoe baMDa karyuM tyAre tyAMnA sUropIoe mAtra dArUkhAnuM urADI dIdhuM. te sivAya bIjuM kazuM karyuM nahi. baLavAno phelAva, jUna sane 1857-ema bhegA maLavAnuM madhya sthaLa dillI gaNyuM, ane A baMDanuM nAma baLa paDyuM. e baMDa utAvaLe vAyavya prAMti ane ayodhyAmAM thaI cheka nIcalA baMgALAmAM dAvAnaLanI 5 prasayuM. dareka upajyAnI hakIkata judIjudI tathA bedakAraka che. ane te uparathI jaNAya che ke dareka bAjunA leka pita potAnA pakSane eka bhAvathI daDha rIte vaLagI rahyA hatA tema chatAM saghaLAM baDAnI eka ja hakIkata ApavI basa thaze. ghaNI vakhata cetavyA vagara ane keTalIkavAra vaphAdAra rahevAnAM vacana ApyAM chatAM (je vacane keTalAkanI bAbatamAM kadAca te vakhate kharAM hatAM) sipAIne potAnA uparI adhikArIonI sAmA UThayA. temaNe sUrapIene ke priti dharma mAnanArAone mArI nAMkhyA, ane keTalAka prasaMge strIo ane bALakonI paNa hatyA karI. baLavAkhoroe jelanAM bAraNa toDI nAMkhyA, trIjerI laTI, ane baLavAkhe e veLA AkhI

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kAnapura ra51 prajAe yuddha karavA dhAryuM che evuM rUpa dhAraNa karyuM hatuM temAM sAmila thavAne baDanA keI madhyasthaLe kuca karI. mAtra paMjAbanA sara jana lorensa ane tenA madadanIzAe agAuthI cetI sipAIone dAbamAM rAkhavAnA ane temanA hathiyAro joI levAnA sana upAya lIdhA hatA. e madadanIzomAM eDavarDas ane nikalsana mukhya hatA. zIkhaka DagyA nahi. aphagAnistAnanA DuMgaromAMthI navA sipAIenAM ToLAM potAnI khuzIthI AvyAM. ema paMjAba prAMta bhayanuM mULa na thatAM dillIne ghero ghAlavAne pitAnI phAjane bhAga - pavAne zakitamAna thayA. dakSiNa bagALAnA ghaNAkharA sipAIoe baMDa kayAM, ane pachI judAjudA bhAgamAM verAI gayA. muMbAI ane madrAsanI dezI pheje vaphAdAra rahI madhya hiMdanA moTA adhipatiomAMnAM ghaNuonAM lazkara baLavAre joDe vahelAM moDAM sAmila thayAM, paNa haidarAbAdanuM musalamAna saMsthAna tenA kuzaLa pradhAna sara sAvarajaMganA dAbathI ImAnadAra rahyuM. kAnapura-kAnapura, lakano ane dillI e traNe zahera sipAI onA baLavAnAM mukhya sthaLa thaI paDayAM. hiMdanI moTI dezI phajemAMnI ekaja kAnapuranI chAvaNImAM hatI. kAnapurathI thoDe cheTe biThuramAM chellA pezvAnA vArasa patano mahela hati. dha DupatanuM vadhAre jANInuM nAma nAnAsAheba hatuM. te hameza sadhaLAM jamAnAmAM apakIrtine pAmaze. nAnAe pahelAM to ghaNAM ghaNuM vAkyathI vaphAdArI batAvI paNa kahI ne sipAIoe daMge karyo tyAre te temano nAyaka banyA ane marAThA pezvA banI teNe ANa pheravI. kAnapuranA yuropIoe utAvaLe kharAba pasaMda karelI moracAbaMdha chAvaNImAM bharAI uSNu kaTibaMdhanA jAna mahinAnA sakhta tApamAM ogaNIsa divasa lagI madAIthI ghera sahana karyo. e yUropIomAM jeTalA laDayA purUSo hatA temanAthI strIonI ane bALakonI saMkhyA vadhAre hatI. darekamAM dukha sahana karavAnI athavA maravAnI hiMmata ane dhIraja hatI paNa temane rasto dekhADI zake e purUSa e vakhate temanAmAM nahato. TheTha alAhAbAda lagI sahI salAmata pahocADavAnuM nAnAe vacana ApyuM. te para vizvAsa rAjhIo ramIne kAma na AvyA,

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para 1857no sipAIone baLa. ane temanAmAMnAM 450 mANasa gaMgAnadImAM machavAmAM bezIne nIkaLyAM, temanA para nadIne kAMThethI tAbaDatobagoLomo dhAtakI mAro calAvyo. mAtra ekaja macha nAzI chUTayo ane je cAra mAsa tarIke eka rAja aMgrejo dasta hati temanA rakSaNamAM gayAM teo mAtra e vAta kahevAne jIvatAM rahyAM. bAkInA mANasane teja ThekANe kApI nAMkhyAM. strIo ane bALaka maLI 125 jaNane 15 mI julAIe eja dazAe pahaiyADavAne rAkhyAM hatAM. e samaye hArlokanuM vera vALanAruM sena pAse hatu. lakhanora-ayodhyAnA mukhya kamizanara sara hitri lorensa A baLavA viSe agAuthI cetyo hato. teNe lakhanAranI resiDensine kilA koTathI majabUta karI ane perAkI bharI rAkhI, ane tamAma yuropI rahevAzIone tathA eka nabaLI briTiza palaTaNane laIne te bIjI julAIe tyAM gayo. be divasa pachI charAne goLI vAgavAthI tene kArI jakhama thayo. paNa e sthaLe buddhimAna purUSanA hAthamAM adhikAra hati. lerese potAno mukAma ghaNI heziyArIthI pasaMda karyo hato. ane 25 mI sapTebare hAleka ane audyume AvIne e nAnI phojane gherAmAMthI cheDavI tyAM lagI asAdhAraNa bhAre saMkaTa sahIne bahu moTI saMkhyAnI sAme te TakI rahI. paNa e chUTakAro karanArI phojane baLavAkheranAM navA dhADAe gherI lIdhI; ane cheka naveMbaramAM sara kAlina kaeNmpabele (pachI lairDa kalAIDe ) lakhaneramAM ghUsIne e phojano chevaTane chuTakAro karyo (16 mI naveMbara 1857). e pachI aMgreja lazkaro vadhAre agatyanuM kAma karavAmAM rokAyAM, ane temaNe sane 1858 nA mArca mahinA lagI lakhanArane pharIne jAyuno kabaje karyo nahi. dilIne ghe-8 mI jUne eTale mIratamAM pahelavaheluM beDa uThayuM te pachI eka mahine dillIne ghere ghAlyo. kharekharo zabdArtha jotAM ene ghero kahevAya nahi, kAraNake dillInI itihAsamAM prakhyAta thayelI TekarI para paDAva karelA briTiza lazkaramAM 8,000 thI vadhAre mANasa nahatuM paNa kiTanI aMdara rahelA baLavAkhoronA lazkaramAM 30,000 thI vadhAre mANasa hatuM. AgasTa mAsanI adhavacamAM paMjAbathI eka TukaDI laIne nikasana AvI pahe; paNa te je TUkaDI

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sara yu re makhyahada sara karyuM. 253 bhAvyo tene lIdhe e phojane jeTalI hiMmata AvI tenA karatAM te jAte AvyA teNe karIne tene vadhAre hiMmata AvI. 14 mI sapTembare humalo karyo, ane mahilAmAM cha dIvasa lagI maraNaA thaIne laDI dillI pAchI jItI lIdhI. ha karanArI TukaDIne mikhare nikalsana hatA te laDatAM raNamAM pa. dheDAnA rasAlAnI eka TUkaDIno saradAra hAsana bahAra paNa baTuM kAma karatAM acakAya nahi evo hato. teNe bIje dIvase gharaDA mugala pAdazAha bahAdurazAha tathA tenA dIkarAone pakaDI keda karyA. pAdazAhane pAchaLathI rAjyakedya karI raMguna mokalI dIdho tyAM te sane 1862 lagI cho. dillI AgaLa e zAhajAdAnI AsapAsa mUkelA paheregIra upara hullaDI nuM dhADuM dhazI AvyAthI te zAhajAdA (jeo vagara zarate pakaDAyA hatA te) ne potAne hAthe giLIthI mArI nAkhavA e haDasanane jarUranuM mAluma paDayuM. lorDa kalAIDe adayA jItI lIdhuM-dillI jItI lIdhA pachI tathA lakhanArane dherAmAMthI choDAvyA pachI judA judA bhAgamAM aDhAra mahinA lagI mArAmArI cAlI topaNa baLavAna nATakanA jevo miha jatA rahyA. ayodhyAnI begama, kherelIna navAba tathA khuda nAnA sAheba AvyAthI uzkerAIne ayodhyA tathA zahilakhaMDanA tamAma leka baLavAra sipAIo joDe maLI gayA. hiMdanA ekalA eja bhAgamAM je baLavo besADI devAnA hatA, te lazkarano baLavo na hato paNu prajAno baLavo hato. sara kaoNlina kaeNmpabela (pachIthI laDe kalAIDe) ayodhyAmAM laDAI calAvI te be ziyALA lagI pahoMcI. nepALanA sarajaMgabahAdura ane tenA bahAdura gurmA taraphathI kImatI madada maLI hatI. eka pachI eka zahera tAbethayuM, eka pachI eka killAne ghera ghAlyo, ane sane 1859 nA jAnevArI mAsa lagImAM chelI tapa pAchI laI lIdhI; ane chellA palAyana karanArane sarahada bahAra hAMkI kahADavo. sarahyuM che madayahida sara karyuM. e arasAmAM sara huM rojha (pachIthI laoNrDa sTrAthane) muMbAIthI AveluM bIjuM lazkara laIne madhya hiMdamAM eTalAja yazathI laDAI calAvatA hatA. jhAMsInI nAvArasa kIdhelI rANI ane vAtaA TopI e be tenA ati bhayaMkara zatru

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rapa4. 1857 ne sipAIono baLa. hatA. nAnA sAhebe sAmA thavAnI je zakita batAvI hatI te pUrve tAtI A TopIthI tene maLI hatI. jhAMsInI rANe 1858 nA jUna mahinAmAM lazkarane mokhare laDatAM raNamAM paDI. tAtI A TopI madhya hadamAM aDe avaLe bhaTakI chevaTe 1858nA eprila mAsamAM vizvAsaghAtathI pakaDAyo ane tene mArI nAMkhyA. kaMpanInA paTAne sA2,1600-1784-ebaLavAne lIdhe aDhIseMthI vadhAre varasanI hayAtI bhegavyA pachI IsTa IMDiA kaMpanInA amalano aMta Avyo. mULa kaMpanIne IlijhAbetha rANuo sane 1600 mAM sanadI maMDaLIno paTa karI Apyo hato. laoNrDa nauryanA pradhAnamaMDaLe sane 1773ne regyuleTiMga ATa maMjUra karyo tenI rUIe kaMpanIne rAjakIya sattA maLI hatI, ane hiMdI rAjyanuM baMdhAraNu thayuM hatuM. e kAyadAnI rUIe baMgALAnA gavarnarane gavarnara-janaralanI padavI maLI, ane cAra sabhAsadanA maMtrimaMDaLanI salAhathI salAha ane laDAI karavAnI bAbatomAM paNa muMbAI ane madrAsanI sarakAra upara adhikAra calAvavAnI sattA maLI. kalakattAmAM nyAyanI varinyAya sabhA (suprIma karTa ) sthApI, tenA nyAyAdhIzonI nImaNuka IMglAMDanA gAdIpatie karI; ane gavarnara-janaralane tathA tenA maMtrimaMDaLane niyamo ane kAyadA karavAnI sattA maLI. e pachI piTTanuM IMDiyA bila maMjUra thayuM (1784), tenI rUe IMglAMDamAM borDa oNva kaMTrola sthapAI. bIjA IlAkApara baMgALA IlAkAnuM sarvoparipaNuM daDha thayuM, ane gavarnara-janarala-Ina-kAunsila evuM ItihAsamAM prasiddhapada vAparavAnI pahelavahelI maMjUrI maLI kaMpanIne pharIne sanada karI ApI, 1813-1853-hiMdano vepAra ekalI kaMpanInA hAthamAM hatA te 1813 mAM pharI karI ApelI sanadathI baMdha paDaze, ane prajApara sAra amala calAvavA tarapha lakSa lagADavAnI tene jarUra paDI. kaMpanIne bIjI vAra sanada karI ApI tyAre 1833 nA ATanI rUIe cIna jeDe teno vepAra cAlatA hatA te baMdha paDe. vaLI e A hiMca rAjyanA baMdhAraNamAM eka pachI eka sudhArA dAkhala karyA. e ATanI rUIe kAunsilamAM eka navo (kAyadApAta) meMbara umerAyA. e meMbara kaMpanInA nokarImAMthI pasaMda karela na hoya, ane tene kAyadA ane kAnune karavA mATe sabhAo

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rAjyagAdInA tAbAmAM hiMdane mUlaka Avyo. rapapa maLe temAM mAtra hAjara rahevAne pahelAM hakka hati. e rIte karelA kAyadA ane kAnane pArlamenTanA AnA jeTalo adhikAra e kAyadAnI rUIe che, paNa teone nAmaMjUra karavAnI sattA kerTa DirekaTarsane hatI; e ATanI rUe eka laeNkamizana nImAyuM ane chevaTe e ATanI rUie gavarnara janarala-Ina-kAunsilane mulkI ane lazkarI khAtAnA vahIvaTane lagatI tamAma bAbatomAM bIjA IlAkAo upara hakumata calAvavAno adhikAra maLe. chellI sanada 1853 mAM karI ApI tenI amuka mudata TharAvI nahi. paNa pArlamenTanI najaramAM Ave tyAM lagI mAtra te amalamAM Ave. e vakhate DirekaTaranI saMkhyA ghaTADI anesivila sarvisamAM vagavasIlAthI jagyA maLI tene ThekANe jAhera parIkSA laIne jagyA ApavAno dhAro dAkhala karyo. rAkhyagAdInA tAbAmAMhidanA mUlaka AvyA, sana 1858- hiMdanuM rAjya vadhAre sArI rIte calAvavAno kAyado maMjura thaye (1858) te vaDe aMte kaMpanInA hAthathI rAjyakArabhAra jaI rAjyagAdIne maLe. e vakhate DirekTaroe chaTAdAra bhASaNathI virUddha mata jaNAvyo tathA pArlAmenTamAM sAmasAmA pakSakAromAM paNa e viSe kaDavo vAdavivAda thayA. e kAyadAmAM evuM TharAvyuM ke paMdara maMbaronI kAunsilanI salAhathI potAnA mukhya sTeTa sekreTarIomAMnA ekanI mArphata iglAMDanI rANI hiMda upara amala calAvaze ane tene nAme amala cAlaze. gavarnara janaralane vAIsarAyano navo IlakAba maLyo. kaMpanInAM pUrepI lazkarane rAyala sarvisamAM bheLI dIdhAM ane hiMdha darIkhAIja kADhI nAkhI. e cUpa lazkaramAM amaladAro ane sipAIo maLIne Azare 24,000 mANasa hatuM. hiMdI kAunsilonA Akara (1861) nI rUe gavarnara janaralanI ane vaLI madrAsa tathA muMbAInI kAunsilamAM phakta kAyadA bAMdhavAnA kAmamAM madada karavAne dezI ke yupI, sarakArI nokarImAM na hoya evA meMbaro umerAyA; ane eja : sAlamAM bIjo kAyado maMjUra thayA, tenI rUe IlAkAnA zaheramAM junI suprIma korTe hatI tene ThekANe nyAyanI hAyakoTI sthapAI.

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prakaraNa 16 muM. briTiza rAkhyagAdInA tAbAmAM hiMda. mahArANIno DhaDhe, 1lI navebara 1858-baLo besADI ravAnuM tathA tyArapachI rAjyamAM je samAdhAnI bharelo pheraphAra thayo te dAkhala karavAnuM kAma jorDa kaeNliMgane hAtha AvyuM. jokhamane cheka kharAba vakhate paNa teNe potAnA mananI zAMtine DagavA dIdhI nahi, ane tenA kharA niSpakSapAta AcaraNane lIdhe beu taraphanAM mANasoe vArA pharatI tenAM vakhANa karyA, ane vAMka kADho. e vakhate tene tiraskAramAM dayALa kaeNniMga' (kalamansi keniga ) evuM upanAma ApyuM hatuM. te Aje mAtra tenA mAnamAM saMbhAravAmAM Ave che. sane 1858 ne naveMbara mAsanI 1lI tArIkhe alAhAbAdamAM mATe darabAra bharI mahArANIe hiMdane rAjyakArabhAra pitAne hAtha lIdhA bAdazAhI DhaDhero teNe vAMcI saMbhaLAvyo. kharekhara ane udAra bhAvArya jotAM e lekha hidanI prajAno eNnA cArTI che, e lekhamAM chaTAdAra vacanomAM evuM lakhyuM hatuM ke nyAya ane dharma saMbaMdhI chUTanA niyamone AdhAre mahArA nA amalanI rAjanIti cAlaze. vaLI briTiza prajAnA khUna karavAmAM jemaNe khulo bhAga lIdho hato temanA sivAya bIjA badhAne e lekhamAM mAphI ApI hatI. sane 1859 nI tA. 8 mI julAIe AkhA hiMdamAM zAMtinAM jAheranAmAM thayAM. bIje varSe ziyALAmAM vaphAdAra rAjArANuonI sevA svIkAravAne tathA temane dattaka karavAnA hakka che evI khAtarI karI ApavAne laeNDa kaeNniMga uttara taraphanA prAMtimAM vAIsaraoNyanA oddAthI pharavA nIkaLyA. vasUlAta khAtAmAM mivilsane karelA sudhArA-baLa besADI devAmAM hiMdanA karajamAM lagabhaga cALIsa karoDa rUpiAne vadhAro thayo ane lazkarI khAtAmAM pheraphAra thavAthI Azare daza karoDa rUpiAne vArSika kharca vadhyo. A boTa pUrI pADavAne mI jemsa vilsana nAme prakhyAta arthazAstrI ane pArlamenTanA vasUlAta

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Eii lorDa dvAra ra7 khAtAnA adhikArIne hiMdI kAunsila vaNalAmAtAne meMbara nImIne IglAMDathI ekateiNe jakAlevAnI paddhatinI pharI vavasthA karI, kamANI ane dhaMdhApara vero (Inakama tathA lAisensa mAsa) besADa, ane sarakArI kAgaLanAM nANuM calAvyAM. A pratAthI kAryamAM te rokAyA hatA te daramiyAna tene kALa thayA. paNa hiMdanA vasUlAta-khAtAnA pahela vahelA ane zreSTha maMtri tarIke tenuM nAma amara rahyuM che hiMdanA phojadArI kAyadAno kharaDe sane 1837mAM malee pahelA vahelo karyo hato, te sane 1860mAM maMjUra thayA tathA tenI joDe dIvAnI ane phojadArI vahIvaTanA kAyadA sane 1861 mAM majUra thayA. laoNrDa elagina 18-183-oNrDa keniMga 1862nA mArca mahinAmAM hiMda choDIne svadeza gayA ane tyAM mahine thayA nahi pahelAM maraNa pAmyA. enI pachI lerDa egina AvyA te mAtra 1813 nA naveMbara mahinA lagI cho. himAlaya parvatamAhe dharmazALAne mukAme teno kALa thayA ane tyAM tenA zabane dATayuM che. - laMDa lerensa, 1894-1869-enI pachI paMjAbane rakSaka sara jaoNna leMrensa AvyA. bhUtAna joDe yuddha, tinI pachI sane 1814mAM baMgALAnI IzAna hadapara AvelA kArsa paragaNunuM khAlasA thavuM, ane sane 1866mAM oDhiAmAM paDelo bhAre dukALa e tenA amalanA mukhya banAva hatA. sane 1868-1868mAM budelakhaMDa ane upalA hiMdamAM dukALa paDaze te vakhate lairDa laeNrejo bhUkhamarAthI mota thatAM aTakAvavAne banatA upAya levAnI javAbadArI khuda sarakArI adhikArIone mAthe raheze evA hiMdanI tArIkhamAM pahela vala Aima karAvyA. ayodhyAnA kheDutonI sthitinI tapAsa calAvI temane temanA cAlu hakka ApavAnA hetuthI eka AkTa maMjUra karyo. dosta mahaMmadanA kuvaromAM keTalIka mudata lagI mAryo mAMhe kApAkApI cAlyA pachI aphagAnistAnane mUlaka ekalA ziraallIne hAtha Avyo, ane tene laoNrDa oNrensa amIra kabUla kayo. 1866 mAM vepAranI kharAbI thavAthI baMgALAnA cAnA navAsavA dAkhala thayelA udyogane miTo ke pahayA, ane muMbAImAM ghaNuM vepArIo pAyamAla thaI gayA. AsisTaMTa mAjIsTreTanA dvAthI te vAIsarAyanI padavI lagI hadanI dareka darajAnI nokarI karyA pachI sane 168 nA jAnevArI mahinAmAM lairDa lejo nokarI

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briTiza rAjyagAdInA tAbAmAM hada. che. te IlAMDa gayA tyAre tene amIranI padavI maLI. te sane 1879mAM maraNa pAmyo ane tenA zabane vesTaminsTara AibImAM dATa che. haiDe meyA, 1869-1872. sane 1869mAM laMDa lerensanI pachI oNrDa mA Avyo. teNe hiMdanI dravyavRddhine uttejana ApyuM. aMbAlA darabAranuM kAma zarere pAra paDayuM tenuM mAna lorDa meyone ghaTe che. (sane * 1869). e darabAramAM riallIne vidhipUrvaka aphagAnistAna ane mIra svIkAryo, arthAt oNrDa lorense je kAmano AraMbha karyo hato te eka arthe jatAM lairDa meyoe paripUrNa karyuM. sane 1869-70 mAM nAmadAra zAhajAdA Dabreka or eDinabaranI hiMdamAM padharAmaNa thavAthI hiMdavAsIone ghaNo AnaMda thayo ane mAMDalika rAjAoe paDe AvI aMgrejI rAjya tarapha potAnI vaphAdArI batAvI. lairDa meyoe rAjyanA keTalAMka miTA khAtAmAM sudhAro kI, khetIvADInuM navuM khAtuM udhADyuM, ane prAMtavAra Upaja kharcanI rIta dAkhala karI. e chellA kAmathI sthAnika svarAjyane je uttejana maLyuM tine lIdhe hiMdanI upaja vadhArI tenI yogya vyavasthA karavAnuM eja rAjakArabhArIomAM javAbadArInI samaja uzkeravAnuM ane lokomAM rAjakIya bAbatamAM bhAga levAnI vRtti jAgRta karavAnuM kAma ghaNuM thayuM che ane vadhAre thaze. lArDa yoe mIThAparanI jakAtamAM sudhAro karavAno paNa pAyo nAMkhyo. ema je jUnI hAnikAraka dANunI cekIoe eka prAMtane bIjA prAMtathI chUTo pADI bITiza hiMda ane mAMDalika rAjyo vaccenA vepArane dAbI nAMkhyA hatA te cekIe kahADI nAMkhavAne teiNe pitAnI pAchaLa AvanArA adhikArIone rasto karI Apyo. teNe puSkaLa saDaka, relve, ane nahe baMdhAvIdAnI dravyaupaja vadhAravAnAM sAdhane khIlavyAM. jAhera bAMdhakAmanI je paropakArI paddhatinI lairDa DelahaisIe sthApanA karI hatI to teNe amalamAM AvyuM. dezanAM havA pANIthI ane teNe je mahAbhArata kAma mAthe lIdhAM hatAM tethI teno uttama umaMga Dage nahi. teNe kALajI rAkhIne ane zrama viThIne rAjyanA cheka AdhenA prAMtinI hAjata najare joIne vAkephagArI meLavI. paNa sane 187ramAM dezanikAla thayelA gunhegArone rAkhavAnA DAmana TApunA thANAmAM eka khUnIne hAthe tenI udAra upAgI chaMdagIno aMta Avyo. laoNrDa naoNrthabUka 1872-1896-ane pachI laoN naoNrthabuka

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laoNrDa lina rapaTa AvyA tene potAnI buddhi ajamAvavAno vasUlAta khAtAmAM uttama lAga maLyo. enA amalamAM sane 1874mAM nIcalA baMgALAmAM dukALa paDaze tene rAjya taraphathI madada ApavAnI baheLA pAyApara geThavaNu karIne phatihamadIthI khaLyo. sane 1875mAM vaDodarAnA marAThA gAyakavADane rAjyanI avyavasthAne lIdhe tathA tenA darabAramAMnA biTiza resiTane jhera devAnI koziza karavA mATe gAdIparathI uThADI mUkayA. paNa tinA vaMzamAMnA eka bALakane rAjya saMpyuM. sane 187 76 nA ziyALAmAM prinsa oNva visa hiMdamAM pharavA AvyA. e nAmadAra yuvarAjanA padhAravAthI hidanI tamAma prajAe briTiza hidanA ItihAsamAM pUrve kadI jaNAyalI nahi evI utsAhapUrvaka vaphAdArI batAvI; ane prAcIna ane suMdara rAjavaMzanI bAdazAhatamAM joDAyA chIe evuM hiMdanA mAMDalika rAjA rANAe pahelI ja vAra jAyuM. laoNrDa liphTana, 1876-1887- laoNrDa naoNrthabrakanI pachI sane 1876mAM laoNrDa lidana Avyo. sane 1837nA jAnevArInI 1lI tA.rIkhe prAcIna mugalarAjadhAnI dillI zaheramAM AvelI "ItihAsamAM prasiddha TekarI para agAu jevAmAM na AvelA evA bhAre ThAThamAThathI darabAra bharI mahArANI vikTorIAe kaisare hidanuM pada dhAraNa ka nI khabara eNe prasiddha karI. paNa derAnA rAjAo ane moTA adhikArIo A suMdara sthaLe jatA hatA te vakhate dukALano paDachAyo dakSiNa hiMdane aMdhArAmAM gherI leto hato. 1876nA comAsAmAM joIe eTale varasAda paDaze nahi, ane 18 ka7nI sima kAMIka ThIka hatI. A lAMbI mudatanI anAvRSTi dakSiNathI kanyAkumArI sudhI ane pachIthI uttara hiMdamAM prasaravAthI dukALa paDaze. hiMdanA ItihAsamAM noMdhAyalI harakoI evIja ApattithI e dukALano vistAra vadhAre bhAga para hato. samudravATe ane relvene raste puSkaLa anAja lAvyA chatAM tathA sarakAre athAga mahenata karyA chatAM kharekhara bhUkhamarAthI, ane nIpajatA aneka rogathI lAkho mANasano ghANa nIkaLyo. e dukALa khAta sarakArane ekaMdara agIAra karoDa rUpIA kharca thayo. berAka nahi maLavAthI tathA dukALathI pIDAyelA lokone thatA vyAdhiothI parAA lAkha mANasanAM maraNa nIpajyAM hatAM e aDasaTTo kahA che. aphagAnistAnanA mAmale, 1878- 1880-sane 1878nI

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briTiza rAjayagAdInA tAbAmAM hiMda. zarada RtumAM aphagAniratAno mAmalo pharIne jAgyo. laoNrDa mee je amIra zeraalIno sAro satkAra karyo hato te ja amIra zya lokanA kArasthAnane madada karatA jaNAya. teNe aMgrejanA vakIlane patAnA dezamAM pesavA dIdhuM nahi, paNa rUriAnA vakIlane AvakAra karyo. e parathI vagharo UThe. briTiza lazkaroe khabara, kuma ane bAlana e traNa raste kuca karI ane temano ghaNe aTakAva thayA sivAya e ghATanAM aMdaranA pisavAnA mArgano kabaje karyo (1878). zaraalI aphagAna-turkaratAnamAM nAzI gayo ane tyAM maraNa pAmyo. tenA dIkarA yAkubakhAna jeDe gaMdamaka mukAma tahanAmuM thayuM (me 1879 ), tenI rUIe e ghATonA zikhara athavA vadhAre duranI bAju lagI briTiza mUlakanI hada vadhI ane briTiza amaladArane kAbulamAM rahevAnI paravAnagI maLI. thoDA mahinAmAM briTiza resiMDaTa sara luI kAhAnyArIne tenA rasAlA suddhAM dagAthI humalo karI mArI nAMkhyA (sapTebara 1879),tithI bIjI jaDAI karavAnI jarUra paDI. yAkubakhAne gAdIparathI hAtha UThAvyA, ane tane hiMdamAM A; kAbula ane kedArano kabaje karI tyAM lazkara rAkhyAM ane aphagAna jAti svadezane mATe laDavA UThI ane kAbula mahelI briTiza phojane saMkaTamAM nAMkhI tyAre sara phreDarika eNbase temane sajaDa harAvI (1879-80), mArkasa pina, 1880-1884-A aNInA mAmale cAlato hato te samayamAM IMglAMDanI pArlameMTanA meMbaronI sAmAnya cuMTaNI thaItimAM TorI pradhAnamaMDaLanI hAra thaIvilAyatanA rAjyameLe rAjInAmuM ApyuM. tenI joDeja laoNrDa liTTane potAnA eddhAnuM rAjInAmuM ApyuM, ane tenI jagyAe laoNrDa ripananI sane 1880 nA eprila mAsamAM nImaNuka thaI. e UnALAmAM kaMdahAra ane helmaDa nadInI vacce mevADamAM eka aMgrejI lazkarI TukaDIne AyubakhAnanA herAnI lazkare harAvI, paNa janarala sara keDarika zaba kAbulathI kaMdahAra sUdhI jorAvara kUca karI ane sane 1880 nA sapTembara mAsanI 1lI tArIkhe AyubakhAnanA lazkarane pUrepUruM harAvI e hArane jaladI badale vALyA. abadura rahemAnakhAna nAme dosta mahamadanA phaLanA rasathI vApurUSane aMgreje amIra kabUla rAkhyA. ene

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mArjisa AvuM ripana. rAjyapAnIno kabaje seMdhI aMgrejI lazkara kAbumAMthI pAchuM AvyuM (1881). ayubakhAne pharIne laDAI UThAvI. paNa tene jaya vAja vakhata lagI TakA ane abadura rahemAna hajI paNa aphagAnistAnanA sulatAna che ( julAI 1892). sane 1881thI je akhaMDa zAMti cAlI teno lAbha laI lorDa ripane rAjyanI aMdaranI vyavasthAmAM keTalAka sudhArA karyA. A moTA sudhArAne mATe sane 1882 ane 1883 nIsA yAda rAkhavA joga thaze. dezI vartamAnapatrone kAyadA rada karI jAhera viSayAnI chUTathI carcA karavAmAM je ilo aTakAva hati temAMthI dezI vartamAnane tiNe choDavyA teNe sthAnika svarAjyanI yojanA karI teNe karIne hiMdanA vatanIone rAjakIya viSayamAM bhAga levAno noja samaya AraMbhyo. eja veLA lekamAM keLavaNIno prasAra vadhAre bALA pAyApara karavAnA hetuthI ejyukezana kamizana nImI taNe lokone A pelA hakkano barAbara upayoga karavAne temane lAyaka karavA prayatna karyo. vaLI teNe baMgALAmAM eka moTA jamInane lagatA dhArAno pAyo ro, patitenI pachI AvanAra lorDa DapharinanA samayamAM maMjUra thayo. lorDa ripananA vasulAta khAtAnA pradhAna sara elina beriMge sane 1882 mAM paradezathI AttA kApaDa paranI jakAta kaDI khI ane thoDAka mAla bAtala mUkI te sivAya hidamAM AvatA mAlaparathI tamAma jakAta kahADI nAMkhavAmAM AvI. mahesUlanI bAbatamAM A vikhyAta purUSa kerI zaheramAM AjanA pratinidhine UM yA o dvApara nImAyAthI bIje varase (1883mAM, hiMda cheDIne gayo tethI hiMdanI tamAma prajAne kheda thayo. sane 1882 mAM aMgrejI seja misarano kabaje levAmAM phatiha pAmI, temAM hiMdanA dezI lazkaranI eka TukaDI sAmila hatI. temaNe caDhAImAM sahanazakita ane mAM bahAdurI spaSTa batAvI hatI. tyAra pachI hidanA lazkarI amaladAro tathA sipAIonI cuMTI kahADilI eka TukaDIne IMglAMDa mikalI hatI. teno tyAM nA tamAma varganA leke utsAhathI AvakAra karyo. potAnA amalanI zarUAtamAM lorDa ripane khetInuM khAtuM pharIne sthApyuM, ane dukALanA vakhatamAM dezanuM rakSaNa thAya tevA upAya karyo. hiMdamAM relavene vadhAre karavAnA hetuthI pArlamiMTanI kamiTInI rUbarU sa sI ApavAne teNe sane 1884 mAM keTalAka adhikArIone IMglAMDa mokalyA. sane 1884 nI Akhare te potAnA

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ra6ra briTiza rAjayagAdInA tAbAmAM hiMda. eddhAnuM rAjInAmuM ApI svadeza gayo. sthAnika ravirAjayane vadhAravA saMbaMdhI tenA keTalAka dhArA ane mukhyatve karIne IMglAMDamAM janmelI mahArANInI prajAe karelA gunAnI bAbatamAM UMcI padavInA dezI nyAyAdhIzane vadhAre adhikAra ApavAnI tenI yojanAne yarapI prajAe hiMdanI kharekharI rithatine nAlAyaka dhArI, paNa e yojanAne te kALanI sthiti lAyaka thaI hoya, ke nahoya to paNa eTaluti hAla khulluMja mAlama paDayuM che ke moDe vahelo je mArga sudhAro karavo ja joIe te mArga e yojanAo batAve che. lorDa ripanano lekopara ane lokeno tenA para ghaNe prema hato. mAkasa , Dapharina, 1884-88-enI pachI sane 1884mA ale eNvuM Dapharina vAIsarAyanA ddhApara Avyo. sane 188pa nI vasaMta RtumAM laMDa Dapharine aphagAnistAnanA amIrane AvakAra karavAne rAvaLapiMDImAM bhavya darabAra bharIne te hAkemanI joDe aMgreja sarakArane dostIno saMbaMdha hati te dRDha karyo. UnALAmAM rUriA joDe laDAI thaze evuM lAgyuM tyAre dezI rAjAe potAnI pheja eja sarakAranI teinAtamAM seMpavAnuM kahI tenI tarapha pitAnI vaphAdArI jasAvI. upalA brahmadarAmAM thI rAjAe durAcaraNa calAvyAM kIdhAM, aMgrejI prajAne pIDA karI tathA samAdhAna karavAnAM tamAma koNe pAchA vALyAM tithI sane 1885 nI AkharamAM tenI sAme laDavAne janarala prinDaragAsTanI saradArI nIce eka lazkara miokalyuM. rAjAne gAdhaparathI uThADI mUkI hiMdamAM ANyo. sane 1886 nA jAnevArI mahinAnI 1 lI tArIkhe tene mUlaka briTiza rAjyamAM joDI dIdhuM. vaLI sane 1886 nI zarUAtamAM paMjAbamAM AvelA pANIpatanA noMdha rAkhavA lAyaka medAnamAM lazkaranI moTI kavAyata thaI hatI. ane lorDa DapharinanI sarakAre gvAliyara gaDha tane vaMzaparaMparAnA mAlika sidhiyA mahArAjAne pAchA Apyo. sane 1887 nA damiyAnamAM upalA brahmadezanA navA mulakomAM dhIme dhIme baMdebarata thayo ane lUTArU ToLIone chUTI pADI nAMkhI. eja varasamAM mahArANI kaisare hiMda viriAnI jubilI (tanA rAjyanAM pacAsamA varasano) occhava AkhA hiMdamAM badhe ThekANe ghaNI khuzAlI ane hairAthI pALavAmAM AvyA. eka moTuM kamirAna nImavAmAM

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mArvesa oNva lensaDAuna. khAvuM teNe vadhAre vadhAre dezI amaladArone rAjakArabhAranI UMcI padavIomAM dAkhala karavAnI bAbatanI tapAsa karI. ale maoN Dapharina sane 1888 mAM oddha cheDI svadeza gayo ane vAIsarAva tarIkenA potAnA kArabhAramAM teNe je sArI sevA bajAvI hatI tene mATe tene mAkarvasa eNvuM Dapharina ane AvAnI padavI ApavAmAM AvI. mAkasa va leMnsaDAuna-lorDa Dapharina pachI mArvesa eNvuM laeNnsaDAuna vAIsarAya thaze (1888-1892), ane A grantha lakhAyo che te vakhate paNa vAIsarAyanI padavI para che. lorDa DaeNnsaDAunanI kArakIrdamAM (sara ane pAchaLathI lairDa pheDarika robarsa nAmanA potAnA mukhya senAdhipati sAthe ) hiMdanI vAyavya sarahada paranAM bAMdhakAma majabUta thayAM che. ane koIpaNa humalo karanArAo AvI na zake evI rIte aphaghAnistAnamAMthI A dezamAM AvavAnA vikaTarastAonuM rakSaNa kIdhuM che. temaja hiMdanA lazkaramAM dezI rAjAone agAunA karatAM vadhAre AgaLa paDato bhAga levAnI rajA ApI che. temAMnA ghaNAe dezanA rakSaNamAM madada karavAne pisA ane lazkara pUrA pADavA khuzI jaNAvI hatI. laoNrDa leMDAunanA vakhatamAM e mAgaNIo bula karavAmAM AvI che. hAla ghaNA mAMDalika rAjAo sArI rIte kavAyata ApIne ane hathIyAra sajAvIne lazkarInI TukaDIo potAne kharace rAkhe che, ane yuddhane samaye te agreja sarakAranA lazkaranI sAthe nokarI bajAvI zake che. A lazkaranI TukaDIeno e ja sarakArane kaMIpaNa kharaca thato nathI ane mahArANInA rAjyamAM dezI rAjAo dhaNI AbAdI pAmyA che, temanI ImAnadArIthI teo sarakArane potAnI svataMtra IjAthI e lazkaro pUrAM pADe che. svarAjyanA vadhAre A pramANe dezI rAjAo mahArANInI sarakArane madada karavAne utsAha batAve che tyAre briTiza prAntamAMnI prajAo ane judI judI jAto sthAnika svarAjyano prathama bedha letAM zIkhe che. gayA trIsa varasanA dayAnamAM AkhA hiMdamAM dhIme che. enA sabhAmade mukhyatve karIne dezI gahasya heya che, ane temAMnA ghaNAne temanA jAti nagaravAsIo pasaMda kare che. hAlamAM che

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nisipAliTI ane DisTrikTa beDe sthAnika kArabhAranI ghaNI zAkhAonI bhasyA kare che. temanI kAyadAnI sattA ane sArAM kAma karavAnI anubhavathI meLavelI zakita vadhatI jAya che. vaLI sane 1886 thI daraka varasanA Disembara mAsamAM kalakattA, madrAsa, muMbA ane alAhabAda jevAM IlAkAnA rAjadhAnInAM zaheromAM hiMdanA sadhaLA bhAgamAMthI pasaMda karI mikalelA mANasanI 'prajApratinidhimaMDaLI (nirAla keMgresa ) maLe che. e pratinidhimaMDaLI vAIsaraoNyanI temaja IlAkAnI dhArAsabhAmAM hiMdanA dezIone kAyadA racavAnA maDaLInI mAgaNuomAM eka evI che ke vAIsaraoNyanI ane IlAkAnI dhArA sabhAnA sabhAsadano keTaloka bhAga atyAra sUdhI sarakAra nIme che, tema nahi paNa prajAtaraphathI nImAvo joIe. hiMdanI pratinidhimaMDaLIno vadhAre sudharelo pakSa dhArAsabhAnA sabhAsada mATe prajAnI cuMTaNInI paddhati sAmAnyarIti dAkhala karavAnI himAyatI dharAve che. sane 1892 mAM IglAMDanI pArlAmenTa eka dhAro pasAra karyo tenI pramANe e sabhAomAM adhikAranI rUIe nImAyelo nahi e vadhAre baLavAna bhAga dAkhala thayA. paNa evA sabhAsadone prajAe cuMTI kADhavA ke sarakAre nImavA te bAbata amalamAM ANavAnI sattA jAda jAdA prAMtinI garaja ane sthitine anukULa Ave te pramANe sthAnika sarakAranA hAthamAM rahevA devAmAM AvI. A rAjakIya sudhArAnI sAthe sAthe hinduonI sAMsArika ane kograMbika sthitimAM, vidhavAothI punarlagna thaI zake nahi tethI ane bALalagnanA rivAjathI utpanna thatA ane dUra karI sudhAre karavAnAM prayatno karavAmAM Ave che. ane e prayatno thoDe aMze saeNDa baeNnsaDAune kAyadAmAM samAveza karyo che.

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akabara, eraMgabo chokaro, tene rAja karyuM, 14ra; egalesa bej, pa; baLa, zA--1pa8. aMgrejI elacIo mekalyA (1859), akabarakhAna, maeNkukAnA khuna kare che ! 221; paheluM yuddha 1839-4ra), 232; (1841) 4. bIju yuddha (1878-80 ), vaLa kAakabara eTe, 3 jo mAla adhirAja bula, kaMdahAra juo. (1556-1665) 138-147; tenAM rA abadura rahamAnakhAna, aphagAnistAnane jayane saMkSipta sAra, 138-13; hiMdamAM amIra (1881). tenAM katya, 140-141; rajaputene tAbe abula phajhala, akabarane pradhAna, 144,14s. ka, 141; hiMduone manAve che, 141; } amadAvAda, tyAM mahAjana tarIke jJAti dakSiNa hiMdustAnamAMnA prayatno, 143; ; amIrakhAna, piMDArI nAyaka, 24. azirAthanI yathA, 145; vasulA- ambara malika, ahamadanagara pradhAne tanI paddhati, di; pradhAno, 16-147. na, 147. akasa, AsAmamAM asalano pahADI ! ambAlA, darabAra (1898). jata, 34 ayubakhAna, enI mevanDa AgaLanI chata akhi devatA, 47. ane pachInI hAra. aghorI, zatrayanA mAMsAhArI yAmI- ayodhyA, enI begamapAse vorana hesTiMgsa A, 101. { nANu kaDhAvyuM, 208. agra saMsthA, asalanA, madrAsamAM, | adhyA, enApara gusa rAjAe 18 muMbaImAM, 186; baMgALamAM, 187. | rAjaya karyuM, 80; navAba vajhIranI ajamera, tyAM rajaputavaMza, chatAyuM, sattAnI svataMtra thAya che (173ra-43), 118. 161 kalAIva vajhIrane pAchuM ApyuM. aMDAmana, dvIpavAsIe, 3ra. (1765), 206; ene alAhabAda aneguMDI, tyAM rAjA, vijayanagaranA rA vecyuM (1773), 277; eNe madada jAone vaMzaja, 135. mATe ApeluM nANuM, 234; dekhAba anArya ke muLa vatanIo, 28-41; 3 jA | ane rohalakhaMDa AgyA (1871), prakaraNanI anukramaNikA juo. ? 214; ene khAlasA karya (1856) 244; anArya athavA asalanA loke; 28-41; 1857 ne emAM baLa, 50; emAM 3 ja prakaraNanI anukramaNikA juo. kheDutanA hakakonuM rakSaNa thayuM. aneka pANI karavAnI paddhati, dakSiNamAM aAgAma, aMgrejI keThI sthapAI, 14. neara leAkamAM ane uttaramAM himAla alAuna, khilajIvarAne bIe rAjA camAM vasatI jAtomAM, 31-32; mahA- ( 1ra8pa-1315 ), 125; dakSiNa bhAratamAM kaiApadI, 61. hiMtAnamAM tenI chata, 125-1. aMdhArI khAraDI, kalakattAnI, 16. alAhabAda, tenI sthiti, 8; vecyuM, 207. akamAnistAna, hiMdustAnamAM praveza kara- alidhaDa, yuddha (1803), 184. vAnA SiTa mArga, 4; musalamAna | alivadakhAna marAThAone harAve che, 12: lokonI caDAI, 113-122; akabare ) baMgALAne navAba, 186. 1 - 34

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296 sUcIpatra alivAla, yuddha (1865), 237. [ ArAkAna, tyAMnuM rA, rara6; ane alAsmA (alaipiya) AvAmAM vaMza jene ApyuM, 227. ArkaTa, kalAivane e zaherane bacAva sthA , 227. (1751), 184. altamaza, gulAma vaMzano 3 rAjA | | ArmIma, yuddha (1893), 218(1211-36), 122. mArya hiMdamAMnA, 4-67; anukramaNialpIDA, phAnsisko DI, pahelo porTugIjha! kAnuM 46 prakaraNa juo. vAIsaroya, 178. Aburka, Alpha-se DI, porTugIjha sava rnara, 178. aniTabila, saradAra, raNajItasiMhane yu AvA, enuM rAjaya, enI sAthe paheluM ropI amaladAra, 237. yuddha, 226; bIjuM yuddha, 240. azaka, magadha athavA bahArane buddha | AsAma, mIrajIglAnI caDAI, 158. rAja, 13,14. IjIpta, tyAM hiMdanA lazkarano bhAga (1882). asamagra. musalamAnI chatanuM svarUpa,112. InDo-Aryana, hiMdamAM temanI kuca, 44; asalanA musalamAnI jatA, anukramaNikA, vedamAM varNavelI che, 45; vedamAMthI jaNAtAM 9muM prakaraNa juo, Aryana saMdhAre, 46; vedamAM varNavelA asalanI aMgrejI IsTa IDIA kaMpanInA devo, 46-47; vedanA mitra, 48. saphare, 184,185. I-Do-yurepIana bhASA ane dharma, 3-44. ahamadanagara, tyAMne musalamAnI vaMza, Indra, vedamAM varNavelA deva, 47. 134; akabaranI sAmuM thAya che, 143; IbrAhIma lodI, bAbare pANipata AgaLa zAhajahAMthI chatAyu, 150; tyAM ra ne harAvyo (1526), 137. gajeba marI jAya che, 157; veliMgTana ImAdazAhi, Ilicarane musalamAna vaMza, 134. jItI le che, 218. IrAvatI, nadI, 17. ahamadazAha durAnI, tenI hiMdapara caDA Ilicapura, tyAMnuM musalamAnI rAjya, 134. Io, 162; marAThAone pANita AgaLa harAve che, 164; tenuM adhi IsTa IDIA kaMpanIo, IgrejanI, 183rAjaya ane vaza, 231. 188; valaMdAnI, 180; pheMcanI, DenIza AuTrAma, janarala, sara jemsa, eNe bhI lAkanI, osTenDa ane svIDananI,189. lone narama pADayA, 32; ayodhyAnuM ! | uccabhUmi, dakSiNanI, 14; dekhAva, 14; rAjayapada dhAraNa karyuM. ( 1856) 245; . nadIo, 15; jaMgala, 16. khanIja lakhaneramAM madada karavAmAM hato 252. padArtho, 16-17. AmADI, lorDa DelahAusIe hiMdamAM pahelI ! uttara sarakAra, ahiM pheMca sattA sevopari ANI, 241; lorDa meyo phelAvI,ra58. ! che, 15; bAdazAhe aMgreja saraAgrAmAM akabara potAnI rAjadhAnI kare che, kArane bakSIsa kIdhuM (1765), 23. 143; zAhajahAMnI ImArato, 150; laoNrDa | udepura, ahine rajaputavaMza; akabara laMke jItI lIdhuM, 218 sAthe saMbaMdha bAMdhavA nA pADI, 141; AdilazAhI-bIjApurane vaMza, 134. jahAMgIre harAvyo, 147; auraMgajebe Abu -pahADa, 14. enA para humalo karyo, 158, AyAtapara jakAta, kADhI nAMkhI (1882). udhanAlA, yuddha (1764), 201Araba, siMdhanI caDAIo, 110. | usamAna, hiMdustAnamAM Araba le

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sUsIpatra ra67 konI savArI mokale che (647). 110. | sAmA enI svArIo (1814-15), adavaida, jUnAmAM jUnuM saMskRta maMtra 222. lAMDa arla saMva, gavarnara janarala pustaka. 45. eAiba, briTiza rAjayamAM tenI ! (1836-42), 231; amAnistAnane AbAdI, 241. lagatAM kAryo ane aMgrejoe kIdhelo aMDama, jaina, kAmacalAu gavarnara jana- kabajo, 232-233; pAchA pharatAM egrejI 2la (1827), 225. lakaranI katala, 233. eDamsa mejare mIrakAsamane harA, 21. | erisA, akabare kahyuM (1574), 142; eDinabare. Dathaka vu, hiMdanI mulAkAta ! dakSiNa bhAga marAThAone tAbe karyo (1869-70), 258. (1051), 172; bhAMsalAe e para rAjaya evaDIsa, sara harbarTa bI. mulatAnane ghero ! ka 174; enI dIvAnI IsTa IDiA dhAleche, 234; baLavAmAM lAMrasane madada kapanIne ApI, 203; bhAMsalAo kare che, 251. Igrejane Apyo, 218. aMgboyanA, katala (1623), 15. orma robarTa, ItihAsa lakhanAra, emAMthI aMhurra, arta, gavarnara janarala ( 1823- 1 kukare utA che, 185. 28), 225; paheluM brahma yuddha, 227; ; sTenDa, IsTa IDIA kaMpanI, 188. bharatapura chatyu, 227. AraMgajeba, hiMdustAnane 6 bo mogala aMharTa, jIllA, briTiza rAjayamAM adhirAjA (1658-177), 152-161; enA rAjayane saMkSipta sAra, 152; AbAdI, 241. eliphanTA, jene tAbe karyuM, 175. bhAIonuM khuna, 155; dakSiNa hiMdamAM elekajhAnDara (mahAt) tenI hiMdamAM lAMbI svArI, 155; AsAmamAM svArI, 158; dharmAMdha 2AjanIti, 158; mahesvArI, 81; 5jAba ane siMdhamAM svArIe, 82-83. sula, 159; lakSaNa, 160. elmina, arla Ava, vAIsaroya (1862- | kaneja, gijanInA mahamade enA para 63), 257. humalo karyo, 114; ahinuM hiMdueliphansTana, enarabala, mAunTa syuarTa, rAjaya ghoranA mahamade UMdhuM vALyuM, 114. aphagAnistAnamAM elacI, 221, 232; kaniSka, vAyavya hiMdustAnamAM buddha dhama kikinA yuddhamAM, 224. pALanAra rAjA (I. sa. 40), 75; e eliphansTana, janarala va. ka., kAbulamAM tenI | bAddha maMtrimaMDaLa, 75; tenuM rAjaya, 88. vartaNuka (1841), 233. kadahAra, akabare lIdhuM, 142; rAjaelenabare, arla AvuM, gavarnara janarala hAMe khoyuM, 150; ahamadazAhanI (1842-44); sidhanI jIta,234-35. rAjadhAnI, 231; aMgrejoe charyuM, 232; evaresTa, parvata, himAlayanuM UMcAmAM UMcuM | ahiM AyubakhAnane harAvyo (1880). zikha2, 2. kala. orisAnI asalanI pahADI jAta, aitihAsika samayanI pUrvanI hiMdamAM a- | 37; kuTuMbamAM pitAnI sattA je rAja kArabhAra, 37; yuddha ane zikSA, khetI, - vaziSTa vastuo, 26-27; jAto Aryana 37-38; pakaDIne karavAnI lagnanI ane anAryana vize juo. rIta, 38; kaMdha gAmaDAnA gulAma, 38; oNkaTaralanI, janarala, sara DeviDa, gurakhAnI ) dharma manuSyabhAga, 39; briTiza rAjaya

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sUcIpatra. sanA nIce kaMi loka, 34. humalo karyo, 114; emaNe enA para kabIra, vaiSaNava dharmasudhAraka (1380-1420), [.. rAjaya karyuM. 1e. kAsima, sidhamAM enI savArI ( 7121, 107. 110. karIma, piDarI nAyaka, 223. | | kAsimabajhAra, ahiMnI asalanI zrelI karolI, dezI rAjya, vArasa na hovAne lIdhe lekanI kaThIo, 15 aMgreja sarakAranA hAthamAM javAnA mata- | kike yuddha 1817), 224. pramANe khAlasA na karyuM, 243. kipeTrika, mejara, plAsinA yuddha pachI eNa karNATaka, malika kAphare enA para caDhAI | lIdhelA paisA, 188. karI, 126; emAM aMgreja ane IMca | kutubuddIna, dillInA gulAma vaMzane 1 lA vacce thaelAM yuddha, 193; haidaraalIe | rAjA (1206-10 ), 121. LyuM. ra10. kutubazAhI, gavaLakAMDAne musalamAnI vaMza, karma, boddha dharmane e viSe nyAya, 71. | 134. kalakattA, vaccuM, 187; sarAjaudadAlAe | kumAli, brAhmaNa, AcArya ane dharmagura chatyu, 186, ane kalAIve pAchuM meLavyuM. AcArya, 48. 197.. kurAmane vikaTamArga, 4. kAnapura, 1857 nuM baMDa ane katala, rapa1. ' kurga, khAlasA karyuM (1834), 230. kuTa, jena, sare Ayara, vaoNDivAza AgaLa kAphara malika, dakSiNamAM enI svArI, 126; lAline harAve che ( 1760), 15. khuzarUe enuM khuna kI dhu, 127. kRNa-pUjA, 101. kAbula, bAbare laI lIdhuM (1504), 137; ! ra' | kRNA, nadI, 16. humAyue che, paNa pAchuM meLavyuM, 138; keDara, madrAsamAM zIkArI pahADI jAta, 31. akabare enA para rAjaya karyuM. 146; ; zrIma, arka (1856-62) 246---57; megalAe khoyuM, 162; emAM ahamada DelahAusI pachI gavarnara janarala thAya che, zAhane vaMza, 231; aMgrejonAM kaba 246; vAIsarAya thayA pachI enI kArajAmAM AvyuM (1838), 232; pa - kirdI, 256. loka ane neTe lIdhuM (1842 ), 234; kaMpabela, sara kolina ( lorDa kalAIDa), emAM ke jherInuM khUna thayuM 1878); eNe lakhanairane bIjIvAra Azraya 260; aMgrejoe choDI dIdhuM. (1881). Apyo,252: adhyA sara kI dhuM, ra53. kAyadA brAhmaNoe banAvelA, 59. kenerI, sara luI, enuM kAbulamAM khuna,260. kAratuse, carabIvALI, 248. kemaranI parvatanI hAra, 14. kAlikaTaprathama phiramIe tyAM jAya che,177. konagahetri, e ge svI kananI IsTa IDiyA kAlijara, zirazAhane ahIM mArI nAkhe kaMpanI sthApI. 188. (1545), 138. kabaramara, lArDa, bharatapura jItyuM (1827), kAlidAsa, hIMdustAnano kavi ane nATaka 227. 2canAra, 65. koyalA-hIMdamAM khANa, 16. kAlI, pArvatInuM bhayaMkara svarUpa, 8. karTa, saradAra, raNajIta sIMhane eka yUpI kAverI nadI, 16. amaladAra, 137. kAvya, vIrarasa, brAhmaNoe racelAM-mahA- 1 ka lasa. lADe, gavarnara janarala(1786bhArata ane rAmAyaNanI vArta, 50-64. 183), 211 bALAnI sthAthI jamAkAvya saMgIta, bAhAroe raceluM, 66. baMdI, 212; bIjuM mAIsAra yuha, kAzmIra, mahamada mI janavIe enA para 212; e bIjIvAra gavarnara janarala

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cIpatra tha (185) tene kArabhAra, rara0. | caMDamaka tahanAmuM (1878), 260. kAlariana, baMgALA ane madhya hiMdustA- | gapha, janarala, lArDa, zIkha lokone harAve che namAM asalanI jAta, 38. ' (1945), (1849), 237 237. kAlApara, dezIrAjatha, enA para zIvAjI | gavarnaro, gavarnara-janarale ane vAIsavaMzaja rAja kare che, 171. rIya, hadanA (1758-1892). temanI phasIA, hiMdavi tenuM jJAna (I. sa. | yAdI, 1la-102. - 401 8. gADhApaNuM, vastInuM 23. lAIva,lA, karNATakamAM pheMcasAthe tenAM yuddha, | mAmA, vAsko Di, eja pahelA pATuMjha 194; kalakatA pAchuM meLavyuM. 197; plA- hadustAnamAM AvyA (148 ), 177; sI << jIta, 197; kalAIvanI jAmara, enuM bIjIvAra AvavuM (1502) ane 1e; baMgALAne pahelIvAra gavarnara kacinamAM mota (15ra4), 178. (1758-60 ), 200; bIjI vAra gava- \ | mAyakavADa, vaDodarAnA marAThAvaze; paravAthI rnara (1765-67), 22; kArabhArane svataMtra kabUla karAzA, 174; eka gAyalamatA sudhArA, 2030 kSatrIya, hIMmAM bIjI athavA coddhAo kApaDane padabhraSTa karyo (1875), 15. zrI chata, 51. gIjI, ema be jItyuM. (1688), 154; triphaLA ane vastI, hadanI, 20-21. bALavivA, brAhAnI e viSenI | mItakAvya, brAhmaNoe racelAM, 66. paddhati, 56. gujarAta, mahamada gajhanIe caDAI karI khaDaka enA para lakhelI azakanI AjJA, (124), 115; allAuddIna khilajIe khanija padAthA, hIMdanA ane brahmadezanA, chatyuM (1297), 125; svataMtra musala mAnI rAjya, 1; akabare thavuM khADI, hIMdanI nadIonI, 10. (1573, 14ra vaDodarAnA gAyakavADe khAnadeza, ahIMnA bhalA, 32; malika kApha- karyuM. 174; karnalageMDADuM thayuM, (c); che enA para caDAI karI, 126. marAThAone pAchuM ApyuM (1782), khilajI, e vaMzanA dilhInA rAjAo 210; gAyakavADe lUchyuM, 217. (1280-13ra0 ), 124-127. gujarAta, yuddha (1869), 23. gujarAnavAlA, aphagAnanI caDAithI verAna rAja (1316-20 ), 127. thayuM, 162. gupta, ayodhyA ane uttara hIMdustAnamAM himAlayamAM vikaTa mArga, 4; sabakatagInanI saradArI taLe enA baMne cheDA a-1 gurkha, nepALamAM emanI sAthe yuddha kumAna lokonA hAthamAM hatA, 113; } (1865), 221. agreje baLAtkAre enI aMdara peThA,260. | gulAma mahamada, zAhajAdo, Tipune chellA gamAM nadI, tenuM pavitrapaNuM, 7-8. vaMzaja, 217. gajanI, vaMza, ghera saradAree karyuM. | gulAma vaMza, dillIne (1106-1180), 117; aMgrejoe jItyuM, 233. 122; gaDArDa, kanaila, tenI hIMdustAnamAM gaNAta, emAM vadhAre, 25. | kuca, 209.

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rA , sUcIpatra gAMDa, madhyaprAMtamAM mukhya asalI vatanI. ra. | cagega, egrajane tAbe karyuM (1761), 200. medAvarI nadI, 16. citoDa, alAuddIna khilajIe kahyuM gAra, baMgALAnA musalamAnI rAjyanI | ( 1303), 125. rAjadhAnI, 135. vi surA, bagALAmAM valaMdA lokono chAvaNI, 182; cilikhanavAlA, yuddha govA, Aburke anya (1510 ), 178. (1869), ra3. gevadasIha che zIkhaguru, (1008),236. carA, dakSiNamAM hiMdu rAjaya, 13ra. autama buddha, enuM jIvana vRttAnta ane mata, | cerApujI, emAM paDato puSkaLa varasAda, 568-71. caMtanya, vaNava, dharmasudhAraka (148gyAsuddIna, taghalakha, taghalakhavezane sthA 1527), 104. panAra (1320-25), 127. citasiMha, banArasane rAjA; vorana hegro, brAhmaNa nAme, 50. sTimsa ena sAthe varyo, 208, cIka hadamAM, 81; anukramaNikAnuM 6 ! | cotha, marAThAoe dakSiNamAM lIdhI, 162; prakaraNa juo. baMgALAmAM lIdhI, 172. vAlarI, vikaTamArga, 4. cala, dakSiNamAM hiMdurAjaya. 13ra. vAliera,mahamada gajhanIe humalo karyo, | covisa paragaNAM, IsTa IDIA kaMpanIne e 114; sadhiyAnI rAjadhAnI thAya che,173; bakSI sa ka (1757), 188. pApahAme lIdhuM, 208; sIdhiyAne pAchuM jagannAtha, enI rathajAtrA, buddhalokonA Apyu (1886), 262. varaghoDAnuM raheluM svarUpa, 87; viSNuno dhara, aphagAnA humalAnI chAvaNI avatAra, ane prasanna karavA (1008),115; paMjAbane ujaDa kare che,120. baLidAna ApavAnI vAta vadhArIne dhATa, pUrva ane pazcima, 15. kahelI, 101. gheriA yuddha (1765), 2010 jaMgabahAdura, nepALa, sipAIne beghora vaza (1152-86), 117. Lavo samAvavAmAM madada kare che, 253. caMgijhakhAna, aphagAnistAnapara enI jaMgale, himAlayanAM, 6; dakSiNa ucca caDAI, 122. pradazanAM, 16. caMdagiri, tyAre rAjA, vijayanagara vazamAM | jaLayA, musalamAna sivAya bIjI prajApara janmelA, madrAsa hAla jayAM che te jagyA | mUkAte mAthA vera,akabare 2da karyo,141. aMgrajane vece che (1638), 13pa. ! jamanAnI khADI, phIrena zAha taghalakhe bAMdhI, caMdragupta, magadhane rAjA, 84. 130. cakanagara, baMgALAmAM pheMcanI mukhya chAvaNI, 1 jamanA nadI, 7. 195; kalAI che. 186. jamInadAra baMgALAnA, emane jamInanA cAIlDa, sara jona, hiMdane gavarnara janarala mAlIka tarIke kabula karyo, ra1raane naukAsenAdhipati, 188. jayasiha, rAjA, hIMdane khagoLavettA, pa7. cAMdabIbI, akabaranI sAmA teNe ahama jalAlAbAda, ene bacAva (1841-4ra). danagaranuM rakSaNa karyuM, 143. jalAluddIna khIlajI vaMzane pahelA rAjA cAra vibhAga, hiMdustAnanA lokonA, 26. | cAnaka, jaba, kalakattA sthAcuM, 136. (1240-45), 124. cAha, enI khetI, 13; cAhanA dhaMdhAmAM ' jahAMgIra, 4 tho memala bAdazAha (1605dhakakA, * ra7), 147; enAM lakSaNa ane kAracitu, piMDArI nAyaka, 223 bhAra. 148.

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sUcIpa. ra71 aTa, paMjAbamAM prAcIna sidhiane lokonA pradhAna, 141; eNe mahesula nakakI karI, vaMzaja, 88. 142; orissA thayuM (1574), 142. javA, aMgrejoe jInya, 221. TAvaragsana, kapatAna, ebAMyanA AgaLa jAlaMdhara deAba, aMgrejone Apyo (1841), enuM khuna thayuM (1923), 185. 238. DakA, tyAMthI bimALAno rAjadhAnI bada. jAMsI, e rAjya kaI vArasa na hovAne lAI, 185. lIdhe kaMpanIne hastaka gayuM. evI rIte khAlasA karyuM (1853); enI rANIne ! karina, mArkasa Ava vAIsarAya. sipAInA baLavAmAM mArI nAMkhI ! (1884-88 ) 262; upalA brahmadezanuM (1858), 254. ' khAlasA karavuM, 262. juAMga, orissAmAM, pAMdaDAM paheranAra ! Diga, yuddha (1804), 176. asalanI jAta, 33. ' che, kAnsisa, madrAsa vasAve che (1639), juAnapura, svataMtra musalamAnI rAjya : 186. - (13-1478), 336. 6 Dena, e lokonA hIMdamAM saMsthAna, 180. jena, hIMdustAnamAM, 19. DelahAusI, mAkarvisa Ava ( 184856), jepALa, lAhera haraDejA, ane sabakata- 238; kArabhAra lagatA sudhArA, 278; gIna ane nijanInA mahumade harA, 13. ! bIjuM zIkha yuddha ane paMjAbanuM bhAlasADa japura, akabare chayuM, 141. karavuM, 24; dezI maja 12pha rAjajeyapura, akabare i-vuM ; svataMtra thAya che, nIDa, 242; vAsa na hovAne lIdhe 141. agreja sarakArane hastaka rathalAM darA jhamAna rAha, eNe lAheramAM darabAra bharyo ! rAjaje, 243; ayAnuM khAlasA karavuM ( 1800), 23ra, 244; hIMdamAM tenAM kalya, ra45. jhAkarakhAna brAhmaNI vaMzanA sthApanAra,133. DeTA ( triveNukAra pradeza ) mALAne, 6. jhAmerina, kAlikatane, porTugIsane enI ! che sAthe saMbaMdha, 178. yulI, phreMca rAjyakArabhArI, karNATakamAM jhalaphikArakhAna,dilImAM saradAra ane pradhA- ! enA yuddha, 194. - natarIke enI sattA (1707-13).161. jJAti, vedamAM enuM varNana nathI, 51 pachI ene ApelA paisA, 18. jJAtie, cAra baMdhAi, 51. DhaMDhera, mahArANIne, 1858 nI 1lI navejJAtinI paddhati, enuM dhArmika ane sAMsA bara, 26. rika svarU5, 84. taghalakha varA, dilIto (132-1424), ripu sulatAna, enA bApa haidaraallInI 127. pachI gAdIe bese che (1782), 210. tara, dakSiNamAM rAjya, 13; aMgrejoe TInamAutha vorDa, sara jona zeraviSe jue, khAlasA karyuM, 226. 213. tarAI, pu. TIphenathelara, 18 mA saikAmAM amana tAjamahAla, AgrAmAM zAhajaDAM ebI : lokoe karelI lUTaphATa vize ena vanyamAMthI vacana utAryo che, 163. tAtaA TApI, baLavAkhorone sarvathI TIbeTo-barmana, himAlayanI sarahadapara va vadhAre zakitamAna nAyaka, ane sara satI anArya jAte, 40. hetri rojhe harAvyA, 245. TeDaramala,rajA, akabarane mahesulakhAtAne ! tApI, nadI, 15.

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ra7ra supara. tAlIkoTa, yu ( 155 ), 15. || dosta mahamada, aphagAnistAnane amI, tu e lokoe pahelI hiMdustAna para | 232 karelI caDAI (97), 103, viDIana, dakSiNa hiMdana, anAryate marata, tIkura viSe jue. 131. vAsI, 40. thAnezvara, mahamada ghorI ahi hA | dAra, laoNrDa lArenase khAlasA karyuM ( 864), . (1191), 118. 257. bi, upalA brahAdezane rAjA, ene | dharma, ene lagatuM hiMdulakonuM baMdhAraNa 6. ' harAvyo ane padabhraSTa karyo 1885 26ra. | dhulipasiMha, mahArAjA, 238. dakSiNa, bhUgoLane lagatI sthiti, 14 | nardInI paddhati, himAlayanI 4 dakSiallAuddIna khilajIe enA para svArI | NanI ucca minI, 15. dhI, 125; tyAMnA musalamAna gavarnara | nadInAM medAne, uttara hiMzstAnanA, ; bo kare che, 131; tyAMnA musalamAna rA- nadInAM kalyA, ; baMgALAne zikoNAkAra ja 13; auraMgajabanI savArI, 155; || pradeza, 8; nadIo jAmIna banAve che, - tyAM marAThAonuM saparipaNuM, 171. 10; nadInI khADIo, 1; nadIonA Da, zaivamArgI sAdhuone paMtha, 100. khetaramAM nehera karAya che ane nadIo dAsa, e zAhajAdAne auraMgajebe mArI ghorI rastAnuM kAma sAre che, 11: nAkhyA, 155. nadIo nAza kare che, 11; utAranAM nadIdillI, tyAMnuM hiMdurAjya aksAnoe nAM medAnanI pedAza ane dekhAva, sara: baMgALAnA trikoNAkAra pradezanI pedAza chayuM, 121; tyAMnA kutabuddInAM makAno ane dekhAva, 16. 121; tyAM zAhajahAMnA makAne, 151; nAdarazAhe lUTayuM, 162; tyAM marAThAonuM | nahi , vijayanagara vize o. narmadAnadI, 15. , sapariparuM, 172; lADa leke karyuM, nalanda, prAcIna bauddhas, , 176; ghere, 25. nAga, ane paTakAI TekarIo, himAlayanI divAnI, IsTa InDiyA kaMpanIne baMgALA, vAyavya zAkhA, 3. hAra ane mArissAnI divAnI nAga pUjA, hiMdustAnamAM, . bakSIsa karI ( 15), 23. dukALa, hiMdustAnamAM, 128. nAgapura, marAThI bhAlA vaMzanI rAjadhAdeva, vedamAM varNavelA, 46. nI, 174; eka bALakane rojanA devagiri, lattAbAda juo. 2kSaNanIce ene rajA jAhera karaze dezarAjaje. hiMdanA sarvopari briTiza sattA hovAne lIdhe agreja sarakAre hAtha gasAthe ane saMbaMdha, 18; kSetraphaLa ane vastI, 21-22; vArana hesTimsanI e ! , gaNI DelahAusIe la. rAjA pratye vartaNuka, 205; lArDe vele ! sA karyuM, 243. sTenI vartaNuka, 215; laoNrDa DelahAusInI nATaka, saMskRta, pa. vataNuka 2384 lArDa keniMgane e rA- nAdirazAha, enI hiMdapara caDAI ane ko pratye karelA Dhare,ra56. - dillInI lUTa (1731), 12. dolatAbAda, allAuddIna khilajIe luTayuM, ' nAnakazAha, zIkha dharmane sthA5nAra, 126; malIka kAphare kahyuM, 126: dillI 236. nAnA kurnavasa, 6 ka. marAma paviAna rakSaka

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sUcIpatra ra73 ane pradhAna, 15. (nera, hiMdustAnanA netraraMtya koNamAM anArya nAnA sAheba, chellA marAThA pezvAnA praja, 31. dattapatra, rapa16 ene pezvAna penazana | vaMTa, janarala, sara viliyama, eNe kaMdahArathI levA dIdhuM nahi; 1857 nA baLavA ane kAbula sudhI kuca karI (184ra), kAnapuranI katala sAthe eno saMbaMdha, 234. 251; ayodhyAmAM baLavAkhoro sAthe nArthabraka, arla eva vAIsaroya, (1872- - sAmela thayo, ra53. 76 ), 258; akabaranI kabara52 mAna nArAyaNarAva, pa marAThA pezvA (1772- | dAkhala lugaDuM erADe che (1873), 74) 173. 258, nAzakArakapaNuM, hiMdustAnanI nadIo, 11 | paMjAba, Aryane emAM vasyA, 44; mahAna nakalasana, jenarala jena, panAbamAM lAre elekajhAnDaranI emAM svArI, 81; nsane madada kIdhI (1857), 251; eNe dillI para humalo karyo temAM maraNa ! gijanavIe jItyuM, 114; pakaDara pAmya 253. ane mevAtIoe lUTuM, 123; aphanijAmazAhI, ahamadanagaramAM e vaMza gAe ujaDa karyuM, 162; raNajItasiMhanuM tha, 134. rAjaya, 237; khAlasA karyuM (1849), nijAmula mulka, haidarAbAda (dakSiNama)ne 4; emAM zAMti phelAvI, 240; svataMtra rAjayakartA thAya che, 161-166- 1857 nA baLavAmAM enI nimaka marAThA sAthe yudgha, 172; enA darabAramAM halAlI, 251. phreMcasattA, 194; vorana hesTimsa tene a. | paTanA, caMdraguptanI rAjadhAnI 84; mIrakATakAva kIdho, 21; kArnavolisane TipunI | sIme ahiM katala kIdhI(17) 201. sAme madada karI, 212; pheMcasattA toDI paDatI, mogalarAjanI (17-7- 65) 163. pADatuM: lorDa veleslae enI sAthe panIAra, yuddha (1843), 235, kareluM tahanAmuM, 215; TipunA rAjya- pazuo tene viSe saMskRtamAM vArtA ane ne bhAga ene maLe che, 216; lADuM kalpita kathA, 66. DelahAusIe ene varADa prAnta aMgre | pahADI jato, madrAsanI, vidhyAcaLanIja sarakArane hastaka karavAnI jarUra paDI bhIlo, 31; himAlayanI 33; bagALAnA (1853), 243; baLavA vakhate agrejane saMtAla, 34; orisAnA, 33; kaMdha, 37. nimakahalAla raho, 251. pANini, I. sa. pu0 50 ne Asare eNe nilagirinI TekarIo, 15. saMskRtamAM vyAkaraNa banAvyuM, 55. nUrajahAM, jahAMgIranI rANI, 14. pANipata, bAbare ibrAhima lodIne nepAla, enI sAthe yuddha (1814-15) 222 harAvyA (1526), 136, aMhi akabare nepIara, janarala, sara cArlsa, eNe aphagAnane harAvyA (1556), 14; , siMha chatyu. ( 1843), 235. ene ahiM ahamada zAha durAnIe marAThA- sanAdhipati nI (1848), 238. ene harAvyA (1761), 164, 172, nepIara, magdalane, janarala, rabarTa lorDa, | kavAyatanuM sthaLa (1886). paMjAbamAM enA jAhera kAme, 240. | pANI pAvAnAM bAMdhakAma, trikoNAkAra nIpalIana bonApArTa, IjIptamAM e go | pradezathI enI saratI garaja, 11. tethI UpajelI dhAstI, 214. che pAMDaya, dakSiNamAM prAcIna hiMdurAjya,13ra8E

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ra74 sUcIpatra pAMdaDAM paheranArI orisAmAM jAta, 33. menDaragrasTa, janarala, sara hetri, upalA brahmapA, hiMdustAnamAM aMgrejI rAjayane ! deza chata che (1885), ra6ra. 191; anukramaNikA 13 muM prakaraNa plAsI, yuda ( 1757), 187. jue. phakira udIna, baMgALAne musalamAnI mavapArasanAtha, pavitra parvata, 14. | nara svataMtra thAyache (1340 ), 136. pAlagAra, madrAsa ilAkAnA, 135; temana | phatahapura, sikarI, yuda (1527), 137. mULa, 135; vyavahAramAM svataMtra, 1ra. | kurUkasiyara, dillIne megala bAdazAha piMDArI, ( 1894-17 ) 223; lAI ! (1713-19), 166. | hesTiMgase harAvyA, 224. phasi, IrAnI kavi, ane mahamada gajhapIarsa, karnala, kalakattAthI tenI dakSiNa navI, 116. ci, rAlpha, pUrvamAM aMgrejI sahAsika purUSa tarapha kuca, 210. (1583), 183. pIrAma bAkama, belI ahiM hAryo, 210 phiraMgI, baMgALAmAM porTugIjha vaTalelAone purANa, saMskRta dharma pustako, 12. ApeluM nAma, 180. puliyAra, madrAsamAM vagaDAu jAta, 31. | jazAha taghalakha, taghalakhaveza trIjo pRthurAja, dillI ane ajamerane, ene rAjA (1351-88), 130. mahamada ghere harAvyo (113', 114. || phirojapura yuddha (1845), 237. pazu, khAlasA karyuM (1952), 241 | koDa, katala, teNa machalIpaTaNamAM svApedAza ane dekhAva, himAlayana, 5; | rI karI ane te chavuM, 200. uttaranI nadInAM medAne ane baMgALA krAnsisa, sara philipa, vorana hesTiMgsa nA trikoNAkAra pradezanAM, 8,9; dakSiNanI | samAvaDIe, ra05. uca bhUmina, 140. iMca, e lAkenAM aMgrejo sAthe dakSiNamAM pezAvara, sabaktagIrte chatyu, 114, ahIM mahamadagI janavI hAyaeN, 114; raNajIta yuda, 193; temanI hiMdamAM sattA, 194; lAThe leslIe e sattA toDI pADI,213, sihe cha9, 237. piDicerI, barakArane ghere ghAlyo (1748). | pheMca IsTa IDIA kaMpanIo, 188. 193; keTe jItyuM. (1761), 15. | bakasara, yuddha (1765), 202. pApahAma, mejara, gvAliarane killole che, bakhitaya , khilajI, bahAra jItyuM (1179) ane baMgALI chatyuM (1203), 1200 208. pirasa, e hiMdurAjAne mahAna elekajhA- | baMgALA, musalamAnee (1203), nDare harAvyo, 82 120; svataMtra thAya che (1340 ); 129; piorTugIjha, hiMdamAM, temane ItihAsa | akabare cha9 ( 1576 ), 14ra; marAane asalanI sattA, 178, 178; temanAM ! ThAoe lUMTa cuM, 172; pahelAM aMgrejI hAlanAM saMsthAne, 17, saMsthAne, 187; enA rAjayakartA piloka, janarala, sara jayArna, pajAbathI (1703-56), 195; ane AkhuM jalAlAbAda ane kAbula sudhI enI ( 1765), 203; hesTiMgsane rAjayakAkuca, 234. rabhAra, 206; enI sthAyI jamApraziana, IsTa IDIA kaMpanIo, 188, | baMdI, ra11; kheDutonA duHkhanivAraNa maphata, prAcIna hidanI belAtI bhASA, 55. karavA jevA upAya, 261

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sUcIpatra baTATA, himAlayamAM enI khetI, 5; enI | (1828-35), 228; enA mahesulane rIta ane asaro, 5. lagatA sudhArA, 226 satIne rivAbaMda, zIkhanAyaka, hAya ane tene phAMsI | ja baMdha karyo ane ThagIne dabAvI dIdhA, | dIdhI, 162. kaMpanInI sanadane paTo navo karyo, rara, kharIdazahi, bidArane vaMza, 134. 230; mAIsaranuM rakSaNa karyuM ane barDavAna, aMgrejone maLyuM (1761), 200. | kurgane khAlasA karyuM, 230. barnasa, sara elekajhAnDara, kAbulamAM khuna | beriMga, sara evalina, enA mahesulane thayu (1841), 233. lagatA sudhArA, 261. balAsora, tyAM aMgrejI koThI sthApI (1642), berenTasa, viliyama, valaMdo nAvika, 181. baherAma khAna,mahAna akabarane rakSaka 140. balbana, gulAma vaMzane dillIne rAjA besTa, kaptAna, tenI svAlli AgaLana 1265-87), 123. chata (1615), 185. bahAdurazAha, chellA nAmane megala - balI, kIla, enI hAra, 210: dhirAjA; 1857 nA baLavAmAM enuM bAlAna, ane durgama mArga, 4. sAmila thavuM; ene pakaDe che ane bAskAna, nAkAsenAdhipati, poMDicarine deza nikAla kare che. ghero ghAlyo (1748), 13. bAhAra, "monuM sthAna," 73 ; aMgrejone ! boddha dharma, ane maitama buddhanuM jIvana ca Apyu (1765), 23. baLa, 1857 ne, 247; anukrama- ! ritra, 68-76; anukramaNikAnuM 5 muM NikA 15 muM prakaraNa juo. prakaraNa juo. bAjIrAva 2 je, sAtame ane chelle marAThA | brahAdeza, bhULa ane pedAza, 17; pezvA (1785-1818), 174; vasA- bAddha dharma mAnya, 75; enI prajA hajI InuM tahanAmuM kabula karyuM ( 1802 ) ,217; eja dharma mAne che, 75; ene prAcIna hA ane tene gAdI parathI UThADI ItihAsa, 225; 1 luM brahma yuddha muka (1818), rara4; tenuM mota. 225. (18ra4-26), rara7; 2 nuM brahmI yuddha bAbara, hiMdane pahele mAla adhirAjA (1526-30 ), 137; enI pANIpata ( 1852 ) 240; briTiza rAjyamAM nIcalA brahmadezanI AbAdI, 240; AgaLanI chata, 137. 3 jI brahma yuddha (1885), 262; upalA bArlI, sara jayArtha, kAma calAu gavarnara janarala, 210. bijApura, musalamAnI rAjaya, 134; megalanuM brahmaputrA nadI, 7. khaMDaNIrAjaya thayuM. 150; AraMgajebe brAuTana, gebriyala, zAhajahAM pAse aMgrejo khAlasA kIdhu (1688), 156. mATe vepAra karavAne hakaka meLave che bAlANa bAjIrAva, 3 jo marAThA pezvA (1645), 187. (1740-61), 171. bidara. musalamAnI rAjaya, 134: mugala bA- ' brAhmaNa RSionA yaza ane dharma samadazAhatamAM joDI dIdhuM, 150. jAvanArAM pavitra saMskRta pustako,50. bekara, palAsanA yuddha pachI eNe lIdhe- | brAhmaNa, hiMduonI cAra prAcIna jJAtiolI 2kA, 18. mAMnI dharmagurUnI jJAti, 51; temanuM parinka, lArDa viliyama, gavarnara janaralasaparipaNuM, para; enI jIMdagInA

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ra76 sUcIpatra cAra Azrama, pa2; hAlanA brAhmaNa, aMgreja sarakArane hAtha javAnuM mata 24ra. 53; brAhmaNane dhama. 54; tatvajJAna mathurA, aphagAnee ene nAza karyo, 16355, sAhitya, khagoLavidhA,. oSadhi- madrAsa, vasya ( 1638), 186; phreMca vivAM. 56-58; saMgItazAstra 58; dharma ! lokoe kahyuM. (1746 ), 143. pustaka, 59; kAvya, 58; nATaka. 65: saMgI mana, enI racelI smRti (1604), pada, takA, 66; emanI sattA, emaNe karelA sudhArA, 67. manuSyabhAga-kaMdha lokomAM, 38. matro, sara hekaTara, bakasAranA yuddhamAM brAhmaNI vaMza, dakSiNamAM, 133. te che(1764), 22. briTiza IDiyA su kIdhuM, 220; anukrama mayUrAsana, zAhajahA, 15ra. NikA 14 muM prakaraNa juo. briTiza hiMda, bAra prAnta, 18: kSetraphaLa marAThA, 168-176; anukramaNikA 11 muM ane vastI, 18. prakaraNa juo. marAThA khADI, kalakattAmAM, 172. briDana, DAkatara, aphagAnistAnamAM briTiza phojamAMthI eja jIvatA rahe, 234. marAThAyuddha, 1 6 (1779-81 ), 208; bIjuM (1802-1804), 217; trIjuM bhakatamAlA, athavA hiMduonA sAdhuonuM (1817-18), 224. purata, 9. marUta, vedamAM varNavelA tophAnanA deva, 47. bhaTakatI jAtanI khetI ane jaMgalene nAza. | mahamada, gijanIne (1091-30 ) enI bharatapura, laoNrDa lekane tyAMthI hAMkI kADhayo ! hiMdustAna paranI 17 svArI, somanAthanI, (1805), 218; kabara mIare jIyuM, laya; ane viSe vArtAo, 114-116. ra7. | mahamada ghora ( 1111206), enI bhillA, allAuddIna khilajIe luTayuM, 124. hiMdustAnamAM chata, 117-118. bhola, bahoLI saMkhyAvALI anArya ToLI| mahamada tathalakha, dillIne rAjA (138831. 1412 ),128. bhUgoLa, hiMdustAnanI. 1-17; anukrama ! mahamada zAha, aphagAnistAnane amIra, 231. Nika 1 luM prakaraNa jue. bhUtAna, tenI sAthenuM yuddha (1864) mahAjana, enI nyAta paddhati tarIke, 5. mahAbatakhAna, eNe jahAMgIrane kedakhAnAbhAsle, nAgapurane marAThIvaMza. 174; aMgre mAM rAkhe (1626-27), 148. jene orissA ApyuM, 174. tenuM rAjya mahAbhArata,uttara hiMdusthAnamAMvIrapurUnA khAlasA karyuM. samayanuM vIrarasa kAvya,ene sAra,60-62. magadha ( bahAra che, eno rAjA azoka, mahArAjapura, yuddha (1843), 235. 73; ene rAjA caMdragupta, 84. mahesula, baMgALAnI nakkI thaI kArnavolisamachalIpaTama, aMgrejI AvaData ane kAThI nA vakhatamAM, 211. ( 1632), 186; karnala keDe jItyuM | mahesula, akabaranI, 146. (1750 ), 200, mAdhurava nArAyaNa, 6 ke marAThA pezavA prajArAbAda, ene hiMdarAja, enI satta (1774-75 ), 13. sane 1987 thI 1788 sudhI TakI, 135. | mAdhurAva, 4 thA marAThA pezvA (1761-72), maMDAvarsa, madrAsamAM guphAmAM vasatI kheDuto - 173. jAta, 31. | mAnasiMha, rAjA, akabaranI sattA nIce baMmata, vArasa na hovAne lIdhe dezI rAjaya gALAmAM rAjaya karyuM (159-1604) 141.

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sUcIpatra mArI, madhyamAMtamAM asalanI jIta, 33. musalamAnI chatanArAo, hiMdanA (14mALavA, emAM maloka kAra (1306 ), [ 1526). anukramaNikA prakaraNa 8muM jumma. 126; svataMtra rAjaya, 136, abare huM 108-136. (1572),142; rajaputoe luTayuM, 1158; musalamAnI rAjya, dakSiNamAM, 134. marAThAoe jItyuM, 171. musalamAnonI asara, hiMdudharmapara 108. miDalaTana, sara hetri, vahANamAM sAmAna - muDaki, yuddha (1845), 237. rI khaMbhAta laI jAya che (1911), 185. mULa, hiMdu lokonAM- Arya, anArya, ane midanApura, aMgrejone tAbe karyuM (1761)200. | zaka lokonAM, 91. minTo, arla Ava, gavarnara jaya | mekanATana, sara viliyama, kAbulamAM mA (1807-13), 220; jAvA ane mAri | rI nAMkhyo (1841), 234. ziyasamAM svArI, ra01H paMjAba. agA | mela, lairDa, benTikanA putaLApara lekha, nistAna, ane IrAnamAM elacIo 228; kAUnsilane pahele kAya mekakSyA, 221. racanAra sabhAsada, 230; ene pInala keDa, ra57. mIAnI, yuddha ( 1843), 235. | megasthanIsa, caMdraguptanA darabAramAM selyu. mIrakAsima, ene bagALAne navAba be kasane elacI, eNe hiMdustAnanA nAvyo (1761 ) , 200; ene lokone ApelA vRttAnta (I. sa.pu. baLa ane paTaNAnI katala, (1763); | 300), 85. ene harAvyo ane padabhraSTa karyomeTakA, cArlsa , lorDa, kAmacalAu gavarnara (1764), 200, 22. janarala (1835-36), 230; e mIrajAmbA, eNe asAmapara humale ! lAheramAM elacI tarIke game, 237. karyo temAM niSphaLa thayo (1662)158. | me, arla eNva, vAisarAya (1869-72), mIrajAphara, kalAIva ene baMgALAne na- 258. vAba banAvyo ( 1757 ), 188; | mevanDa, yuddha (1880), ra67. gAdI parathI UThADI muko (1761), | mehiMdapura (1817), 222 pAchI gAdI ApI (1764), 200. meIrA, arla Apha, 221. mIrata, tI muranI katala (1398), 131 | mogala vaMza (1526-1761), anukrama NikA prakaraNa 10 muM juo. 13-168. mubArikazAha, khIlajI vaMzane dilItrA | memala lAke, enA dhasArAe, 122,123, 125, 126, 131. chello rAjA, enuM khuzarUkhAne khuna kIdhuM | moriziyasa, jItI lIdhuM, 221. (1361), 127. mAtraTana, arla Ava veleslI, mAsa muMbaI, aMgrejone maLyuM [1661 ], 186. juo, 214. | mAlkama, sa2 jAna, e IrAnamAM elacI murAda, zAhajAdo, auraMgajebe mArI nAMkhyo ? tarIke gaye, 220; eNe madhyahiMdamAM [ 1661], 155. zAMti phelAvI, 225. muzida kulI khAna, baMgALAne navAbI thAka gAye, ene hiMmAlayamAM upayoga, 3. ( 1707-28), 15 yAkubakhAna, aphagAnistAnane amIra, - muzidAbAda, baMgALAnI rAjadhAnI thaI.15. DemanuM tahanAmuM karyuM ( 1878 ); sulatAna, mahAna elekajhAnDare jItyuM, 83; rAja tajayuM, ra60. yAjJavalkaya smRti, 58. kaNajItasiMhe jItyuM. 237; ene ghera | yurepI ane hiMdI bhASAo, mAtra Arya[ 1848 ], 239. na bhASAnAM bhinna svarU5, 43.

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ra78 sUcIpatra. yuropIonAM asalanAM saMsthAne anuka- [ rejha, sara hya (lArka thana) madhya hiMdamaNikA 12 muM prakaraNa jue,177-180. | mAM enI svArI (1858-59), sabasa. janarala, lairDa, kAbula ane kaMdahAramAM ceDebu, tahanAmuM (1826), 227. enI jIta, 260; senAdhipati 260. cemI, zivabhakta, 101. raghubA, marAThA pezvAIne dAvo karanAra,175, 214. 208. rahilA, e loko sAthe yuddha (1774), rajaputa, e loko musalamAnoe karelA | 207. humalAnI sAmA thAya che, 118, 126. | lakSmaNana, baMgALAne chelle hiMdu rAjA rajaputasthAna, akabare jItyu, 141; auraMga hArye (1203), 120. be vezana karyuM. 158, svataMtra thAya che, lakhanera, enuM tahanAmuM (1801), 214; 161; helkare luTayuM, 218; enAM rAja ahino ghere ane bacAva (1857-8)ra3rabriTiza sattAnA tAbAmAM Ave che, ra25. | laborDaneI, eNe madrAsa jItyuM (1746), 2sIA, gulAma vaMzanI begama (1236-38), | 13. 122. lAsavAri, yuddha (1893), ra18. raNajItasiMha, zIkharAjayane sthApanAra lAhera, khuzarUne ahiMthI kADhI mukyo (1780-1839), 236. (1186 ), 117; dhakakara lokarAghojI mAMsalA, baMgALApara humalo karyo | e jItyuM (1203 ), 120; meTakA emAM elacI tarIke gayA, 237; (1743), 171. raNajIta siMhanI rAjadhAnI, 237; sarAjamahAla TekarIo baMgALAmAM, 14. 2hetrilAnsane ene resiDanTa nImyA, rAma, rAmAyaNane nAyaka deva, 63; viSNune | 238. 7 me avatAra, 101 liTana, arle AMva vAIsarAya (1876-80) 257; 1876-77 ne dukALa, 259; arAmAnanda, vaizaNava dharma sudhAraka (1300 phagAna yuddha, 260. 1400), 103. | lIDasa, hiMdamAM asalane aMgreja sAhasika rAmAnuja, vaiSNava dharma sudhAraka (1583), 183. (1150), 12. leka, janarala, jorDa, hiMdustAnamAM enI rAmAyaNa, saMskRta vIrarasakAvya, emAM A- | svArI (1802-1805), 218. ne dakSiNamAM zI rIte vadhyA te varNa- 5 laMkesTara pUrva samudramAM 1 lA aMgrejI kakSavyuM che, enI kathA, 62-64. tAna (1602), 184. lensaDAuna ene mArvesa, vAIsarA ra6ra. ' (1888-82). unTibura, allAuddIna khIlajIe lIdhuM laeNili, vIDiza AgaLa phUTe ene harA(1300 ), 125. ripana, mAsa aAva vAIsarAya (1880 vyo (1760), 1dhya. 84)ra6-62; aphagAna yuddhano aMta,ra60; | sthAnika svarAjayamATe karelA dhArA. 2 juM juo. reha, hiMdustAnanI nadIthI thayela kSAramaya | lodI vaMza, dillImAM 1450-1526),131popaDe, 11. loransa, jena, loDaeN vAIsarAya. (1864ro sara thomasa, jahAMgIra viSe enuM varNana, | 98), rapa7; sipAInA baLavAmAM paMjAba 148; 1 lA se hiMdustAnamAM elacI | enA hAthamAM hatuM, 251. tarIke mekalca, 185. "lAnsa, mejara, sTrigara, eNe paDIcarIne

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sUcIpatra. 279 ghe ghA, 13. vikaTeriA, IglAMDanI mahArANI hiMdane lensa, sara hevi, lAheramAM resiDanTa | kArabhAra hAthaMmAM letI vakhate 8w nImAyo (1946), 238; eNe baLave nA navembaranI 1 lI tArIkhe re, thaze ema agAUtho dhAryuM hatuM, rapara, kesare hiMda jAhera thaI (1877), rapa, eNe lakhanerane bacAva ka.25 ene jabili utsava(1887).ra6ra. vaDedarUM, 174; gAyakavADa vize juo. vikramAditya, ujajanane rAjA (I. sa. pUvarasavAra, musalamAna vaMzanI yAdI f57), 65; kAlidAsane e dare(2001-1857 ), 108-109; briTIza bAramAM udaya pAmya ema khATuM kahe che, 65: zaka loko sAthe enA yuddha, 88. hiMdustAnanA gavarnaranI, gavarnara janaralonI, ane vAIsarAyanI yAdI (1758 vijyanagara, dakSiNamAM hiMdurAjya (1118 | 1565), 132; tene nAza (1565), 189ra), 11-1ra, 135; enA rAjAo, 134, varasAda, himAlayamo, 3. vADa, nijhAme ApyuM (18 vidhavA, enuM baLI maravuM, satI viSe juo. varUNa, vedane deva, 47. viMdhya parvata, ahinI anArya jAti , 31. viluM bAI, sara huM hiMdustAnamAM vAyavya sarvoparIpaNuM, 181; embAyanAnI ku. | taraphathI AvavA prayAsa kare che(1553,183. tala (1928), 185; kalAIne harAvyA, vilsana, jemsa enA mahesulane lagatA 200, sudhArA, 256. valabhI, vaMza, kaccha, mALavA, ane uttara viSNu, ane viSe maLa vicAra; vizumuMbaIne (480-722), 40. pUjA,55,viSNunA avatAra viSNupurANa, valabha svAmI, vaiSNava dharma sudhAraka, 105. | viSNava AcAyaeN, rAmAnuja, rAmAnaMda, vasAI, marAThAoe jItyuM (173), 171H | kabIra,citanya,vallabha svAmI.101-106. enuM tahanAmu (1892), 17-217. | veda, anArya lAke viSe emAMthI vacana uvastI, hiMdamAM enu ghADApaNuM;; kasabAnI | tAryA che, 20; cAra vaida trarveda viSe, ane gAmaDAMnI vastI, 23; vastIthI ubha- | juo, 45. rAI jatAM ane AchI vastI vALA pradeze, ] velAra, ahiMnuM baMDa (1876), 220. 24; lokonI vaheMcaNa 24; khetInI ! velsa, ene zahAjA de, hiMdanI mulAkAta vagaDAu bhaTakatA lokonI rIta. 25; bIca ! (1875-76). vastIvALo dezamAM gaNatane vadhAre, 25. vaidaka zAstra brAhmaNoe raceluM, 57. vAchada ali, asthAne chelle rAjA, ya, hiMduonI asalanI cAra nyAtomAM padabhraSTa kI (1856), 244. 3 athavA kheDutanI nyAta, 84; ee vAragAmanuM tahanAmu (1778), 210. ghe badale che, 5. velesle, mArvesa, gavarnara janarala (178- | viSNava, hiMdapaMtha, 15. 1805 ), 213; hiMdamAM iMca sattA, | R | vaoNTasa,plAsI pachI eNe meLaveluM kavya,188. 213; leuM veleslena rAjyanIti, 215; | nijAma sAthe tahanAmu(1778), 215; vaoNDivaoNza, yuddha, 15. trIjuM maisura yuddha ane zrIraMgapaTaNa sara ! vyAkaraNa, brAhmaNoe raceluM, 55. ka(1788), 216; bI je marAThA yuddha zaka, zAlivAhanane, 89, (1802-46) 217; enI jItanA 5ri- zakaloka, emanA hiMdustAnaparanA humalA, NAma, 218. (I. sa. pUrve 100- I. sa. 500 ),

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280 sucIpatra 87; anukramaNikA 7muM prakaraNa juo. zAhabuddIna, mahamada ghorI viSe juo, emanAM rAjya, uttara hiMdustAnamAM, 117. zAha sujA, aMgrejoe ene aphagAni-, zakuntalA, prasiddha saMskRta nATaka. sthAnanA amIranI padavIo rAjayAbhizaMkara AcArya, zaikSamArga dharma sudhAraka, 88. zeka kI (1838), 23ra. zaMbhALa, zivAjIne putra, marAThAo para | zilAditya, uttara hiMdustAnamAM zrAddha rAjArAjya karyuM (1680-88); ene auraMga- enI sabhA(634)ane enI udAratA; jeNe mArI nAMkhyo. 107. 770. zaraalI, ene aphagAnistAnanA a- | ziva, ene viSe maLa vicAra, 55; mIra tarIke kabula kare che. ra58; enI | ziva ane zivapujA, 88; ziva ane sAthe yuddha ane enuM mota (1878), enI strInAM svarUpa, 88; zivapU ra60. jAnAM be svarU5; tera zivapaMtha, 100. zarazAha, humAyune hiMdustAnamAMthI hAMkI | zivAjI mahAna, marAThA rAjA (16ra7-80), kADhe che (1542) , 138; bAdazAha thAya 168; musalamAna sAthe enI ThekANA che. ane ene mArI nAMkhe che, (1545) { vagaranI laDAI, 170; dakSiNamAM hiMdu138. lAkanI TeLI banAve che, 168; enuM rAzahiyAra, enA bhAI zAhajahAne eka jya ane marAThA sattAnI sthApanA, 170; na kIdhuM, 148. enA vazajo, 170. zAlivAhana. rAjA (78), zaka loko sAthe | zIkha, musalamAnoe emanApara julama enAM yudado, 88. gujAryo, 161; eka dharmapaMtha, emane zAha Alama, mogala bAdazAha (1761- | udaya, 236; raNajIta siMha, 236 1805 ) , 166 ; ene marI- | paheluM zIkha yuddha, (1865), 237; bIjuM ThAoe nAmane pAcho gAdIe be- zIkha yuddha (1848-49), 239;ane 5sADa (1771), 174; paTaNA para | jAba khAlasA karya, 240. ghero ghAle che (1758), 200; ba- | zujA, zAhajAdo ene auraMgajebe kasara AgaLa hAre che ( 1764 ), . ArAkAnamAM hAMkI kADhaye (1960), 202; vorana hesTiMgsa aMgreja sa- 155. rakAra ene khaMDaNI bharatA te aTakA- zuka athavA gulAme, asalanI hiMduonI ve che (1773), ra07; laI leke | cAra nyAtamAMnI chellI, 94. ene dIllI pAchuM ApyuM ( 1803), zistakhAna, baMgALAne navAba, aMgrejI ke218. ThIone japata kare che (1686), 187. zAhajahAna, dillIne pama megala bAda, zora, sara jona, (oNrDa TInamAutha) gavarnara zAha (1624-1658)149; enAM bhavya | janarala (1783-8), 213; baMgALAnI jAhera makAne , 150; enI mehesu- sthAyI jamAbaMdhI kare che, 21ra. la, 151; ene enAM putra auraMgajebe ( zrIraMgapaTaNa, enA para ghere cAlya(1772), padabhraSTa karyo, 14ra. 212; jItI lIdhuM (1789), 216. zAhajI bhAsale, marAThA sattAnI sthApanAra, | saMgIta, brAhmaNemo saMgI ta zAsa, 58. satalaja nadI, 7. (1771), 14 - zujA, zahi . kAca (16)*

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sUcIpatra, 281 satI, vedamAM e rivAja mATe pramANamAM 235; gvAliarane klei ene pAchA nathI, 45; akabare e rivAjA baMdha karavA Ape (1886). pIdhelA prayAsa, 142; e rivAja kAyadA | siMdhu nadI, 7. virUddha Theravyo (1858), 228. sirAjA dailA, baMgALAne navAba, kalakattA satArA, nAnuM rAjya, emAM zivAjInA lIdhuM (1756); plAsI AgaLa hAryA vizajo rAja karatA hatA, 171; vArasa | (1757), 16. na hovAthI khAlasA karyuM (1849). | sItA rAmanI strI,rAmAyaNanI nAyikA, 64. sana, IsTa InDiyA kaMpanInI, 254. sItA baDI, yuddha (1817). santAla, baMgALAmAM asalanI pahADI jAta, | surata, ahiMnA vepArI mahAjane, 85; temanI rahevAnI jagyA ane rAjyapaddhati, | hiMdustAnanA vAyavya kinArApara asala 34; sAMsArika ane dharma saMbaMdhI kriyA, aMgrejI mukhya koThI, 186; enuM tahanAmuM 35; dharma, 35; ItihAsa, satAla' (1775), 208. lokone baLavo, 36. sulemAna parvato, himAlayanI aphagAnisaphedakeha parvata, aphagAnistAnamAM stAnamAM AvelI zAkhA, 4. himAlayanI hAranI zAkhA, 4. sUtra, jUnAmAM jUnA brAhmaNanAM dharmapustake, sabakatagIna, hiMdapara tuphI caDAI karanAra | (77), 113. seMgAli, enuM tahanAmuM (1816), rarara. sAgaraTApu, ahiM dharma saMbaMdhI utsava. | sela, janarala, sara robarTa, jalAlAbAdanI, sAtapuDa, parvatanI hAra. che ene bacAva (1842), 234. selyukasa, grIka lokee bekiyA ane sAlaraga, sara, eNe hedarAbAdane baLa- | hiMdustAnamAM elekajhAnDa2 pachI gAdIe vAmAM agreja sarakAra tarapha vaphAdAra | AvanAra, 84; caMdragupta sAthe eNe kIrAkhyuM, 251. pelo ekako, 85. sAbAI, enuM tahanAmuM (lakjhara), 210. saiyada, dillIne vaza (1414-50), 131. sAlseTi, sAlbAinA tahanAmAM pramANe a- | sida, e rAjA banAvanArA kahevAyA jene Ayu, 210. (1713-20), 165. sAha vaza. ana, yuddha (1865), 237. sAha, zivAjIne paitra, eNe marAThAnuM | somanAtha, mahamada gajanavIe karyuM rAjya pezvAne ApyuM, 171. . ! ( 124), 115; enA kahevAtA daravAjA siMdha, mahAna elekajhAnDaranI emAM svA- | hiMdustAnamAM ANyA 1842), 235. rI, 83; emAM Araba lokonI asa- | saMvata vikramane, 80. lanI caDAI ( 647-828 ), 110; . saMskRta bhASA, vidyA ane darzana, 55, 56. akabare cha (1592 ), 142; aM- | sTIphansa, thomasa hiMdamAM pahela. hAlanA grejoe khAlasA karyuM (1843), 235. samayane aMgreja (159), 182. sidhio, marAThA vaza, 173; enuM, lakara | tharma,janarala oNrDa rojha saraghuvirSa juo. pheMca amaladAroe keLavyuM, 214; lA. sthArthI jamAbaMdI, baMgALAnI (1743),211. Ileke harAvyo, 218; mahArAjapura | smAta brAhANa, zaMkarAcAryanA vinA ane paniAra AgaLa hAryo 1843), vaza, 0.

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sUcIpatra. slImana, sara viliyama hanTara, eNe Thagane | hejIsa, viliama, bagALAne pahele enarama pADayA, 228. janTa ane garvanara (1681), 187. svayaMvara, 61. hedarAbAda, (dakSiNa), nijAma vize juo. svarAjya, laoNrDa ripane briTiza hiMdustAnamAM | hedarAbAda, (siMdha), mahAna elekajhAnDare enI vRddhi karI,ra61; ene vistArara6ra. vasAvyuM, 83. svAli, ahiM aMgrejoe porTugIjha darIAi | herAta, IrAnIoe ghare ghAlyo, ra3ra. kejane harAvI (1615), 185 haeNrisa, janarala, jorDa, zrIraMgapaTaNa jItyuM svIDananI IsTa IDIA kaMpanI, 18, . (1779). hADa, leMrDa, gavarnara janarala (1844-48); | hevaloka, janarala, sara hetri lakhanArane mapaheluM zIkha yuddha, 235-237. dada kare che. (1857), 216. hAlA, parvata, himAlayanI dakSiNamAM sAthI | hesTiMgsa, gavarnara-janarala (1774-85), nIcI TekarI, 4. 204; mIra kAsIma sAthe patAvavA hiMda, musalamAne e jItyuM tyAre tenI prayatna kare che (1763), ra01; sthiti, 111; tenI vastI, 19; baMgALAnA gavarnara tarIke tenI nImaIglAMDanI mahArANanA hAthamAM amala Nuka (1772); kArabhArane lagatA AvyA (1858), 256; mahArANInI sudhArA, 205; dezI rAjyo pratye sattAmAM (1858-02 ), anukramaNikA rAjyanIti, 205; baMgALAne kharaca 16 muM prakaraNa juo; I. sa. pU. 300 baMgALAnI pedAzamAMthI kADhe che, 206 mAM megasthanI varNavelI sAMsArika dillimAM apAtI khaMDaNI baMdha kare sthiti, 85. che, 207; alAhabAda ane kerA ane hiMdu dharmanI vRddhi, anukramaNikA, 8 muM praka-| dhyAna vajhIrane vece che, ra07; raNa juo. himAlaya, enI mukhya hAra, 2; zAkhA hilA yuddha catasiMha ane ayodhyAnI e, 3; pANIne jaze ane vara " begama pAse paisA kaDhAve che, 208; sAda, 4-5; pedAza ane dekhAva, IglAMDamAM tenA para sakeluM tahemata ane 5; jaMgalane nAza, 6; ane tapAsa, 208; paheluM marAThA yuddha, 209; bhaTakanArA lokonI khetI karavAnI rIta, haidaraalI sAthe misaranuM yuddha, 210.. 6; tyAMthI nIkaLanArI nadIo, 6; Tenisa, mArakivasa Ava, gavarnara-janarala tyAMnI pahADI jAto, 6. (1814-1823), 221-225. humAyu, bIjo mogalabAdazAha (1530-56), | daraalI, tenuM aMgrejo sAthenuM yuddha(1780hiMdustAnamAMthI tene harAvIne hAMkI kADhe che. aMgrejonI hAra, ane lUTaphATa,21* che, ane pachI tene gAdI maLe che, 138. | sata, mejara eca. dillImAM bAdazAha hugaLI, aMgrejI koThI sthapAI (1640), te | tA kavarene mArI nAMkhe che (1857) 253. chADI kalakattAmAM koThI sthApI (1686), lakara, ega marAThA vaza sthApyA, 173; 187. dhUnaTisa Aga, cInane bAddha musAphara,77 | diga AgaLa hAryo (1804), karnala mAenA graMthamAMthI phakarA AkhyA che. | nsanane harAve che, 218. - re. haiTa mana, korneliyasa, kepa ova guDa hehekeTa osa, hiMdustAna vize spaSTa lakha- | 5nI AsapAsa paheluM Daca taikAsainya nAra pahelo grIka lekhaka, 81. ' haMkAre che, 180.