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INTRODUCTION,
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appears to me to stand in some passages of the Upanishads for vai by euphonic alterations. Thus in the passage tvam va aham asmi bhagavo devate, aham vai tvam asi, it is difficult not to suppose that the vå of the first part of the sentence is the same word as the vai of the second part, only altered according to the rules of Sandhi in Sanskrit.
A second point of similarity between the language of the Upanishads and that of the Sanatsygåtiya is to be found in the phrase, 'He who knows this becomes immortal.' This sentence, or one of like signification, is, as is well known, of common occurrence in the Upanishads and in the Brahmanas. In the Bhagavadgita, the verses towards the end, which come after Krishna's summing-up of his instruction, seem to be of a somewhat analogous, though in some respects different, nature. And in the Puranas we meet sometimes with elaborate passages extolling the merits of a particular rite, or a particular pilgrimage, and so forth. This form of the Phalastuti, as it is called, appears to have been developed in process of time from the minute germ existing in the Brahmaras and the Upanishads. In the Sanatsugatiya, however, we are almost at the beginning of those developments; indeed, the form before us is identically the same as that which we see in the works where it is first met with. It is a short sentence, which, though complete in itself, still appears merely at the end of another passage, and almost as a part of such other passage.
There is one other point of a kindred nature which it may be well to notice herc. As in the Gita, so in the Sanatsu. gatiya, we meet with a considerable number of words used in scnscs not familiar in the later literature. They are collected in the Index of Sanskrit words in this volume ; but a few remarks on some of them will not, it is thought, be entirely out of place here. The word mårga'-in the sense of 'worldly life'-is rather remarkable. Sankara renders it by 'the path of samsára' or worldly life. And he quotes as a parallel the passage from the Khåndogya
I give po references bere, us they can be found in tbe Index of Sanskrit words at the end of this volume.
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