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OTHER VIEWS OF SUBSTANCES
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the rest (i. e. the medium of rest, space, etc.) are substances. Then where is the need for enumeration of these as substances? The enumeration is for accurate determination. This excludes earth, water, etc., mentioned in other systems. For instance earth, water, fire, air and mind are included under matter. These are characterized by colour, taste, smell and touch as the sense of sight is. It is not true to say that air and mind do not possess colour, taste, etc. Indeed air possesses colour and so on, as it possesses touch like the pitcher and so on. If it be said that colour, taste and smell are absent in air because these are not perceived by the sense of sight, then it would lead to the negation of atoms also'. Water is characterized by smell, as it possesses touch like earth. Fire also is characterized by taste and smell, as it possesses colour like earth. Similarly the mind also is of two kinds, the physical mind and the psychical mind. Therein the psychical mind is knowledge. And knowledge is the attribute of the soul. So it comes under soul. As the physical mind is characterized by colour, taste, smell and touch, it is a modification of matter. The physical mind is characterized by colour, taste, smell and touch; for it is the cause of knowledge like the sense of sight. Now, it is contended that sound (word) which is non-material is also the cause of knowledge. So the reason advanced is fallacious. But this is not true. Sound is material, for it is of the nature of matter. Again, it is contended that we do not see the air and mind producing the effect (kāryatvam) of colour, taste, eto., as we do in the case of atoms. We say that such an effect can be produced in their case also. For we admit that all atoms can produce effects containing (all) colours, tastes, smells, etc. There are no atoms of the class of earth, water, fire or air. For all activity proceeds with the intermixture or blending of classes. Direction is included in space. The convention of east, west, etc., in the series or rows of the points of space is based on the rise of the sun etc. For
1 If imperceptibility implies non-existence, the existence of atoms also should be denied, as atoms cannot be perceived. But all schools of thought admit the existence of atoms though imperceptible. Hence imperceptibility is po proof of non-existence.
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