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130
THE BIX SUBSTANCES
the substance denoted by the assomblage of qualities, the name of substance is not justified. If the distinction be admittod, it is open to the same defects pointed out above.
But do not the same defects apply to the definition, "that, which (attains attributes or is attained by attributes) undergoes modifications is a substance '? No. For somehow both distinction and non-distinction are admitted between substance and quality. Hence the name of substanoe is justified. Neither substance nor quality is perceived without the other. So substance and quality are not distinot. But the two are distinot from the point of view of names, characteristio marks, usefulness, eto. Hence the medium of motion eto. are substances. The subjeots under consideration, namely the medium of motion eto. are in the plural. Hence the plural. 'dravyāni' is used in the sutra. It is contended that, if there is conformity with regard to number, there must be conformity with regard to gender also. (That is, it must be 'dravyāḥ in conformity with 'pudgalāḥ' in the first sutra.). But this contention has no point. For words never change their usual gender. Therefore, the neuter plural form for dravya in the sutra is correct.
The name dravya will apply only to the four mentioned in the first sutra. Hence the next sutra is intended to inolude the other two.
जीवाश्च Jivāśca
(3) 3. The souls also (are substances).
The word 'soul' has been explained already. The plural is used to indicate the different classes of souls (souls at different stages of development) already described. The particle 'ca' is intended to supply the word 'substances' from the previous sutra. That is, the souls also are substances. Thus these along with time which is mentioned later constitute the six substances. Now the definition of substance is given later as follows. “That which has qualities and modes is a substance.' From that definition it follows that the medium of motion and
1 pudgalāḥ is masculine plural, and dravyäni is nouter plural.
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