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SUBDIVISIONS OF THE INTERNAL AUSTERITIES
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आचार्योपाध्यायतपस्विशैक्षग्लानगणकुलसंघसाधुमनोशानाम् ॥ २४ ॥ Acāryopādhyāyatapasvišakşaglānaganakulasamgasādhumanojñānām
(24) 24. Respectful service to the Head (ācārya), the preceptor, the ascetic, the disciple, the ailing ascetic, the congregation of aged saints, the congregation of disciples of a common teacher, the congregation of the four orders (of monks, nuns, laymen and laywomen), the long-standing ascetic and the saint of high reputation,
Respectful service is of ten kinds, for its objects are of ten kinds. For instance, service rendered to the head of the congregation, service rendered to the preceptor and so on. Acārya' is the head from whom the vows are taken and practised. 'Upadhyāya' is the preceptor under whom the scriptures are studied in order to attain liberation. 'Tapasvi' is the saint who practises long fasts etc. 'Saikşa' is the disciple. 'Glāna' is the saint, whose body is afflicted on account of illness etc. 'Gana' is a congregation of old ascetics. 'Kula' is the congregation of disciples of the same head. 'Sargha' is the congregation of the four orders of ascetics. Sādhu' is a saint of long-standing. Manojña' is a saint of high reputation. When these are subject to illness, afflictions or perverted faith, rendering help to them with bodily activity or other materials is respeotful service. This is done for attaining equanimity or concentration, for overooming the feeling of disgust and for proclaiming affection to the members of the order of saints. The types of study are described in the next sutra.
वाचनापृच्छनानुप्रेक्षाम्नायधर्मोपदेशाः ॥२५॥ Vacanaprcchanānupreksāmnāyadharmopadeśāḥ (25) 25. Teaching, questioning, reflection, recitation and preaching.
Teaching consists in teaching words or meanings or both with precision. Putting questions to others with the object of clearing doubts or strengthening one's knowledge is questioning. Contemplating the knowledge acquired is reflection. Recitation is repeating the text again and again with correct pronunciation. Preaching is narrating moral stories etc. What
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