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EXCHANGE
117 In view of these difficulties in those days, traders used to travel in a caravan, as we have seen before. A graphic description of the caravans is given in the Jain texts. The caravans were classified in the following divisions : (i) who carried their goods by carts and waggons (bhandi), (ui) who carried by camels, mules and bullocks (bahılaga), (iii) who carried their own loads (bhāravaha), (iv) thc wandering people who travelled to carn their livelihood and went from place to place (odariya), and (v) the Kārbatika ascetics (kappadiya). The caravan engaged with it anurangā (ghamsika, com.), litters, horses, buffaloes, clcphants, bullocks for the purpose of mounting the sick, wounded, boys, and old men, who were unable to walk. 64 The caravan is praised which started with cart loads of dantikka (modaka,mandaka and asokavartın etc.com.), wheat (gora), sesamum, seeds, molasses and ghee etc. becausc in unforscen calamities such as rain and flood food was available to the members of the caravan.
The proper mcans of transport was the cart or waggon (sagadisāgada). The merchant Ananda had five hundred carts for distant traffic (disāyatta) and the same number for local use (samvahaniya).68 Coach-houses (jānasālā) arc mentioned The coachmen uscd to look after the carts and vehicles, they cleaned them and decorated with ornaments before plying. The carts were drawn by oxen in charge of drivers (paoadhara) and were furnished with goads (paodalatthr). The oxen are described as having sharp horns furnished with bells, cords made of cotton (suttarajju) inlaid with gold, bridle (paggaha), and the crest of blue lotuses.68 Branding or castrating of bulls (nillañchanakamma) was in vogue.8e Goods were carried by waggons, horses, boats and ships.
Among richer style of cars there was raha, which was drawn by horses. Chariots driven by four horses are mcntioned." Litters or sidikds or sandamånīs were used by the royalty and the wealthy. The state litters borc special names." The litter known as jugga was used in the country of Lăța ;18 it measured two hands and was equipped with railings. Daganats is mentioned as another vehiclc.
The great rivers furnished another mcans of communication and some facilities of transport. There were fording places and thic streams and water courses were crossed by means of boats, which are denoted by the
63 Brh. Bha 1 3066 ff 64 bid 1 3071 05 bid 3072, also see 3075 ff 80 Uvå 1, p 7 07 Ova Sv. 30, p 120 The Rāmāyana III , 35 4 also mentions yānasala. 08 Nāyā, 3, p. 60 89 Uvā. I, P 11. 70 Brh. Bha 1 1090. 71 Ava cû, p 188. 72 Uttara Ti. 23, p 292; Kalla sū 5 113. 73 Bhag Ti 3. 4, Yugya is also mentioned in the Ramayana, II, 89 16. 14 Brh. Bhā. 1.3171.
