________________
224
LIFE IN ANCIENT INDIA
belong to the hostile group.861 In Jain canons the term vanamanlara is commonly uscd for raksas and Räksasas. 963 Like Jakkhamaha, Bhūyamaha was also considered as one of the four great festivals and was celebrated on the full-moon day of the month of caitra as we have scen Dhiyaggala or the obsession by the evil spirit is mentioned Thc persons sullcung from the obsession of the evil spirits were treated by Bhūyavic, which prescribed soothing rites (sāntikamma) and offering of bali to dera, asuin, gandhavva, jakkha, rakkhasa and other deities. The persons cised in domonology (bhūyavārya) are referred to. There were dealers in antidotes and charmers (gārudiya · bhoiya bhatta . catta) who knew the science of spirits or exorcism and by means of various ceremonies, enchantments and preservatives (iakkhāmandala) cured253 thosc possesser
The belief in ghosts in ancient days was so prevalent that the crcdulous people even thought it to be a marketable commodity The Brholhalpa Bhasya rcfers to a shop called kutty rana, 354 where everything ling of non-living was availablc It is said that thic were in such 1.0 Ujjeni during the reign of Candapajjoya Riyagilat ulso lud seek shops 265
The Prsicas are smaller dcmons associated with Bhutas Ticy w supposed to eat flesh and drink blood Thc description of a Pusia 15 given in the Nayādhammakahā.68 Thc Pisayas were supposed to haunt the cemeteries and people offered them bali on dark nights The nietlers were asked to visit cemeteries on dark nights and offer food to a Blūla If they returned victorious they were appointed as king's wicstici
(10) JJI AYD (1) KOILIKIRITA
Ajja and Kottakı iyā are two diffcrent forms of the goddess Duga," who is also called Candiya The Acālānga cūzni refers to the worship (riga)
271
Hon
234 233
Hopkins, op cit, p. 361 hire tests of recognising a Bhūta are mentioned as no shadow, it casinot stand rurnieric and it always speaks with a nazal twang (honaarutsägara I, App I) Ako see Rose, Tribes and cutes of Punjab and NW PUT Tol I pp 203 ff The Ullară (38 207) gives eight class of l'anamantasa guds v Pt aja Rhüja Jahl ha Rakkhasa, hinnara, Kimpurisa, Alahoruga and Grindharia The following cight sacird trees are dedicated to these deities, halamba, tulasi vata, kandahu csuha turpi rāgi and tendiu (Thā 8 654) Uttară 771, p 5 iltarā Ti 12, p 174, u Alu Ti (Han) p 394al For the fanciful meaning of the terin see Brhatkalpo Bhäsya 3 4214, Ilu 11 11 12 Brh. Bha 3 4214-23 8p 99 Vya Bha 1 p 92a f , Ullară Ti. 3, p 74a In Indian mythology Durga 13 fond of drink and flesh and she is called Durgū bulouse she saves from durga or difficulty Her sign is a peacock's tail and she wcais diadem and snakes She has four aus and faces and carries bow, discus, noose and othai weapons As slayer she is Kantabhanasini and Mahtrarkprijā (rejoicing in the bland of the dentons she slays)-Hopkins, op cit, P 224
357
255
