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172
LIFE IN ANCIENT INDIA
memon boding calamity in the country (uppaya), 2 science of omens (nimitta), 3 science of spells and magic (manta), 4 low type of charm which causes Candalis to utter oracles (dikkhiya), 5 science of medicine (tegicchiya), 6 seventy two arts (kala), 7 science of architecture (dvarana), 8 popular works such as Bharata, Kavya, Nä taka, etc (annana), and 9 false scripture such as the teachings of Buddha etc. (micchapavayana),35
SEVENTY TWO KALAS 28
Seventy two kalas are frequently mentioned in the Jain texts." The list contains the sippas and also the list of traditional knowledge and sciences It does not mean that everybody acquired proficiency in all these branches. The acquirement of these sciences was an aim which could seldom be achieved. These kalas may be classified as underI Reading and writing which comprised writing (leha) and arithmetic (ganiya).
2 Poetry which included verse-making (porekavva), the knowledge of Arya verses (Ajja), riddles (paheliya), Magadhi composition (Magadhyā), Gatha composition, ballad-making (giiya), and sloka-making (sıloya) 3 Sculpture (ruva).
4 Music which comprised dancing (natta), singing (giya), instrumental music (vaiya), vocal music (saragaya), drum music (pukkharagaya), and timing in music
5 Clay-modelling which included the knowledge of clays (dagamattaya) 6 Gambling, sports and indoor games which comprised gambling (juya), janavaya (a kind of gambling), playing at dice (pasaya), chess playing (atthavaya), making dolls and figures etc. moved by pulling strings (suttakheda), a game of whirligigs (vattha) and nalikakheda (a kind of dice).
28
7 Personal hygiene, toilet and food. They constituted the rules of food (annavihi), drink (pāna), dress (vattha), toilet (vilevana), and bed (sayana), knowledge of wearing ornaments of silver (hrannajutti), gold (suvanna), and other ornaments (abharanavihi), preparation of powders (cunnajutti)
25
9 678, also see Suya II 2 30; cf Sammohavinodani (p. 490) where Bharatayuddha and Sitaharanadı are spoken as papakam sutam
For twelve sippas such as hatthi, assa, ratha, dhanu, tharu, muddā, ganana, sankhāna, lekhā, kaveyya, lokayata and khattavija, see Paramatthadipant, the com on the Udana, p 205 2T See Naya, i, p 21, Sama p 77a, Ova 40; Raya Su, 211, Jambu Ti 2, p 136 f,
20
Bhagwan Mahavira ni Dharmakathão, p 193 ff, Amulyachandra Sen, Social Life in Jain Literature, Calcutta Review, March 1933, p 364 f, D C Das Gupta, Jain System of Education, p 74 f Cal 1942; also see Kadambari (p 126) Kale ed; Dasakumāra carita, p 66; Divyavadana, pp 58, 100, 391
28 Sütrakrida is mentioned in the Kultanimata (vs. 124).
10 Gandhayukti 18 mentioned in the Mechakatika (VIII, 13) and the Lalitavistara (see E. G Thomas's article in the Bull. School of Oriental Studies, Vol. VI, pp. 515-7).
