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EPIGRAPHIA INDICA.
[VOL. XXIV.
cestainly, as proposed by Bühler, some word like bhāryāye has to be supplied. How much of the text is lost on the right side can be determined from the last word of the last line. There can be no doubt that pra.i is to be restored as pra(t)i(thapito) and that this was the concluding word of the record. The pra stands exactly below the tha of the first line, and as the inscription is very carefully engraved, it may be taken for granted that the tha also was followed by four aksharas, which perfectly agrees with my suggestion that sa has to be supplied after Pothayaśaka. There is another point to prove that the text read Pothayasaka(sa bhāryāye). A glance at the inscrip tion will be sufficient to show that originally it consisted of two lines only and that kālavālasa has been inserted by an afterthought below Pothayasakasa. The word has been engraved in much smaller characters than the rest of the inscription, the kā being only t' high, the vă only 1", whereas the second ka of Kosikiye measures 13" and the va of Vardhamānasya ". And there is another unmistakable sign that it was incised after the other two lines had been finished. It will be noticed that the sa is separated by a considerable space from the preceding letter, which can be accounted for only by the wish of the engraver to avoid the contact of the sa with the i-sign of #standing in the line below.1
I therefore read and translate the inscription as follows:
TEXT. 1 [na]mo sra hato Vardhamanasya Gotiputrasa Pothayata[ka](sa)
kälavālasa 3 (bhiryüye) Kosikiye Simitrāye ayagapato pra(t)i(thäpito)
TRANSLATION Adoration to the Arhat Vardhamana! The tablet of homage has been set up by the Kosiki (Kaubiki) Simitra, (the wife) of the kälavāla Poţhayabaka (Proshthayabaska), the son of a Goti (Gaupti).
REMARKS. The exact meaning of kālavāļa is not known. The word does not seem to have turned up hitherto in literary sources.' Bühler was of opinion that both Simitra and her husband were shown by their family names to be of noble or royal descent. But this conclusion goes too far. The use of metronymics was by no means confined to the Kshatriya caste. Fleet, loc. cit. p. 637ff., has collected a large number of cases where the names of Brahmins also and sometimes of persons who seem to be neither Brahmins nor Kshatriyas are coupled with the same metronymics that we find in connection with the names of princes and noblemen. So much only is certain that a man who attaches the metronymic to his name is a person of high social standing. From the fact that Gotiputra Pothayasaka is called kālavāla we may infer that the word denoted some dignitary or high official. From our inscription it appears that the title was
The photolithograph published in Ep. Ind. has been tampered with. Here the upper portion of the i-siga has been joined to the fa and in this form, which has never existed, the la has been entered on Plate II, XX, 41 of Böbler's Palaography.
The etymology of the name is not clear. Bühler's correction to Sivamitra is hazardous and hardly correct. Nor can the name be traced back to Srimitra as Skt. sri would have to appear as diri.
Kalavāla, of course, cannot be connected with kalyapāla, kallavala (Mahavy. 186, 109), which denotes a distiller or seller of spirits, the modern kalwar or kalal. Possibly kála, which in the Kharoshthi documenta from Eastern Turkestan occurs frequently as a very high title, is an abbreviation of kalavala, but it cannot be proved at present. Professor Thomas, Festschrift H. Jacobi, p. 51, thinks that kála is the same word as kara iu Kujula Kara Kadphises, but this suggestion also is not convincing.
