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________________ SMRO ATV zramaNa varSa 45] apraila-jUna 1964 [ aMka 4 pUjyasohanalAla smAraka pArzvanAtha zodhapITha,vArANasa
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________________ pradhAna sampAdaka pro0 sAgaramala jaina sampAdaka DA0 azoka kumAra siMha saha-sampAdaka DA0 zivaprasAda varSa 45 apraila-jUna, 1994 aMka 4-6 prastuta aGka meM pro0 sAgaramala jaina ke nimna Alekha prakAzita kiye jA rahe haiM1. bhAratIya saMskRti kA samanvita svarUpa 129-134 2. paryAvaraNa ke pradUSaNa kI samasyA aura jainadharma 135-143 3 jainadharma aura sAmAjika samatA 144-161 4 jaina AgamoM meM mUlyAtmaka zikSA aura vartamAna sandarbha 162-172 5. khajurAho kI kalA aura jainAcAryoM kI samanvayAtmaka evaM sahiSNu dRSTi 173 178 6 mahApaNDita rAhula sAMkRtyAyana ke jainadharma sambandhI 'mantavyoM kI samAlocanA 179-184 7. Rgveda meM ahaMta aura RSabhavAcI RcAyeM : eka adhyayana 185-202 8 niyukti sAhitya : eka punacintana 203-233 9 jaina evaM bauddha pAribhASika zabdoM ke artha- nirdhAraNa aura anuvAda kI samasyA 234-238 10 jaina AgamoM meM huA bhASika svarUpa parivartana : eka vimarza 239-253 11. bhagavAna mahAvIra kI nirvANatithi para punarvicAra 254-268 12 jaina jagat vArSika zulka eka prati cAlIsa rupaye dama rupaye - yaha Avazyaka nahIM ki lekhaka ke vicAroM se sampAdaka athavA saMsthAna sahamata hoN|
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________________ bhAratIya saMskRti kA samanvita svarUpa bhAratIya saMskRti eka saMzliSTa saMskRti hai / use hama vibhinna cahAradIvAriyoM meM avaruddha kara kabhI bhI samyak prakAra se nahIM samajha sakate haiM, usako khaNDa-khaNDa meM vibhAjita karake dekhane meM usakI AtmA hI mara jAtI hai| jaise zarIra ko khaNDa-khaNDa kara dekhane se zarIra kI kriyA - zakti ko nahIM samajhA jA sakatA hai, vaise hI bhAratIya saMskRti ko khaNDa-khaNDa karake usakI mUla AtmA ko nahIM samajhA jA sakatA hai| bhAratIya saMskRti ko hama tabhI sampUrNa rUpa se samajha sakate haiM, jaba usake vibhinna ghaTakoM arthAt jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma-darzana kA samanvita evaM samyak adhyayana na kara liyA jAya / binA usake saMyojita ghaTakoM ke jJAna ke usakA sampUrNatA meM jJAna sambhava hI nahIM hai| eka iMjana kI prakriyA ko bhI samyak prakAra se samajhane ke lie na kevala usake vibhinna ghaTakoM arthAt kala- -purjoM kA jJAna Avazyaka hotA hai, apitu unake paraspara saMyojita rUpa ko bhI dekhanA hotA hai / ataH hameM spaSTa rUpa se isa tathya ko samajha lenA cAhie ki bhAratIya saMskRti ke adhyayana evaM zodha ke kSetra meM anya sahavartI paramparAoM aura unake pArasparika sambandhoM ke adhyayana ke binA koI bhI zodha paripUrNa nahIM ho sakatI hai| dharma aura saMskRti zUnya meM vikasita nahIM hote, ve apane dezakAla aura sahavartI paramparAoM se prabhAvita hokara hI apanA svarUpa grahaNa karate haiM / yadi hameM jaina, bauddha, vaidika yA anya kisI bhI bhAratIya sAMskRtika dhArA kA adhyayana karanA hai, use samyak prakAra se samajhanA hai, to usake deza, kAla evaM parivezagata pakSoM ko bhI prAmANikatA pUrvaka taTastha buddhi se samajhanA hogaa| cAhe jaina vidyA ke zodha evaM adhyayana kA prazna ho yA anya kisI bhAratIya vidyA kA, hameM usakI dUsarI sahavartI paramparAoM ko avazya hI jAnanA hogA aura yaha dekhanA hogA ki vaha una dUsarI sahavartI paramparAoM se kisa prakAra prabhAvita huyI hai aura usane unheM kisa prakAra prabhAvita kiyA hai / pArasparika prabhAvakatA ke adhyayana ke binA koI bhI adhyayana pUrNa nahIM hotA hai / - pro. sAgaramala jaina yaha satya hai ki bhAratIya saMskRti ke itihAsa ke AdikAla se hI hama usameM zramaNa aura vaidika saMskRti kA astitva sAtha-sAtha pAte haiM; kintu hameM yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki bhAratIya saMskRti meM ina donoM svatantra dhArAoM kA saMgama ho gayA hai aura aba inheM eka dUsare se pUrNatayA alaga nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| bhAratIya itihAsa ke prArambhika kAla se hI ye donoM dhArAyeM paraspara eka dUsare se prabhAvita hotI rahI haiN| apanI-apanI vizeSatAoM ke AdhAra para vicAra ke kSetra meM hama cAhe unheM alaga-alaga dekha leM, kintu vyAvahArika stara para unheM eka dUsare se pRthaka nahIM kara sakate / bhAratIya vAGmaya meM Rgveda prAcInatama mAnA jAtA hai| usameM
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________________ 130 bhAratIya saMskRti kA samanvita svarUpa jahA~ eka ora vaidika samAja evaM vaidika kriyA-kANDoM kA ullekha hai, vahIM dUsarI ora usameM na kevala vrAtyoM, zramaNoM evaM arhatoM kI upasthiti ke ullekha upalabdha hai, apitu RSabha, ariSTanemi Adi, jo jaina paramparA meM tIrthaMkara ke rUpa meM mAnya haiM, ke prati samAdara bhAva bhI vyakta kiyA gayA hai| isase yaha pratIta hotA hai ki aitihAsika yuga ke prArambha se hI bhArata meM ye donoM saMskRtiyA~ sAtha-sAtha pravAhita hotI rahI haiN| mohanajodar3o aura har3appA ke utkhanana se jisa prAcIna bhAratIya saMskRti kI jAnakArI hameM upalabdha hotI hai| usase siddha hotA hai, ki vaidika saMskRti ke pUrva bhI bhArata meM eka ucca saMskRti astitva rakhatI thii| jisameM dhyAna, sAdhanA Adi para bala diyA jAtA thaa| usa utkhanana meM dhyAnastha yogiyoM kI sIleM Adi milanA tathA yajJazAlA Adi kA na milanA yahI siddha karanA hai ki vaha saMskRti tapa, yoga evaM dhyAna pradhAna vrAtya saMskRti kA pratinidhitva karatI thii| kintu itanA nizcita hai ki AryoM ke Agamana ke sAtha prArambha hue vaidika yuga se donoM hI dhArAe~ sAtha-sAtha pravAhita ho rahI haiM aura unhoMne eka dUsare ko paryApta rUpa se prabhAvita bhI kiyA hai| Rgveda meM vrAtyoM ke prati jo tiraskAra bhAva thA, vaha atharvaveda meM samAdara bhAva meM badala jAtA hai, jo donoM dhArAoM ke samanvaya kA pratIka hai| tapa, tyAga, saMnyAsa, dhyAna, samAdhi, mukti aura ahiMsA kI avadhAraNAyeM, jo prArambhika vaidika RcAoM aura karmakANDIya brAhmaNa granthoM meM anupalabdha thI, ve AraNyaka Adi paravartI vaidika sAhitya meM aura vizeSa rUpa se upaniSadoM meM astitva meM A gayI hai| isase lagatA hai ki ye avadhAraNAe~ saMnyAsamArgIya zramaNadhArA ke prabhAva se hI vaidika dhArA meM praviSTa huyI haiN| upaniSadoM, mahAbhArata aura gItA meM eka ora vaidika karmakANDa kI samAlocanA aura unheM AdhyAtmikatA se samanvita kara naye rUpa meM paribhASita karane kA prayatna tathA dUsarI ora tapa, saMnyAsa aura mukti Adi kI spaSTa spa se svIkRti, yahI siddha karatI hai ki ye grantha zramaNa aura vaidika dhArA ke bIca hue samanvaya yA saMgama ke hI paricAyaka haiN| hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki upaniSad aura mahAbhArata, jisakA eka aMga gItA hai, zuddha rUpa se vaidika karmakANDAtmaka dharma ke pratinidhi nahIM hai| ve nivRtti pradhAna zramaNadhArA aura pravRttimArgI vaidika dhArA ke samanvaya kA pariNAma hai| upaniSadoM meM aura mahAbhArata, gItA Adi meM jahAM eka ora zramaNadhArA ke AdhyAtmika aura nivRtti pradhAna tattvoM ko sthAna diyA gayA, vahIM dUsarI ora yajJa Adi vaidika karmakANDoM kI zramaNa paramparA ke samAna AdhyAtmika dRSTi se navIna paribhASAe~ bhI prastuta kI gaI, unameM yajJa kA artha pazubali na hokara svahitoM kI bali yA samAjasevA ho gyaa| hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki hamArA hindU dharma vaidika aura zramaNa dhArAoM ke samanvaya kA pariNAma hai| vaidika karmakANDa ke virodha meM, jo AvAja aupaniSadika yuga ke RSi muniyoM ne uThAI thI, jaina, bauddha aura anya zramaNa paramparAoM ne mAtra use mukhara hI kiyA hai| hameM yaha nahIM bhUlanA cAhiye ki vaidika karmakANDa ke prati yadi kisI ne pahalI AvAja uThAI to ve aupaniSadika RSi hI the| unhoMne hI sabase pahale kahA thA ki ye yajJarUpI naukAye adRr3ha haiM, ye AtmA ke vikAsa meM sakSama nahIM hai| yajJa Adi karmakANDoM kI nayI AdhyAtmika vyAkhyAyeM dene aura unheM zramaNadhArA kI AdhyAtmika dRSTi ke anurUpa banAne kA kArya aupaniSadika RSiyoM aura gItA ke pravaktA kA hai| jaina aura bauddha paramparAyeM to
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________________ pro. sAgaramala jaina 131 aupaniSadika RSiyoM ke dvArA prazasta kiye gaye patha para gatizIla huyI haiN| ve vaidika karmakANDa, janmanA jAtivAda aura mithyA vizvAsoM ke virodha meM uThe hue aupaniSadika RSiyoM ke svara kA hI mukharita rUpa hai| jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM meM aupaniSadika RSiyoM kI arhat RSi ke rUpa meM svIkRti isakA spaSTa pramANa hai| yaha satya hai ki zramaNoM ne yajJoM meM pazubali, janmanA varNavyavasthA aura vedoM kI prAmANyatA se inkAra kiyA aura isa prakAra se ve bhAratIya saMskRti ke samuddhAraka ke rUpa meM hI sAmane AyeH kintu hameM yaha nahIM bhUlanA cAhiye ki bhAratIya saMskRti kI isa vikRti kA parimArjana karane kI prakriyA meM ve svayaM hI kahIM na kahIM una vikRtiyoM se prabhAvita ho gye| vaidika karmakANDa aba tantrasAdhanA ke naye rUpa meM bauddha, jaina aura anya zramaNa paramparAoM meM praviSTa ho gayA aura unakI sAdhanA paddhati kA eka aMga bana gyaa| AdhyAtmika vizuddhi ke liye kiyA jAne vAlA dhyAna aba bhautika siddhiyoM ke nimitta kiyA jAne lgaa| jahAM eka ora bhAratIya zramaNa paramparA ne vaidika paramparA ko AdhyAtmika jIvana dRSTi ke sAtha-sAtha tapa, tyAga, saMnyAsa aura mokSa kI avadhAraNAyeM pradAna kI vahIM dUsarI ora vaidika paramparA ke prabhAva se tAntrika sAdhanAyeM jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM meM bhI praviSTa ho gyii| aneka hinda deva-deviyAM prakArAntara se jainadharma evaM bauddhadharma meM svIkAra kara lI gii| jainadharma meM yakSa-yakSiyoM evaM zAsanadevatA kI avadhAraNAe~ hindU devatAoM kA jainIkaraNa mAtra haiN| aneka hindU deviyAM jaise-- kAlI, mahAkAlI, jvAlAmAlinI, ambikA, cakrezvarI, padmAvatI, siddhAyikA tIrthakaroM kI zAsana rakSaka deviyoM ke rUpa meM jainadharma meM svIkAra kara lI gyii| zruta-devatA ke rUpa meM sarasvatI aura sampatti pradAtA ke rUpa meM lakSmI kI upAsanA jaina jIvana paddhati kA aMga bana gii| hindU paramparA kA gaNeza pArzva-yakSa ke rUpa meM lokamaMgala kA devatA bana gyaa| vaidika paramparA ke prabhAva se jaina mandiroM meM bhI aba yajJa hone lage aura pUjA meM hindU devatAoM kI taraha tIrthaMkaroM kA bhI AvAhana evaM visarjana kiyA jAne lgaa| hinduoM kI pUjAvidhi ko bhI mantroM meM kucha zAbdika parivartanoM ke sAtha jainoM ne svIkAra kara liyaa| isa prakAra jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM meM tapa, dhyAna aura samAdhi kI sAdhanA gauNa hokara karmakANDa pramukha ho gyaa| isa pArasparika prabhAva kA eka pariNAma yaha bhI huA ki jahAM hindU paramparAoM meM RSabha aura buddha ko Izvara ke avatAra ke rUpa meM svIkAra kara liyA gayA, vahIM jaina paramparA meM rAma aura kRSNa ko zalAkA puruSa ke rUpa meM mAnyatA milii| isa prakAra donoM dhArAyeM eka dUsare se samanvita huyii| ___ Aja jaba rAmakRSNa saMskRti saMsthAna jaisI saMsthAe~ jaina vidyA ke zodha-kArya ko apane hAthoM meM le rahI haiM to maiM kahanA cAhUMgA ki unheM isa pArasparika prabhAvazIlatA ko taTastha dRSTi se spaSTa karane kA prayAsa karanA cAhie, tAki dharmoM ke bIca jo dariyAM paidA kara dI gayI haiM. unheM samApta kiyA jA sake aura unakI nikaTatA ko samyak rUpa se samajhA jA ske| yaha kArya vaise bhI isa saMsthA kA vizeSa dAyitva banatA hai, kyoMki isakI sthApanA svAmI rAmakRSNa aura vivekAnanda ke svapna ko sAkAra karane hetu huI haiN| Aja hameM taTastha buddhi se dharmoM kI isa pArasparika prabhAvazIlatA evaM nikaTatA ko samajhanA hogaa|
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________________ 132 bhAratIya saMskRti kA samanvita svarUpa durbhAgya se isa deza meM videzI tatvoM ke dvArA na kevala hindU aura musalamAnoM ke bIca apitu jaina, bauddha, hindU aura sikkhoM -- jo ki bRhad hindU paramparA ke hI aMga hai, ke bIca bhI khAIyAM khodane kA kArya kiyA jAtA rahA hai aura sAmAnya rUpa se yaha prasArita kiyA jAtA rahA hai ki jaina aura bauddha dharma na kevala svatantra dharma haiM, apitu ve vaidika hindU paramparA ke virodhI bhI haiN| sAmAnyatayA jaina aura bauddha dharma ko vaidika dharma ke prati eka vidroha ( Revolt) ke rUpa meM citrita kiyA jAtA rahA hai| yaha satya hai ki vaidika aura zramaNa paramparAoM meM kucha mUla-bhUta praznoM ko lekara matabheda hai, yaha bhI satya he ki jaina aura bauddha paramparA ne vaidika paramparA kI una vikRtiyoM ko jo karmakANDa, purohitavAda, jAtivAda aura brAhmaNa varga ke dvArA nimna vargo ke dhArmika zoSaNa ke rUpa meM ubhara rahI thI, khulakara virodha kiyA thA, kintu hameM use vidroha ke rUpa meM nahIM, apitu bhAratIya saMskRti ke pariSkAra ke rUpa meM hI samajhanA hogaa| jaina aura bauddha dharmoM ne bhAratIya saMskRti meM A rahI vikRtiyoM kA parizAdhana kara use svastha banAne hetu eka cikitsaka kA kArya kiyA aura cikitsaka kabhI bhI zatru nahIM, mitra hI hotA hai| durbhAgya se pAzcAtya ciMtakoM ke prabhAva se bhAratIya cintaka aura kisI sImA taka kucha jaina evaM bauddha cintaka bhI yaha mAnane lage haiM ki jaina dharma aura vaidika (hindU) dharma paraspara virodhI dharma hai kintu yaha eka bhrAMta avadhAraNA hai cAhe apane mUla rUpa meM vaidika evaM zramaNa saMskRti-pravartaka aura nivartaka dharma paramparAoM ke rUpa meM bhinna-bhinna rahI ho kintu Aja na to hindU paramparA hI usa artha meM pUrNataH vaidika hai aura na hI jaina va bauddha paramparA pUrNataH zramaNa / Aja cAhe hindU dharma ho, athavA jaina aura bauddha dharma hoM, ye sabhI apane vartamAna svarUpa meM vaidika aura zramaNa saMskRti ke samanvita rUpa haiN| yaha bAta alaga hai ki unameM pravRtti aura nivRtti meM se koI eka pakSa abhI bhI pramukha ho, udAharaNa ke rUpa meM hama kaha sakate haiM ki jahAM jaina dharma Aja bhI nivRtti pradhAna hai vahAM hindU dharma pravRtti prdhaan| phira bhI yaha mAnanA ucita nahIM hai ki jaina dharma meM pravRtti evaM hindU dharma meM nivRtti ke tattva nahIM haiN| vastutaH sampUrNa bhAratIya saMskRti pravRtti aura nivRtti ke samanvaya meM hI nirmita huI hai| isa samanvaya kA prathama prayatna hameM IzAvAsyopaniSad meM spaSTa rUpa se dRSTigocara hotA hai| Aja jahAM upaniSadoM ko prAcIna zramaNa paramparA ke pariprekSya meM samajhane kI AvazyakatA hai, vahIM jaina aura bauddha paramparA ko bhI aupaniSadika paramparA ke pariprekSya meM samajhane kI AvazyakatA hai| jisa prakAra vAsanA aura viveka, zreya aura preya, paraspara bhinna-bhinna hokara bhI mAnava vyaktitva ke hI aMga haiM usI prakAra nivRtti pradhAna zramaNadhArA aura pravRtti pradhAna vaidika dhArA donoM bhAratIya saMskRti ke hI aMga haiN| vastutaH koI bhI saMskRti ekAnta nivRtti yA ekAnta pravRtti ke AdhAra para pratiSThita nahIM ho sakatI hai| jaina aura bauddha paramparAyeM bhAratIya saMskRti kA vaise hI abhinna aMga hai, jaise hindU paramparA / yadi aupaniSadika dhArA ko vaidika dhArA se bhinna hote hue bhI vaidika yA hindU paramparA kA abhinna aMga mAnA jAtA hai, to phira jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM ko usakA abhinna aMga kyoM nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| yadi sAMkhya aura mImAMsaka anIzvaravAdI hote hue bhI Astika hindU dharma darzana ke aMga mAne jAte haiM, to phira jaina va bauddha dharma ko anIzvaravAdI
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________________ pro. sAgaramala jaina kahakara usase kaise bhinna kiyA jA sakatA hai ? hindU dharma aura darzana eka vyApaka paramparA hai yA kaheM ki vaha vibhinna vicAra paramparAoM kA samUha hai usameM IzvaravAda, anIzvaravAda, dvaitavAda - advaitavAda, pravRtti - nivRtti, jJAna- karma sabhI kucha to samAhita haiM / usameM prakRti pUjA jaise dharma ke prArambhika lakSaNoM se lekara advaita kI ucca gaharAiyA~ taka sabhI kucha sanniviSTa haiN| 133 ataH jaina aura bauddha dharma ko hindU paramparA se bhinna nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| jaina va bauddha bhI usI adhyAtma-patha ke anuyAyI hai, jisakA pravartana aupaniSadika RSiyoM ne kiyA thaa| unakI vizeSatA yaha hai ki unhoMne bhAratIya samAja ke dalita varga ke utthAna tathA janmanAjAtivAda, karmakANDa va purohitavAda se mukti kA mArga prazasta kiyaa| unhoMne usa dharma kA pratipAdana kiyA jo janasAmAnya kA dharma thA aura jise karmakANDoM kI apekSA naitika sadguNoM para adhiSThita kiyA gayA thaa| cAhe unhoMne bhAratIya samaja ko purohita varga ke dhArmika zoSaNa se mukta kiyA ho, phira bhI ve videzI nahIM hai, isI mATI kI saMtAna hai, ve zata-pratizata bhAratIya haiN| unakI bhUmikA eka zalya-cikitsaka kI bhUmikA hai jo mitra kI bhUmikA hai, zatru kI nahIM / jaina aura bauddha dharma aupaniSadika dhArA kA hI eka vikAsa hai aura Aja unheM usI pariprekSya meM samajhane kI AvazyakatA hai / bhAratIya dharmoM, vizeSarUpa se aupaniSadika, bauddha aura jaina dharmoM kI jisa pArasparika prabhAvazIlatA ke adhyayana kI Aja vizeSa AvazyakatA hai, use samajhane meM prAcIna stara ke jaina Agama yathA AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, RSibhASita aura uttarAdhyayana Adi hamAre dizA nirdezaka siddha ho sakate haiN| mujhe vizvAsa hai ki ina granthoM ke adhyayana se bhAratIya vidyA ke adhyetAoM ko eka naI dizA milegI aura yaha mithyA vizvAsa dUra ho jAyegA ki jaina dharma, bauddha dharma aura hindU dharma paraspara virodhI dharma haiN| AcArAMga meM hameM aise aneka sUtra upalabdha hote haiM jo apane bhAva, zabdayojanA aura bhASAzailI kI dRSTi se aupaniSadika sUtroM ke nikaTa haiN| AcArAMga meM AtmA ke svarUpa ke sandarbha meM jo vivaraNa prastuta kiyA gayA hai vaha mANDUkyopaniSad se yathAvat milatA hai / AcArAMga meM zramaNa aura brAhmaNa kA ullekha paraspara pratispardhiyoM ke rUpa meM nahIM, apitu sahagAmiyoM ke rUpa meM hI milatA hai| cAhe AcArAMga, uttarAdhyayana Adi jainAgama hiMsaka yajJIya karmakANDa kA niSedha karate haiM, kintu ve brAhmaNoM ko bhI usI naitika evaM AdhyAtmika patha kA anugAmI mAnate haiM jisa patha para zramaNa cala rahe the| unakI dRSTi meM brAhmaNa vaha hai jo sadAcAra kA jIvanta pratIka hai| usameM aneka sthaloM para zramaNoM aura brAhmaNoM (samaNA - mAhaNA ) kA sAtha-sAtha ullekha huA hai| 11 isI prakAra sUtrakRtAMga meM yadyapi tatkAlIna dArzanika mAnyatAoM kI samIkSA hai kintu usake sAtha hI usameM aupaniSadika yuga ke aneka RSiyoM yathA videhanami bAhuka, asitadevala, dvaipAyana, pArAzara Adi kA samAdara pUrvaka ullekha huA hai / sUtrakRtAMga spaSTa rUpa se yaha svIkAra karatA hai ki yadyapi ina RSiyoM ke AcAra-niyama usakI AcAra paramparA se bhinna the, phira bhI vaha unheM apanI arhat paramparA kA hI pUjya puruSa mAnatA hai| vaha unheM mahApuruSa aura ----
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________________ 134 bhAratIya saMskRti kA samanvita svarUpa tyodhanA ke rUpa meM ullekhita karatA hai aura yaha mAnatA hai ki unhoMne siddhi arthAt jIvana ke caram sAdhya mokSa ko prApta kara liyA thaa| sUtrakRtAMgakAra kI dRSTi meM ye RSigaNa bhinna AcAramArga kA pAlana karate hue bhI usakI apanI hI paramparA ke RSi the| sUtrakRtAMga meM ina RSiyoM ko siddhi prApta kahanA tathA uttarAdhyayana meM anya liMga siddhoM kA astitva mAnanA yahI sUcita karatA hai ki prAcIna kAla meM jaina paramparA atyanta udAra thI aura yaha mAnatI thI ki mukti kA adhikAra kevala usake AcAra niyamoM kA pAlana karane vAle ko hI nahIM hai, apitu bhinna AcAra mArga kA pAlana karane vAlA bhI mukti kA adhikArI ho sakatA hai| isI saMdarbha meM yahA RSibhASita (isibhAsiyAiM) kA ullekha karanA bhI Avazyaka hai, jo jaina Agama sAhitya kA prAcInatama grantha (I.pU. cauthI zatI) hai| jaina paramparA meM isa grantha kA nirmANa usa samaya huA hogA jaba jaina dharma eka sampradAya ke rUpa meM vikasita nahIM huA thaa| isa grantha meM nArada, asitadevala, aMgIrasa, pArAzara, aruNa nArAyaNa, yAjJavalkya, uddAlaka, vidura, sAriputta, mahAkazyapa, maMkhaligosAla, saMjaya (velaThiThaputta) Adi paitAlisa RSiyoM kA ullekha hai aura ina sabhI ko arhatRSi, buddha-RSi evaM brAhmaNaRSi kahA gayA hai| RSibhASita meM inake adhyAtmika aura naitika upadezoM kA saMkalana hai| jaina paramparA meM isa grantha kI racanA isa tathya kA spaSTa saMketa hai ki aupaniSadika RSiyoM kI paramparA aura jaina paramparA kA udgama srota eka hI hai| yaha grantha na kevala jaina dharma kI dhArmika udAratA kA sUcaka hai, apitu yaha bhI batAtA hai ki sabhI bhAratIya AdhyAtmika paramparAoM kA mUla srota eka hI hai| aupaniSadika, bauddha, jaina, AjIvaka, sAMkhya, yoga Adi sabhI usI mUla srota se nikalI huI dhArAyeM haiN| jisa prakAra jaina dharma meM RSibhASita meM vibhinna paramparAoM ke upadeza saMkalita haiM, usI prakAra bauddha paramparA kI theragAthA meM bhI vibhinna paramparAoM ke jina-sthaviroM ke upadeza saMkalita haiM, unameM bhI aneka aupaniSadika evaM anya zramaNa paramparA ke AcAryoM ke ullekha haiN| jinameM eka vardhamAna (mahAvIra) bhI haiN| yaha saba isa tathya kA sUcaka hai ki bhAratIya paramparA prAcInakAla se hI udAra aura sahiSNu rahI hai aura usakI pratyeka dhArA meM yahI udAratA aura sahiSNutA pravAhita hotI rahI hai| Aja jaba hama sAmpradAyika abhinivezoM se jakar3a kara paraspara saMgharSoM meM ulajha gaye haiM ina granthoM kA adhyayana hameM eka nayI dRSTi pradAna kara sakatA hai| yadi bhAratIya sAMskRtika ciMtana kI ina dhArAoM ko eka dUsare se alaga kara dekhane kA prayatna kiyA jAyegA to hama unheM samyak rUpa se samajhane meM saphala nahIM ho skegeN| uttarAdhyayana, sUtrakRtAMga, RSibhASita aura AcArAMga ko samajhane ke lie aupaniSadika sAhitya kA adhyayana Avazyaka hai| isI prakAra upaniSadoM aura bauddha sAhitya ko bhI jaina paramparA ke adhyayana ke abhAva meM samyak prakAra se nahIM samajhA jA sakatA hai| Aja sAmpradAyika abhinivezoM se Upara uThakara taTastha evaM tulanAtmaka rUpa se satya kA anveSaNa hI eka aisA vikalpa hai jo sAmpradAyika abhiniveza se grasta mAnava ko mukti dilA sakatA hai|
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________________ paryAvaraNa ke pradUSaNa kI samasyA aura jainadharma* - pro. sAgaramala jaina tIvratA se bar3hatI huI janasaMkhyA aura upabhoktAvAdI saMskRti ke kAraNa pradUSita hote paryAvaraNa kI rakSA kA prazna Aja mAnava samAja kI eka jvalanta samasyA hai, kyoMki pradUpila hote hue paryAvaraNa ke kAraNa na kevala mAnavajAti apitu pRthvI para svayaM jIvana ke astitva ko bhI khatarA utpanna ho gayA hai| upabhoktAvAdI saMskRti ke kAraNa jIvana ke liye Avazyaka srotoM kA itanI tIvratA se aura itanI adhika mAtrA meM dohana ho rahA hai ki prAkRtika tela evaM gaisa kI bAta to dUra rahI, agalI zatAbdI meM peyajala aura siMcAI hetu pAnI milanA bhI dupkara hogaa| yahI nahIM, zaharoM meM zuddha prANavAyu ke thaile lagAkara calanA hogaa| ataH mAnavajAti ke bhAvI astitva ke liye yaha Avazyaka ho gayA hai ki paryAvaraNa ko pradUpaNa se mukta karane ke prayatna avilamba prArambha ho| yaha zubha-lakSaNa hai ki paryAvaraNa ko pradUpaNa se mukta karane kI cetanA Aja samAja ke sabhI vargoM meM jAgI hai aura isI krama meM yaha vicAra bhI ubhara kara sAmane AyA hai ki vibhinna dhArmika paramparAoM meM paryAvaraNa ko pradUSaNa se mukta rakhane ke aise kauna se nirdeza hai jinako ujAgara karake paryAvaraNa ko pradUSaNa se mukta rakhane ke sandarbha meM mAnava samAja ke vibhinna vargoM kI cetanA ko jAgRta kiyA jA ske| isa sandarbha meM yahA~ maiM jainadharma kI dRSTi se hI Apa logoM ke samakSa apane vicAra rkhuugaa| yaha eka nirvivAda tathya hai ki jainadharma meM bhogavatti ke prati saMyama, ahiMsA aura asaMgraha (aparigraha) para sarvAdhika bala diyA gayA hai| usake inhI mUlabhUta siddhAntoM ke AdhAra para jainadharma meM aise aneka AcAra niyamoM kA nirdeza haA hai, jinakA paripAlana Aja paryAvaraNa ko pradUSaNa se mukta rakhane ke liye Avazyaka hai| jainadharma ke pravartaka AcAryoM ne Aja se r3hAI hajAra varSa pUrva yaha udaghoSaNA kI thI ki na kevala prANIya jagata evaM vanaspati jagata meM jIvana kI upasthiti hai, apitu unhoMne yaha bhI kahA thA ki pRthvI, pAnI, vAyu aura agni meM bhI jIvana haiN| eka ora to ve yaha mAnate the ki pRthvI, pAnI evaM vanaspati ke Azrita hokara anekAneka prANI apanA jIvana jIte haiM, ataH inake durupayoga, vinAza yA hiMsA se unakA bhI vinAza hotA hai| dUsare ye svayaM bhI jIvana hai, kyoMki inake abhAva meM jIvana kI kalpanA bhI sambhava nahIM hai| kyA hama jala, vAyu, pRthvItattva evaM UrjA (agnitattva) ke abhAva meM jIvana kI koI kalpanA bhI kara sakate haiM ? ye to svayaM jIvana ke adhiSThAna hai| ataH inakA durUpayoga yA vinAza svayaM jIvana kA hI vinAza hai| isIliye jainadharma meM use hiMsA yA pApa kahA gayA hai| * AkAzavANI vArANasI se prasArita vArtA, navambara 1993
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________________ hindU dharma meM pRthvI, jala, agni aura vAyu ko jo deva rUpa mAnA gayA hai, usakA AdhAra bhI inakA jIvana ke adhiSThAna rUpa honA hI hai| jaina paramparA meM bhagavAna mahAvIra se pUrva bhagavAna pArzva ke kAla meM bhI pRthvI, jala, vAyu, agni aura vanaspati meM jIvana hone kI yaha avadhAraNA upasthita thI / pRthvIkAyika, jalakAyika, vAyukAyika, agnikAyika, vanaspatikAyika aura sakAyika aise SaTjIvanikAyoM kI carcA prAcIna jaina AgamoM kA pramukha viSaya rahA hai| AcArAMgasUtra ( I. pU. pA~cavI zatI) kA to prArambha hI ina SaTjIvanikAyoM ke nirUpaNa se tathA unakI hiMsA ke kAraNoM evaM unakI hiMsA se bacane ke nirdezoM kI carcA se hI hotA haiM / ina SaTjIvanikAyoM kI hiMsA nahIM karane ke sandarbha meM jaina AcAryoM ke jo nirdeza haiM, ve paryAvaraNa ko pradUSaNa se mukta rakhane kI dRSTi se Aja sarvAdhika mUlyavAna bana gaye haiN| Age hama unhIM kI carcA karegeM / - mnde 136 paryAvaraNa ke pradUSaNa kI samasyA aura jainadharma -- yaha eka anubhUta prAkRtika tathya hai eka jIvana kI abhivyakti aura avasthiti dUsare zabdoM meM usakA janma, vikAsa aura astitva dUsare jIvanoM ke Azrita hai| isase hama iMkAra bhI nahIM kara sakate haiM / kintu isa satya ko samajhane kI jIvana- dRSTiyA~ bhinna-bhinna rahI haiN| eka dRSTikoNa yaha rahA hai ki yadi eka jIvana dUsare jIvana para Azrita hai to hameM yaha adhikAra hai ki hama jIvana ke dUsare rUpoM kA vinAza karake bhI hamAre astitva ko banAye rkheN| pUrva meM 'jIvo jIvasya bhojanam' aura pazcima meM 'astittva ke liye saMgharSa (Struggle for existence ) ke siddhAnta isI dRSTikoNa ke kAraNa astittva meM Aye / inakI jIvana-dRSTi hiMsaka rhii| inhoMne vinAza se vikAsa kA mArga cunaa| Aja pUrva se pazcima taka isI jIvana-dRSTi kA bola-bAlA hai| jIvana ke dUsare rUpoM kA vinAza karake mAnava ke astittva ko bacAne ke prayatna hote rahe haiM / kintu aba vijJAna kI sahAyatA se isa jIvana-dRSTi kA khokhalApana siddha ho cukA hai aba vijJAna yaha batAtA hai ki jIvana ke dUsare rUpoM kA anavarata vinAza karake hama mAnava kA astittva bhI nahIM bacA sakate haiN| isa sambandha meM dUsarI jIvana dRSTi yaha rahI ki eka jIvana, jIvana ke dUsare rUpoM ke sahayoga para AdhArita hai -- jainAcAryoM ne isI jIvana-dRSTi kA udghoSa kiyA thaa| Aja se lagabhaga aThAraha sau varSa pUrva AcArya umAsvAti ne eka sUtra prastuta kiyA 'parasparopagraho jIvAnAmM 4 arthAt jIvana eka dUsare ke sahayoga para AdhArita hai| vikAsa kA mArga hiMsA yA vinAza nahIM paraspara sahakAra hai / eka-dUsare ke pArasparika sahakAra yA sahayoga para hI jIvana-yAtrA calatI hai / jIvana ke dUsare rUpoM ke sahakArI banakara hI hama apanA jIvana jI sakate haiM / prANI jagat pArasparika sahayoga para Azrita hai| hameM apanA jIvana jIne ke liye dUsare prANiyoM ke sahayoga kI aura dUsare prANiyoM ko apanA jIvana jIne ke liye hamAre sahayoga kI AvazyakatA hai| hameM jIvana jIne ( bhojana, prANavAyu Adi) ke liye vanaspati jagat kI AvazyakatA hai to vanaspati ko apanA jIvana jIne ke liye jala, vAyu, khAda Adi kI AvazyakatA hai| vanaspati se nimRta AksIjana, phala, anna Adi se hamArA jIvana calatA hai to hamAre dvArA nisRta kArbanaDAI AksAIDa evaM mala-mUtra Adi se unakA jIvana calatA hai| ataH jIvana jIne ke liye jIvana ke dUsare rUpoM kA sahayoga to hama le sakate haiM, kintu unake vinAza kA hameM adhikAra nahIM hai, kyoMki unake vinAza --
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________________ pro. sAgaramala jaina 137 meM hamArA bhI vinAza nihita hai| dUsare kI hiMsA vastutaH hamArI hI hiMsA hai, isaliye AcArAMga meM kahA gayA thA -- jise tU mAranA cAhatA hai, vaha to tU hI hai -- kyoMki yaha to tere astittva kA AdhAra hai|' sahayoga lenA aura dUsaroM ko sahayoga karanA yahI prANI jagat kI Adarza sthiti hai| jIvana kabhI bhI dUsaroM ke sahayoga ke binA nahIM calatA hai| jise hama dUsaroM ke sandarbha meM apanA adhikAra mAnate haiM, vahIM dUsaroM ke prati hamArA kartavya bhI hai| ise hameM nahIM bhalanA hai| sarvatra jIvana kI upasthiti kI kalpanA, usake prati ahiMsaka dRSTi kA pariNAma yaha huA ki jaina AcAryoM ne jIvana ke vividha rUpoM kI hiMsA aura unake durUpayoga ko rokane hutu AcAra ke aneka vidhi-niSedhoM kA pratipAdana kiyaa| Age hama jala pradUSaNa, vAyupradUSaNa, khAdya-sAmagrI ke pradUSaNa se bacane ke liye jainAcAryoM ne kina AcAra niyamoM kA pratipAdana kiyA hai, isakI carcA kregeN| jala pradUSaNa aura jala-saMrakSaNa jala ko pradUSaNa se mukta rakhane ke liye evaM usake sImita upayoga ke liye jaina granthoM meM aneka nirdeza upalabdha haiN| yadyapi, prAcIna kAla meM aise bar3e udyoga nahIM the, jinase bar3I mAtrA meM jala pradUSaNa ho, phira bhI jala meM alpa mAtrA meM bhI pradUpaNa na ho isakA dhyAna jaina paramparA meM rakhA gayA hai| jaina paramparA meM prAcIna kAla se avadhAraNA rahI hai ki nadI, tAlAba, kue~ Adi meM praveza karake snAna, dAtauna tathA malamUtra Adi kA visarjana nahIM karanA cAhiye, kyoMki jala meM zArIrika-maloM ke utsarga ke pariNAmasvarUpa jo vijAtIya tattva jala meM milate haiM, unase bahutAyata se jalIya jIvoM kI hiMsA hotI hai aura jala pradUpita hotA hai| jaina paramparA meM Aja bhI yaha lokokti hai ki pAnI kA upayoga ghI se bhI adhika sAvadhAnI se karanA caahiye| mujhe svayaM ve dina yAda haiM, jaba ghI ke girane para utanI pratAr3anA nahIM milatI thI, jitanI eka gilAsa pAnI ke gira jAne pr| Aja se 20-25 varSa pUrva taka jaina muni yaha niyama yA pratijJA dilAte the ki nadI, kue~ Adi meM praveza karake snAna nahIM karanA, snAna meM eka ghar3e se adhika jala kA vyaya nahIM karanA aadi| unake ye upadeza hamArI Aja kI upabhoktA saMskRti ko hAsyAspada lagate hoM, kintu bhaviSya meM jo pIne yogya pAnI kA saMkaTa Ane vAlA hai use dekhate hue, ye niyama kitane upayogI evaM mahattvapUrNa hai, ise koI bhI vyakti saralatA se samajha sakatA hai| jaina paramparA meM muniyoM ke liye to sacittajala (jIvana yukta jala) ke prayoga kA hI niSedha hai| jaina muni kevala ubalA huA garma pAnI yA anya kinhIM sAdhanoM se jIvANu rahita huA jala hI grahaNa kara sakatA hai| sAmAnya upayoga ke liye vaha aisA jala bhI le letA hai, jisakA upayoga gRhastha kara cukA ho aura use bekAra mAnakara pheMka rahA ho| gRhastha upAsaka ke liye bhI jala ke upayoga se pUrva usakA chAnanA aura sImita mAtrA meM hI usakA upayoga karanA Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| binA chanA pAnI pInA jainoM ke lie pApAcaraNa mAnA gayA hai| jala ko chAnanA apane ko pradUpita jala grahaNa se bacAnA hai aura isa prakAra vaha svAstha ke saMrakSaNa kA bhI anupama sAdhana hai| jala ke apavyaya kA mukhya kAraNa Aja hamArI upabhoktA saMskRti hai| jala kA mUlya hameM isa liye patA nahIM lagatA hai, ki prathama to vaha prakRti kA niHzulka upahAra hai dUsare Aja
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________________ 138 paryAvaraNa ke pradUSaNa kI samasyA aura jainadharma nala kI ToTI kholakara hama use binA parizrama ke pA lete haiN| yadi kuoM se svayaM jala nikAla kara aura use dUrI se ghara para lAkara isakA upayoga karanA ho to jala kA mUlya kyA hai, isakA hameM patA lge| cAhe isa yuga meM jIvanopayogI saba vastuoM ke mUlya bar3he hoM, kintu jala to sastA hI huA hai| jala kA apavyaya na ho isaliye prathama AvazyakatA yaha hai ki hama upabhoktA saMskRti se vimukha ho| jahA~ pUrva kAla meM jaMgala meM jAkara mala visarjana, dAtauna, snAna Adi kiyA jAtA, vahA~ jala kA kitanA kama upayoga hotA yaha kisI se chipA nahIM hai| punaH vaha mala evaM jala bhI jaMgala ke choTe paudhoM ke liye khAda va pAnI ke rUpa meM upayogI hotA thaa| Aja kI pA~ca sitArA hoTaloM kI saMskRti meM pratyeka vyakti pahale se pacAsa gunA adhika jala kA upayoga karatA hai| jo loga jaMgala meM mala-matra visarjana evaM nadI kinAre snAna karate the unakA jala kA vAstavika vyaya do liTara se adhika nahIM thA aura upayoga kiyA gayA jala bhI yA to paudhoM ke upayoga meM AtA thA phira miTTI aura reta se chanakara nadI meM milatA, kintu Aja pA~ca sitArA hoTala meM eka vyakti kama se kama pA~ca sau liTara jala kA apavyaya kara detA hai| yaha apavyaya hameM kahA~ le jAyegA, yaha vicAraNIya hai| vAyupradUSaNa kA prazna vAyupradUpaNa ke prazna para bhI jaina-AcAryoM kA dRSTikoNa spaSTa thaa| yadyapi prAcIna kAla meM ve aneka sAdhana, jo Aja vAyupradUSaNa ke kAraNa bane haiM, nahIM the mAtra adhika mAtrA meM dhUmra utpanna karane vAle vyavasAya hI the| dhUmra kI adhika mAtrA na kevala phaladAra per3a-paudhoM ke liye apitu anya prANiyoM aura manuSyoM ke lie kisa prakAra hAnikAraka hai, yaha bAta vaijJAnika gaveSaNAoM aura anubhavoM se siddha ho gayI hai| jaina AcAryoM ne upAsakadazAsUtra meM jaina gRhasthoM ke liye spaSTataH una vyavasAyoM kA niSedha kiyA hai, jinameM adhika mAtrA meM dhUma utpanna hokara vAtAvaraNa ko pradUSita karatA ho| vAyupradUSaNa kA eka kAraNa phaloM Adi ko sar3Akara unase zarAba Adi mAdaka padArtha banAne kA vyavasAya bhI hai| jisakA jaina gRhastha ke lie niSedha hai| vAyupradUSaNa ko rokane aura pradUSita vAyu, sUkSma kITANuoM evaM rajakaNa se bacane ke liye jainoM meM mukha vastrikA bA~dhane yA rakhane kI jo paramparA hai, vaha isa tathya kA pramANa hai ki jaina AcArya isa sambandha meM kitane sajaga the ki pradUSita vAyu aura kITANu zarIra meM mukha evaM nAsikA ke mAdhyama se praveza na kareM aura hamArA dUSita zvAsa vAyupradUSaNa na kreN| paryAvaraNa ke pradUSaNa meM Aja dhUmra chor3ane vAle vAhanoM kA prayoga bhI eka pramukha kAraNa hai| yadyapi vaijJAnika pragati ke isa yuga meM yaha bAta hAsyAspada lagegI, ki hama punaH bailagAr3I kI dizA meM lauTa jAye, kintu yadi vAtAvaraNa ko pradUSaNa se mukta rakhanA hai to hameM hamAre nagaroM aura sar3akoM ko isa dhUmra pradUSaNa se mukta rakhane kA prayAsa karanA hogaa| jaina muni ke liye Aja bhI jo padayAtrA karane aura koI bhI vAhana prayoga nahIM karane kA niyama hai vaha cAhe hAsyAspada lage, kintu paryAvaraNa ko pradUSaNa se bacAne aura mAnava svAstha kI dRSTi se vaha kitanA upayogI hai, ise jhuThalAyA nahIM jA sktaa| Aja kI hamArI upabhoktA saMskRti meM hama eka ora eka phalAMga bhI jAnA ho to vAhana kI apekSA rakhate haiM to dUsarI ora DAkTaroM ke
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________________ pro. sAgaramala jaina 139 nirdeza para pratidina pA~ca-sAta ki.mI. Tahalate bhI haiN| yaha kaisI AtmapravaMcanA hai, eka ora samaya kI bacata ke nAma para vAhanoM kA prayoga karanA to dUsarI ora prAtaHkAlIna evaM sAyaMkAlIna bhramaNoM meM apane samaya kA apavyaya krnaa| yadi manuSya madhyama AkAra ke zaharoM taka apane dainAndina kAryoM meM vAhana kA prayoga na kareM to usase doharA lAbha ho| eka ora IMdhana evaM tatsambandhI kharca bace, to dUsarI ora paryAvaraNa pradUSaNa se bce| sAtha hI usakA svAstha bhI anukUla rhegaa| prakRti kI ora lauTane kI bAta Aja cAhe paramparAvAdI lagatI ho, kintu eka dina aisA AyegA jaba yaha mAnava astitva kI eka anivAryatA hogii| Aja bhI yU.esa.e. jaise vikasita dezoM meM yaha pravRtti prArambha ho gayI hai| vanaspati jagat aura paryAvaraNa AcArAMgasatra meM vAnaspatika jIvana kI prANIya jIvana se tulanA karate hue kahA gayA hai ki jisa prakAra hama jIvana yukta haiM aura anukUla-pratikUla, sukha-duHkhAdi vividha saMvedanAoM kI anubhUti karate haiM, usI prakAra se vanaspati jagat Adi ko bhI anubhUti hotI hai| kintu jisa prakAra eka aMdhA, paMgu, mUka evaM badhira vyakti pIDA kA anubhava karate hue bhI use abhivyakta nahIM kara pAtA hai, usI prakAra vanaspati Adi anya jIva-nikAya bhI pIr3A kA anubhava to karate haiM kintu use vyakta karane meM samartha nahIM hote| ataH vyakti kA prathama kartavya yahI hai ki vaha unakI hiMsA evaM unake anAvazyaka durupayoga se bce| jisa prakAra hameM apanA jIvana-jIne kA adhikAra hai usI prakAra unheM bhI apanA jIvana-jIne kA adhikAra hai| ataH jIvana jahA~ kahIM bhI aura jisa kisI bhI rUpa meM ho unakA sammAna karanA hamArA kartavya hai| prakRti kI dRSTi meM eka paudhe kA jIvana bhI utanA hI mUlyavAna hai, jitanA eka manuSya kaa| per3a-paudhe paryAvaraNa ko pradUSaNa se mukta karane meM jitane sahAyaka haiM, utanA manuSya nahIM hai, vaha to paryAvaraNa ko pradUSita hI karatA hai| vRkSoM evaM vanoM ke saMrakSaNa tathA vanaspati ke durUpayoga se bacane ke sambandha meM bhI prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM aneka nirdeza hai| jaina paramparA meM muni ke lie to harita-vanaspati ko tor3ane va kATane kI bAta to dUra use sparza karane kA bhI niSedha thaa| gRhastha upAsaka ke liye bhI harita vanaspati ke upayoga ko yathA zakti sImita karane kA nirdeza hai| Aja bhI parva-tithiyoM meM harita-vanaspati nahIM khAne ke niyama kA pAlana aneka jaina gRhastha karate haiN| kaMda aura mUla kA bhakSaNa jaina-gRhastha ke lie niSiddha hI hai| isake pIche yaha tathya rahA ki yadi manuSya jar3o kA hI bhakSaNa karegA to paudhoM kA astittva hI khatare meM ho jAyegA aura unakA jIvana samApta ho jaayegaa| isI prakAra se usa per3a ko jisakA tanA manuSya kI bAhoM meM na A sakatA ho, kATanA manuSya kI hatyA ke barAbara doSa mAnA gayA hai| gRhastha upAsaka ke lie jina pandraha niSiddha vyavasAyoM kA ullekha hai usameM vanoM ko kATanA bhI niSiddha hai| AcArAMga meM vanaspati ke zarIra kI mAnava zarIra se tulanA karake yahI batalAyA gayA hai ki vanaspati kI hiMsA bhI prANI hiMsA ke samAna hai| isI prakAra vanoM meM Aga lagAnA, vanoM ko kATanA Adi ko gRhastha ke lie sabase bar3A pApa (mahArambha) mAnA gayA hai, kyoMki usameM na kevala vanaspati kI hiMsA hotI hai, apitu anya vanya jIvoM kI bhI hiMsA hotI hai aura paryAvaraNa pradapita hotA hai| kyoMki vana varSA aura
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________________ 140 paryAvaraNa ke pradUSaNa kI samasyA aura jainadharma paryAvaraNa ko pradUpaNa se mukta rakhane ke anupama sAdhana hai| kITanAzakoM kA prayoga Aja khetI meM jo rAsAyanika urvarakoM aura kITanAzaka davAoM kA upayoga bar3hatA jA rahA hai vaha bhI hamAre bhojana meM hone vAle pradUSaNa kA kAraNa hai| jaina paramparA meM gRhastha-upAsaka ke lie khetI kI anumati to hai, kintu kisI bhI sthiti meM kITanAzaka davAoM kA upayoga karane kI anumati nahIM hai, kyoMki usase choTe-choTe jIvoM kI uddezya pUrNa hiMsA hotI hai, jo usake lie niSiddha hai| isI prakAra gRhastha ke lie niSiddha pandraha vyavasAyoM meM vizaile padArtha kA vyavasAya bhI varjita hai| ataH vaha na to kITanAzaka davAoM kA prayoga kara sakatA hai aura na hI unakA kraya-vikraya kara sakatA hai| mahArASTra ke eka jaina kisAna ne prAkRtika pattoM, gobara Adi kI khAda se tathA kITanAzakoM ke upayoga binA hI apane khetoM meM rikArDa utpAdana karake siddha kara diyA hai ki rAsAyanika urvarakoM ke upayoga na to Avazyaka hai aura na hI vAMchanIya, kyoMki isase na kevala paryAvaraNa kA saMtulana bhaMga hotA hai aura vaha pradUSita hotA hai, apitu hamAre khAdyAnna bhI vipayukta banate haiM jo hamAre svAsthya ke liye hAnikara hote haiN| rAtribhojana niSedha aura pradUSaNamuktatA ___isI prakAra jaina paramparA meM jo rAtribhojana niSedha kI mAnyatA hai , vaha bhI pradUSaNa muktatA kI dRSTi se eka vaijJAnika mAnyatA hai, jisase pradUSita AhAra zarIra meM nahIM pahuMcatA aura svAsthya kI rakSA hotI hai| sUrya ke prakAza meM jo bhojana pakAyA aura khAyA jAtA hai vaha jitanA pradUSaNa mukta evaM svAsthya-varddhaka hotA hai, utanA rAtri ke aMdhakAra yA kRtrima prakAza meM pakAyA gayA bhojana nahIM hotA hai| yaha tathya na kevala mano-kalpanA hai, balki eka vaijJAnika satya hai| jainoM ne rAtribhojana-niSedha ke mAdhyama se paryAvaraNa aura mAnavIya svAsthya donoM ke saMrakSaNa kA prayatna kiyA hai| dina meM bhojana pakAnA aura khAnA use pradUSaNa se mukta rakhanA hai, kyoMki rAtri meM evaM kRtrima prakAza meM bhojana meM viSAkta sUkSma prANiyoM ke girane kI sambhAvanA prabala hotI hai, punaH dera rAta meM kiye gaye bhojana kA paripAka bhI samyak rUpeNa nahIM hotA hai| zikAra aura mAMsAhAra Aja jo paryAvaraNa kA saMkaTa bar3hatA jA rahA hai usameM vanya-jIvoM aura jalIya- jIvoM kA zikAra bhI eka kAraNa hai| Aja jalIya jIvoM kI hiMsA ke kAraNa jala meM pradUSaNa bar3hatA hai| yaha tathya suspaSTa hai ki machaliyA~ Adi jalIya-jIvoM kA zikAra jala-pradUSaNa kA kAraNa banatA jA rahA hai| isI prakAra kITa-pataMga evaM vanya-jIva bhI paryAvaraNa ke santulana kA bahuta bar3A AdhAra hai| Aja eka ora vanoM ke kaTa jAne se unake saMrakSaNa ke kSetra samApta hote jA rahe haiM, vahIM dUsarI ora phara, camar3e, mAMsa Adi ke lie vanya-jIvoM kA zikAra bar3hatA jA rahA hai| jaina paramparA meM koI vyakti tabhI praveza pA sakatA hai jabaki vaha zikAra va mAMsAhAra nahIM karane kA vrata letA hai| zikAra va mAMsAhAra nahIM karanA jaina gRhastha dharma meM praveza kI prathama zarta hai| matsya, mA~sa, aNDe evaM zahada kA niSedha kara jaina AcAryoM ne jIvoM ke saMrakSaNa ke lie bhI
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________________ pro. sAgaramala jaina 141 141 prAcIna kAla se hI mahattvapUrNa prayatna kiye haiN| rAsAyanika zastroM kA prayoga ___ Aja vizva meM ANavika evaM rAsAyanika zastroM meM vRddhi ho rahI hai aura unake parIkSaNoM tathA yuddha meM unake prayogoM ke mAdhyama se bhI paryAvaraNa meM asaMtulana utpanna hotA hai tathA vaha pradUpita hotA hai| inakA prayoga na kevala mAnavajAti ke lie, apitu samasta prANi-jAti ke astitva ke lie khatarA hai| Aja zastroM kI isa aMdhI daur3a meM hama na kevala mAnavatA kI, apitu isa pRthvI para prANI-jagat kI antyeSThi hetu citA taiyAra kara rahe haiN| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne isa satya ko pahale hI samajha liyA thA ki yaha daur3a mAnavatA kI sarva vinAzaka hogii| AcArAMga meM unhoMne kahA -- 'atthi satthaM pareNaparaM-natthi asatthaM pareNaparaM10 arthAt zastroM meM eka se bar3hakara eka ho sakate haiM, kintu azastra (ahiMsA) se bar3hakara kucha nahIM hai| niHzastrIkaraNa kA yaha Adeza Aja kitanA sArthaka hai yaha batalAnA Avazyaka nahIM hai| yadi hameM mAnavatA ke astittva kI cintA hai to paryAvaraNa ke santulana kA dhyAna rakhanA hogA evaM ANavika tathA rAsAyanika zastroM ke prayoga para pratibandha lagAnA hogaa| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jainadharma meM paryAvaraNa ke saMrakSaNa ke lie paryApta rUpa se nirdeza upalabdha hai| usakI dRSTi meM prAkRtika sAdhanoM, asIma dohana jinameM bar3I mAtrA meM bhU-khanana, jala-avazopaNa, vAyupradUpaNa, vanoM ke kATane Adi ke kArya hote haiM, ve mahArambha kI koTi meM Ate haiM, jisako jainadharma meM naraka-gati kA kAraNa batAyA gayA hai| jainadharma kA saMdeza hai prakRti evaM prANiyoM kA vinAza karake nahIM, apitu unakA sahayogI banakara jIvana-jInA hI manuSya kA kartavya hai| prakRti vijaya ke nAma para hamane jo prakRti ke sAtha anyAya kiyA hai, usakA daNDa hamArI santAnoM ko na bhugatanA par3e isalie Avazyaka hai ki hama na kevala vanya prANiyoM, per3a-paudhoM, apitu jala, prANavAyu, jIvana-UrjA (agni) aura jIvana adhiSThAna (pRthvI) ke sAtha bhI sahayogI banakara jIvana jInA sIkhe, unake saMhAraka banakara nahIM, kyoMki unakA saMhAra prakArAntara se apanA hI saMhAra hai| jaina AcAryoM kI paryAvaraNa ke prati vizeSa rUpa se vanaspati jagata ke prati kitanI sajagatA rahI hai, isakA patA isa tathya se calatA hai ki unhoMne apane pratyeka tIrthaMkara ke sAtha eka caitya-vRkSa ko jor3a diyA aura isa prakAra ve caitya-vRkSa bhI jainoM ke lie pratIka rUpa pUjya bana gye| samavAyAMgasUtra ke anusAra tIrthaMkaroM ke caityavRkSoM kI sUcI isa prakAra hai|1 -- 1. RSabha -- nyagrodha ( vaTa) 7. supArzva -- zirISa 2. ajita -- saptaparNa 8. candraprabha -- nAgavRkSa 3. saMbhava -- zAla 9. puNyadanta -- gAlI 4. abhinandana -- priyAla 10. zItala -- pilaMkhuvRkSa 5. sumati -- priyaMgu 11. zreyAnsa -- tinduka 6. padmaprabha -- chatrAha 12. vAsupUjya -- pATala
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________________ 13. vimala 14. ananta 15. dharma dadhipUrNa 16. zAnti -- nandIvRkSa 17. kunthu tilaka 18. ara AmravRkSa -- -- D ---- 11 -- -- tIrthaMkara RSabha baila ajita gaja jambu azvattha (pIpala) --- sambhava azva abhinandana kapi sumatinAtha -- krauMca puSpadaMta makara vAsupUjya lAMchana -- isa prakAra hama yaha bhI dekhate haiM ki jaina paramparA ke anusAra pratyeka tIrthaMkara jJAna prApti ke pazcAt azoka vRkSa kI chAyA meM baiThakara hI apanA upadeza dete haiM isase bhI unakI prakRti aura paryAvaraNa ke prati sajagatA pragaTa hotI hai| prAcInakAla meM jaina muniyoM ko vanoM meM hI rahane kA nirdeza thA, phalataH ve prakRti ke ati nikaTa hote the / kAlAntara jaba kucha jaina muni caityoM yA bastiyoM meM rahane lage to unake do vibhAga ho gaye. Vind fine 1. caityavAsI 2. vanavAsI kintu isameM bhI caityavAsI kI apekSA vanavAsI muni hI adhika AdaraNIya bane / jaina paramparA meM vanavAsa ko sadaiva hI Adara kI dRSTi se dekhA gyaa| 142 paryAvaraNa ke pradUSaNa kI samasyA aura jainadharma isIprakAra hama yaha bhI hai ki jaina tIrthaMkara pratimAoM ko eka- - dUsare se pRthak karane ke lie jina pratIka cinhoM (lAMchanoM) ko prayoga kiyA gayA hai unameM bhI vanya jIvoM yA jala-jIvoM ko hI prAthamikatA milI hai| yathA mahiSa * 19. mallI bakula 20. munisuvrata 21. nami 22. nemi 23. pArzva -- dhAtakIvRkSa * vetrasavRkSa 24. mahAvIra (vardhamAna ) -- -- vimala ananta ananta zAntinAtha -- ---- -- azoka -- -- varAha zyenapakSI rIcha kuMthuM - chAga sudrata - kUrma pArzvanAtha sarpa mahAvIra siMha --- campaka mRga zAlavRkSa ina sabhI tathyoM se yaha phalita hai ki jaina AcArya prakRti aura paryAvaraNa ke prati sajaga rahe hai tathA unake dvArA pratipAdita AcAra sambandhI vidhiniSedha paryAvaraNa ko pradUSaNa mukta rakhane meM paryApta rUpa se sahAyaka hai|
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________________ sandarbha 1. 6. taM pariNNAya mehAvI Neva saMya chajjIva-NikAya-satthaM samAraMbhejjA, NevaNNehiM chajjIva-NikAya-satthaM samArabhAvejjA, NevaNNe chajjIva-NikAya-satthaM samAraMbhaMte smnnujaannejjaa| - AyAro, AcArya tulasI, 1/176 se bemi -- saMti pANA udaya-nissiyA jIvA annegaa| - AyAro, AcArya tulasI, 1/54 dekhiye -- AyAro, dvitIya uddezaka se saptama uddezaka taka parasparopagraho jIvAnAm, tattvArthasUtra, umAsvAti, 5/21 tumaMsi nAma sacceva ja 'haMtatvaM ti mannasi, tumaMsi nAma sacceva jaM ajjAveyavvaM ti mannasi, tumaMsi nAma sacceva jaM 'paritAveyavvaM ti mannasi, tumaMsi nAma sacceva ja 'parighetavvaM ti mannasi, tumaMsi nAma sacceva jaM uddaveyavvaM ti mannasi / - AyAro, 5/10 vaNassaijIvANaM mANusseNa tulaNA padaM se bemi -- imaMpi jAidhammayaM, eyaMpi jAidhammayaM / imaMpi buDiThadhammayaM, eyaMpi buDiThadhammayaM / imaMpi cittamaMtayaM, eyapi cittamaMtayaM / imaMpi chinnaM milAti, eyapi chinnaM milaati| imaMpi AhAragaM, eyaMpi aahaarg| imaMpi aNiccayaM, eyapi aNiccayaM / imaMpi asAsayaM, eyapi asaasyN| imaMpi cayAvacaiyaM, eyapi cayAvacaiyaM / imaMpi vipariNAmadhammayaM, eyaMpi vipariNAmadhammayaM / ___- AyAro, saM. AcArya tulasI, 1/32 taM jahA -- iMgAlakamme, vaNakAme, sADIkamme, bhADIkamme, phoDIkamme, daMtavANijje, lakkhAvANijje, rasavANijje, visavANijje, kesavANijje, jaMtapIlaNakamme, nillaMchaNakamme, davaggidAvaNayA, saradahatalAyasosaNayA, asaIjaNaposaNayA / __ - upAsakadazAsUtra, saM. madhukara muni, 115 vahI, 1/5 se vAriyA itthi sarAyabhattaM 1 - sUtrakRtAMgasUtra, madhukaramuni, 1/6/379 samavAyAMgasatra. madhakaramani, pariziSTa 646 . 7. 8. 9. 10.
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________________ jainadharma aura sAmAjika samatA (varNa evaM jAti vyavasthA ke vizeSa sandarbha meM) - pro. sAgaramala jaina mAnava samAja meM strI-puruSa, sundara - asundara, buddhimAna - mUrkha, Arya-anArya, kulIna - akulIna, sparzya-asparzya, dhanI - nirdhana Adi ke bheda prAcInakAla se hI pAye jAte haiM / inameM kucha bheda to naisargika haiM aura kucha mAnava sRjita / ye mAnava sRjita bheda hI sAmAjika viSamatA ke kAraNa haiM / yaha satya hai ki sabhI manuSya, sabhI bAtoM meM eka dUsare se samAna nahIM hote, unameM rUpa-saundarya, dhana-sampadA, bauddhika vikAsa kArya kSamatA, vyavasAyika yogyatA Adi ke dRSTi se viSamatA yA taratamatA hotI hai| kintu ina viSamatAoM yA taratamatAoM ke AdhAra para athavA mAnava samAja ke kisI vyakti vizeSa ko varga vizeSa meM janma lene ke AdhAra para nimna, patita, dalita yA asparzya mAna lenA ucita nahIM hai / yaha satya hai ki manuSyoM meM vividha dRSTiyoM se vibhinnatA yA taratamatA pAyI jAtI hai aura vaha sadaiva banI bhI rahegI, kintu ise mAnava samAja meM varga- bheTa yA varNa-bheda kA AdhAra nahIM mAnA jA sakatA, kyoMki eka hI pitA ke do putroM meM aisI bhinnatA yA taratamatA dekhane meM AtI hai| hama yaha bhI dekhate haiM ki jo vyakti garIba hotA hai, vahI kAlakrama meM dhanavAna yA sampattizAlI ho jAtA hai| eka mUrkha pitA kA putra bhI buddhimAna athavA prAjJa ho sakatA hai| eka pitA ke do putroM meM eka buddhimAna to dUsarA mUrkha athavA eka sundara to dUsarA kurupa ho sakatA hai| ataH isa prakAra kI taratamatAoM ke AdhAra para manuSyoM ko sadaiva ke lie mAtra janmanA AdhAra para vibhinna vargoM yA varNoM meM bA~Ta kara nahIM rakhA jA sakatA hai| cAhe vaha dhanopArjana hetu cayanita vibhinna vyAvasAyika kSetra ho, cAhe kalA, vidyA athavA sAdhanA ke kSetra ho, hama mAnava samAja ke kisI eka varga vizeSa ko janmanA AdhAra para usakA ThekedAra nahIM mAna sakate haiM / yaha satya hai ki naisargika yogyatAoM evaM kAryoM ke AdhAra para mAnava samAja meM sadaiva hI vargabheda yA varNabheda bane rahegeM, phira bhI unakA AdhAra varga yA jAti vizeSa meM janma na hokara vyakti kI apanI svAbhAvika yogyatA ke AdhAra para apanAye gaye vyavasAya yA kArya hogeM / vyavasAya yA karma ke sabhI kSetra sabhI vyaktiyoM ke lie samAna rUpa se khule hone cAhie aura kisI bhI varga vizeSa meM janme vyakti ko bhI kisI bhI kSetra vizeSa meM praveza pAne ke adhikAra se vaMcita nahIM kiyA jAnA cAhiye yahI sAmAjika samatA kA AdhAra hai| yaha satya hai mAnava samAja meM sadaiva hI kucha zAsaka yA adhikArI aura kucha zAsita yA karmacArI hogeM, kintu yaha adhikAra kabhI mAnya nahIM ho sakatA ki adhikArI kA ayogya putra zAsaka aura karmacArI yA zAsita kA yogya putra zAsita hI banA rahe / sAmAjika samatA kA tAtparya yaha nahIM hai ki mAnava samAja meM koI bhinnatA yA taratamatA hI nahIM ho| usakA tAtparya hai ----
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________________ 145 mAnava samAja ke sabhI sadasyoM ko vikAsa ke samAna avasara upalabdha ho tathA pratyeka vyakti apanI kSamatA aura yogyatA ke AdhAra para apanA kArya kSetra nirdhArita kara ske| isa sAmAjika samatA ke sandarbha meM jahA~ taka jaina AcAryoM ke cintana kA prazna hai, unhoMne mAnava meM svAbhAvika yogyatA janya athavA pUrva karma - saMskAra janya taratamatA ko svIkArate hue bhI yaha mAnA hai ki cAhe vidyA kA kSetra ho, cAhe vyavasAya yA sAdhanA kA usameM praveza kA dvAra sabhI ke lie binA bheda-bha da-bhAva ke khule rahanA caahie| jaina dharma spaSTa rUpa se isa bAta ko mAnatA hai ki kisI jAti yA varNa-vizeSa meM janma lene se koI vyakti zreSTha yA hIna nahIM hotA / use jo hIna yA zreSTha banAtA hai, vaha hai usakA apanA puruSArtha, usakI apanI sAdhanA, sadAcAra aura karma / hama jainoM ke isI dRSTikoNa ko agrima pRSThoM meM sapramANa prastuta karane kA prayatna karegeM / janmanA varNa-vyavasthA eka asamIcIna avadhAraNA jaina AcArya zruti ke isa kathana ko svIkAra nahIM karate haiM ki brAhmaNoM kI utpatti brahmA ke mukha se, kSatriya kI bAhu se, vaizyoM kI jaMghA se aura zUdra kI pairoM se huI hai| cU~ki mukha zreSTha aMga haiM, ataH ina sabameM brAhmaNa hI zreSTha hai / brahmA ke zarIra ke vibhinna aMgoM se janma ke AdhAra para brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya evaM zUdra aisI varNa-vyavasthA jaina cintakoM ko svIkAra nahIM hai| unakA kahanA hai ki sabhI manuSya strI-yoni se hI utpanna hote haiM / ataH sabhI samAna hai| 2 punaH ina aMgoM meM se kisI ko zreSTha evaM uttama aura kisIme nikRSTa yA hIna mAnakara varNa-vyavasthA meM zreSThatA evaM hInatA kA vidhAna nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki zarIra ke sabhI aMga samAna mahattva ke haiN| isI prakAra zArIrika varNoM kI bhinnatA ke AdhAra para kiyA gayA brAhmaNa Adi jAtiyoM kA vargIkaraNa bhI jainoM ko mAnya nahIM hai / jainadharma aura sAmAjika samatA AcArya jaTAsiMha nandi ne apane varAMga-carita meM isa bAta kA vistAra se vivecana kiyA hai ki zArIrika vibhinnatAoM yA varNoM ke AdhAra para kiyA jAne vAlA jAti sambandhI vargIkaraNa mAtra pazu-pakSI Adi ke viSaya meM hI satya ho sakatA hai, manuSyoM ke sandarbha meM nahIM / vanaspati evaM pazu-pakSI Adi meM jAti kA vicAra sambhava hai, kintu manuSya ke viSaya meM yaha vicAra saMbhava nahIM hai, kyoMki sabhI manuSya samAna hai| manuSyoM kI eka hI jAti hai| na to sabhI brAhmaNa zubhra varNa ke hote haiM, na sabhI kSatriya rakta varNa, na sabhI vaizya pIta varNa ke aura na sabhI zUdra kRSNa varNa ke hote haiM / ataH janma ke AdhAra para jAti va varNa kA nizcaya sambhava nahIM hai / 3 samAja meM U~ca-nIca kA AdhAra kisI varNa vizeSa yA jAti vizeSa meM janma lenA nahIM mAnA jA sakatA / na kevala jaina paramparA, apitu hindU paramparA meM bhI aneka udAharaNa hai jahA~ nimna varNoM se utpanna vyakti bhI apanI pratibhA aura AcAra ke AdhAra para zreSTha kahalAye / brAhmaNoM kI zreSThatA para prazna cinha lagAte hue vaMrAga - carita' meM jaTAsiMha nandi kahate haiM ki "jo brAhmaNa svayaM rAjA kI kRpA ke AkAMkSI haiM aura unake dvArA anuzAsita hokara unake anugraha kI apekSA rakhate haiM, aise dIna brAhmaNa nRpoM (kSatriyoM) se kaise zreSTha kahe jA sakate haiN| dvija brahmA ke mukha se nirgata hue ataH zreSTha haiM yaha vacana kevala apane svArthoM kI pUrti ke lie --
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________________ pro. sAgaramala jaina 146 kahA gayA hai| brAhamaNa pratidina rAjAoM kI stuti karate haiM aura unake lie svasti pATha evaM zAnti pATha karate haiM, lekina vaha saba bhI dhana kI AzA se hI kiyA jAtA hai,ataH aise brAhmaNa AptakAma nahIM mAne jA sakate haiN| phalataH inakA apanI zreSThatA kA dAvA mithyA hai| jisa prakAra naTa raMgazAlA meM kArya sthiti ke anurUpa vicitra vezabhUSA ko dhAraNa karatA hai usI prakAra yaha jIva bhI saMsAra rUpI raMgamaMca para karmoM ke anusAra bhinna-bhinna rUpoM ko prApta hotA hai| tattvataH AtmA na brAhmaNa hai, na kSatriya, na vaizya aura na zUdra hii| vaha to apane hI pUrva karmoM ke vaza meM hokara saMsAra meM vibhinna syoM meM janma grahaNa karatA hai| yadi zarIra ke AdhAra para hI kisI ko brAhmaNa, kSatriya kahA jAya, to yaha bhI ucita nahIM hai| vijJa-jana deha ko nahIM, jJAna ( yogyatA) ko hI brahma kahate haiN| ataH nikRSTa kahA jAne vAlA zUdra bhI jJAna yA prajJA-kSamatA ke AdhAra para vedAdhyayana karane kA pAtra ho sakatA hai| vidyA, AcaraNa evaM sadguNa se rahita vyakti jAti vizeSa meM janma lene mAtra se brAhmaNa nahIM ho jAtA, apitu apane jJAna, sadguNa Adi se yukta hokara hI brAhmaNa hotA hai| vyAsa, vaziSTha, kamaTha, kaMTha, droNa, pArAzara Adi apane janma ke AdhAra para nahIM, apitu apane sadAcaraNa evaM tapasyA se hI brAhmaNatva ko prApta hue the| ataH brAhmaNatva Adi sadAcAra aura kartavyazIlatA para AdhArita hai -- janma para nhiiN| saccA brAhmaNa kauna ? jaina paramparA ne sadAcaraNa ko hI mAnavIya jIvana meM uccatA aura nimnatA kA pratimAna mAnA hai| uttarAdhyayana sUtra ke paccIsaveM adhyAya evaM dhamma pada ke brAhmaNa varga nAmaka adhyAya meM saccA brAhmaNa kauna hai, isakA vistAra se vivecana upalabdha hai| vistAra bhaya se usakI samagra carcA meM na jAkara kevala kucha gAthAoM ko prastuta kara hI virAma legeN| usameM kahA gayA hai ki "jise loka meM kuzala puruSoM ne brAhmaNa kahA hai, jo agni ke samAna sadA pUjyanIya hai aura jo priyajanoM ke Ane para Asakta nahIM hotA aura na unake jAne para zoka karatA hai| jo sadA Arya-vacana meM ramaNa karatA hai, use brAhmaNa kahate haiN|" "kasauTI para kase hue aura agni ke dvArA dAdhamala hue, zuddha kiye gae jAta rUpa sone kI taraha jo vizuddha hai, jo rAga dveSa aura bhaya se mukta hai, tathA jo tapasvI haiM, kRza hai, dAnta hai, jisakA mAMsa aura rakta apacita (kama) ho gayA hai, jo suvrata hai, zAMta hai, use hI brAhmaNa kahA jAtA hai|" jo trasa aura sthAvara jIvoM ko samyak prakAra se jAnakara unakI mana, vacana aura kAyA se hiMsA nahIM karatA hai, jo krodha, hAsya, lobha athavA bhaya se jhUTha nahIM bolatA, jo sacitta yA acitta, thoDA yA adhika adatta nahIM letA hai, jo deva, manuSya aura tiryaMca sambandhI maithuna kA mana, vacana aura zarIra se sevana nahIM karatA hai, jisa prakAra jala meM utpanna huA kamala jala se lipta nahIM hotA, usI prakAra jo kAmabhogoM se alipta rahatA hai, use hama brAhmaNa kahate haiN|" isI prakAra jo rasAdi meM lolapa nahIM hai, jo nirdoSa bhikSA se jIvana kA nirvAha karatA hai,
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________________ 147 jainadharma aura sAmAjika samatA jo gRha tyAgI hai, jo aMkicana hai, pUrvajJAtijanoM evaM bandhu-bAndhavoM meM Asakta nahIM rahatA hai, use hI brAhmaNa kahate hai|" dhammapada meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki "jaise kamala patra para pAnI hotA hai, jaise Are kI noMka para sarasoM kA dAnA hotA hai, vaise hI jo kAmoM meM lipta nahIM hotA, jisane apane duHkhoM ke kSaya ko yahIM para dekha liyA hai, jisane janma-maraNa ke bhAra ko utAra diyA hai, jo sarvathA anAsakta hai, jo medhAvI hai, sthitaprajJa hai, jo sanmArga tathA kumArga ko jAnane meM kuzala haiM aura jo nirvANa kI uttama sthiti ko pahuMca cukA hai -- use hI maiM brAhamaNa kahatA huuN|"6 isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaina evaM bauddha donoM paramparAoM ne hI sadAcAra ke AdhAra para brAhmaNatva kI zreSThatA kA svIkAra karate hue, brAhmaNa kI eka naI paribhASA prastuta kI,jo sadAcAra aura sAmAjika samatA kI pratiSThApaka thii| na kevala jaina paramparA evaM bauddha-paramparA meM, varan mahAbhArata meM bhI brAhmaNatva kI yahI paribhASA hai| jaina paramparA ke uttarAdhyayana sUtra bauddha-paramparA ke dhammapada aura mahAbhArata ke zAntiparva meM sacce brAhmaNa ke svarUpa kA jo vivaraNa milatA hai, vaha na kevala vaicArika sAmyatA rakhatA hai, varan usameM zAbdika sAmyatA bhI adhika hai, jo ki tulanAtmaka adhyayana kI dRSTi se bahuta mahattvapUrNa hai| saccA brAhmaNa kauna hai ? isa viSaya meM 'kumArapAla prabodha prabandha meM manusmRti evaM mahAbhArata se kucha zloka uddhRta karake yaha batAyA gayA hai ki -- "zIla sampanna zUdra bhI brAhmaNatva ko prApta ho jAtA hai aura sadAcAra rahita brAhmaNa bhI zUdra ke samAna ho jAtA hai| ataH sabhI jAtiyoM meM cANDAla aura sabhI jAtiyoM meM brAhamaNa hote haiN| he arjuna ! jo brAhmaNa kRSi, vANijya, gorakSA evaM rAjya kI sevA karate haiM, ve vastutaH brAhmaNa nahIM haiN| jo bhI dvija hiMsaka, asatyavAdI, cauryakarma meM lipta, paradAra sevI haiN| ve sabhI patita (zUdra) haiN| isake viparIta brahmacarya aura tapa se yukta lauha va svarNa meM samAna bhAva rakhane vAle, prANiyoM ke pratidayAvAna sabhI jAti ke vyakti brAhmaNa hI haiN| sacce brAhamaNa ke lakSaNa batAte hue kahA gayA hai --"jo vyakti kSamAzIla Adi guNoM se yukta ho, jisane sabhI daNDoM ( parapIDana) kA parityAga kara diyA hai, jo nirAmiSa-bhojI hai aura kisI bhI prANi kI hiMsA nahIM karatA -- yaha kisI vyakti ke brAhmaNa hone kA prathama lakSaNa hai| isI prakAra jo kabhI asatya nahIM bolatA, mithyAvacanoM se dUra rahatA hai -- yaha brAhamaNa kA dvitIya lakSaNa hai| punaH jisane paradravya kA tyAga kara diyA hai tathA jo adatta ko grahaNa nahIM karatA, yaha usake brAhmaNa hone kA tRtIya lakSaNa hai| jo deva, asura, manuSya tathA pazuoM ke prati maithuna kA sevana nahIM karatA -- vaha usake brAhmaNa hone kA caturtha lakSaNa hai| jisane kuTumba kA vAsa arthAt gRhasthAzrama kA tyAga kara diyA ho, jo parigraha aura Asakti se rahita hai, yaha brAhmaNa hone kA paMcama lakSaNa hai| jo ina pA~ca lakSaNoM se yukta hai vahIM brAhmaNa hai, dvija hai aura mahAna hai, zeSa to zUdravat hai| kevaTa kI putrI ke garbha se utpanna vyAsa nAmaka mahAmuni hue haiN| isI prakara hariNI ke garbha se utpanna zrRMga RSi, zunakI ke garbha se zuka, mANDkI ke garbha se mAMDavya tathA urvazI ke garbha se utpanna vaziSTha mahAmuni hue| na to ina sabhI
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________________ pro. sAgaramala jaina 148 RSiyoM kI mAtA brAhmaNI haiM, na ye saMskAra se brAhmaNa hue the ; apitu ye sabhI tapa sAdhanA yA sadAcAra se brAhmaNa hue haiN| isalie brAhmaNa hone meM jAti vizeSa meM janma kAraNa nahIM hai, apitu tapa yA sadAcAra hI kAraNa haiN|" karmaNA varNa-vyavasthA jainoM ko bhI svIkArya jaina paramparA meM varNa kA AdhAra janma nahIM, apitu karma mAnA gayA hai| jaina vicAraNA janmanA jAtivAda kI virodhI hai, kintu karmaNA varNavyavasthA se usakA koI saiddhAntika virodha nahIM hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki -- "manuSya karma se brAhmaNa, karma se kSatriya evaM karma se hI vaizya evaM zUdra hotA hai| mahApurANa meM kahA gayA hai ki jAtinAma karma ke udaya se to manuSya jAti eka hI hai| phira bhI AjIvikA bheda se vaha cAra prakAra kI kahI gaI hai| vratoM ke saMskAra se brAhmaNa, zastroM ko dhAraNa karane se kSatriya, nyAyapUrvaka artha kA upArjana karane se vaizya aura nimna zreNI kI AjIvikA kA Azraya lene se zUdra kahe jAte haiN| dhana-dhAnya Adi sampatti evaM makAna mila jAne para guru kI AjJA se alaga se AjIvikA arjana karane se varNa kI prApti yA varNa lAbha hotA hai [38/45-46,137] / isa kA tAtparya yahI hai ki varNa yA jAti sambandhI bheda janma para nahIM, AjIvikA yA vRtti para AdhArita hai| bhAratIya varNa vyavasthA ke pIche eka manovaijJAnika AdhAra rahA hai ki vaha vaiyaktika- yogyatA arthAt svabhAva ke AdhAra para hI vyakti ke sAmAjika dAyitvoM (karmoM) kA nirdhAraNa karatI hai| jisase iMkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| apanI svAbhAvika yogyatA ke AdhAra para sAmAjika dAyitvoM kA nirvAha karane kA sarmathana DaoN. rAdhAkRSNan aura pAzcAtya vicAraka zrI gairalDa harDa ne bhI kiyA hai| mAnavIya svabhAva meM jJAnAtmakatA yA jijJAsA- vRtti, sAhasa yA netRtva-vRtti, saMgrahAtmakatA aura zAsita hone kI pravRtti yA sevA bhAvanA pAyI jAtI hai| sAmAnyataH manuSyoM meM ina vRttiyoM kA samAna rUpa se vikAsa nahIM hotA hai| pratyeka manuSya meM inameM se kisI eka kA pradhAnya hotA hai| dUsarI ora sAmAjika dRSTi se samAja-vyavasthA meM cAra-pramukha kArya haiM -- 1. zikSaNa 2. rakSaNa 3. upArjana aura 4. sevaa| ataH yaha Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai ki vyakti apane svabhAva meM jisa vRtti kA pradhAnya ho, usake anusAra sAmAjika vyavasthA meM apanA kArya cuneN| jisameM buddhi nairmalya aura jijJAsAvRtti ho, vaha zikSaNa kA kArya kare, jisameM sAhasa aura netRtva vRtti ho vaha rakSaNa kA kArya kare, jisameM viniyoga tathA saMgraha-vRtti ho vaha upArjana kA kArya kareM aura jisameM dainyavRtti yA sevAvRtti ho vaha sevA kArya kre| isa prakAra jijJAsA, netRtva, viniyoga aura dainya kI svAbhAvika vRttiyoM ke AdhAra para zikSaNa, rakSaNa upArjana aura sevA ke sAmAjika kAryoM kA vibhAjana kiyA gayA aura isI AdhAra para kramazaH brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya aura zUdra ve varNa bne| ataH varNa vyavasthA janma para nahIM, apitu svabhAva (guNa) evaM tadanusAra karma para AdhArita hai| vAstava meM hinda AcAra-darzana meM bhI varNa-vyavasthA janma para nahIM, varana karma para hI
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________________ 149 AdhArita hai| gItA meM zrI kRSNa spaSTa kahate haiM ki cAturvarNya vyavasthA kA nirmANa guNa aura karma ke AdhAra para hI kiyA gayA hai| 11" DaoN. rAdhAkRSNana, isakI vyAkhyA meM likhate haiM, "yahA~ jora guNa aura karma para diyA gayA hai, jAti (janma) para nhiiN| hama kisa varNa ke haiM, yaha bAta liMga yA janma para nirbhara nahIM hai apitu svabhAva aura vyavasAya dvArA nirdhArita hotI hai| 12 yudhiSThira kahate haiM, "tattvajJAniyoM kI dRSTi meM kevala AcAraNa (sadAcAra) hI jAti kA nirdhAraka tattva hai / brAhmaNa na janma se hotA hai, na saMskAra se, na kula se aura na veda ke adhyayana se, brAhmaNa kevala vrata (AcaraNa) se hotA hai| "13 vaNa prAcInakAla meM varNa-vyavasthA kaThora nahIM thI, apitu lacIlI thI / varNa parivartana kA adhikAra vyakti ke apane hAtha meM thA, kyoMki AcaraNa yA karma ke cayana dvArA parivartita ho jAtA thA / upaniSadoM meM varNita satyakAma jAbAla kI kathA isakA udAharaNa hai| satyakAma jAbAla kI satyavAditA ke AdhAra para hI use brAhmaNa mAna liyA gayA thaa| 14 manusmRti meM bhI varNa parivartana kA vidhAna hai, usameM likhA hai ki sadAcAra ke kAraNa zUdra brAhmaNa ho jAtA hai aura durAcAra ke kAraNa brAhmaNa zUdra ho jAtA hai| yahI bAta kSatriya aura vaizya ke sambandha me bhI hai| 15 AdhyAtmika dRSTi se koI eka varNa dUsare varNa se zreSTha nahIM hai, kyoMki AdhyAtmika vikAsa varNa para nirbhara nahIM hotA hai / vyakti svabhAvAnukUla kisI bhI varNa ke niyata karmoM kA sampAdana karate hue AdhyAtmika pUrNatA yA siddhi ko prApta kara sakatA hai| koI bhI kartavya karma-hIna nahIM hai jainadharma aura sAmAjika samatA samAja vyavasthA meM apane kartavya ke nirvAha hetu aura AjIvikA ke upArjana hetu vyakti ko kauna sA vyavasAya yA karma cunanA cAhie, yaha bAta usakI yogyatA athavA svabhAva para hI nirbhara karatI hai| yadi vyakti apane guNoM yA yogyatAoM ke pratikUla vyavasAya yA sAmAjika karttavya ko cunatA hai, to usake isa cayana se jahA~ usake jIvana kI saphalatA dhUmila hotI hai vahIM samAja-vyavasthA bhI asta-vyasta hotI hai| AdhyAtmika zreSThatA isa bAta para nirbhara nahIM hai ki vyakti kyA kara rahA hai yA kina sAmAjika karttavyoM kA pAlana kara rahA hai, varan isa bAta para nirbhara hai ki vaha unakA pAlana kisa niSThA aura yogyatA ke sAtha kara rahA hai| yadi eka zUdra apane karttavyoM kA pAlana pUrNa niSThA aura kuzalatA se karatA hai, to vaha anaiSThika aura akuzala brAhmaNa kI apekSA AdhyAtmika dRSTi se zreSTha hai| gItA bhI spaSTatayA yaha svIkAra karatI hai ki vyakti sAmAjika dRSTi se svasthAna ke nimnastarIya karmoM kA sampAdana karate hue bhI AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI dRSTi se U~cAiyoM para pahu~ca sakatA hai| viziSTa sAmAjika kartavyoM ke paripAlana se vyakti zreSTha yA hIna nahIM bana jAtA hai, usakI zreSThatA aura hInatA kA sambandha to usake sadAcaraNa evaM AdhyAtmika vikAsa se hai| digambara jaina AcArya samantabhadra ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra meM likhate haiM samyak - darzana se yukta cANDAla zarIra meM utpanna vyakti bhI tIrthaMkaroM ke dvArA brAhmaNa hI kahA gayA hai| 15 isI prakAra AcArya ravipeNa bhI padmacarita meM likhate haiM ki -- koI bhI jAti garhita nahIM
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________________ pro. sAgaramala jaina 150 hai vastutaH guNa hI kalyANa kAraka hote haiN| jAti se koI vyakti cAhe cANDAla kula meM hI utpanna kyoM na ho, vrata meM sthita hone para aise cANDAla ko bhI tIrthaMkaroM ne brAhmaNa hI kahA hai|17 ataH brAhmaNatva janma para nahIM karma/sadAcAra para AdhArita hai| jaina muni cauthamala jI nirgrantha pravacana bhASya17 meM likhate haiM ki " eka vyakti duHzIla, ajJAnI va prakRti se tamoguNI hone para bhI amuka varNa meM janma ke kAraNa samAja meM U~cA va AdaraNIya samajhA jAya va dUsarA vyakti suzIla, jJAnI va satoguNI hone para bhI kevala janma ke kAraNa nIca va tiraskRta samajhA jAya, yaha vyavasthA samAja ghAtaka hai aura manuSya kI garimA va vivekazIlatA para prazna cinha lagAtI hai| itanA hI nahIM aisA mAnane se na kevala samAja ke bahusaMkhyaka bhAga kA apamAna hotA hai, pratyuta sadAcAra va sadguNa kA bhI apamAna hotA hai| isa vyavasthA ko aMgIkAra karane se durAcArI, sadAcArI se Upara uTha jAtA hai| ajJAna-jJAna para vijayI hotA hai tathA tamoguNa satoguNa ke sAmane AdarAspada bana jAtA hai| yaha aisI sthati hai jo guNa grAhaka vivekIjanoM ko sahya nahIM ho sakatI hai|18 vAstavikatA to yaha hai ki kisI jAti vizeSa meM janma grahaNa karane kA mahattva nahIM hai, mahattva hai vyakti ke naitika sadAcaraNa aura vAsanAoM para saMyama kaa| jaina vicAraNA yaha to svIkAra karatI haiM ki loka vyavahAra yA AjIvikA hetu pratyeka vyakti ko ruci va yogyatA ke AdhAra para kisI na kisI kArya kA cayana to karanA hogaa| yaha bhI ThIka hai ki vibhinna prakAra ke vyavasAyoM yA kAryoM ke AdhAra para sAmAjika vargIkaraNa bhI hogaa| isa vyavasAyika yA sAmAjika vyavasthA ke kSetra meM hone vAle vargIkaraNa meM na kisI ko zreSTha, na kisI ko hIna kahA jA sakatA hai| jainAcAryoM ke anusAra manuSya yA prANIvarga kI sevA kA koI bhI kArya hIna nahIM hai| yahA~ taka mala-mUtra kI saphAI karane vAlA kahIM adhika zreSTha hai| jaina paramparA meM nandiSeNamuni ke sevAbhAva kI gaurava gAthA lokavizruta hai| jaina paramparA meM kisI vyavasAya yA karma ko tabhI hIna mAnA gayA hai, jaba vaha vyavasAya yA karma-hiMsaka yA krUratApUrNa kAryoM se yukta ho| jainAcAryoM ne jina jAtiyoM yA vyavasAyoM ko hIna kahA hai ve haiM -- zikArI, badhika, cir3ImAra, macchImAra aadi| kisI vyakti kI zreSThatA kA AdhAra AjIvikA hetu cunA gayA vyavasAya na hokara usakA AdhyAtmika vikAsa yA sadguNoM kA vikAsa hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA hai ki sAkSAta tapa (sAdhanA) kA hI mahattva dikhAyI detA hai, jAti kA kucha bhI nhiiN| cANDAla- putra harakezI muni ko dekho jinakI prabhAvazAlI Rddhi hai| mAnavIya samatA jainadharma kA mukhya AdhAra hai| usameM harakezIbala jaise cANDAla, arjunamAlI jaise mAlAkAra, pUniyA jaise dhUniyA aura zakaDAla putra jaise kumbhakAra kA bhI vahI sthAna hai, jo sthAna usameM indrabhUti jaise vedapAThI brAhmaNa putra, dazArNabhadra evaM zreNika jaise kSatriya nareza, dhannA va zAlibhadra jaise samRddha zreSThI ratnoM kA hai| AtmadarzI sAdhaka jaise puNyavAna vyakti ko dharma upadeza karatA hai, vaise hI tuccha (vipanna daridra) ko bhI dharma upadeza karatA hai|20 sanmArga kI sAdhanA meM sabhI mAnavoM ko samAna adhikAra prApta hai / dhanI-nirdhana, rAjA-prajA aura brAhmaNa-zUdra kA bheda jaina dharma ko mAnya nahIM hai|
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________________ 151 jainadharma aura sAmAjika samatA jainadharma meM varNa evaM jAti vyavasthA kA aitihAsika vikAsakrama mUlataH jainadharma varNavyavasthA evaM jAtivyavasthA ke viruddha khar3A huA thA, kintu kAlakrama meM bRhat hindU-samAja ke prabhAva se usameM bhI varNa evaM jAti sambandhI avadhAraNAyeM praviSTa ho gii| jaina paramparA meM jAti aura varNa vyavasthA ke udbhava evaM aitihAsika vikAsa kA vivaraNa sarvaprathama AcArAMganiyukti (lagabhaga IsvI santIsarI zatI) meM prApta hotA hai usake anusAra prArambha meM manuSya jAti eka hI thiiN| RSabha ke dvArA rAjya-vyavasthA kA prArambha hone para usake do vibhAga ho gaye -- 1. zAsaka ( svAmI) aura 2. zAsita (sevk)| usake pazcAt zilpa aura vANijya ke vikAsa ke sAtha usake tIna vibhAga hue -- 1. kSatriya (zAsaka), 2. vaizya (kRSaka evaM vyavasAyI) aura 3. zUdra (sevk)| usake pazcAt zrAvaka dharma kI sthApanA hone para ahiMsaka, sadAcArI aura dharmaniSTha vyaktiyoM ko brAhmaNa (mAhaNa) kahA gyaa| isaprakAra kramazaH cAra varNa astitva meM aaye| ina cAra vargoM ke strI-puruSoM ke samavarNIya tathA antarvIya anuloma evaM pratiloma saMyogo se solahavarNa bane, jinameM sAtavarNa aura nau antaravarNa khlaae| sAta varNa meM samavarNIya strI-puruSa ke saMyoga se cAra mUla varNa tathA brAhmaNa puruSa evaM kSatriya strI ke saMyoga se utpanna, kSatriya puruSa aura vaizya strI ke saMyoga se utpanna aura vaizya puruSa aura zUdra strI ke saMyoga se utpanna aise anuloma saMyoga se utpanna tInavarNa AcAgaMgacUrNi ( IsA kI 7vIM zatI) meM ise spaSTa karate hue batAyA gayA hai ki brAhmaNa puruSa evaM kSatrANI ke saMyoga se jo santAna hotI hai vaha uttama kSatriya, zuddha kSatriya yA saMkara kSatriya kahI jAtI hai, yaha pA~cavA varNa hai| isI prakAra kSatriya puruSa aura vaizya strI se utpanna santAna uttama vaizya, zuddha vaizya yA saMkara vaizya kahI jAtI hai, yaha chaThA varNa hai tathA vaizya puruSa evaM zUdra-strI ke saMyoga se utpanna santAna zuddha zUdra yA saMkarazUdra kahI jAtI hai, yaha sAtavA~ varNa hai| punaH anuloma aura pratiloma sambandhoM ke AdhAra para nimna nau antara-varNa bne| brAhmaNa puruSa aura vaizya strI se 'ambaSTha' nAmaka AThavA~ varNa utpanna huaa| kSatriya puruSa aura zUdrA strI se 'ugra' nAmaka navA~ varNa huaa| brAhmaNa puruSa aura zUdrA strI se 'niSAda nAmaka dasavA~ varNa utpanna huaa| zUdra puruSa aura vaizya strI se 'ayoga' nAmaka gyArahavA~ varNa utpanna huaa| kSatriya aura brAhmaNI se 'sUta' nAmaka terahavA~ varNa huaa| zUdra puruSa aura kSatriya strI se 'kSatrA' (khattA) nAmaka caudahavA~ varNa utpanna huaa| vaizya puruSa aura brAhmaNa strI ke saMyoga se 'vaideha nAmaka pandrahavA~ varNa utpanna huA aura zUdra puruSa tathA brAhmaNa strI ke se 'cANDAla nAmaka solahavA~ varNa huaa| isake pazcAt ina solaha vargoM meM paraspara anuloma evaM pratiloma saMyoga se aneka jAtiyA~ astitva meM aayiiN|21" uparokta vivaraNa meM hama yaha dekhate haiM ki jaina dharma ke AcAryoM ne bhI kAla-krama meM jAti aura varNa kI utpatti ke sandarbha meM hindU paramparA kI vyavasthAoM ko apane DhaMga se saMzodhita kara svIkAra kara liyaa| lagabhaga sAtavIM sadI meM dakSiNa bhArata meM hue AcArya jinasena ne lokApavAda ke bhaya se tathA jaina dharma kA astitva aura sAmAjika sammAna banAye rakhane ke lie hindU varNa evaM jAtivyavasthA ko isa prakAra AtmasAta kara liyA ki isa sambandha meM jainoM kA jo vaiziSTya thA, vaha prAyaH samApta ho gyaa| jinasena ne sarvaprathama yaha batAyA ki Adi brahmA
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________________ pro. sAMgaramala jaina 152 RSabhadeva ne SaTkarmoM kA upadeza dene ke pazcAt tIna varNoM ( kSatriya, vaizya aura zUdra) kI sRSTi kii| isI grantha meM Age yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki jo kSatriya aura vaizya varNa kI sevA karate haiM ve zadra haiN| inake do bheda haiM -- kAra aura akaaru| punaH kAru ke bhI do bheda hai -- spRzya aura aspRzya hai| dhobI, nApita Adi spRzya zudra haiM aura caNDAla Adi jo nagara ke bAhara rahate haiM ve asparzva zUdra haiM (AdipurANa 16/184-186 ) / zUdroM ke kAra aura akAra tathA spRzya evaM aspRzya-- ye bheda sarvaprathama kevala purANakAra jinasena kiye haiN|22 unake pUrvavartI anya kisI jaina AcArya ne isa prakAra ke bhedoM ko mAnya nahIM kiyA hai| kintu hindU samAja vyavasthA se prabhAvita ho bAda ke jaina AcAryoM ne ise prAyaH mAnya kiyaa| SaTprAmRta ke TIkAkAra zrutasAgara ne bhI isa spRzya-aspRzya kI carcA kI haiN| yadyapi purANakAra ne zUdroM ko ekazATakavrata arthAt kSullakadIkSA kA adhikAra mAnya kiyA thA, kintu bAda ke digambara jaina AcAryoM ne usameM bhI kamI kara dii| zvetAmbara paramparA meM sthAnAMgasUtra (3/202) ke mUlapATha meM to kevala rogI, bhayArta aura napuMsaka kI muni dIkSA kA niSedha thA, kintu paravartI TIkAkAroM caNDAlAdi jAti juMgita aura vyAdhAdi karmajaMgita logoM ko dIkSA dene kA niSedha kara diyaa|24 phira bhI yaha saba jaina dharma kI mUla paramparA ke to viruddha hI thaa| jAtIya ahaMkAra mithyA hai jainadharma meM jAtIya mada aura kula mada ko nindita mAnA gayA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke pUrva-jIvanoM kI kathA meM yaha carcA AtI hai ki mArIci ke bhava meM unhoMne apane kula kA ahaMkAra kiyA thA,phalataH unheM nimna bhikSuka kula arthAt brAhmaNI mAtA ke garbha meM AnA par3A hai| AcArAMga meM ve svayaM kahate haiM ki yaha AtmA aneka bAra uccagotra ko aura aneka bAra nIca gotra ko prApta ho cukA hai| isalie vastutaH na to koI hIna/ nIca hai, aura na koI atirikta/ vizeSa/ucca hai| sAdhaka isa tathya ko jAnakara uccagotra kI spRhA na kreN| ukta tathya ko jAna lene para bhalA kauna gotravAdI hogA ? kauna uccagotra kA ahaMkAra karegA ? aura kauna kisa gotra/jAti vizeSa meM Asakta citta hogA ?25 isaliye vivekazIla manuSya uccagotra prApta hone para harSita na hoM aura na nIcagotra prApta hone para kupita/duHkhI ho| yadyapi jainadharma meM uccagotra evaM nimnagotra kI carcA upalabdha hai| kintu gotra kA sambandha pariveza ke acche yA bure hone se hai| gotra kA sambandha jAti athavA spRzyatA-aspRzyatA ke sAtha jor3anA bhrAnti hai| jaina karma siddhAnta ke anusAra devagati meM ucca gotra kA udaya hotA hai aura tiryaMca mAtra meM nIca gotra kA udaya hotA hai, kintu devayoni meM bhI kilviSika deva nIca evaM aspRzyavata hote haiN| isake viparIta aneka nimna gotra meM utpanna pazu jaise -- gAya, ghor3A, hAthI bahuta kI sammAna kI dRSTi se dekhe jAte haiN| ve aspRzya nahIM mAne jaate| ataH uccagotra meM utpanna vyakti bhI hIna aura nIcagotra meM utpanna vyakti bhI ucca ho sakatA hai| ataH gotravAda kI dhAraNA ko pracalita jAtivAda tathA spRzyAspRzya kI dhAraNA ke sAtha nahIM jor3anA caahie| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne prastuta sUtra meM jAti-mada, gotra-mada Adi ko nirasta karate hue yaha spaSTa kaha diyA hai ki " jaba AtmA aneka bAra ucca-nIca gotra kA
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________________ 153 jainadharma aura sAmAjika samatA sparza kara cukA hai, kara rahA hai taba phira kauna U~cA hai ? kauna nIcAM ? U~ca-nIca kI bhAvanA mAtra eka ahaMkAra hai, aura ahaMkAra 'mada hai| mada nIcagotra ke bandhana kA mukhya kAraNa hai| ataH isa gotravAda va mAnavAda kI bhAvanA se mukta hokara jo unameM taTastha rahatA hai, vahI samatvazIla hai, vahI paNDita hai| mathurA se prApta abhilekhoM kA jaba hama adhyayana karate haiM to hameM jJAta hotA hai ki na kevala prAcIna AgamoM se apitu ina abhilekhoM se bhI yahI phalita hotA hai ki jaina dharma ne sadaiva hI sAmAjika samatA para bala diyA hai aura jainadharma meM praveza kA dvAra sabhI jAtiyoM ke vyaktiyoM ke liye samAna rUpa se khulA hai| mathurA ke jaina abhilekha isa tathya ke spaSTa pramANa haiM ki jaina mandiroM ke nirmANa aura jina pratimAoM kI pratiSThA meM dhanI-nirdhana, brAhmaNa-zUdra sabhI vargoM, jAtiyoM evaM vargoM ke loga samAna rUpa se bhAga lete the| mathurA ke abhilekhoM meM hama yaha pAte haiM ki lohAra, sunAra, gandhI, kevaTa, lauhavaNika, nartaka aura yahAM taka ki gaNikAyeM bhI jina mandiroM kA nirmANa va jina pratimAoM kI pratiSThA karavAtI thiiN|26 jJAtavya hai ki mathurA ke ina abhilekhoM meM lagabhaga 60% dAnadAtA una jAtiyoM se haiM, jinheM sAmAnyatayA nimna mAnA jAtA hai| sthUlibhadra kI preyasI kozA vezyA dvArA jainadharma aMgIkAra karane kI kathA to loka-vizruta hai hii| mathurA ke abhilekhoM meM bhI gaNikA nAdA dvArA deva kulikA kI sthApanA bhI isI tathya ko sUcita karatI hai ki eka gaNikA bhI zrAvikA ke vratoM ko aMgIkAra karake utanI hI AdaraNIya bana jAtI thI, jitanI koI raaj-mhissii| AvazyakacUrNi aura titthogAlI prarkINaka meM varNita kozA vezyA kA kathAnaka aura mathurA meM nAdA nAmaka gaNikA dvArA sthApita deva kulikA, AyagapaTTa Adi isa tathya ke spaSTa pramANa hai| jaina dharma yaha bhI mAnatA hai ki koI duSkarmA va durAcArI vyakti bhI apane duSkarma kA parityAga karake sadAcAra pUrNa naitika-jIvana va vyavasAya ko apanA kara samAja meM pratiSThita bana sakatA hai| jaina sAdhanA kA rAjamArga to usakA hai jo usa para calatA hai| varNa, jAti yA varga vizeSa kA usa para ekAdhikAra nahI hai| jaina dharma sAdhanA kA upadeza to varSA Rtu ke jala ke samAna ho, jo U~ce parvatoM, nIce kheta-khalihAnoM para, sundara mahala va jhopar3I para samAna rUpa se barasatA hai| jisa prakAra bAdala binA bheda-bhAva ke sarvatra jala kI vRSTi karate haiM usI prakAra muni ko bhI U~ca-nIca, dhanI-nirdhana kA vicAra kiye vagaira sarvatra sanmArga kA upadeza karanA caahie|28 yaha bAta bhinna hai ki usameM se kauna kitanA grahaNa karatA hai| jaina dharma meM janma ke AdhAra para kisI ko nimna yA ucca nahIM kahA jA sakatA, hA~ vaha itanA avazya mAnatA hai ki anaitika AcaraNa karanA athavA krUra karma dvarA apanI AjIvikA arjana karanA yogya nahIM hai,aise vyakti avazya hIna karmA kahe gaye haiM, kintu ve apane krUra evaM anaitika karmoM kA parityAga karake zreSTha bana sakate haiN| ___jJAtavya hai ki Aja bhI jaina dharma meM aura jaina zramaNoM meM vibhinna jAtiyoM ke vyakti praveza pAte haiN| mAtra yahI nahIM zramaNa jIvana ko aMgIkAra karane ke sAtha hI nimna vyakti bhI sabhI kA usI prakAra AdaraNIya bana jAtA hai, jisa prakAra uccakula yA jAti kA vykti| jainasaMgha meM unakA sthAna samAna hotA hai| yadyapi madhyakAla meM hindU paramparA ke prabhAva se vizeSa rUpa se
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________________ pro. sAgaramala jaina 154 dakSiNa bhArata meM jAtivAda kA prabhAva jaina samAja para bhI AyA aura madhyakAla meM mAMtaga, Adi jAti-juMgita (nimnajAti) evaM machuvAre, naTa Adi karma-juMgita vyaktiyoM ko zramaNa saMsthA meM praveza ke ayogya mAnA gyaa| jaina AcAryoM ne isakA koI Agamika pramANa na dekara mAtra lokApavAda kA pramANa diyA, jo spaSTa rUpa se isa tathya kA sUcaka hai ki jaina paramparA ko jAtivAda bRhad hindU prabhAva ke kAraNa lokApavAda ke bhaya se svIkAranA pdd'aa| isI ke pariNAma svarUpa dakSiNa bhArata meM vikasita jaina dharma kI digambara paramparA meM jo zUdra kI dIkSA evaM mukti ke niSedha kI avadhAraNA AI, vaha saba brAhmaNa paramparA ke prabhAva ke kAraNa hI thaa| yadyapi hameM yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA cAhiye ki dakSiNa meM jo nimna jAti ke loga jainadharma kA pAlana karate the,ve isa sabake bAvajUda bhI jainadharma se jur3e rahe aura ve Aja bhI paMcama varNa ke nAma se jAne jAte haiN| yadyapi bRhad hindU samAja ke prabhAva ke kAraNa jainoM ne apane prAcIna mAnavIya samatA ke siddhAnta kA jo ullaMghana kiyA, usakA pariNAma bhI unheM mugatanA par3A aura jainoM kI janasaMkhyA sImita ho gyii| vigata varSoM meM sadbhAgya se jainoM meM vizeSa rUpa se zvetAmbara paramparA meM yaha samatAvAdI dRSTi punaH vikasita huI hai| kucha jaina AcAryoM ke isa dizA meM prayatna ke phalasvarUpa kucha aisI jAniyA jo nimna evaM krUrakarmA samajhI jAtI thI, na kevala jaina dharma meM dIkSita huI apitu unhoMne apane hiMsaka vyavasAya ko tyAga kara sadAcArI jIvana ko apanAyA hai| vizeSa rUpa se khaTika aura balAI jAtiyA~ jaina dharma se jur3I haiN| khaTikoM ( hindU-kasAIyoM) ke lagabhaga pA~ca hajAra parivAra samIra munijI kI vizeSa preraNA se apane hiMsaka vyavasAya aura madirA sevana Adi vyasanoM kA parityAga karake jaina dharma se jur3e aura ye parivAra Aja na kevala samRddha va sampanna hai, apitu jaina samAja meM bhI barAbarI kA sthAna pA cuke haiN| isI prakAra balAIyoM (harijanoM) kA bhI eka bar3A tabakA mAlavA meM AcArya nAnAlAla jI kI preraNA se madirA sevana, mAMsAhAra Adi tyAgakara jainadharma se jur3A aura eka sadAcAra pUrNa jIvana vyatIta karane ko prerita huA hai, ye isa dizA meM acchI upalabdhi hai| kucha anya zvetAmbara evaM digambara jaina AcAryoM evaM muniyoM ne bhI bihAra prAnta meM sarAka jAti evaM paramAra kSatriyoM ko jaina dharma se punaH jor3ane ke saphala prayatna kiye haiN| Aja bhI aneko jainamuni sAmAnyatayA nimna kahI jAne vAlI jAtiyoM se dIkSita haiM aura jaina saMgha meM samAna rUpa se AdaraNIya haiN| isase yaha pramANita hotA hai ki jainadharma sadaiva hI sAmAjika samatA kA samarthaka rahA hai| jainadharma meM varNavyavasthA aura jAtivyavasthA ke sandarbha meM jo cintana huA usake niSkarSa nimna haiM -- 1. sampUrNa mAnava jAti eka hI hai kyoMki usameM jAti bheda karane vAlA aisA koI bhI svAbhAvika lakSaNa nahIM pAyA jAtA jaisA ki eka jAti ke pazu se dUsare jAti ke pazu meM antara hotA hai| 2. prArambha meM manuSya jAti eka hI thii| varNa evaM jAtivyavasthA svAbhAvika yogyatA ke AdhAra
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________________ 155 jainadharma aura sAmAjika samatA para sAmAjika kartavyoM ke kAraNa aura AjIvikA hetu vyavasAya ko apanAne ke kAraNa utpanna huii| jaise-jaise AjIvikA arjana ke vividha srota vikasita hote gaye vaise-vaise mAnava samAja meM vividha jAtiyAM astitva meM AtI gaIM, kintu ye jAtiyAM maulika nahIM hai| mAtra mAnava sRjita haiN| 3. jAti aura varNa kA nirdhAraNa janma ke AdhAra para na hokara vyakti ke zubhAzubha AcaraNa evaM usake dvArA apanAye gaye vyavasAya dvArA hotA hai ataH varNa aura jAti vyavasthA janmanA nahIM, apitu karmaNA hai| 4. yadi jAti aura varNavyavasthA vyavasAya athavA sAmAjika dAyitva para sthita hai to aisI sthiti meM sAmAjika kartavya aura vyavasAya ke parivartana ke AdhAra para jAti evaM varNa meM parivartana sambhava hai| 5. koI bhI vyakti kisI jAti yA parivAra meM utpanna hone ke kAraNa hIna yA zreSTha nahIM hotA, apitu vaha apane satkarmoM ke AdhAra para zreSTha hotA hai| 6. jAti evaM kula kI zreSThatA kA ahaMkAra mithyA hai| usake kAraNa sAmAjika samatA evaM zAnti bhaMga hotI hai| 7. jainadharma ke dvAra sabhI varNa aura jAtiyoM ke lie samAna rUpa se khule rahe haiN| prAcIna stara ke jaina granthoM se yaha saMketa milatA hai ki usameM cAro hI varNoM aura sabhI jAtiyoM ke vyakti jina-pUjA karane,zrAvaka dharma evaM munidharma kA pAlana karane aura sAdhanA ke sarvocya lakSya nirvANa ko prApta karane ke adhikArI mAne gaye the| sAtavIM-AThavIM sadI meM jinasena ne sarvaprathama zUdra ko muni dIkSA aura mokSa prApti ke ayogya maanaa| zvetAmbara AgamoM meM kahIM zUdra kI dIkSA kA niSedha nahIM hai, sthAnAMga meM mAtra rogI, bhayArta aura napuMsaka kI dIkSA kA niSedha hai kintu Age calakara unameM bhI jAti-juMgita jaise-cANDAla Adi aura karma juMgita jaise -- kasAI Adi kI dIkSA kA niSedha kara diyA gyaa| kintu yaha bRhattara hindU paramparA kA prabhAva hI thA jo ki jainadharma ke mUla siddhAnta ke viruddha thA, jainoM ne ise kevala apanI sAmAjika pratiSThA ko banAye rakhane hetu mAnyakiyA, kyoMki AgamoM meM harakezI bala, maitArya, mAtaMgamuni Adi aneka cANDAloM ke muni hone aura mokSa prApta karane ke ullekha haiN| 8. prAcIna jainAgamoM meM muni ke lie uttama, madhyama aura nimna tInoM hI kuloM se bhikSA grahaNa karane kA nirdeza milatA hai isase yahI phalita hotA hai ki jainadharma meM varNa yA jAti kA koI bhI mahattva nahIM thaa| 9. jainadharma yaha svIkAra karatA hai ki manuSyoM meM kucha svabhAvagata bhinnatAeM sambhava haiM, jinake AdhAra para unake sAmAjika dAyitva evaM jIvikArjana ke sAdhana bhinna hote haiN| phira bhI vaha isa bAta kA samarthaka haiM ki sabhI manuSyoM ko apane sAmAjika dAyitvoM evaM AjIvikA arjana ke sAdhanoM ko cayana karane kI pUrNa svatantratA aura sAmAjika, naitika evaM AdhyAtmika kSetra meM vikAsa ke samAna avasara upalabdha hone cAhiye, kyoMki yahI sAmAjika samatA kA mUla AdhAra
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________________ 1. 2. sandarbha brAhmaNo'sya mukhamAsIdrAhU rAjanyaH kRtaH / Uru tadasya yajJaizyaH padabhyAM zUdro ajaayt|| - Rgveda, 10/90/12, saM. dAmodara sAtavalekara, bAlasADa, 1988 abhidhAnarAjendrakoza, khaNDa 4, pR. 1441 catvAra ekasya pituH sutAzcetteSAM sutAnAM khalu jaatirekaa| evaM prajAnAM ca pitaika evaM pitraikabhAvAdya na jAtibhedaH / / phalAnyathodumbara vRkSajAteryathAgramadhyAnta bhavAni yaani| rUpAkSatisparzasamAni tAni tathaikato jAtirapi prcintyaa|| na brAhmaNAzcandramarIcizubhA na kSatriyAH kiNshukpusspgauraaH| na ceha vaizyA haritAlatulyAH zUdrA na cAgAra samAnavarNAH / / - varAMgacarita sarga 25, zloka 3,4,7 -- jaTAsiMhanandi, saMpA. e. ena. upAdhye, bambaI, 1938 ye nigrahAnugrahayorazaktA dvijA varAkAH parapoSyajIvAH / mAyAvino dInatamA nRpebhyaH kathaM bhvntyuttmjaatyste|| teSAM dvijAnAM mukha nirgatAni vcaaNsymoghaanyghnaashkaani| ihApi kAmAnsvamanaH praklaptAna labhanta ityeva mRssaavcstt|| yathAnaTo raGgamupetya citraM nRttAnurUpAnuphyAti vessaan|| jIvastathA saMsRtiraGgamadhye karmAnurUpAnupayAti bhaavaan|| na brahmajAtistviha kAcidasti na kSatriyo nApi ca vaizyazadre / tatastu karmAnuvazA hitAtmA saMsAra cakre privNbhrmiiti|| ApAtakatvAcca zarIradAhe dehaM na hi brahma vadanti tajjJAH / jJAnaM ca na brahma yato nikRSTa zUdro'pi vedAdhyayanaM kroti|| vidyAkriyA cAru guNaiH prahINoM na jAtimAtreNa bhavetsa vipraH / jJAne zIlena guNena yukta taM brAhmaNaM brahmavido vdnti||| - vahI, sarga 25, zloka 33, 34, 40-43 no loe bambhaNo kutto, aggIva mahio jhaa| sayA kusalasaMdiTaM, taM vayaM bUma mAhaNaM / / jo na sajjai AgantuM, pavvayanto na soyi| ramai ajjavayaNammi, taM vayaM bama maahnnN|| jAyasvaM jahAmaLaM, nidvntmlpaavgN| rAgadosabhayAIyaM, taM vayaM bUma mAhaNaM / / tavassiyaM kisa dantaM avciymNssonniyN| suvvayaM pattanivvANaM, taM vayaM bUma mAhaNaM / / tasapANe viyANettA, saMgaheNa ya thaavre| jo na hiMsai tiviheNa, taM vayaM bUma maahnnN|| kohA vA jai vA hAsA, lohA vA jai vA bhyaa| musaM na kyaI jo u, taM vayaM bUma mAhaNaM / / cittamantamacittaM vA, appaM vA jai vA bahuM / na giNhAi adattaM je, taM vayaM bUma mAhaNaM / /
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________________ 157 jainadharma aura sAmAjika samatA ataH didyamANusatericchaM, jo na sevai mehuNaM / maNasA kAyavakkeNaM, taM vayaM bUma mAhaNaM / / jahA pomaM jale jAyaM, novalippai vAriNA / evaM alittaM kAmehiM, taM vayaM bUma mAhaNaM / / aloluyaM muhAjIviM, aNagAraM akiNcnnN| asaMsattaM gihatthesu taM vayaM bUma mAhaNaM / / jahittA puvvasaMjogaM, nAisaMge ya bndhve| jo na sajjai bhogesuM, taM vayaM bUma mAhaNaM / / __ - uttarAdhyayanasUtra, saMpAdaka-- sAdhvI caMdanA 25/19-29 vAripokkharapatte va Araggeriva saaspo| yo na lippati kAmesu tamahaM brUmi brAhmaNaM / / yo dukkhassa pajAnAti idheva khymttno| pannabhAraM visa ttaM tamahaM brUmi brAhmaNaM / / gambhIra paJca medhAvi maggAmaggassa kovidN| uttamatthaM anuppattaM tamahaM brUmi braahmnnN|| ___ - dhammapada, brAhmaNavarga 401-403, sampAdaka bhikSudharmarakSita, 1983 7. zUdro'pi zIlasaMpanno guNavAn brAhmaNo bhvet| brAhmaNo'pi kriyAhInaH zUdrApatyasamo bhvet|| . sarvajAtiSu cANDAlAH sarvajAtiSu brAhmaNAH / brAhamaNeSvapi cANDAlAH cANDAleSvapi brAhamaNAH / / kRSi-vANijya-gorakSAM rAjasevAmakiMcanAH / ye ca viprAH prakurvanti na te kaunteya ! brAhmaNAH / / 3 / / hiMsako'nRtavAdI ca cauryayAbhiratazca yaH / paradAropasevI ca sarve te patitA dvijAH / / brahmacaryatapoyuktAH samAnaloSTakAMcanAH / sarvabhUtadayAvanto brAhmaNAH srvjaatissu|| kSAntyAdikaguNairyukto vyastadaNDo nirAmiSaH / na hanti sarvabhUtAni prathamaM brahmalakSaNam / / sadA sarvAnRtaM tyaktvA mithyAvAdAd vircyte| nAnRtaM ca vaded vAkyaM dvitIyaM brahmalakSaNam / / sadA sarvaM paradravyaM bahirvA yadi vA gRhe| adattaM naiva gRNhAti tRtIyaM brhmlkssnnm|| devAsuramanuSyeSu tiryagyonigateSu ca / na sevate maithunaM yazcaturthaM brahmalakSaNam / / tyaktvA kuTumbavAsaM tu nirmamo niH parigrahaH / yuktazcarati niHsaGgaH paMcamaM brhmlkssnnm|| paMcalakSaNasaMpUrNa Izo yo bhaved dvijaH / mahAntaM brAhmaNaM manye zeSAH zUdrA yudhiSThira! / / kaivartIgarbhasambhUto vyAso nAma mahAmuniH / tapasA brAhmaNo jaatstsmaajjaatirkaarnnm|| hariNIgarbhasambhUto RSizrRMGgo mahAmuniH / tp|| zunakIgarbhasambhUtaH zuko nAma munistthaa| tp|| maNDUkIgarbhasambhUto mANDavyazca mahAmuniH |tp|| urvazIgarbhasambhUto vaziSThastu mahAmuniH / tp|| na teSAM brAhmaNI mAtA saMskArazca na vidyte| tp|| yadratkASThamayo hastI yazccarmamayo mRgaH / brAhmaNastu kiyAhInastrayaste nAmadhArakAH / /
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________________ pro. sAgaramala jaina 158 9. - kumArapAlacaritrasaMgraha ke anrtagata kumArapAla prabodha prabandha, pR. 606, zloka 119-136, saMpAdaka -- jinavijayamuni, prakAzaka -- siMdhI jaina zAstra zikSApITha, bhAratIya vidyAbhavana, bambaI, vikrama saMvat 2013 / 8. kammuNA bambhaNo hoI kammuNA hoi khttio| vaisse kammuNAhoi suddo havai kmmunnaa|| - uttarAdhyayana sUtra 25 manuSyajAtirekaiva jaatinaamodyodbhvaa| vRttibhedAhitabhedAccAturvidhyamihAznute / / 38-45 / / brAhmaNA vratasaMskArAt kSatriyAH shstrdhaarnnaat|| vaNijo'rthArjanAnnayAyAta zUdrA nygvRttisNshryaat|| 38-46 / / guroranujJayA labdhadhanadhAnyAdisampadaH / pRthakkRtAlayasyAsya vRttivrnnaaptiripyte|| 38-137 / / sRSTyantaramato dUraM apAsya nytttvvit| anAdikSatriyaiH sRSTAM dharmasRSTi prbhaavyet|| 40-189 / / tIrthakRdibhirayaM sRSTA dharmasRSTi: sanAtanI / tAM saMzritAnnRpAneva sRSTihetUn prkaashyet|| 40-190 / / - mahApurANa, jinasena 38/45-46, 137 10. bhagavadagItA, DaoN. rAdhAkRSNana, pU. 353 11. cAturvaNryaM mayA sRSTaM guNakarmavibhAgazaH / - gItA, 4/13 12. bhagavadgItA - rAdhAkRSNana, pR. 163 13. rAjan kulena vRttena svAdhyAyena zrutena vaa| brAhmaNyaM kena bhavati prabrUhayetat sunizcitam / / 3/3/107 / / zrRNu yakSa kulaM tAt na svAdhyAyo na ca zrutam / kAraNaM hi dvijatve ca vRttameva na saMzayaH / / __- mahAbhArata, vanaparva 313/107, 108 gItA presa, gorakhapura 14. dekheM -- chAndogyopaniSad (gItA presa, gorakhapura ) 4/4 15. zUdro brAhmaNatAmeti brAhamaNazcaiti shuudrtaam| kSatriyAjjAtamevaM tu vidyAdvaizyAttathaiva ca / / - manusmRti 10/65, saM. satyabhUSaNa yogI, 1966 ___ 16. samyagdarzanasampannamapi mAtaGgadehaz2am / devA devaM vidurbhsmguuddhaanggraantraujsm|| - ratnakaraNDakazrAvakAcAra, 28
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________________ 159 jainadharma aura sAmAjika samatA ____ 17. na jAtirhitA kAcit guNAH klyaannkaarnnm| vratasthamapi cANDAlaM taM devA brAhmaNaM viduH / / ___ - padmacarita parva, 11/203 18. nirganthapravacanabhASya -- muni zrI cauthamala jI, pR. 289 ____19. sakkhaM khu dIsai tavo viseso, na dIsaI jAi visesa koi| sovAgaputte hariesa sAhU, jasse idiDa mhaannubhaagaa|| - uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 121 20. jahA puNNasa katthati tahA tucchassa ktthti| __jahA tucchassa katthati tahA puNNassa ktthti| - AcArAMga -- saM. madhukara muni, 1/2/6/102 21 a. ekkA maNussajAI rajjuppattIi do kayA usme| tiNNeva sippavaNie sAvagadhammammi cttaari|| saMjoge solasagaM satta ya vaNNA u nava ya aMtariNo ee dovi vigappA ThavaNA baMbhassa NAyavvA / / pagaI caukkagANaMtare ya te haMti satta vaNNA u| ANaMtaresu caramo vaNNo khalu hoi nnaayvvo||| aMbachagganisAyA ya ajogavaM mAgahA ya sUyA y| khattA(ya) videhAviya caMDAlA navamagA huti|| egaMtarie iNamo aMbaTTho ceva hoi uggo y| biiyaMtaria nisAo parAsaraM taM ca puNa vege|| paDilome suddAI ajogavaM mAgaho ya sUo a| egaMtarie khattA vedehA ceva nAyavvA / / bitiyaMtare niyamA caNDAlo so'vi hoi nnaayvvo| aNulome paDilome evaM ee bhave bheyaa|| uggeNaM khattAe sovAgo veNavo videhennN| aMbaTThIe suddIya bukkaso jo nisaaennN|| sUeNa nisAIe kukkarao sovi hoi nnaayvvo| eso bIo bheo cauvviho hoi nnaayvvo|| ___ - AcArAMganiyukti, 19-27 21ba. 'egA maNussajAI gAhA (19-8) ettha usabhasAmissa puvvabhavajammaNaahiserAcakkavaTTirAyAbhisegAti, tattha je rAyaassitA te ya khattiyA jAyA aNassitA gihavaiNo jAyA, jayA aggI uppaNNo tato ya bhagava'ssitA sippiyA vANiyagA jAyA, tehiM tehiM sippavANijjehiM vitti visaMtItI vaissA uppannA, bhagavae pavvaie bharahe abhisitte sAvagadhamme uppaNNe baMbhaNA jAyA, aNassitA baMbhaNA jAyA mAhaNatti, ujjugasabhAvA dhammapiyA jaM ca kiMci haNaMtaM picchaMti taM nivAraMti mA haNa bho mA
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________________ go. sAgaramala jaina 160 haiM, evaM te jaNeNaM sukammanivattitasannA baMbhaNA( mAhaNA) jAyA, je puNa aNassiyA asippiNo te vayakha(ka) lAsuibahikaA tesu tesu paoyaNesu soyamANA hiMsAcoriyAdisu sajjamANA sogadrohaNasIlA suddA saMvuttA, evaM tAvaM cattArivi vaNNA ThAvitA, sesAo saMjoeNaM, tattha 'saMjoe solasayaM gAhA (20-8) etesiM ceva ca uNhaM vaNNANaM puvvANupuvvIe aNaMtarasaMjoeNaM aNNe tiNNi vaNNA bhavaMti, tattha 'phyatI caukkayANaMtare gAhA (21-8) pagatI NAma baMbhakhattiyavaisasuddA cauro vnnnnaa| idANiM aMtareNa-baMbhaNeNaM khattiyANIe jAo so uttamakhattio vA suddhakhattio vA ahavA saMkarakhattio paMcamo vaNNo, jo puNa khattieNaM vaissIe jAo eso uttamavaisso vA suddhavaisso vA saMkaravaisso vA chaTTho vaNNo, jo vaisseNa suddIe jAto so uttamasuddo vA (suddhasuddo) vA saMkarasuddo vA sattamo vnnnno| idANiM vaNNeNaM vaNNehiM vA aMtarito aNulomao paDilomato ya aMtarA satta vaNNaMtarayA bhavaMti, je aMtariyA te egaMtariyA duaMtariyA bhvNti| cattAri gAhAo paDhiyavvAo (22, 23,24,25-8) tattha tAva baMbhaNeNaM vaissIe jAo aMbaTThotti vuccai eso aTThamo vaNNo, khattieNaM suddIe jAto uggotti vuccai eso navamo vaNNo, baMbhaNeNa suddIe nisAtotti vuccai, kittipArAsavotti, tiNi gayA, dasamo vnnnno| idANiM paDilomA bhaNNaMti-sudeNa vaissIe jAo augavutti bhaNNai, ekkArasamo vaNNo, vaisseNaM khattiyANIe jAo mAgahotti bhaNNai, duvAlasamo, khattieNaM baMbhaNIe jAo sUotti bhaNNati, teraso vaNNo sudeNa khattiyANIe jAo khattiotti bhaNNai, coddasamo, vaisseNa baMbhaNIe jAo vaidehotti bhaNNati, pannarasamo vaNNo, sudeNa baMbhaNIe jAo caMDAletti pavuccai, solasamo vaNNo, etavUtirittAjete bijAte te vuccaMti -- umgeNa khattiyANie sovAgetti vuccai, vaideheNaM khattIe jAo veNavutti vuccai, nisAeNaM aMbaTIe jAo bokkasotti vuccai, nisAraNa suddIe jAto sovi bokkaso, sudeNa nisAdIe kukkuDao, evaM scchNdmtivigppitN| 22. kSatriyAH zastrajIvitvaM anubhUya tadAbhavan / vaizyAzca kRSivANijyapazupAlyopajIvitAH / / teSAM zuzrUSaNAcchUdrAste dvidhA kArvakAravaH / / kAravo rajakAdyAH syustato'nye stharakAravaH / / kAravo'pi matA yA spRzyAspRzyavikalpataH / tatrAspRzyAH prajAbAsyAH spRzyAH syu katakAdayaH / / - Adi purANa 16/184-186 23. tato No kappaMti pavvAvettae, taM.-paMDae vItte (cAhiye) kIve ? 24. yadAha-- "bAle buThe napuMse ya, jaDDe kIve ya vaahie| teNe rAyAvagArIya, ummatte ya aNdsnne|| 1 / / dAse duDhe(ya), aNatta juMgie iy| obaddhae ya bhayae, sehanippheDiyA iy||2||
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________________ 161 jainadharma aura sAmAjika samatA 25. sthAnAMgasUtram, abhayadevasUrivRtti, (prakAzaka-- seTha mANekalAla, cunnIlAla, ahamadAbAda, vikrama saMvat 1994 ) sUtra 3/202, vRtti, pR. 154 se asaI uccAgoe asaI nniiyaagoe| No hINe No airite No piihe|| itisaMkhAya ke gothAvAdI, ke mANAvAdI kasi vA ege gijjhe? tamhApaMDie No harise No kujjhe - AcArAMga, (saM. madhukaramuni)1/2/3/75 26. jaina zilAlekha saMgraha, bhAga 2, saMgrahakartA-vijayamUrti, lekha kramAMka 8,31,41,54,62, 67, 69 26a. AvazyakacUrNi, jinadAsagaNi, RSabhadeva ke sarImala saMsthA, ratalAma, bhAga 1, pR. 554 ba. bhaktaparijJA, 128 sa. titthogAlia, 777 27. AcArAMga, saM. madhukaramuni, 1/2/6/102 2(a) sthAnAMga, saM. kanhaiyAlAlajI kamala, 3/202 (ba) sthAnAMga, abhayadevavRtti, pR. 154-155
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________________ jaina AgamoM meM mUlyAtmaka zikSA aura vartamAna sandarbha - pro. sAgaramala jaina vartamAna yuga jJAna-vijJAna kA yuga hai| mAtra bIsavIM sadI meM jJAna-vijJAna ke kSetra meM jitanA vikAsa huA hai, utanA vikAsa mAnavajAti ke astitva kI sahasroM zatAbdiyoM meM nahIM huA thaa| Aja jJAna-vijJAna kI zikSA evaM zodhakArya meM saMlagna sahasroM vizvavidyAlaya, mahAvidyAlaya aura zodha-kendra haiN| yaha satya hai ki Aja manuSya ne bhautika jagata ke sambandha meM sUkSmatama jJAna prApta kara liyA hai| Aja usane paramANu ko vikhaNDita kara usameM nihita aparimita zakti ko pahacAna liyA hai, kintu yaha durbhAgya hI hai ki zikSA evaM zodha ke ina vividha upakramoM ke mAdhyama se hama eka sabhya, susaMskRta evaM zAntipriya mAnava samAja kI racanA nahIM kara ske| vastataH Aja kI zikSA hameM bAhaya jagata aura dUsaroM ke sambandha meM bahuta kucha jAnakArI pradAna kara detI hai, kintu una ucca jIvana mUlyoM ke sambandha meM vaha mauna hI hai, jo eka susabhya samAja ke liye Avazyaka hai| Aja zikSA ke mAdhyama se hama vidyArthiyoM ko sUcanAoM se to bhara dete haiM, kintu unheM jIvana ke udadezyoM aura jIvana mUlyoM ke sandarbha meM hama koI jAnakArI nahIM dete haiN| Aja samAja meM jo svArthaparatAjanya, saMgharSa aura hiMsA panapa rahI hai, usakA kAraNa zikSA kI yahI galata dizA hI hai| hama zikSA ke mAdhyama se vyakti ko sUcanAoM se bhara dete haiM, kintu usake vyaktitva kA nirmANa nahIM karate haiN| vastutaH Aja zikSA kA uddezya hI upekSita hai| Aja zikSaka aura zikSArthI, zAsaka aura samAja koI bhI yaha nahIM jAnatA ki hama kyoM par3ha rahe haiM aura kyoM par3hA rahe haiM ? yadi vaha jAnatA bhI hai to yA to vaha udAsIna hai yA phira apane ko akarmaNyatA kI sthiti meM pAtA hai| Aja zikSA ke kSetra meM sarvatra ArAjakatA hai| isa arAjakatA yA dizAhInatA kI sthiti ke sambandha meM bhI jo kucha cintana huA hai, usameM zikSA ko AjIvikA se jor3ane ke atirikta kucha nahIM huaa| vartamAna meM rojagAronmukha zikSA kI bAta adhika jora se kahI jAtI hai| yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki zikSA ke rojagAronmukha na hone se hI Aja samAja meM azAnti hai, kintu merI dRSTi meM vartamAna sAmAjika saMgharSa aura tanAva kA kAraNa vyakti kA jIvana ke uddezyoM yA mUlyoM ke sambandha meM ajJAna yA galata dRSTikoNa hI hai| svArthaparaka bhautikavAdI jIvana dRSTi hI samasta mAnavIya duHkhoM kA mUla hai| sabase pahale hameM yaha nizcaya karanA hogA ki hamArI zikSA kA prayojana kyA hai ? yadi yaha kahA jAya ki zikSA kA prayojana rojI-roTI kamAne yA mAtra udarapUrti ke yogya banA denA hai, to yaha eka bhrAnta dhAraNA hogii| kyoMki rojI-roTI kI vyavasthA to azikSita bhI kara letA hai|
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________________ 163 jaina AgamoM meM kSA aura vartamAna sandarbha pazu-pakSI bhI to apanA peTa bharate hI haiN| ataH zikSA ko rojI-roTI se jA sakata hai ! yaha satya hai ki binA roTI ke manuSya kA kAma nahIM cala sktaa| daihika jIvana mUlya udarapUrti vyakti kI prAthamika AvazyakatA hai, isase iMkAra bhI nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai kintu ise hI zikSA kA " atha aura iti" nahIM banAyA jA sakatA, kyoMki yaha kArya zikSA ke a hai : bhI sambhava hai| yadi udarapUrti/AjIvikA arjana hI jIvana kA eka mAtra lakSya ho to phira manuSya pazu se bhinna nahIM hogaa| kahA bhI hai: "AhAra nidrA bhaya maithunaM ca sAmAnyametada pazubhiH narANAm / jJAno hi teSAmadhiko vizeSo jJAnenahInA nara pazubhiH samAnA!" punaH yadi yaha kahA jAya ki zikSA kA uddezya manuSya ko adhika sukha-suvidhA pUrNa jIvana jIne yogya banAnA hai, to use bhI hama zikSA kA uddezya nahIM kaha skte| kyoMki manuSya ke duHkha aura pIDAe~ bhautika yA daihika stara kI hI nahIM haiM, ve mAnasika stara kI bhI haiM / satya to yaha hai ki svArthaparatA, bhogAkAMkSA aura tRSNAjanya mAnasika pIDAe~ hI adhika kaSTakara haiM, ye hI mAnavajAti meM bhaya evaM saMtrAsa kA kAraNa hai| yadi bhautika sukha-suvidhAoM kA ambAra lagA dene meM hI sukha hotA to Aja amerikA (U.S.A. ) jaise vikasita dezoM kA vyakti adhika sukhI hotA, kintu hama dekhate haiM vaha saMtrAsa aura tanAva se adhika grasta hai / yaha satya hai ki manuSya ke liye roTI Avazyaka hai, lekina vahI usake jIvana kI iti nahIM hai / IsAmasIha ne ThIka hI kahA thA ki manuSya kevala roTI se nahIM jI sakatA hai| ' hama manuSya ko bhautika sukhoM kA ambAra khar3A karake bhI sukhI nahIM banA skte| saccI zikSA vahI hai jo manuSya ko mAnasika saMtrAsa aura tanAva se mukta kara ske| usameM sahiSNutA, samatA, anAsakti, kartavyaparAyaNatA meM guNoM ko vikasita kara, usakI svArthaparatA para aMkuza lagA ske| jo zikSA manuSya mAnavIya mUlyoM kA vikAsa na kara sake use kyA zikSA kahA jA sakatA hai ? yaha hamArA durbhAgya hI hai ki Aja zikSA kA sambandha "cAritra" se nahIM "roTI" se jor3A jA rahA hai| Aja zikSA kI sArthakatA ko caritra nirmANa meM nahIM, cAlAkI (DiplomesI) meM khojA jA rahA hai| zAsana bhI isa mithyA dhAraNA se grasta hai| naitika zikSA yA caritra kI zikSA meM zAsana ko dharma kI "bU" AtI hai, use apanI dharmanirapekSatA dUSita hotI dikhAI detI hai, kintu kyA dharma nirapekSatA kA artha dharmahInatA yA nItihInatA hai ? maiM samajhatA hU~ dharma nirapekSatA kA matalaba kevala itanA hI hai ki zAsana kisI dharma vizeSa ke sAtha Abaddha nahIM rhegaa| Aja huA yaha hai ki dharma nirapekSatA ke nAma para isa deza meM zikSA ke kSetra se nIti aura caritra kI zikSA ko bhI bahiSkRta kara diyA gayA hai| cAhe hama apane monogrAmoM meM "sA vidyA yA vimuktaye" kI sUktiyA~ uddhRta karate hoM, kintu hamArI zikSA kA usase dUra kA bhI koI riztA nahIM raha gayA hai| Aja kI zikSA yojanA meM AdhyAtmika evaM naitika mUlyoM kI zikSA kA koI sthAna nahIM hai, jabaki ucca zikSA evaM mAdhyamika zikSA ke sambandha meM abhI taka biThAye gaye tInoM AyogoM ne apanI anuzaMsAoM meM AdhyAtmika evaM naitika mUlyoM kI zikSA kI mahatI AvazyakatA pratipAdita kI hai| Aja kA zikSaka aura zikSArthI donoM hI artha ke dAsa haiN| eka ora zikSaka isaliye nahIM par3hAtA hai ki
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________________ pro. sAgaramala jaina 164 use vidyArthI de ritra nirmANa yA vikAsa meM koI ruci hai, usakI dRSTi kevala vetana divasa / TikI hai| vaha par3hAne ke liye nahIM par3hAtA, apitu paise ke liye par3hAtA hai| dUsarI ora shaas| meTha aura vidyArthI use guru nahIM "naukara" samajhate haiN| jaba guru naukara hai to phira saMskAra cari Na kI apekSA karanA hI vyartha hai| Aja to guru ziSya ke bIca bhAva-mola hotA saudA hAtA hai| cAhe hamAre prAcIna granthoM meM "vidyAyA'mRtamaznute" kI bAta kahI gaI ho, ki, Aja to vidyA arthakarI ho gayI hai| zikSA ke mUla-bhUta uddezya ko hI hama bhUla rahe haiN| vartamAna sandarbha meM phirAka kA yaha kathana kitanA saTIka hai, jaba ve kahate haiM --- sabhI kucha ho rahA hai, isa tarakkI ke jamAne meM magara kyA gajaba hai ki, AdamI inasAM nahIM hotaa| Aja kI zikSA cAhe vidyArthI ko vakIla, DAkTara, iMjIniyara Adi sabhI kucha banA rhii| kintu yaha nizcita hai ki vaha insAna nahIM banA pA rahI hai| jaba taka zikSA ko caritra nirmANa hai| sAtha, naitika evaM AdhyAtmika mUlyoM ke sAtha nahIM jor3A jAtA hai taba taka vaha manuSya kA nirmANa nahIM kara skegii| hamArA prAthamika dAyitva manuSya ko manuSya banAnA hai| bAlaka ko mAnavatA meM saMskAra denA hai| amerikA ke prabuddha vicAraka TaphTsa zikSA ke udadezya, paddhati aura svarUpako spaSTa karate huye likhate haiM -- "zikSA caritra nirmANa ke liye, caritra ke dvArA, caritra kI zikSA hai|" isa prakAra unakI dRSTi meM zikSA kA atha aura iti donoM hI bAlakoM meM caritra nirmANa evaM susaMskAroM kA vapana hai| bhArata kI svatantratA ke pazcAt zikSA ke svarUpa kA nirdhAraNa karane hetu suprasiddha dArzanika DaoN. rAdhAkRSNan, suprasiddha vaijJAnika DaoN. daulatasiMha koThArI aura zikSA zAstrI DaoN, mudAliyara kI adhyakSatAoM meM jo vibhinna Ayoga gaThita huye the una sabakA niSkarSa yahI thA ki zikSA ko mAnavIya mUlyoM se jor3A jaay| jaba taka zikSA mAnavIya mUlyoM se nahIM jur3egI, usameM caritranirmANa aura susaMskAroM ke vapana kA prayAsa nahIM hogA, taba taka vidyAlaye evaM mahAvidyAlayoM rupI zikSA ke ina kArakhAnoM se sAkSara nahIM rAkSasa hI paidA hoNge| bhAratIya cintana prAcInakAla se hI isa sambandha meM sajaga rhaa| aupaniSadika yuga meM hI zikSA ke uddezya ko spaSTa karate hue kahA gayA thA -- "yA vidyA sA vimuktaye" arthAt vidyA vahI jo vimukti pradAna kreN| prazna ho sakatA hai ki yahA~ vimukti se hamArA kyA tAtparya hai ? vimukti kA tAtparya mAnavIya saMtrAsa aura tanAvoM se mukti hai, apanatva aura mamatva ke zudra gheroM se vimukti hai| mukti kA tAtparya hai -- ahaMkAra, Asakti, rAga-dveSa aura tRSNA se mukti| yahI bAta jaina Agama isibhAsiyAiM ( RSibhAsita) meM kahI gaI hai-- imA vijjA mahAvijjA, savvavijjANa uttmaa| jaM vijja sAhaittANAM, savvadukkhANa mucctii|| jeNa bandhaM ca mokkhaM ca, jIvANaM gtiraagti| AyAbhAvaM ca jANAti, sA vijjayA dukkhmoynnii|| - itibhAsiyAI, 17/1-2
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________________ 165 jaina AgamoM meM zikSA aura vartamAna sandarbha vahI vidyA mahAvidyA hai aura vahI vidyA samasta vidyAoM meM uttama hai, jisakI sAdhanA karane se samasta duHkhoM se mukti milatI hai| vidyA duHkha mocanI hai| jaina AcAryoM ne usI vidyA ko uttama mAnA hai jisake dvArA duHkhoM se mukti ho aura AtmA ke zuddha svarUpa kA sAkSAtkAra ho| aba prazna yaha upasthita hai ki duHkha kyA hai aura kisa duHkha se mukta honA hai ? yaha satya hai ki duHkha se hamArA tAtparya daihika duHkhoM se bhI hotA hai, kintu ye daihika duHkha prathama to kabhI bhI pUrNatayA samApta nahIM hote, kyoMki unakA kendra hamArI cetanA na hokara hamArA zarIra hotA hai| jaina paramparA ke anusAra tIrthaMkara apanI vItarAga dazA meM bhI daihika duHkhoM se pUrNataH mukta nahIM ho sktaa| jaba taka deha hai kSudhA, pipAsA Adi duHkha to raheMge hii| ataH jina duHkha se vimukti prApta karanI hai, ve daihika nahIM mAnasika hai| vyakti kI rAgAtmakatA, Asakti yA tRSNA hI eka aisA tattva hai, jisakI upasthiti meM manuSya duHkhoM se mukti prApta nahIM kara pAtA hai| isase spaSTa hotA hai ki jaina AcAryoM kI dRSTi meM zikSA kA prayojana mAtra rojI-roTI prApta kara lenA nahIM rahA hai| jo zikSA vyakti meM AdhyAtmika Ananda yA AtmatoSa nahIM de sakatI, vaha zikSA vyartha hai| AtmatoSa hI zikSA kA samyaka prayojana hai| zikSA-paddhati spaSTa karate hue "isibhAsiyAiM" meM kahA gayA hai ki jisa prakAra eka yogya cikitsaka sarvaprathama roga ko jAnatA hai phira usa roga ke kAraNoM kA nizcaya karatA hai, phira roga kI auSadhi kA nirNaya karatA hai aura phira usa auSadhi dvArA roga kI cikitsA karatA hai| usI prakAra hameM sarvaprathama manuSyoM ke duHkha ke svarUpa ko samajhanA hotA hai, tatpazcAt duHkha ke kAraNoM kA vizleSaNa karake phira una kAraNoM ke nirAkaraNa kA upAya khojanA hotA hai aura anta meM ina upAyoM dvArA una kAraNoM kA nirAkaraNa kiyA jAtA hai| yahI bAte jainadharma meM zikSA ke prayojana evaM paddhati ko spaSTa karatI hai| samyak zikSA vahI hai jo mAnavIya duHkhoM ke svarUpa ko samajheM, unake kAraNoM kA vizleSaNa kareM phira unake nirAkaraNa ke upAya khojeM aura una upAyoM kA prayoga karake duHkhoM se mukta hoN| vastutaH Aja kI hamArI jo zikSA nIti hai, usameM hama isa paddhati ko nahIM apnaate| zikSA se hamArA tAtparya mAtra bAlaka ke mastiSka ko sUcanAoM se bhara denA hai| jaba taka usake sAmane jIvana-mUlyoM spaSTa nahIM karate, taba taka hama zikSA ke prayojana ko na to samyak prakAra se samajha hI pAte haiM na manuSya ke duHkhoM kA nirAkaraNa hI kara pAte haiN| jaina AgamoM meM RSibhASita evaM AcArAMga se lekara prakIrNakoM taka meM zikSA ke uddezya kI vibhinna dRSTiyoM se vivecanA kI gayI hai| yadi usa samagra vivecanA ko eka hI vAkya meM kahanA ho to jaina AcAryoM kI dRSTi meM zikSA kA prayojana cittavRttiyoM evaM AcAra kI vizuddhi hai| cittavRttiyoM kA darzana jJAna-yAtrA prArambha hai| AcArAMga meM maiM kauna hU~ ? ise hI sAdhanA-yAtrA kA prArambha bindu kahA gayA hai| AcArAMga hI nahIM sampUrNa bhAratIya sAhitya meM Atma jijJAsA se hI jJAna sAdhanA kA prArambha mAnA gayA hai| upaniSad kA RSi kahatA hai "AtmAnaM viddhi", AtmA ko jaano| buddha ne "attAnaM: kahakara isI tathya kI puSTi kii| jJAtavya hai ki yahA~ AtmAjJAna kA tAtparya amUrta Atma tattva kI khoja nahIM, apitu apane hI citta kI vikRtiyoM aura vAsanAoM kA darzana hai| cittavRtti aura AcAra kI vizuddhi kI prakriyA taba hI prArambha ho
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________________ pro. sAgaramala jaina 166 sakatI hai, jaba hama apane vikAroM aura vAsanAoM ko dekheM, kyoMki jaba taka citta meM vikA vAsanAoM aura unake kAraNoM ke prati sajagatA nahIM AtI taba taka caritra zuddhi kI prakri prArambha hI nahIM ho sktii| AcArAMga meM hI kahA gayA hai ki jo mana kA jJAtA hotA hai, nirgantha (vikAra-mukta ) hai| jaina AcAryoM kI dRSTi meM usa zikSA yA jJAna kA koI artha nahIM hai jo cAritra zuddhi AcAra zuddhi kI dizA meM gatizIla na karatA ho| isIlie sUtrakRtAMga meM spaSTa rUpa se kA gayA hai ki "vijjAcaraNaM pamokkhaM"6 arthAt vidyA aura AcaraNa se hI vimukti kI prApti ho hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM zikSA ke prayojana ko spaSTa karate hue kahA gayA hai ki zruta kI arAdhA se jIva ajJAna kA kSaya karatA hai aura saMkleza ko prApta nahIM hotA hai| ise aura spaSTa kara hue isI grantha meM punaH kahA gayA hai ki jisa prakAra dhAge se yukta suI gira jAne para bhI vinaya nahIM hotI hai arthAt khojI jA sakatI hai, usI prakAra zruta sampanna jIva saMsAra meM vinaSTa nA hotaa| isI grantha meM anyatra yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki jJAna, ajJAna aura moha kA vinAza karane sarva viSayoM ko prakAzita karatA hai| yaha spaSTa hai ki jJAna sAdhanA kA prayojana ajJAna ke sAtha-sAtha moha ko bhI samApta karanA hai| jaina AcAryoM kI dRSTi meM ajJAna aura moha meM antA hai| moha anAtma viSayoM ke prati Atma buddhi hai, vaha rAga yA Asakti kA udbhAvaka hai usI se krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha ina cAroM kaSAyoM kA janma hotA hai| ataH uttarAdhyayana ke anusAra jo vyakti kI krodha, mAna, mAyA Adi kI dUSita citta vRttiyoM para aMkuza lagAye, vahI saccI zikSA hai| kevala vastuoM ke sandarbha meM jAnakArI prApta kara lenA zikSA kA prayojana nahIM hai| usakA prayojana to vyakti ko vAsanAoM aura vikAroM se mukta karAnA hai| zikSA vyaktitva yA caritra kA udAttIkaraNa hai| jaba taka zikSA ko kevala jAnakAriyoM taka sImita rakhA jAyegA taba taka vaha vyaktitva kI nirmAtA nahIM bana skegii| dazavaikAlikasUtra meM zikSA ke cAra uddezyoM ko spaSTa karate hue kahA gayA hai ki -- 1. mujhe zruta jJAna (Agama jJAna) prApta hogA, isalie adhyayana karanA caahie| 2. maiM ekAgracitta hoU~gA, isalie adhyayana karanA caahie| 3. maiM apane Apa ko dharma meM sthApita karU~gA, isalie adhyayana karanA caahiye| 4. maiM svayaM dharma meM sthita hokara dUsaroM ko dharma meM sthita karU~gA, isalie adhyayana karanA caahiye| isa prakAra dazavaikAlika ke anusAra adhyayana kA prayojana jJAna prApti ke sAtha-sAtha citta kI ekAgratA tathA dharma (sadAcAra) meM svayaM sthita honA tathA dUsaroM ko sthita karanA mAnA gaya, hai| jaina AcAryoM kI dRSTi meM jo zikSA caritra zuddhi meM sahAyaka nahIM hotI, usakA koI artha nahIM hai| caMdravedhyaka nAmaka prakIrNaka meM jJAna aura sadAcAra meM tadAtmya sthApita karate hue kahA gayA hai ki jo vinaya hai, vahI jJAna hai aura jo jJAna hai use hI vinaya kahA jAtA hai| zrutajJAna meM kuzala hetu aura kAraNa kA jAnakAra vyakti bhI yadi avinIta aura ahaMkArI hai to vaha jJAniyoM dvArA prazaMsanIya nahIM hai| jo alpazruta hokara bhI vinIta hai vahI karma kA kSaya kara
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________________ 167 jaina AgamoM meM zikSA aura vartamAna sandarbha mukti prApta karatA hai, jo bahuzruta hokara bhI avinIta, alpazraddhA aura saMvega yukta hai vaha caritra kI ArAdhanA nahIM kara pAtA hai|4 jisa prakAra andhe vyakti ke liye karor3oM dIpaka bhI nirarthaka haiM usI prakAra avinIta (asadAcArI) vyakti ke bahuta adhika zAstrajJAna kA bhI kyA prayojana ? jo vyakti jinendra dvArA upadRSTa ati vistuta jJAna ko jAnane meM cAhe samartha na hI ho, phira bhI jo sadAcAra se sampanna hai vastutaH vaha dhanya hai, aura vahI jJAnI hai| jaina AcArya yaha mAnate haiM ki jJAna AcaraNa kA hetu hai, mAtra vaha jJAna jo vyakti kI AcAra zuddhi kA kAraNa nahIM hotA, nirarthaka hI mAnA gayA hai| jisa prakAra zastra se rahita yoddhA aura yoddhA se rahita zastra nirarthaka hotA hai, usI prakAra jJAna se rahita AcaraNa aura AcaraNa se rahita jJAna nirarthaka hotA hai! jainAgama uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM zikSA prApti meM bAdhaka nimna pA~ca kAraNoM kA ullekha huA hai -- (1) abhimAna, (2) krodha, (3) pramAda, (4) Alasya aura (5) rog| isake viparIta usameM una ATha kAraNoM kA bhI ullekha huA hai jinheM hama zikSA prApta karane ke sAdhaka tattva kaha sakate haiM -- (1) jo adhika ha~sI-majAka nahIM karatA ho, (2) jo apanI vAsanAoM para niyantraNa rakhatA ho, (3) jo kisI kI gupta bAta ko prakaTa nahIM karatA ho, (4) jo azIla arthAt AcArahIna na ho, (5) jo dUSita AcAra vAlA na ho, (6) jo rasa lolupa na ho, (7) jo krodha na karatA ho aura (8) jo satya meM anurakta ho|7 isase yahI phalita hotA hai ki jainadharma meM zikSA kA sambandha cAritrika mUlyoM se rahA hai| vastutaH jaina AcAryoM ko jJAna aura AcaraNa kA dvaita mAnya nahI hai ve kahate haiM -- jo jJAna hai, vahI AcaraNa hai, jo AcaraNa hai, vahIM Agama-jJAna kA sAra hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaina paramparA meM usa zikSA ko nirarthaka hI mAnA gayA hai jo vyakti ke cAritrika-vikAsa yA vyaktitva-vikAsa karane meM samartha nahIM hai| jo zikSA manuSya ko pAzavika vAsanAoM se Upara nahIM uThA sake, vaha vAstavika zikSA nahIM hai| jaina AcArya zikSA kA artha vyakti ko jIvana aura jagata ke sambandha meM jAnakAriyoM se bhara denA nahIM mAnate haiM, apitu ve isakA uddezya vyakti ke vyaktittva kA vikAsa yA sadguNoM kA vikAsa mAnate haiM, kintu isakA tAtparya yaha bhI nahIM hai ki ve zikSA ko AjIvikA yA kalAtmaka kuzalatA se alaga kara dete haiN| rAyapasenIyasutta meM tIna prakAra ke AcAryoM kA ullekha hai -- 1. kalAcArya, 2. zilpAcArya evaM 3. dhrmaacaary| usameM ina tInoM AcAryoM ke prati ziSya ke kartavyoM kA bhI nirdeza hai| isase yaha phalita hai ki jaina cintakoM kI dRSTi meM zikSA vyavasthA tIna prakAra kI thii| kalAcArya kA kArya jIvanopayogI kalAoM arthAta jJAna-vijJAna aura lalita kalAoM kI zikSA denA thaa| bhASA, lipi, gaNita ke sAtha-sAtha khagola, bhUgola, jyotiSa Ayurveda saMgIta nRtya Adi kI bhI zikSA kalAcArya dete the| vastutaH Aja hamAre vizvavidyAlayoM meM kalA, sAmAjika vijJAna evaM vijJAna saMkAya jo kArya karate haiM, unhIM se milatA-julatA kArya kalAcArya kA thaa| jainAgamoM meM puruSa kI 64 evaM strI kI 72 kalAoM kA nirdeza upalabdha hai20, isase hama anumAna lagA sakate haiM ki jainAcAryoM kI dRSTi meM
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________________ pro. sAgaramala jaina 168 zikSA jIvana ke sabhI pahaluoM kA sparza karatI hai| kalAcArya ke bAda dUsarA sthAna zilpAcArya kA thaa| zilpAcArya vastutaH vaha vyakti hotA thA jo AjIvikA arjana se sambandhita vividha prakAra ke zilpoM kI zikSA detA thaa| Aja jisa prakAra vibhinna audyogika prazikSaNa saMsthAyeM prazikSaNa pradAna karatI haiM, usa kAla meM yahI kArya zilpAcArya krte| inake Upara dharmAcArya kA sthAna thaa| inakA dAyitva vastutaH vyakti ke cAritrika guNoM kA vikAsa karanA thaa| ve zIla aura sadAcAra kI zikSA dete the| isa prakAra-prAcIna kAla meM zikSA ko tIna bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA thA aura ina tInoM vibhAgoM kA dAyitva tat-tat viSayoM ke AcArya nirvAha karate the| jaina paramparA meM kalAcArya, zilpAcArya aura dharmAcArya ke jo nirdeza upalabdha hote haiM unase aisA lagatA hai ki bhAratIya cintana meM jo dharma, artha, kAma aura mokSa cAra puruSArtha yA jIvana-mUlya mAne gaye haiM, unameM mokSa to sAdhya puruSArtha hai, ataH zeSa tIna puruSArthoM kI zikSA kI vyavasthA alaga-alaga tIna AcAryoM ke lie niyata kI gaI thii| zilpAcArya kA kArya artha puruSArtha kI zikSA denA thA, to kalAcArya kA kAma bhASA lipi aura gaNita kI zikSA ke sAtha-sAtha kAma puruSArtha kI zikSA denA thaa| dharmAcArya kA kArya mAtra dharma aura mokSa puruSArtha se hI sambandhita thA isa prakAra vividha jIvana mUlyoM kI zikSA ke lie vividha AcAryoM kI vyavasthA thii| cU~ki jainadharma mUlataH eka nivRtti mUlaka aura saMnyAsaparaka dharma thA isalie dharmAcArya kA kArya dharma aura mokSa kI puruSArtha kI zikSA dene taka hI sImita rakhA gayA thaa| isa prakAra jIvana ke vividha mUlyoM ke AdhAra para zikSA kI vyavasthA bhI alaga-alaga thii| Aja hama sampUrNa jIvana mUlyoM ke lie jo eka hI prakAra kI zikSA vyavasthA kI bAta karate haiM, vaha mUla meM bhrAMti hai, jahA~ zilpAcArya aura kalAcArya vRttimUlaka zikSA pradAna karate the vahA~ dharmAcArya nivRtti mUlaka zilA pradAna karate the| punaH yaha bhI Avazyaka hai ki jo AcArya jisa prakAra kI jIvana zailI jItA hai| vaha vaisI hI zikSA pradAna kara sakatA hai| ataH dharmAcArya se artha aura kAma kI zikSA aura zilpAcArya evaM kalAcArya se dharma evaM mokSa puruSArtha kI zikSA kI apekSA karanA ucita nahIM hai| vartamAna sandarbha meM yaha Avazyaka hai ki hama zikSA ke vividha kSetroM kA dAyitva vividha AcAryoM ko sauMpe aura isa bAta kA vizeSa dhyAna rakheM ki jo vyakti jisa prakAra kI zikSA ke dene ke lie yogya ho, vahI usakA dAyitva smbhaaleN| jaba taka aisA nahIM hogA taba taka zikSA ke kSetra meM mAnava ke sarvAMgINa vikAsa kI kalpanA sArthaka nahIM hogii| "rAyapasenIyasutta" meM jo kalAcArya, zilpAcArya aura dharmAcArya kI vyavasthA dI gayI hai isase yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki zikSA ke ye tInoM kSetra mAnava jIvana ke tIna mUlyoM se sambandhita the tathA eka-dUsare se pRthak the aura sAmAnya vyakti tInoM hI prakAra kI zikSAyeM prApta karatA thaa| phira bhI prAcInakAla meM yaha zikSA paddhati vyakti ke liye bhAra svarUpa nahIM thii| jahA~ taka AdhyAtmika aura naitika zikSA kA prazna thA yaha dharmAcArya ke sAnnidhya meM upadezoM ke zravaNa ke mAdhyama se prApta kI jAtI thii| isake liye vyakti ko kucha vyaya nahIM karanA hotA hai| sAmAnyatayA zramaNa paramparA meM dharmAcArya bhikSAcaryA se hI apanI udarapUrti karate
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________________ 169 jaina AgamoM meM zikSA aura vartamAna sandarbha the aura unake koI sthAyI Azrama Adi bhI nahIM hote the, ataH ve vyakti aura samAja para bhAra svarUpa nahIM hote the| isake viparIta vaidika paramparA meM dharmAcArya saparivAra apane AzramoM meM rahate the tathA dharmAcArya aura kalAcArya kA kArya eka hI vyakti karatA thA kucha kalAcArya sampanna vyaktiyoM yA rAjAoM yA sAmantoM ke ghara jAkara bhI zikSA pradAna karate the, phira bhI sAmAnyatayA, ve zikSA apane AzramoM meM hI pradAna karate the| Azrama paddhati kI vizeSatA yaha thI ki vidyArthI aura zikSaka apanI AjIvikA yA to apane zrama se upArjita karate athavA bhikSAcaryA ke mAdhyama se usakI pUrti krte| isalie usa yuga meM zikSA na to vyakti para bhAra svarUpa thI aura na rAjya pr| samRddha vyakti athavA rAjA samaya-samaya para dAnAdi dekara zikSakoM ko sammAnita avazya karate the| vidyArthI bhI apanI zikSApUrNa karane ke pazcAt jaba svayaM AjIvikA arjana karane lagatA, to vaha bhI guru-dakSiNA dekara apane guru ko sammAnita karatA thaa| phira bhI yaha samagra vyavasthA mUlataH aicchika thii| zilpAcArya AjIvikA arjana se sambandhita vibhinna zilpoM kI zikSA dete the| vidyArthI zilpAcArya ke sAnnidhya meM rahakara hI zilpa sikhate the| isameM zikSaNa aura AjIvikA arjana kI prakriyA sAtha-sAtha hI calatI thii| sAmAnyatayA yaha zikSA pitA-putra kI paramparA se calatI thii| kintu kabhI-kabhI vyakti dUsaroM ke sAnnidhya meM bhI aisI zikSA prApta karatA thaa| "rAyapasenIya" ye spaSTa rUpa meM yaha ullikhita hai ki kisa prakAra ke zikSaka ko kisa prakAra se sammAnita karanA caahie|29 zilpAcArya aura kalAcArya ke sammAna kI paddhati dharmAcArya ke sammAna kI paddhati se bhinna thii| kalAcArya aura zilpAcArya kI ziSyagaNa telamAliza, snAna Adi ke dvArA na kevala zArIrika sevA karate the, apitu unheM vastra, AbhUSaNa Adi se alaMkRta kara sarasa bhojana karavAte the tathA unakI AjIvikA evaM unake putrAdi ke bharaNa-poSaNa kI yogya vyavasthA bhI karate the| dUsarI ora dharmAcArya ko vandana namaskAra karanA, usake upadezoM ko zraddhApUrvaka sunanA, bhikSArtha Ane para AhArAdi se usakA sammAna karanA -- yahI zikSArthI kA kartavya mAnA gayA thaa| jJAtavya hai ki jahA~ zilpAcArya aura kalAcArya apane ziSyoM se bhUmi, mudrA Adi ke dAna kI apekSA karate the, vahA~ dharmAcArya aparigrahI hone ke kAraNa apane prati zraddhAbhAva ko chor3akara anya koI apekSA nahIM rakhate the| yahA~ yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki zilpAcArya aura kalAcArya sAmAnyatayA gRhastha hote the aura isalie unheM apane pArivArika dAyitvoM ko sampanna karane ke lie ziSyoM se mudrA Adi kI apekSA hotI, kintu dharmAcArya kI sthiti isase bhinna thI, ve sAmAnya rUpa se saMnyAsI aura paparigrahI hote the, ataH unakI koI apekSA nahI hotI thii| vastutaH naitikatA aura sadAcAra kI zikSA dene kA adhikArI vahI vyakti ho sakatA thA jo svayaM apane jIvana meM naitikatA kA AcaraNa karatA ho aura yahI kAraNa thA ki usake upadezoM evaM AdezoM kA prabhAva hotA thaa| Aja hama naitika evaM AdhyAtmika zikSA dene kA prathama to koI prayatna hI nahIM karate dUsare usakI apekSA hama una zikSakoM se karate haiM jo svayaM usa prakAra kA jIvana nahIM jI rahe hote haiM, phalataH unakI zikSA ko koI prabhAva bhI nahIM hotaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki Aja vidyArthiyoM meM caritra niSThA kA abhAva pAyA jAtA hai kyoMki yadi zikSaka svayaM caritravAna nahIM hogA to vaha apane vidyArthiyoM ko vaisI zikSA nahIM de pAyegA, kama se kama dharmAcArya ke sandarbha meM to yaha bAta
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________________ Avazyaka hai| jaba taka usake jIvana meM cAritrika aura naitika mUlya sAkAra nahIM hoMge, vaha apane ziSyoM para unakA prabhAva DAlane meM samartha nahIM hogA / candravedhyaka prakIrNaka kahatA hai ki samyak zikSA ke pradAtA AcArya nizcaya hI sulabha nahIM hote| 2 23 jaina AgamoM meM isa prazna para bhI gambhIratA se vicAra kiyA gayA hai ki zikSA prApta karane kA adhikArI kauna hai ? candravedhyaka prakIrNaka meM una vyaktiyoM ko zikSA ke ayogya mAnA gayA hai, jo avinIta hoM, jo AcArya kA aura vidyA kA tiraskAra karate hoM, mithyA dRSTikoNa se yukta hoM tathA mAtra sAMsArika bhogoM ke lie vidyA prApta karane kI AkAMkSA rakhate hoM / 24 isI prakAra yogya AcArya kauna ho sakatA hai isakI carcA karate hue kahA gayA hai ki jo deza aura kAla kA jJAtA, avasara ko samajhane vAlA abhrAnta, dhairyavAna, anuvarttaka aura abhAyAvI hotA hai, sAtha hI laukika, AdhyAtmika aura vaidika zAstroM kA jJAtA hotA hai vahI zikSA dene kA adhikArI hai| isa grantha meM AcArya kI upamA dIpaka se dI gayI hai| dIpaka ke samAna AcArya svayaM bhI prakAzita hote haiM aura dUsaroM ko bhI prakAzita karate haiM / 26 170 jaina AgamoM meM zikSA aura vartamAna sandarbha zvetAmbara aura digambara donoM hI paramparAoM meM AcArya ke guNoM kI saMkhyA 36 svIkAra kI gayI haiM kintu ye 36 guNa kauna-kauna haiM isa sambandha meM vibhinna granthakAroM ke vibhinna dRSTikoNa haiM / bhagavatI ArAdhanA meM AcAratva Adi 8 guNoM ke sAtha-sAtha, 10 sthita kalpa, 12 tapa aura 6 Avazyaka, aise 36 guNa mAne gaye haiM / 27 isI ke TIkAkAra aparAjitasUri ne 8 jJAnAcAra, 8 darzanAcAra, 12 tapa, 5 samiti aura 3 gupti -- ye 36 guNa mAneM haiM / 28 zvetAmbara paramparA meM sthAnAMga meM AcArya ko ATha prakAra kI nimna gaNi sampadAoM se yukta batalAyA gayA hai 1. AcAra sampadA, 2. zruta sampadA, 3. zarIra sampadA, 4. vacana sampadA, 5. vAcanA sampadA, 6. matisampadA, 7. prayoga sampadA ( vAdakauzala) aura 8 saMgraha parijJA ( saMgha vyavasthA meM nipuNatA ) | 26 pravacanasAroddhAra meM AcArya ke 36 guNoM kA tIna prakAra se vivecana kiyA gayA hai| sarvaprathama uparokta 8 gaNi-sampadA ke dravya, kSetra, kAla aura bhAva kI apekSA se 32 bheda hote haiM, inameM AcArya, zruta, vikSepaNA aura nirghATana ye vinaya meM cAra bheda sammalita karane para kula 36 bheda hote haiN| prakArAntara se jJAnAcAra, darzanAcAra Ara caritrAcAra ke ATha-ATha bheda karane para 24 bheda hote haiM, inameM 12 prakAra kA tapa milAne para 36 bheda hote haiN| kahIM-kahIM ATha gaNi sampadA, 10 sthitikalpa 12 tapa aura 6 Avazyaka milAkara AcArya meM 36 guNa mAne gaye haiM pravacanasAroddhAra ke TIkAkAra ne AcArya ke nimna 36 guNoM kA bhI ullekha kiyA gayA haiM 1. dezayuta, 2. kulayuta, 3 jAtiyuta, 4 rUpayuta, 5. saMhananayuta, 6. ghRtiyuta, 7. anAzaMsI, 8. avikatthana, 9 ayAcI 10. sthira paripATI, 11. gRhItavAkya, 12. jitaparSata 13 jitanidrA, 14. madhyastha, 15 dezajJa, 16. kAlajJa, 17. bhAvajJa, 18. Asannalabdhapratima, 19. nAnAvidha deza bhASajJa, 20. jJAnAcAra, 21. darzanAcAra, 22. cAritrAcAra, 23. tapAcAra, 24 vIryAcAra, 25 sUtrapAta 26. AharalanipuNa, 27. hetunipuNa, 28. upanayanipuNa, 29 nayanipuNa, 30 grAhaNAkuzala, 31. svasamayajJa, 32. parasamayajJa, 33. gambhIra, 34. dIptImAna, 35. kalyANa karane vAlA aura 36. saumya / 30 - -- --
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________________ 171 jaina AgamoM meM zikSA aura vartamAna sandarbha ina guNoM kI carcA se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki jaina AgamoM meM AcArya kaisA honA cAhie isa prazna para gambhIratA pUrvaka vicAra kiyA gayA thA aura mAtra caritravAna evaM ucca mUlyoM ke prati niSThAvAna vyakti ko hI AcAryatva ke yogya pAnA gayA thaa| ___isase yaha phalita bhI hotA hai ki jo sAdhaka ahiMsAdi mahAvratoM kA svayaM pAlana karatA hai tathA AjIvikA arjana hetu mAtra bhikSA para nirbhara rahatA hai jo svArtha se pare hai vahI vyakti AdhyAtmika evaM naitika mUlyoM kA zikSaka hone kA adhikArI hai| vidyArthI kaisA honA cAhiye, isakI carcA karate hue uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki jo bhikSAjIvI, vinIta, sajjana vyaktiyoM ke guNoM ko jAnane vAlA, AcArya kI manobhAvoM ke anurUpa AcaraNa karane vAlA, sardI-garmI, bhUkha-pyAsa Adi ko sahana karane vAlA, lAbha-alAbha meM vicalita nahIM hone vAlA, sevA tathA svAdhyAya hetu tatpara, ahaMkAra rahita aura AcArya ke kaThora vacanoM ko sahana karane meM samartha ziSya hI zikSA kA adhikArI hai|31 granthakAra yaha bhI kahatA hai ki zAstroM meM ziSya kI jo parIkSA vidhi kahI gayI hai usake mAdhyama se ziSya kI parIkSA karake hI use mokSa mArga meM pravRtta karanA caahiye| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM ziSya ke AcAra vyavahAra ke sandarbha meM nirdeza karate hue kahA gayA hai ki jo ziSya guru ke sAnnidhya meM rahatA hai, guru ke saMketa va mAnobhAvoM ko samajhatA hai vahI vinIta kahalAtA hai isake viparIta AcaraNa vAlA aviniit| yogya ziSya sadaiva guru ke nikaTa rahe unase artha pUrNa bAta sIkhe aura nirarthaka bAtoM ko cher3a de, guru dvArA anuzAsita hone para krodha na kare, zUdra vyaktiyoM ke saMsarga se dUra rahe, yadi koI galatI ho gayI ho to use chipAye nahIM apitu yarthAtha rUpa meM prakaTa kara de| binA pUche guru kI bAtoM meM bIca meM na bole, adhyayana kAla meM sadaiva adhyayana kre| AcArya ke samakSa barAbarI se na baiThe, na unake Age, na pIche saTakara baitthe| guru ke samIpa unase apane zarIra ko saTAkara bhI nahIM baiThe, baiThe-baiThe hI na to kucha pUche aura na uttara de| guru ke samIpa ukuDU Asana se baiThakara hAtha jor3akara jo pUchanA ho use vinayapUrvaka puuche|3 ye sabhI tathya yaha sUcita karate haiM ki jaina zikSA vyavasthA meM ziSya ke lie anuzAsita jIvana jInA avazyaka thaa| yaha kaThora anuzAsana vastutaH bAhara se thopA huA nahIM thA, apitu mUlyAtmaka zikSA ke mAdhyama se isakA vikAsa andara se hI hotA thA, kyoMki jaina zikSA vyavasthA meM sAmAnyatayA ziSya meM tAr3ana-varjana kI koI vyavasthA nahIM thii| AcArya aura ziSya donoM ke lie hI Agama meM ullekhita anuzAsana kA pAlana karanA Avazyaka thaa| jaina zikSA vidhi meM anuzAsana AtmAnuzAsana thaa| vyakti ko dUsare ko anuzAsita karane kA adhikAra tabhI mAnA gayA thA, jaba vaha svayaM anuzAsita jIvana jItA ho| AcArya tulasI ne nija para zAsana phira anuzAsana kA jo sUtra diyA hai vaha vastutaH jaina zikSA vidhi kA sAra hai| zikSA ke sAtha jaba taka jIvana meM svasphUrta anuzAsana nahIM AyegA taba taka vaha sArthaka nahIM hogii|
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________________ sandarbha 1. bAibila, uddhRta naye saMketa, AcAryarajanIza, pR. 57 2. isibhAsiyAI, 17/3 AcArAMga, 1/1/1 4. kaThopaniSada, 3/3 AcArAMga, 2/3/15/1 6. sUtrakRtAMga, 1/12/11 7. uttarAdhyayana, 32/2 8. vahI, 26/60 vahI, 32/2 10. vahI, 32/102-106 11. dazavaikAlika, 6/4 12. candravedhyaka, 62 13. vahI, 56 14. vahI, 64 15. vahI, 68 16. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 11/3 17. vahI, 11/4-5 18. candravedhyaka, 77 16. rAyapasenIyasutta (ghAsIlAla jI ma. ) sUtra 656, pR. 338-341 20. samavAyAMga-samavAya 72 (dekheM -- TIkA) 21. rAyasenIyasutta (ghAsIlAlajI ma. ) sUtra 656, pR. 338-341 22. vahI, pR. 338-341 23. candravedhyaka, 20 24. vahI, 51-53 25. vahI, 25,26 26. vahI, 30 27. bhagavatIArAdhanA, 528 28, vahI, TIkA 26. sthAnAMga-sthAna, 8/15 30. pravacana sAroddhAra, dvAra 64 31. dekheM -- uttarAdhyayanasUtra, adhyAya 1 evaM 11 32. candravedhyaka, 53 33. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 1/2-22
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________________ khajurAho kI kalA aura jainAcAryoM kI samanvayAtmaka evaM sahiSNu dRSTi - DaoN. sAgaramala jaina khajurAho kI mandira evaM mUrtikalA ko jainoM kA pradeya kyA hai ? isa carcA ke pUrva hameM usa yuga kI paristhitiyoM kA Akalana kara lenA hogaa| khajurAho ke mandiroM kA nirmANakAla IsvI san kI navIM zatI ke uttarArdha se bArahavIM zatI ke pUrvArdha ke madhya hai| yaha kAlAvadhi eka ora jaina sAhitya aura kalA ke vikAsa kA svarNayuga hai, kintu dUsarI ora yaha jainoM ke astitva ke lie saMkaTa kA kAla bhI hai| guptakAla ke prArambha se pravRttimArgI brAhmaNa paramparA kA punaH abhyudaya ho rahA thaa| jana-sAdhAraNa tapa-tyAga pradhAna nIrasa vairAgyavAdI paramparA se vimukha ho rahA thA, use eka aise dharma kI talAza thI jo usakI mano-daihika eSaNAoM kI pUrti ke sAtha mukti kA koI mArga prazasta kara ske| manuSya kI isI AkAMkSA kI pUrti ke lie hindUdharma meM vaiSNava, zaiva, zAkta aura kaula sampradAyoM kA tathA bauddha dharma meM vajrayAna sampradAya kA udaya huaa| inhoMne tapa- tyAga pradhAna vairAgyavAdI pravRttiyoM ko nakArA aura phalataH jana-sAdhAraNa ke AkarSaNa ke kendra bne| nivRttimArgI zramaNa paramparAoM ke lie aba astitva kA saMkaTa upasthita ho gayA thaa| unake lie do hI vikalpa zeSa the yA to ve tapa-tyAga ke kaThora nivRttimArgI AdarzoM se nIce utarakara yuga kI mA~ga ke sAtha koI sAmaMjasya sthApita kareM yA phira unake virodha meM khar3e hokara apane astitva ko hI nAmazeSa hone deN| bauddhoM kA hInayAna sampradAya, jainoM kA yApanIya sampradAya, AjIvaka Adi dUsare kucha anya zramaNa sampradAya apane kaThora nivRttimArgI AdarzoM se samajhautA na karane ke kAraNa nAmazeSa ho gye| bauddhoM kA dUsarA varga jo mahAyAna ke rAste yAtrA karatA huA vajrayAna ke rUpa meM vikasita huA thA, yadyapi yugIna paristhitiyoM se samajhautA aura samanvaya kara rahA thA, kintu vaha yuga ke pravAha ke sAtha itanA baha gayA ki vAma mArga meM aura usameM upAsya bheda ke atirikta anya koI bheda nahIM raha gayA thaa| isa kAraNa eka ora usane apanI svatantra pahacAna kho dI tathA dUsarI ora vAsanA kI pUrti ke paMka meM AkaNTha DUba jAne se jana-sAdhAraNa kI zraddhA se bhI vaMcita ho gayA aura antataH apanA astitva nahIM bacA skaa| jainAcAryoM ne ina paristhitiyoM meM buddhimattA se kAma liyA, unhoMne yugIna paristhitiyoM se eka aisA sAmaMjasya sthApita kiyA, jisake kAraNa unakI svatantra pahacAna bhI banI rahI aura
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________________ khajurAho kI kalA bhAratIya saMskRti kI usa yuga kI mukhya dhArA se unakA virodha bhI nahIM rhaa| unhoMne apane vItarAgatA evaM nivRtti ke Adarza ko surakSita rakhate hue bhI hindU deva maNDala ke aneka devI-devatAoM ko, unakI upAsanA paddhati aura karmakANDa ko, yahA~ taka ki tantra ko bhI apanI paramparA ke anurUpa rUpAntarita karake svIkRta kara liyA / mAtra yahI nahIM hindU samAja vyavasthA ke varNAzrama siddhAnta aura unakI saMskAra paddhati kA bhI jainIkaraNa karake unheM AtmasAt kara liyaa| sAtha hI apanI ora se sahiSNutA aura sadbhAva kA paricaya dekara apane ko nAma zeSa hone se bacA liyaa| hama prastuta Alekha meM khajurAho ke mandira evaM mUrtikalA ke prakAza meM inhIM tathyoM ko spaSTa karane kA prayAsa kreNge| 174 khajurAho ke hindU aura jaina paramparA ke mandiroM kA nirmANa samakAlIna hai, yaha isa tathya kA dyotaka hai ki donoM paramparAoM meM kisI sImA taka sadbhAva aura saha-astitva kI bhAvanA thii| kintu jaina mandira samUha kA hindU mandira samUha se paryApta dUrI para honA, isa tathya kA sUcaka hai ki jaina mandiroM ke lie sthala- cayana meM jainAcAryoM ne buddhimattA aura dUra- dRSTi kA paricaya diyA, tAki saMgharSa kI sthiti ko TAlA jA ske| jJAtavya hai ki khajurAho kA jaina mandira samUha hindU mandira samUha se lagabhaga 2 kilomITara kI dUrI para sthita hai| yaha satya hai ki mandira nirmANa meM donoM paramparAoM meM eka sAtvika pratispardhA kI bhAvanA bhI rahI tabhI to donoM paramparAoM meM kalA ke utkRSTa namUne sAkAra ho sake, kintu jainAcArya isa sambandha meM sajaga the ki saMgharSa kA koI avasara nahIM diyA jAye kyoMki jahA~ hindU mandiroM kA nirmANa rAjyAzraya se ho rahA thA, vahA~ jaina mandiroM kA nirmANa vaNik varga kara rahA thaa| ataH itanI sajagatA Avazyaka thI ki rAjakIya koSa evaM bahujana samAja ke saMgharSa ke avasara alpatama hoM aura yaha tabhI sambhava thA jaba donoM ke nirmANasthala paryApta dUrI para sthita hoM / I mandira evaM mUrtikalA kI dRSTi se donoM paramparAoM ke mandiroM meM paryApta samAnatA hai kintu isakA yaha artha nahIM hai ki jainoM ne apanI paramparA ke vaiziSTya kI pUrNa upekSA kI hai samanvayazIlatA ke prayatnoM ke bAvajUda unhoMne apane vaiziSTya aura asmitA ko khoyA nahIM hai / khajurAho ke mandira jisa kAla meM nirmita hue taba vAmamArga aura tantra kA pUrA prabhAva thA / yahI kAraNa hai ki khajurAho ke mandiroM meM kAmuka aMkana pUrI svatantratA ke sAtha pradarzita kiye gaye, prAkRtika aura aprAkRtika maithuna ke aneka dRzya khajurAho ke mandiroM meM utkIrNa haiN| yadyapi jaina mandiroM kI bAhya bhittiyoM para bhI aise kucha aMkana haiM, kintu unakI mAtrA hindU mandiroM kI apekSA atyalpa hai| isakA artha hai ki jainadharmAnuyAyI isa sambandha meM paryApta sajaga rahe hoMge ki kAmavAsanA kA yaha uddAma aMkana unake nivRttimArgI dRSTikoNa ke sAtha saMgati nahIM rakhatA hai / isalie unhoMne aise dRzyoM ke aMkana kI khulI chUTa nahIM dI / khajurAho ke jaina mandiroM meM kAmukatA ke azlIla aMkana ke jo do-cAra phalaka milate haiM unake sambandha meM do hI vikalpa ho sakate haiM yA to ve jainAcAryoM kI dRSTi se ojhala rahe yA phira unheM usa tAntrika mAnyatA ke AdhAra para svIkAra kara liyA gayA ki aise aMkanoM ke hone para mandira para bijalI nahIM giratI hai aura vaha surakSita rahatA hai| kyoMki khajurAho ke atirikta dakSiNa ke kucha digambara jaina
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________________ DaoN. sAgaramala jaina 175 mandiroM meM aura rAjasthAna ke tAraMgA aura rANakapura ke zve. jaina mandiroM meM aise aMkana pAye jAte haiN| jahA~ taka kAma sambandhI azlIla aMkanoM kA prazna hai isa sambandha meM jaina AcAryoM ne yuga kI mA~ga ke sAtha sAmaMjasya sthApita karake use svIkRti pradAna kara dI thii| jinamandira kI bAhya bhittiyoM para zAlabhaMjikAoM (apsarAoM) ke aura vyAloM ke utkIrNa hone kI sUcanA jainAgama rAjapraznIya meM bhI upalabdha hai|' isakA tAtparya hai ki khajurAho meM utkIrNa apsarA mUrtiyA~ jaina Agama sammata haiN| AcArya jinasena ne isake eka zatAbdI pUrva hI rati aura kAmadeva kI mUrtiyoM ke aMkana evaM mandira kI bAhya bhittiyoM ko AkarSaka banAne kI svIkRti de dI thii| unhoMne kahA thA ki mandira kI bAhya bhittiyoM ko vezyA ke samAna honA caahie| jisa prakAra vezyA meM logoM ko AkarSita karane kI sAmarthya hotI hai, usI prakAra mandiroM kI bAhaya bhittiyoM meM bhI jana-sAdhAraNa ko apanI ora AkarSita karane kI sAmarthya honA caahiye| jana-sAdhAraNa ko apanI ora AkarSita karane ke lie aise aMkanoM kI svIkRti unake yugabodha aura sAmaMjasya kI dRSTi kA hI pariNAma thaa| yadyapi yaha bhI satya hai ki azlIla kAmuka aMkanoM ke prati jainoM kA rukha anudAra hI rahA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki aise kucha phalakoM ko naSTa karane kA prayatna bhI kiyA gayA hai| jainAcAryoM kI sahiSNu aura samanvayavAdI dRSTi kA dUsarA udAharaNa khajurAho ke jaina mandiroM meM hindU devamaNDala ke aneka devI-devatAoM kA aMkana hai| ina mandiroM meM rAma, kRSNa, balarAma, viSNu tathA sarasvatI, lakSmI, kAlI, mahAkAlI, jvAlAmAlinI Adi deviyA~, aSTa dikpAla, navagraha Adi ko pracuratA se utkIrNa kiyA gayA hai| yadyapi yaha jJAtavya hai ki inameM se anekoM ko khajurAho ke mandiroM ke nirmANa ke zatAbdiyoM pUrva hI jaina deva maNDala kA aMga banA liyA gayA thaa| rAma, lakSmaNa, kRSNa, balarAma Adi vAsudeva aura baladeva ke rUpa meM zalAkA puruSa tathA sarasvatI, kAlI, mahAkAlI Adi 16 vidyA-deviyoM ke rUpa meM athavA jinoM kI yakSiyoM ke rUpa meM mAnya ho cukI thI, isI prakAra navagraha, aSTadikpAla, indra Adi bhI jainoM ke deva maNDala meM pratiSThita ho cuke the aura inakI pUjA aura upAsanA bhI hone lagI thii| phira bhI jainAcAryoM kI viziSTatA yaha rahI ki unhoMne vItarAga kI zreSThatA aura garimA ko yathAvata surakSita rakhA aura inheM jinazAsana ke sahAyaka devI-devatA ke rUpa meM hI svIkAra kiyaa| khajurAho ke mandira evaM mUrtiyoM ke sambandha meM yadi hama tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra kareM to merI jAnakArI ke anusAra yahA~ ke kisI bhI hindU mandira meM jina pratimA kA koI bhI aMkana upalabdha nahIM hotA hai, jabaki jaina mandiroM meM na kevala una devI-devatAoM kA, jo jaina devamaNDala ke sadasya mAna liye gaye haiM, apitu isake atirikta bhI hindU devI-devatAoM ke aMkana haiM -- yaha jainAcAryoM kI udAra dRSTi kA paricAyaka hai| jabaki hindU mandiroM meM dazAvatAra ke kucha phalakoM meM yuddha ke aMkana ke atirikta jaina aura bauddha deva maNDala athavA jina aura buddha ke aMkana kA abhAva kisI anya sthiti kA sUcaka hai| maiM vidvAnoM kA dhyAna isa ora avazya AkarSita karanA cAhU~gA ki ve yaha dekheM ki yaha samanvaya yA sahiSNutA kI bAta khajurAho ke mandira aura mUrtikalA kI dRSTi se eka pakSIya hai yA ubhayapakSIya hai|
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________________ 176 khajurAho kI kalA isI prasaMga meM khajurAho ke hindU mandiroM meM digambara jaina zramaNoM kA jo aMkana hai vaha bhI punarvicAra kI apekSA rahatA hai| DaoN. lakSmIkAMta tripAThI ne 'bhAratI varSa 1959-60 ke aMka | meM apane lekha "The Erotic Scenes of Khajuraho and their Probabla explanation" meM isa sambandha meM bhI eka prazna upasthita kiyA hai| khajurAho jagadambI mandira meM eka digambara jaina zramaNa ko do kAmuka striyoM se ghirA huA dikhAyA gayA hai| lakSmaNa mandira ke dakSiNa bhitti meM digambara jaina zramaNa ko pazupAzaka mudrA meM eka strI se sambhogarata batAyA gayA, mAtra yahI nahIM usakI pAda-pITha para "zrI sAdhu nandikSapaNaka" aisA lekha bhI utkIrNa hai| isI prakAra jagadambI mandira kI dakSiNa bhitti para eka kSapaNaka (digambara jaina muni) ko utthita-liMga dikhAyA gayA hai, usake samakSa khar3A huA bhAgavata saMnyAsI eka hAtha se usakA liMga pakar3e hue hai, dUsarA hAtha mArane kI mudrA meM hai, jabaki kSapaNaka hAtha jor3e hue khar3A hai| prazna yaha hai ki isa prakAra ke anya aMkanoM kA uddezya kyA thA ? DaoN. tripAThI ne ise jaina zramaNoM kI viSaya-lampaTatA aura samAja meM unake prati Akroza kI bhAvanA mAnA hai| unake zabdoM # "The Penis erectus of the Kshapanaka is suggestive of his licentious character and lack of control over Senses which appears to have been in the root of all these conflicts and opposition" (Bharti, 1959-60 No. 3, Page 100) kinta maiM yahA~ DaoN. tripAThI ke niSkarSa se sahamata nahIM huuN| merI dRSTi meM isakA uddezya jaina zramaNoM kI samAja meM jo pratiSThA thI use nIce girAnA thaa| pro. tripAThI ne jaina zramaNoM kI viSaya-lampaTatA ke apane niSkarSa kI puSTi ke lie "prabodhacandrodaya" kA sAkSya bhI prastuta kiyA jisameM jaina kSapaNaka (muni) ke mukha se yaha kahalavAyA hai -- dUre caraNa praNAmaH kRtasatkAraM bhojanaM ca missttm| IyAmalaM na kArya RSiNAM dArAn ramaNamANAnAm / / arthAta, RSiyoM kI dUra se caraNa vaMdanA karanI cAhie, unheM sammAna pUrvaka miSTa bhojana karavAnA cAhie aura yadi ve strI se ramaNa bhI kareM to bhI IrSyA nahIM karanI caahie| pro. tripAThI kA yaha pramANa isalie lacara ho jAtA hai ki yaha bhI virodhI pakSa ne hI prastuta kiyA hai| prabodhacandrodaya nATaka kA mukhya uddezya hI jaina-bauddha zramaNoM ko patita tathA kApAlika (kaula) mata kI ora AkarSita hotA dikhAnA hai| vastutaH ye samasta prayAsa jaina zramaNoM kI sAmAjika pratiSThA ko Thesa pahuMcAne ke nimitta hI the| yaha satya hai ki isa yuga meM jaina zramaNa apane nivRttimArgI kaThora saMyama aura deha titIkSA ke ucca Adarza se nIce utare the| saMgha rakSA ke nimitta ve vanavAsI se caityavAsI (maThavAsI) bane the| tantra ke bar3hate hue prabhAva se jana-sAdhAraNa jainadharma se vimukha na hoM jAyeM -- isalie unhoMne bhI tantra, cikitsA evaM lalitakalAoM ko apanI paramparA ke anurUpa DhAla kara svIkAra kara liyA thaa| kintu vaiyaktika apavAdoM ko chor3akara, jo hara yuga aura hara sampradAya meM rahe haiM, unhoMne vAmamArgI AcAra- vidhi ko kabhI mAnyatA nahIM dii| jaina zramaNa paramparA vAsanApUrti kI svachandatA ke
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________________ DaoN. sAgaramala jaina 177 usa stara para kabhI nahIM utarI, jaisA ki khajurAho ke mandiroM meM use aMkita kiyA gayA hai| vastutaH isa prakAra ke aMkanoM kA kAraNa jaina zramaNoM kA cAritrika patana nahIM hai, apitu dhArmika vidveSa aura asahiSNutA kI bhAvanA hai| svayaM pro. tripAThI isa tathya ko svIkAra karate hue likhate haiM -- The existence of these temples of different faiths at one site has generally, upto now, been taken indicative of an atmostphere of religious toleration and amity enabling peaceful co-existence. This long e stablished notion in the light of proposed interpretation of erotic scenes requires modification. There are even certain sculptures on the temples of khajuraho, which clearly reveal the existence of religious rivalary and conflict at the time (Ibid, p. 99-100) kintu vicAraNIya prazna yaha hai ki kyA isa prakAra ke viSa pUrNa aMkana jaina mandiroM meM hindU saMnyAsiyoM ke prati bhI haiM ? jahA~ taka merA jJAna hai khajurAho ke jaina mandiroM meM eka apavAda ko chor3akara prAyaH aise aMkanoM kA abhAva hai aura yadi aisA hai to vaha jainAcAryoM kI udAra aura sahiSNu dRSTi kA hI paricAyaka hai| yadyapi yaha satya hai ki isI yuga ke katipaya jainAcAryoM ne dharma-parIkSA jaise granthoM ke mAdhyama se sapatnIka sarAga devoM para vyaMgya prastuta kiye haiM aura deva mUr3hatA, guru mUr3hatA aura dharma mUr3hatA ke rUpa meM hindU paramparA meM pracalita andhavizvAsoM kI samIkSA bhI kI hai, kintu, isake bAvajUda khajurAho ke jaina mandiroM meM hindU devamaNDala ke aneka devoM kA sapatnIka aMkana kyA jainAcAryoM kI udAra bhAvanA kA paricAyaka nahIM mAnA jA sakatA ? vastutaH sAmanyatayA jaina zramaNa na to AcAra meM itane patita the, jaisA ki unheM aMkita kiyA gayA hai aura na ve asahiSNu hI the| yadi ve cAritrika dRSTi se itane patita hote to phira vAsavacandra mahArAja dhaMga kI dRSTi meM sammAnita kaise hote ? khajurAho ke abhilekha unake jana-samAja para vyApaka prabhAva ko sUcita karate haiN| koI bhI viSaya lampaTa zramaNa jana-sAdhAraNa kI zraddhA kA kendra nahIM bana sakatA hai| yadi jaina zramaNa bhI viSaya-lampaTatA meM vajrayAnI bauddha zramaNoM evaM kApAlikoM kA anusaraNa karate to kAlAntara meM nAma zeSa ho jaate| jaina zramaNoM para samAja kA pUrA niyantraNa rahatA thA aura duzcaritra zramaNoM ko saMgha se bahiSkRta karane kA vidhAna thA, jo vartamAna meM bhI yathAvat hai| khajurAho ke jagadambI Adi mandiroM meM jaina zramaNoM kA jo citraNa hai vaha mAtra IrSyAvaza unake caritra-hanana kA prayAsa thaa| yadyapi hameM yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki ye aMkana sAmAnya hindU paramparA ke jainoM ke prati anudAra dRSTikoNa ke paricAyaka nahIM haiN| kyoMki sAmAnya hindU samAja jainoM ke prati sadaiva hI udAra aura sahiSNu rahA hai| yadi sAmAnya hindU samAja jainoM ke prati anudAra hotA to unakA astitva samApta ho gayA hotaa| yaha anudAra dRSTi kevala kauloM aura kApAlikoM kI hI thI, kyoMki inake liye jaina zramaNoM kI caritraniSThA IrSyA kA viSaya thii| aitihAsika AdhAroM para bhI kauloM aura kApAlikoM ke
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________________ 178 khajurAho kI kala asahiSNa aura anadAra hone ke aneka pramANa hameM upalabdha hote haiN| ina donoM paramparAoM ke prabhAva khajurAho kI kalA para dekhA jAtA hai| jaina zramaNoM ke sandarbha meM ye aMkana isI prabhAva paricAyaka haiN| sAmAnya hindU paramparA aura jaina paramparA meM sambandha madhura aura sauhArdapUrNa hai the| ___punaH jagadambI mandira ke usa phalaka kI, jisameM kSapaNaka apane virodhI ke Akroza kii| sthiti meM bhI hAtha jor3e hue haiM, vyAkhyA jaina zramaNa kI sahanazIlatA aura sahiSNutA ke rUpa meM bhI kI jA sakatI hai| anekAMta aura ahiMsA ke pariveza meM pale jaina zramaNoM ke lie samanvayazIlatA aura sahiSNutA ke saMskAra svAbhAvika haiM aura inakA prabhAva khajurAho ke jaina mandiroM kI kalA para spaSTa rUpa dekhA jAtA hai| sandarbha 1. dAraceDIo ya sAlabhaMjiyAo ya bAlasvae. ya lomahattheNaM pamajjai - rAjapraznIya ( madhukaramuni), 200 2. harivaMzapurANa, 29/2-5 3. (a) AdipurANa, 6/181 .. (ba) khajurAho ke jaina mandiroM kI mUrtikalA, ratneza varmA, pR. 56 se 62 4. prabodhacandrodaya, aMka 3/6 (a) puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 26 (ba) dhUrtAkhyAna, haribhadra (sa) yazastilakacampU (hanDikI), pR. 249-253
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________________ mahApaNDita rAhula sAMkRtyAyana ke jainadharma sambandhI mantavyoM kI samAlocanA - pro. sAgaramala jaina mahApaNDita rAhula sAMkRtyAyana bhAratIya vAGmaya ke vizruta vidvAn the| hindI sAhitya kI vividha-vidhAoM meM bhAratIya vAGmaya ko unakA avadAna avismaraNIya hai| darzana ke kSetra meM rAhulajI ne jitanA adhika pAzcAtya darzanoM, vizeSa rUpa se dvandvAtmaka bhautikavAda evaM bauddhadarzana ke sambandha meM likhA, usakI apekSA jainadarzana ke kSetra meM unakA lekhana bahuta hI alpa hai| unake grantha "darzana-digdarzana" meM vardhamAna mahAvIra aura anekAntavAdI jaina darzana ke sambandha meM jo kucha likhA hai, use athavA bauddhagranthoM meM Ane vAlI jainadharma-darzana sambandhI samIkSAoM ke hindI anuvAda ko chor3akara unhoMne jainadarzana ke kSetra meM kucha likhA ho, aisA mujhe jJAta nhiiN| ataH yahA~ jainadarzana ke kSetra meM unake vicAroM kI samIkSA inhIM granthAMzoM ke AdhAra para kI gaI hai| unhoMne apane grantha "darzana-digdarzana" meM jaina paramparA kA ullekha vizeSarUpa se do sthaloM para kiyA hai -- eka to buddha ke samakAlIna chaH tIrthaMkaroM ke sandarbha meM aura dUsarA jainadarzana ke svatantra pratipAdana ke kSetra meN| bauddhagranthoM meM varNita chaH tIrthaMkaroM meM varddhamAna mahAvIra kA ullekha unhoMne sarvajJatAvAdI ke rUpa meM kiyA hai, kintu unhoMne yaha samagra vivaraNa bauddhagranthoM ke AdhAra para hI prastuta kiyA hai| buddha ke samakAlIna cha: tIrthaMkaroM aura vizeSa rUpa se varddhamAna mahAvIra ke sandarbha meM yadi ve bauddhetara srotoM ko bhI AdhAra banAte to unake sAtha adhika nyAya kara sakate the| kyoMki bauddhagranthoM meM mahAvIra kA jo citraNa nirgrantha jJAtRputra (nATaputta) ke rUpa meM hai usameM satyAMza to hai, kintu vaha eka Alocaka dRSTi se hI likhA gayA hai, ataH unake vyaktitva ko samyak rUpa meM prastuta nahIM karatA hai| mahAvIra ke sambandha meM dIghanikAya ke AdhAra para ve likhate haiM -- "mahAvIra kI mukhya zikSA ko bauddhatripiTaka meM isa prakAra uddhRta kiyA gayA hai -- nirgrantha (jaina sAdhu) cAra saMvaroM (saMyamoM) se saMvatta rahatA hai| 1. nirgantha jala ke vyavahAra kA vAraNa karatA hai, (jisase jala ke jIva na mAre jAveM), 2. sabhI pApoM kA vAraNa karatA hai, 3. sabhI pApoM ke vAraNa karane se vaha pApa rahita (dhUtapApa) hotA hai, 4. sabhI pApoM kA vAraNa meM lagA rahatA hai| ... cU~ki nirgantha ina cAra prakAra ke saMvaroM se saMvRtta rahatA hai isalie vaha -- gatAtmA (anicchuka), yatAtmA (saMyamI) aura sthitAtmA kahalAtA hai|" [darzanadigdarzana, pR. 495] ___ isa vivaraNa meM mahAvIra kI zikSAoM ko cArtuyAma saMvara ke rUpa meM prastuta karate hue, unhoMne jisa cArtuyAma saMvara kA ullekha kiyA hai, vastutaH vaha cArtuyAma saMvara kA mArga mahAvIra kA nahIM, pArzva kA hai| paravartIkAla meM jaba pArzva kI nirgrantha paramparA mahAvIra kI paramparA meM
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________________ 180 mahApaNDita rAhula sAMkRtyAyana ke jainadharma sambandhI mantavyoM kI samAlocanA cammilita ho gayI, to tripiTaka saMkalanakartAoM ne donoM dhArAoM ko eka mAnakara pArzva ke vicAroM ko bhI mahAvIra ke nAma se hI prastuta kiyaa| tripiTaka ke saMkalana kartAoM kI isa bhrAnti kA anusaraNa rAhulajI ne bhI kiyA aura apanI ora se TippaNI ke rUpa meM bhI isa bhUla ke parimArjana kA koI prayatna nahIM kiyaa| jabaki unake sahakarmI bauddhabhikSu jagadIza kAzyapajI ne isa bhUla ke parimArjana kA prayatna dIghanikAya kI bhUmikA meM vistAra se kiyA hai, ve likhate ? -- "sAmaJayaphalasutta" meM varNita chaH tairthikoM ke matoM ke anusAra, apane-apane sAmpradAyika saMgaThanoM ke kendra avazya rahe hoNge| inake avazeSa khojane ke lie deza ke vartamAna dhArmika-jIvana ma khAja karanA sArthaka hogaa| kama se kama "nigaNTha-nAtaputta" se hamaloga nizcita rUpa se paricita haiN| ve jainadharma ke antima tIrthaMkara bhagavAna mahAvIra hI haiN| pAli-saMskaraNa meM ve hI "cAtuyoma saMvara" siddhAnta ke prarvataka kahe jAte haiN| sambhavataH aisA bhUla se ho gayA hai| vAstava meM "cAturyAma-dharma" ke prarvataka unake pUrvavartI tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha the -- savvAto pANAtivAyAo varamaNaM evaM musAvAyAo veramaNaM, savvAto adinnAdANAo veramaNaM, savvAto bahiddhAdANAo vegmaNaM ( ThANAMga (ThANa 4), pR. 201, sUtra 266 ) / uparyukta varNita "cAturyAma saMvara" siddhAnta meM pariggahaveramaNa" nAmaka eka aura vrata jor3akara pArzvanAtha ke paravartI tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ne "paMcamahAvrata-dharma" kA pravartana kiyaa| [ jJAtavya hai ki yahA~ kAzyapajI se bhI bhUla ho gayI hai vastutaH mahAvIra ne parigraha viramaNa nahIM, maithunaviramaNa yA brahmacarya kA mahAvrata jor3A thaa| "bahiddhAdANa" kA artha to parigraha hai hii| pArzva strI ko bhI parigraha hI mAnate the| yaha bhI vizeSa rUpa se dhyAna dene yogya hai ki jisa rUpa meM pAli meM "cAtaryAmasaMvara" siddhAnta kA ullekha milatA hai, vaisA jaina sAhitya meM kahIM bhI upalabdha nahIM hotaa| pAli meM yaha isa prakAra varNita hai -- "sabbavArivAritA ca hoti, sabbavAriyutto ca, sabbavAridhuto ca, sabbavAriphuTo" aura isakA artha bhI spaSTa jJAta nahIM hotaa| ise dekhakara yaha jJAta hotA hai ki sambhavataH yaha tor3a-maror3a ke hI kAraNa hai|" [dIghanikAya-nAlaMdAsaMskaraNa, prathamabhAga kI bhUmikA, pR.13-14] / ataH rAhulajI ne cAra saMvaroM kA ullekha jisa rUpa meM kiyA hai, vaha aura dIghanikAya ke isa aMza kA jo hindI anuvAda rAhula jI ne kiyA hai vaha bhI, nirdoSa nahIM hai| dIghanikAya kA vaha mUlapATha, usakI aTTakathA aura anuvAda isa prakAra hai -- "evaM vutte, bhante, nigaNTho nATaputto meM etadavoca - idha mahArAja, nigaNTho cAtuyAmasaMvarasaMvuto hoti ? mahArAja nigaNTho kathaM ca mahArAja nigaNTho cAtuyAma saMvarosaMvuto hoti ? idha sabbavArivArito ca hoti, sabbavAriyutato ca, sabbavAridhuto ca, sabbavAriphuTo ca evaM kho, mahArAja, nigaNTho cAtuyAmasaMvarasaMvuto hoti -- ayaM vuccAti, mahArAja nigaNTho gatatto ca yatatto ca Thitatto cA ti|" (dIghanikAya 2/5/28) nATaputtapAde cAtuyAmasaMvarasaMvuto hi catukoTThAsena saMvarena sNvuto| sabbavArito cAti vAritasabbaudako paTikkhittasabbasItodako ti attho| so kira sItodake sattasaMJa hoti, tasmA na taM vljeti| sabbavAriyutto ti sabbena pApavAraNena yutto| sabbavAridhuto ti sabbena pApavAraNena dhutpaapo| sabbavAriphuTo ti sabbena pApavAraNena phuttttho|
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________________ pro. sAgaramala jaina gatattoti koTippattacitto / yatatto ti saMyatacitto / Thitatto ( dI. ni., 1.50) ti supptitttthitcitto| etassa vAde kiMci sAsanAnulomaM pi atthi asuddhaladdhitAyana sabbA diTThayeva jAtA / sumaMgala vilAsinI aTTakathA (pR. 186 ) aisA kahane para bhante / nigaNThanAthaputta ne yaha uttara diyA mahArAja ! nigaNTa cAra saMvaroM se saMvRtta rahatA hai / mahArAja ! nigaNTha cAra saMvaroM se kaise saMvRta rahatA hai ? mahArAja ! 1. nigaNTha jala ke vyavahAra kA vAraNa karatA hai (jisameM jala ke jIva na mAre jAveM), 2. sabhI pApoM kA vAraNa karatA hai, 3. sabhI pApoM ke vAraNa karane se dhUtapApa hotA hai, 4. sabhI pApoM ke vAraNa karane meM lagA rahatA hai| mahArAja nigaNTha isa prakAra cAra saMvaroM se saMvRta rahatA hai| mahArAja nigaNTha ina cAra prakAra ke saMvaroM se saMvRta rahatA hai, isIlie vaha nirgrantha, gatAtmA, yatAtmA aura sthitAtmA kahalAtA hai|" ---- 181 -- vastutaH yahA~ rAhula jI jinheM cAturyAma saMvara kaha rahe haiM, ve cAyAma saMvara hokayU nirgrantha sAdhaka cAturyAma saMvara kA pAlana kisa prakAra karatA hai usake sambandha meM ullekha hai4 merI dRSTi meM yahA~ "kathaM " kA artha kauna se na hokara kisa prakAra hai cAturyAma ke rUpa meM jainAgamoM meM jinakA vivaraNa prastuta kiyA gayA hai ve nimna haiM 1. prANAtipAta viramaNa 2. mRSAvAd viramaNa 3. adattAdAna viramaNa 4. bahirdAdAna viramaNa (parigraha tyAga ) jaina Agama sthAnAMga, samavAyAMga Adi meM cArtuyAma saMvara kA ullekha isI rUpa meM milatA hai / dIghanikAya ke isa aMza kA jo artha rAhulajI ne kiyA hai vaha bhI truTipUrNa hai| prathamataH yahA~ vAri zabda kA artha jala na hokara vAraNa karane yogya arthAt pApa hai / sUtrakRtAMga meM vIrastuti meM mahAvIra ko "vAriya savvavAraM " (sUtrakRtAMga, 1/6/28) kahA gayA hai| yahA~ "vAra" zabda "pApa" ke artha meM hI hai, jala ke artha meM nahIM hai| punaH jaina muni mAtra sacittajala (jIvanayutta jala ) ke upayoga kA tyAga karatA hai, sarvajala kA nahIM / ataH sumaMgalavilAsinI aTTakathAkAra evaM rAhulajI dvArA yahA~ vAri yA jala artha karanA ayuktisaMgata hai| kyoMki eka vAkyAMza meM "vAri" kA artha jala karanA aura dUsare meM usI "vAri" zabda kA artha "pApa" karanA samIcIna nahIM hai / cU~ki nirgrantha sacitta (jIvana-yukta) jala ke tyAgI hote the, snAna nahIM karate vastra nahIM dhote the / ataH inhIM bAtoM ko AdhAra mAnakara yahA~ "savvavArivArito" kA artha jala kA tyAga karate haiM, yaha mAna liyA gayA, kintu svayaM sumaMgala vilAsinI TIkA yA aTTakathA meM bhI spaSTa ullekha hai ki nirgrantha mAtra sacitta jala kA tyAgI hotA hai, sarvajala kA nahIM, ataH vAri kA artha jala karanA ucita nahIM hai| dIghanikAya kI aTTakathA meM "vAri" kA jo bhrAnta artha jala kiyA gayA thA, rAhulajI kA yaha anuvAda bhI usI para AdhArita hai / ataH isa bhrAnta artha
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________________ 182 mahApaNDita rAhula sAMkRtyAyana ke jainadharma sambandhI mantavyoM kI samAlocanA karane ke liye rAhulajI utane doSI nahIM haiM, jitane sumaMgalavilAsinI ke krtaa| sambhavataH nirganthoM ne jalIya jIvoM kI hiMsA se bacane ke liye jala ke upayoga para jo pratibandha lagAye gaye the, usI se artha aura TIkA meM yaha bhrAnti huI hai| Age isI krama meM unhoMne svayaM "vAri" kA artha "pApa" karake sabbavAriyutto kA artha vaha saba pApoM kA vAraNa karatA hai, kiyA hai| kintu yaha artha mUlapATha ke anurUpa nahIM hai, kyoMki yahA~ vAri kA artha pApa karake bhI yutto kA artha vAraNa karanA -- kiyA gayA hai, vaha samucita nahIM hai, kyoMki pAlIkozoM ke anusAra yutto zabda kA artha kisI bhI sthiti meM "vAraNa" nahIM ho sakatA hai| koza ke anusAra to isa yutta kA artha lipta hotA hai, ataH isa vAkyAMza kA artha hogA -- vaha sarva pApoM se yukta yA lipta hotA hai -- jo nizcaya hI isa prasaMga meM galata hai| merI dRSTi meM yahA~ mUlapATha meM bhrAnti hai -- sambhavataH mUlapATha "yutto" na hokara "yato" honA caahie| kyoMki mUlapATha meM Age nirgantha ke liye "yato" vizeSaNa kA prayoga huA hai, jo "yato" pATha kI puSTi karatA hai| yadi hama mUlapATha "yutto" hI mAnate haiM use "ayutto" mAnakara vAri+ayatto kI saMdhi prakriyA meM "a" kA lopa mAnanA hogaa| prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura sambhavataH pAli vyAkaraNa meM bhI svara-sandhi ke niyamoM meM do svaroM kI sandhi meM vikalpa se eka svara kA lopa mAnA jAtA hai| ataH mUla pATha "ayutto" honA cAhiye, kintu sumaMgalavilAsinI meM aisA koI nirdeza nahIM hai| (paThamobhAgo, pR.189), apitu usameM saMdhi tor3akara "yutto" pATha hI hai| kintu yato pATha mAnane para isa aMza kA artha hogA, vaha saba pApoM ke prati saMyamavAna yA unakA niyaMtraNa karane vAlA hotA hai| ataH rAhula jI kA yaha anuvAda bhI merI dRSTi meM mUlapATha se saMgatipUrNa nahIM hai, phira bhI unhoMne vaha sarvapApoM kA vAraNa karatA hai, aisA jo artha kiyA hai, vaha satya ke nikaTa hai| mUlapATha bhrAnta aura TIkA ke aspaSTa hote hue bhI, unhoMne yaha artha kisa AdhAra para kiyA maiM nahIM jAnatA, sambhavataH yaha unakI svapratibhA se hI prasUta huA hogaa| phira bhI pAli ke vidvAnoM ko isa samasyA para vicAra karanA caahie| isake Age sabbavAridhuto kA artha -- vaha sabhI pApoM se rahita hotA hai-- saMgatipUrNa hai| kintu Age sabbavAriphuTo kA artha -- vaha sabhI pApoM se rahita hotA hai -- saMgatipUrNa hai| kintu Age sabbavAriphuTo kA artha punaH mUla se saMgati nahIM rakhatA hai| rAhulajI ne isakA artha vaha sabhI pApoM ke vAraNa meM lagA rahatA hai -- kisa prakAra kiyA maiM nahIM samajha pA rahA huuN| kyoMki kisI bhI sthiti meM "phuTo" kA artha-vAraNa karane meM lagA rahatA hai, nahIM hotA hai| pAli ke vidvAna isa para bhI vicAra kreN| mUla ke phuTo athavA sumaMgalavilAsinI TIkA ke phuTo kA saMskRta rUpa spRSTa yA spaSTa hogaa| isa AdhAra para isakA artha hogA vaha saba pApoM se spRSTa arthAt sparzita yA vyApta hotA hai, kintu yaha artha bhI saMgatipUrNa nahIM lagatA hai-- nirgantha jJAtaputra svayaM apane nirganthoM ko saba pApoM se sparzita to nahIM kaha sakate haiN| yahA~ bhI rAhula jI ne artha ko saMgatipUrNa banAne kA prayAsa to kiyA, kinatu vaha mUlapATha ke sAtha saMgati nahIM rakhatA hai| pAli aMgrejI koza meM rAisaDeviDsa ne bhI ina donoM zabdoM ke artha nizcaya meM kaThinAI kA anubhava kiyA hai| merI dRSTi meM yahA~ bhI yA to mUlapATha meM koI bhrAnti hai yA pAli vyAkaraNa ke svara saMdhi ke niyama se "aphuTo" ke "a" kA lopa ho gayA hai| merI dRSTi meM malapATha honA cAhie -- sabbavAriaphaTo. tabhI isakA artha hogA vaha sarva pApoM se asparzita
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________________ pro. sAgaramala jaina 183 hotA hai| yahA~ bhI rAhulajI artha kI saMgati baiThAne kA jo prayAsa kiyA hai vaha ucita to hai| kintu mUla pATha evaM aTTakathA (TIkA) ke sambandha meM unakI ora koI TippaNI nahIM honA pAThaka ke liye eka samasyA bana jAtI hai| merI dRSTi meM dIghanikAya ke usa samana aMza kA pATha zuddhi ke pazcAt vAstavika artha isa prakAra honA cAhiye -- "he mahArAja, nirgantha cAturyAma saMvara se saMvata hotA hai, vaha cArtuyAma saMvara se kisa prakAra saMvata hotA hai ? he mahArAja ! nirgantha saba pApoM kA vAraNa karatA hai| vaha sarvapApoM ke prati saMyata yA unakA niyantraNa karane vAlA hotA hai| vaha sabhI pApoM se rahita (dhUta) aura sabhI pApoM se asparzita hotA hai| isI prasaMga meM AdaraNIya rAhulajI ne mahAvIra ko sarvajJAtAvAdI kahA hai ( darzana-digdarzana, pa. 494) yaha satya hai ki mahAvIra ko prAcInakAla se hI "sarvajJa" kahA jAtA thaa| sUtrakRtAMga ke vIrastuti nAmaka chaThe adhyAya meM unheM sarvaprathama sarvajJa (savannU ) kahA gayA hai -- kintu prAcInakAla meM jaina paramparA sarvajJa kA artha AtmajJa hI hotA thaa| AcArAMga ke -- je egaM jANaI te savvaM jANaI" evaM bhagavatI ke "kevali siya jANai siya Na jANai" -- pATha se tathA kundakunda ke isa kathana se "kevali nizcaya naya se kevala AtmA ko jAnatA hai"-- isI tathya kI puSTi hotI hai| sarvajJa kA yaha artha hai ki vaha sarvadravyoM evaM paryAyoM kA trikAla jJAtA hotA hai, paravartIkAla meM nirdhArita huaa| Age calakara sarvajJa kA yahI artha sr3ha ho gayA aura sarvajJa ke isI vyutpattiparaka artha ko mAnakara bauddha tripiTaka meM unakI sarvajJatA kI nindA bhI kI gii| "sarvajJa" yA "kevali" zabda ke prAcIna pAribhASika evaM lAkSaNika artha ke sthAna para isa vyutpattimUlaka artha para bala dene se hI yaha bhrAnti utpanna huI hai| kintu yaha durbhAgyapUrNa ghaTanA buddha aura mahAvIra donoM ke sAtha ghaTita huI, jo buddha sarvajJatAvAda ke Alocaka rahe, unheM bhI paravartI bauddha sAhitya meM usI artha meM sarvajJa mAna liyA gayA hai, jisa artha meM paravartI jaina paramparA meM tIrthaMkaroM ko aura nyAya paramparA meM Izvara ko sarvajJa kahA gayA hai| vAstavika rUpa meM prAcInakAla meM mahAvIra ko usa artha meM sarvajJa nahIM kahA jAtA thA, jisa artha meM pAlitripiTaka va paravartI jaina sAhitya meM unheM sarvajJa kahA gayA hai| durbhAgya se rAhula jI ne bhI sarvajJa kA yahI paravartI artha le liyA hai| jabaki sarvajJa kA prAcIna artha to jaina paramparA meM AtmajJa aura bauddha paramparA meM heya, jJeya aura upAdeya kA jJAtA hI rahA hai| rAhula jI kA yaha kathana bhI kisI sImA taka satya hai ki jainadharma meM prArambha se hI zArIrika kAryoM ko pradhAnatA para zArIrika tapasyA para bala diyA gayA hai (darzana-digdarzana, pR.495-496)| kintu unakI isa dhAraNA kA AdhAra bhI bauddhatripiTaka sAhitya meM mahAvIra ke jIvana aura darzana kA jisa rUpa meM prastutikaraNa huA hai vahI hai -- yahA~ bhI unhoMne jaina AgamoM ko dekhane kA prayAsa nahIM kiyA hai| vAstavikatA to yaha hai ki jainadarzana bhI bauddhoM ke samAna hI mAnasakarma ko hI pradhAna mAnatA hai, phira bhI itanA avazya satya hai ki vaha kAyikakarma yA kAyikasAdhanA ko mAnasikakarma kI anivArya phalazruti mAnatA hai vaha kahatA hai ki jo vicAra meM hotA hai vahI AcAra meM hotA hai| vicAra (mAnasakarma) aura AcAra (kAyikakarma) kA dvaita use mAnya nahIM hai| vicAra se kucha aura AcAra meM kucha, ise jainadharma Atma pravaJcanA mAnatA hai, mana
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________________ 184 mahApaNDita rAhula sAMkRtyAyana ke jainadharma sambandhI mantavyoM kI samAlocana se satya ko samajhate hue anyathA rUpa meM AcaraNa karanA pApa hai / mana meM ahiMsA aura tathA vyavahAra meM krUratA yA hiMsA yaha chalanA hI hai 1 rAhulajI kI yaha TippaNI bhI satya hai ki mahAvIra ne svayaM apane jIvana meM aura jainasAdha meM zArIrika tapoM ko Avazyaka mAnA hai / kintu isakA artha yaha nahIM hai ki mahAvIra deha- daNDana yA Atma-pIr3ana ke samarthaka the| unhoMne uttarAdhyayana meM tapa ke bAhya AbhyAntara aise do pakSa mAne the aura donoM para hI samAna bala diyA thaa| svAdhyAya, sevA aura dhyAna bhI unakI dRSTi meM tapa ke hI mahattvapUrNa aMga hai / ataH rAhulajI kA mahAvIra ko mAtra zArIrika pakSa para bala dene vAlA aura AbhyAntara pakSa kI avahelanA kara lene vAlA - samucita nahIM hai| mAnanA anekAntavAdI jainadarzana ke sambandha meM unakI yaha TippaNI hai ki anekAnta aura syAdvaya kA vikAsa saMjaya velaTTIputta ke vikSepavAda se huA, bhI pUrNataH satya nahIM hai (darzana-digdarzana, pR. 595 ) / vastutaH saMjaya ke vikSepavAda kA bauddhoM ke vibhajyavAda evaM zUnyavAda kA aura jainoM ke anekAntavAda aura syAdvAda kA vikAsa aupaniSadika catuSkoTiyoM aura vibhajyavAdI dRSTikoNa se huA hai| darzana - digdarzana (pR. 587 ) eka sthala para unhoMne jainadharma ke jina pA~ca tattvoM kA ullekha kiyA vaha bhI bhrAnta hai . unhoMne jina pA~ca tattvoM kA ullekha kiyA hai ve haiM -- jIva, ajIva, dharma, AkAza aura pudgala / isameM ajIva ko nirarthaka rUpa meM jor3A hai aura "adharma" ko chor3a diyA hai, dharma, adharma, AkAza aura pudgala sabhI ajIva hI mAne gaye haiM / jainadharma ke sambandha meM rAhulajI kI yaha TippaNI ki unakI pRthvI, jala Adi ke jIvoM kI ahiMsA ke vicAra ne jainadharma kI anuyAyiyoM ko kRSi ke vimukha kara vaNika banA diyA / ve utpAdaka zrama se haTakara paropajIvI ho gaye / unakA yaha mantavya bhI kisI sImA taka ucita to hai kintu pUrNataH satya nahIM hai / Aja bhI bundelakhaNDa, mevAr3a, mahArASTra aura karnATaka meM jainajAtiyA~ kRSi para AdhArita haiM aura unheM kRSikarma karate hue dekhA jA sakatA hai| prAcIna Agama bhagavatIsUtra se isa prazna para ki kRSikarma meM kRmi Adi kI hiMsA kI jo ghaTanA ghaTita ho jAtI hai, usake liye gRhastha uttaradAyI hai yA nahIM, gaMbhIra rUpa se vicAra huA hai | usameM yaha mAnA gayA hai ki koI bhI gRhastha kI jAne vAlI hiMsA kA uttaradAyI hotA hai, ho jAne vAlI hiMsA kA nahIM | kRSi karate hue jo prANIhiMsA ho jAtI hai, usake liye gRhastha uttaradAyI nahIM hai / isI prakAra jainoM kA ahiMsA kA siddhAnta vyakti ko kAyara yA bhagor3A nahIM banAtA hai| vaha gRhastha ke liye akrAmaka hiMsA kA niSedha karatA hai, surakSAtmaka hiMsA ( virodhI - hiMsA) kA nahIM / isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jainadharma ke sambandha meM rAhulajI ke mantavya AMzika satya hokara bhI apUrNa yA ekAMgI hai| kyoMki unhoMne isa sambandha meM jaina srotoM kI khoja - bIna kA prayatna nahIM kiyA hai|
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________________ Rgveda meM arhata aura RSabhavAcI RcAyeM: eka adhyayana bhAratIya saMskRti zramaNa aura brAhmaNa saMskRtiyoM kA samanvita rUpa hai / jahA~ zramaNa saMskRti tapa-tyAga evaM dhyAna sAdhanA pradhAna rahI hai, vahA~ brAhmaNa saMskRti yajJa-yAga mUlaka evaM karmakANDAtmaka rahI hai| hama zramaNa saMskRti ko AdhyAtmika evaM nivRttiparaka arthAt saMnyAsamUlaka bhI kaha sakate haiM, jabaki brAhmaNa saMskRti ko sAmAjika evaM pravRttimUlaka kahA jA sakatA hai| ina donoM saMskRtiyoM ke mUla AdhAra to mAnavava - prakRti meM nihita vAsanA aura viveka athavA bhoga aura yoga (saMyama) ke tattva hI haiM, jinakI svatantra carcA hamane apane grantha 'jaina, bauddha evaM gItA kA sAdhanA mArga kI bhUmikA meM kI hai / yahA~ para ina donoM saMskRtiyoM ke vikAsa ke mUla upAdAnoM evaM unake krama tathA vaiziSTya kI carcA meM na jAkara unake aitihAsika astitva ko hI apanI vivecanA kA mUla AdhAra banAyegeM / - pro. sAgaramala jaina bhAratIya saMskRti ke itihAsa ko jAnane ke liye prAcInatama sAhityika srota ke rUpa meM veda aura prAcInatama purAtAtvika srota ke rUpa meM mohanajodar3o evaM harappA ke avazeSa hI hamAre AdhAra haiN| saMyoga se ina donoM hI AdhAroM yA sAkSyoM se bhAratIya zramaNa dhArA ke ati prAcIna kAla meM bhI upasthita hone ke saMketa milate haiN| Rgveda bhAratIya sAhitya kA prAcInatama grantha hai| yadyapi isakI ati prAcInatA ke aneka dAve kiye jAte haiM aura mImAMsaka darzanadhArA ke vidvAna to ise anAdi aura apauruSeya bhI mAnate haiM phira bhI itanA nizcita hai ki IsvI pUrva 1500 varSa pahale yaha apane vartamAna svarUpa meM astitva meM A cukA thaa| isa prAcInatama grantha meM hameM zramaNa saMskRti ke astitva ke saMketa upalabdha hote haiN| vaidika sAhitya meM bhAratIya saMskRti kI ina zramaNa aura brAhmaNa dhArAoM kA nirdeza kramazaH Arhata aura bArhata dhArAoM ke rUpa meM milatA hai| sAtha hI mohanajodar3o ke utkhanan se prApta vRSabha yukta dhyAna mudrA meM yogiyoM kI sIleM isa tathya kA spaSTa pramANa haiM ki Rgveda ke racanAkAla ke pUrva bhI bhArata meM zramaNa dhArA kA na kevala astitva thA, apitu vahI eka mAtra pramukha dhArA thI / kyoMki mohanajodar3o aura harappA ke utkhanana meM kahIM bhI yajJavedI upalabdha nahIM huI hai isase yahI siddha hotA hai ki bhArata meM tapa evaM dhyAna pradhAna Arhata paramparA kA astitva ati prAcIna kAla se hI rahA hai 1 yadi hama jaina dharma ke prAcIna nAmoM ke sandarbha meM vicAra kareM to yaha suspaSTa hai ki prAcIna kAla meM yaha Arhata dharma ke nAma se hI prasiddha rahA hai| vAstavikatA to yaha hai ki jaina dharma kA pUrva rUpa Arhata dharma thA / jJAtavya hai ki jaina- zabda mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke lagabhaga 1000 varSa RSabhadeva pratiSThAna dehalI dvArA Ayojita 14 se 16 mArca 1663 kI saMgoSThI meM paThita Alekha
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________________ 186 Rgveda meM arhat aura RSabhavAcI RcAyeM : eka adhyayana pazcAt hI kabhI astitva meM AyA hai| sAtavIM zatI se pUrva hameM kahIM bhI jaina zabda kA ullekha nahIM milatA hai| yadyapi isakI apekSA 'jina' va 'jina-dhamma' ke ullekha prAcIna haiN| kintu arhata, zramaNa, jina Adi zabda bauddhoM evaM anya zramaNa dhArAoM meM bhI sAmAnyarUpa se pracalita rahe haiN| ataH jaina paramparA kI unase pRthakatA kI dRSTi se pArzva ke kAla meM yaha dharma nirganthadharma ke nAma se jAnA jAtA thaa| jaina AgamoM se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki I.pU. pAcavIM zatI meM zramaNa dhArA mukhya rUpa se 5 bhAgoM meM vibhakta thIM -- 1. nirgantha, 2. zAkya, 3. tApasa 4. gairuka aura 5. AjIvaka / vastutaH jaba zramaNa dhArA vibhinna vargoM meM vibhAjita hone lagI to jaina dhArA ke lie pahale 'nirgantha' aura bAda meM 'jJAtaputrIya zramaNa' zabda kA prayoga hone lgaa| na kevala pAlI tripiTaka evaM jaina AgamoM meM apitu azoka (I.pU.-3 zatI) ke zilAlekhoM meM bhI jainadharma kA ullekha nirgantha dharma ke rUpa meM hI milatA hai| / vastutaH pArzvanAtha evaM mahAvIra ke yuga meM pracalita dharma se pUrva sampUrNa zramaNa dhArA Arhata paramparA ke rUpa meM hI ullekhita hotI thI aura isameM na kevala jaina, bauddha, AjIvaka Adi paramparAyeM sammilita thIM, apitu aupaniSadika-RSi paramparA aura sAMkhya-yoga kI darzanadhArA evaM sAdhanA-paramparA bhI isI meM samAhita thii| yaha alaga bAta hai ki aupaniSadika dhArA evaM sAMkhya-yoga paramparA ke bRhad hindUdharma meM samAhita kara liye jAne evaM bauddha tathA AjIvaka paramparAoM ke kramazaH isa deza se niSkAsita athavA mRtaprAyaH ho jAne para jaina paramparA ko punaH pUrva madhyayuga meM Arhata dharma nAma prApta ho gyaa| kintu yahA~ hama jisa Aheta paramparA kI carcA kara rahe haiM, vaha eka prAcIna evaM vyApaka paramparA hai| RSibhASita nAmaka jaina grantha meM nArada, asitadevala, yAjJavalkya, aruNa, uddAlaka, aMgirasa, pArAzara Adi aneka aupaniSadika RSiyoM kA arhat RSi ke rUpa meM ullekha huA hai| sAtha hI sAriputra, mahAkAzyapa Adi bauddha zramaNoM evaM maMkhalIgozAla, saMjaya Adi anya zramaNa paramparA ke AcAryoM kA bhI arhat RSi ke rUpa meM ullekha huA hai / bauddha paramparA meM buddha ke sAtha sAtha arhat avasthA ko prApta anya zramaNoM ko arhat kahA jAtA thaa| buddha ke liye arhat vizeSaNa supracalita thA, yathA -- namotassa bhagavato arahato smmaasNbuddhss| isa prakAra prAcIna kAla meM zramaNa dhArA apane samagra rUpa meM Aheta paramparA ke nAma se hI jAnI jAtI thii| vaidika sAhitya meM aura vizeSa rUpa se Rgveda meM Aheta va bArhata dhArAoM kA ullekha bhI isI tathya kI puSTi karatA hai / Arhata dharma vastutaH vahA~ nivRttipradhAna sampUrNa zramaNadhArA kA hI vAcaka hai| Arhata zabda se hI yaha bhI spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki Arhata-arhatoM ke upAsaka the aura arhat avasthA ko prApta karanA hI apanI sAdhanA kA lakSya mAnate the| bauddha granthoM meM buddha ke pUrva vajjiyoM ke apane arhatoM evaM caityoM kI upasthiti ke nirdeza hai| AhatoM se bhinna vaidika paramparA Rgvaidika kAla meM bArhata nAma se jAnI jAtI thii| Rgveda ke dazam maNDala ke 85 veM sUkta kI caturtha RcA meM spaSTa rUpa se bArhata zabda ullekha huA hai| vaha RcA isa prakAra hai -
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________________ pro. sAgaramala jaina 187 AcchandhiAnairgupito bArhataH soma rakSitaH / grAvgAmicchRNvan tiSThAsi na te azranti pArthivaH / / - Rgveda 10185 14 arthAt he som| tU gupta vidhi vidhAnoM se rakSita bArhata gaNoM se saMrakSita hai| tU ( somalatA ke) pIsane vAle pattharoM kA zabda sunate hI rahatA hai| tujhe pRthvI kA koI bhI sAmAnya jana nahIM khA sktaa| bRhatI veda ko kahate haiM aura isa bRhatI ke upAsaka bArhata kahe jAte the| isa prakAra vedoM meM varNita somapAna evaM yajJa-yAga meM niSThA rakhane vAle aura use hI apanI dharma sAdhanA kA sarvasva mAnane vAle loga hI bArhata the| inake viparIta dhyAna aura tapa sAdhanA ko pramukha mAnane vAle vyakti Arhata nAma se jAne jAte the| vaidika sAhitya meM hameM spaSTa rUpa se arhat ko mAnane vAle ina ArhatoM ke ullekha upalabdha haiN| Rgveda meM arhan aura arhanta zabdoM kA prayoga nau RcAoM meM dasa se adhika bAra huA hai| sAmAnyatayA vaidika, vidvAnoM ne ina RcAoM meM prayukta arhan zabda ko pUjanIya ke artha meM agni, rudra Adi vaidika devatAoM ke vizeSaNa ke rUpa meM hI vyAkhyAyita kiyA hai| yaha satya hai ki eka vizeSaNa ke rUpa meM arhana yA arhata kA zabda kA artha pUjanIya hotA hai, kintu Rgveda meM arhan ke atirikta arhanta zabda kA spaSTa svatantra prayoga yaha batAtA hai ki vastutaH vaha eka saMjJA pada bhI hai aura arhanta deva kA vAcI hai| isa sandarbha meM nimna RcAe~ vizeSa rUpa se draSTavya haiM - ___ ahaviSibharSi sAyakAni dhanvAhanniSkaM yajataM vishvruupm| arhannidaM dayase vizvamarbana vA ojIyo rudr-tvdsti|| (2.33.10) prastuta RcA ko rudra sUkta ke antargata hone ke kAraNa vaidika vyAkhyAkAroM ne yahA~ arhan zabda ko rudra kA eka vizeSaNa mAnakara isakA artha isa prakAra kiyA hai-- ___ he rudra ! yogya tU bANoM aura dhanuSa ko dhAraNa karatA hai| yogya tU, pUjA ke yogya aura aneka rUpoM vAle sone ko dhAraNa karatA hai| yogya tU isa sAre vistRta jagat kI rakSA karatA hai| he rudra, tujhase adhika tejasvI aura koI nahIM hai| jaina dRSTi meM isa RcA ko nimna prakAra se bhI vyAkhyAyita kiyA jA sakatA hai -- he arhana ! tU (saMyama rUpI) zastroM (dhanuSa-bANa) ko dhAraNa karatA hai ? aura sAMsArika jIvoM meM prANa rUpa svarNa kA tyAga kara detA hai ? nizcaya hI tujhase adhika balavAna aura kaThora aura koI nahIM hai| he arhan tU vizva kI arthAt saMsAra ke prANiyoM kI mAtRvat dayA karatA hai| prastuta prasaMga meM arhana kI byAja rUpa se stuti kI gayI hai| yahA~ zastra dhAraNa karane kA tAtparya karma zatruoM yA viSaya vAsanAoM ko parAjita karane ke lie saMyama rUpI zastroM ke dhAraNa karane se hai| jaina paramparA meM 'arihaMta zabda kI vyAkhyA zatru kA nAza karane vAlA, isa rUpa meM kI gaI hai| AcArAMga meM sAdhaka ko apanI vAsanAoM se yuddha karane kA nirdeza diyA gayA hai|
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________________ 188 Rgveda meM arhata aura RSabhavAcI RcAyeM : eka adhyayana isI prakAra byAja rUpa se yaha kahA gayA hai ki jahA~ sArA saMsAra svarNa ke pIche bhAgatA hai, kaI tU isakA tyAga karatA hai| yahA yajataM zabda tyAga kA vAcI mAnA jA sakatA hai| ataH tujhA | adhika kaThora va samartha kauna ho sakatA hai ? prastuta prasaMga meM 'arhan dayase vizvamambaM' zana adhika mahattvapUrNa hai| isameM arhan ko vizva ke sabhI prANiyoM kI dayA karane vAlA tathA mAtRka kahA gayA hai, jo jaina paramparA kA mUla AdhAra hai| isI prakAra paMcama maNDala ke bAvanaveM sUkta kI pA~cavIM RcA bhI mahattvapUrNa hai -- arhanto ye sudAnavo naro asaamishvsH| pra yajJaM yajJiyebhyo divo arcA marudbhayeH / / Rgveda 51 5215 sAyaNa kI vyAkhyA ke anusAra isa RcA kA artha isa prakAra hai-- jo pUjya, dAnazUra sampUrNa bala se yukta tathA tejasvI dyautamAna netA hai, una pUjya vIra-marutoM ke lie yajJa karo aura unakI pUjA kro| hama prastuta RcA kI bhI jaina dRSTi se nimna vyAkhyA kara sakate haiM -- jo dAnavIra, tejasvI, sampUrNa vIrya se yukta, nara zreSTa arhanta haiM, ve yAjJikoM ke lie yajana ke aura marutoM ke lie arcanA ke viSaya haiN| __isI prakAra se arhana zabda vAcI anya RcAoM kI bhI jaina dRSTi se vyAkhyA kI jA sakatI hai| vaidika RcAoM kI vyAkhyAoM ke sAtha kaThinAI yaha hai ki unakI zabdAnusArI sarala vyAkhyA sambhava nahIM hotI hai, lakSaNA pradhAna vyAkhyA hI karanI hotI hai| ataH unheM aneka dRSTiyoM se vyAkhyAyita kiyA jA sakatA hai| Rgveda meM na kevala sAmAnya rUpa se zramaNa paramparA aura vizeSa rUpa se jaina paramparA se sambandhita arhana, arhanta, vrAtya, bAtarazanAmuni, zramaNa Adi zabdoM kA ullekha milatA hai, apitu usameM Arhata paramparA ke upAsya vRSabha kA bhI zatAdhika bAra ullekha huA hai| mujhe Rgveda meM vRSabha vAcI 112 RcAe~ upalabdha huI haiN| sambhavataH kucha aura RcAe~ bhI mila sakatI hai| yadyapi yaha kahanA kaThina hai ki ina samasta RcAoM meM prayukta 'bRSabha zabda RSabhadeva kA hI vAcI hai| phira bhI kucha RcAe~ to avazya hI RSabhadeva se sambandhita mAnI jA sakatI haiN| DaoN. rAdhAkRSNana, pro. jImara, pro. vIrapAkSa vADiyara Adi kucha jainetara vidvAna bhI isa mata ke pratipAdaka hai ki Rgveda meM jainoM ke Adi tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva se sambandhita nirdeza upalabdha hote haiM10 / Arhata dhArA ke Adi puruSa ke rUpa meM RSabha kA nAma sAmAnya rUpa se svIkRta rahA hai| kyoMki hindU purANoM evaM bauddha granthoM se bhI isakI puSTi hotI hai| jainoM ne unheM apanA Adi tIrthaMkara mAnA hai| itanA sunizcita hai ki RSabhadeva bhAratIya saMskRti kI nivRttipradhAna dhArA ke prathama puruSa haiN| hindU paramparA meM jo avatAroM kI carcA hai, usameM RSabha kA krama 8vA~ hai, kintu yadi mAnavIya rUpa meM avatAra kI dRSTi se vicAra kareM to lagatA hai ki ve hI prathama mAnavAvatAra the| yadyapi RSabha kI avatAra rUpa meM svIkRti hameM sarvaprathama purANa sAhitya meM vizeSataH bhAgavata
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________________ sAgaramala jaina 189 meM milatI hai, jo ki paravartI grantha hai / kintu itanA nizcita hai ki zrImadbhAgavata meM kA jisa rUpa meM prastutikaraNa hai, vaha unheM nivRttipradhAna zramaNa saMskRti kA Adi puruSa karatA hai 11 | zrImadbhAgavata purANa ke atirikta liMgapurANa, zivapurANa, AgneyapurANa, DapurANa, viSNupurANa, kUrmapurANa, varAhapurANa aura skandha purANa meM bhI RSabha kA ullekha dharma pravartaka ke rUpa meM huA hai 12 / yadyapi prastuta nibandha meM hama Rgveda meM upalabdha vRSabha zrI RcAoM kI hI carcA taka apane ko sImita kreNge| Rgveda meM 'vRSabha' zabda kA prayoga kina-kina sandarbhoM meM huA hai yaha abhI bhI eka gahana kA viSaya hai, jahA~ eka ora adhikAMza vaidika vidvAna va bhASyakAra Rgveda meM prayukta vRSabha (bha) zabda kA artha baila 13, balavAna 14, uttama, zreSTha 15 varSA karane vAlA 16, kAmanAoM pUrti karane vAlA 17 Adi karate haiM, vahIM jaina vidvAna use apane prathama tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva kA cI mAnate haiN| jaina vidvAnoM ne RSabhadeva kI carcA ke sandarbha meM Rgveda, yajurveda, atharvaveda Adi 1 aneka RcAe~ prastuta bhI kI haiM aura unakA jaina saMskRti anusArI artha karane kA bhI prayatna kiyA hai| prastuta nibandha meM maine bhI eka aisA hI prayatna kiyA hai| kintu aisA dAvA maiM nahIM karatA hU~ ki yahI eka mAtra vikalpa hai / merA kathya mAtra yaha hai ki una RcAoM ke aneka (sambhAvita arthoM meM yaha bhI eka artha ho sakatA hai, isase adhika sunizcita rUpa meM kucha nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| Rgveda meM prayukta vRSabha zabda ke artha ke sandarbha meM hameM paryApta sartakatA evaM sAvadhAnI baratanI hogI, kyoMki jahA~ taka vaidika RcAoM kA prazna hai unakA artha karanA eka kaThina kArya hai| adhika kyA kaheM sAyaNa jaise bhASyakAroM ne bhI RRgveda ke 10 veM maNDala ke 106 veM sUkta ke gyAraha mantroM kI vyAkhyA karane meM asamarthatA prakaTa kI hai| mAtra itanA hI nahIM kucha anya maMtroM ke sambandha meM spaSTa likhA hai ki ina maMtroM se kucha bhI artha bodha nahIM hotA hai / kaThinAI yaha hai ki sAyaNa evaM mahidhara ke bhASyoM aura Rgveda ke racanA kAla meM paryApta antara hai| jo grantha IsA se 1500 varSa pUrva kabhI banA ho, usakA IsA kI 15 vIM zatI meM artha karanA kaThina kArya hai kyoMki isameM na kevala bhASA kI kaThinAI hotI hai, apitu zabdoM ke rUr3ha artha bhI paryApta rUpa se badala cuke hote haiN| vastutaH vaidika RcAoM ko unake bhaugolika va sAmAjika pariprekSya meM samajhe binA unakA jo artha kiyA jAtA hai, vaha RcAoM meM prakaTa mUla bhAvoM ke kitanA nikaTa hogA, yaha kahanA kaThina hai / skandasvAmI, sAyaNa evaM mahidhara ke bAda svAmI dayAnanda sarasvatI ne vaidika maMtroM kI apanI dRSTi se vyAkhyA karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| yadi hama sAyaNa aura dayAnanda kI vyAkhyAoM ko dekheM, to yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki sAyaNa evaM dayAnanda kI vyAkhyAoM meM bahuta adhika antara hai| Rgveda meM jina-jina RcAoM meM vRSabha zabda AyA hai, ve sabhI RcAe~ aisI haiM ki unheM aneka dRSTiyoM se vyAkhyAyita kiyA jA sakatA hai| mUla samasyA to yaha hai ki vaidika RcAoM kA zAbdika artha grahaNa kareM yA lAkSaNika artha / jahA~ taka vRSabha sambandhI RcAoM ke artha kA prazna hai maiM isa niSkarSa para pahuMcA hUM ki unakA zabdAnusArI artha karane para na to jaina mantavya kI puSTi hotI hai aura na AryasamAja ke maMtavyoM kI puSTi hogI, na hI unase kisI viziSTa dArzanika cintana kA avabodha hotA hai / yadyapi vaidika I
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________________ 190 Rgveda meM arhat aura RSabhavAcI RcAyeM : eka adhyayA indan maMtroM ke artha ke lie sarvaprathama yAska ne eka prayatna kiyA thA, kintu usake nirukta meM hI yaha spaSTa rUpa se ullikhita hai ki usa samaya bhI, kotsa Adi AcArya aise the, jo mAnate the| vedoM ke maMtra nirarthaka haiN18| yadyapi hama isa mata se sahamata nahIM ho skte| vastutaH vaidika eka sahaja svAbhAvika mAnavIya bhAvanAoM kI abhivyakti hai kintu aisA mAnane para vedoM ke prA jisa Adara bhAva yA unakI mahattA kI jo bAta hai vaha kSINa ho jAtI hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki svAmI dayAnanda Adi ne vedoM meM rahasyAtmakatA va lAkSaNikatA ko pramukha mAnA aura usa AdhAra para maMtroM kI vyAkhyAyeM kiiN| ataH sabase prathama yaha vicAraNIya hai ki kyA veda maMtroM kI vyAkhyA unheM rahasyAtmaka va lAkSaNika mAnakara kI jAya athavA nhiiN| kyoMki yadi hama Rgveda meM prayukta vRSabha zabda ko RSabhadeva ke artha meM grahaNa karanA cAhate haiM, to hamAre mata kI puSTi rahasyAtmaka evaM lAkSaNika vyAkhyAyoM dvArA hI sambhava hai| zabdAnusArI sAmAnya artha kI dRSTi se aisI puSTi sambhava nahIM hai| sabase pahale hama isI prazna para vicAra kareM ki kyA vaidika RcAoM kA lAkSaNika ke rahasyAtmaka artha kiyA jAnA caahie| yaha bhI spaSTa hai ki aneka vaidika RcAe~ va maMtra apane zabdAnusArI artha meM bahuta hI sAdhAraNa se lagate haiM jabaki unakA lAkSaNika artha atyanta hI gambhIra hotA hai| vaidika RcAe~ lAkSaNika va rahasyAtmaka artha kI vAcaka haiM yaha samajhane ke lie pahale hameM aupaniSadika sAhitya para bhI isa dRSTi se vicAra karanA hogA, kyoMki aneka upaniSad vedoM meM samAhita haiN| zvetAzvataropaniSad meM nimna zloka pAyA jAtA hai -- ajAmekAM lohitazuklakRSNAM bahavI prajAH sRjyamAnAM sarUpAH / ajoyeko juSamANo'nuzete jahAtyenAM bhuktabhogAmajo'nyaH / / yadi hama zvetAzvataropaniSad ? ke isa zloka kA zabdAnusArI yaha artha karate haiM ki eka kAle, lAla va sapheda raMga kI bakarI hai, jo apane samAna hI saMtAna ko janma detI hai| eka bakarA usakA bhoga kara rahA hai, jabaki dUsare ne usakA bhoga karake parityAga kara diyA hai| isa artha kI dRSTi se yaha zloka eka sAmAnya pazu kI prAkRtika sthiti kA citraNa mAtra hai, lekina hama isake pUrvApara sambandha ko dekheM to spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki aupanipadika RSi kA yaha kathana kevala eka pazu kA citraNa nahIM hai, apitu eka rUpaka hai, jisake lAkSaNika artha ke AdhAra para vaha prakRti kI triguNAtmakatA ke sAtha usake dvArA sRSTa padArtho ke triguNAtmaka svarUpa ko spaSTa karanA cAhatA hai| yaha tathya isa bAta kA pramANa hai ki vedoM kI RcAe~ evaM aupaniSadika zloka mAtra sAmAnya artha ke sUcaka nahIM haiN| unameM aneka sthAnoM para rUpakoM ke mAdhyama se dArzanika rahasyoM ke udghATana kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai| isa sandarbha meM hama Rgveda kI hI dasaveM maNDala kI eka RcA lete haiM -- Rtasya hi sadaso dhItiradyautsaM gASTeyo vRSabho gobhiraantt| udatiSThattaviSeNA raveNa mahAnti citsaM vivyAcA rajAMsi / / ( 10.111.2)
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________________ pro. sAgaramala jaina 191 isa RcA ke zAbdika artha ke anusAra isake dvitIya caraNa kA artha hogA taruNa gAya se utpanna vRSabha raMbhAtA huA gauoM ke sAtha milatA hai, kintu mAtra itanA artha karane para RcA kA bhAva spaSTa nahIM hotA hai| isake pUrva Rtasya hI sadaso dhItiradyautsaM isa pUrvacaraNa ko bhI lenA hotA hai| isa caraNa kA artha bhI sAyaNa aura dayAnanda ne alaga-alaga DhaMga se kiyA hai, kintu ve artha bhI lAkSaNika hI haiN| jahA~ dayAnanda 'Rtasya hI sadasodhItiradyaut kA artha Rta kI sabhA kI dhAraNA zakti prakAzita ho rahI hai -- aisA artha karate haiM, vahI sAyaNa bhASya para AdhArita hokara sAtavelakara isakA artha jala sthAna kA arthAt antarikSa kA dhAraka yaha indra prakAzatA hai, aisA artha karate haiM, kintu ye donoM hI artha na to pUrNataH zabdAnusArI hai aura na pUrNataH lAkSaNika hI kahe jA sakate haiN| dayAnanda ne usakI lAkSaNikatA ko spaSTa karate hue -- Izvara kA prakAza phailA hai aisA bhAvArtha kiyA hai| lekina yahA~ hameM yaha bhI dhyAna rakhanA hogA ki bhAratIya cintana meM Izvara kI avadhAraNA eka paravartI vikAsa hai| Rta kI avadhAraNA prAcIna hai aura usakA artha satya yA vyavasthA hai| prastuta prasaMga meM isa ..vA ko vRSabha se saMbandhita mAnate haiM to isakA artha isa prakAra hogA-- jisa prakAra taruNa gAya se utpanna vRSabha gau samUha ke bIca apanI dhvani se suzobhita hotA hai, usI prakAra RSabha ke kevala jJAna se utpanna samyak vANI se satya kI sabhA suzobhita hotI hai| vaha (RSabhadeva ) samavasaraNa meM Upara AsIna hokara jisa vANI kA udghoSa karate haiM, vaha apane tIvra rava zabda dhvani ke dvArA isa samasta loka ko vyApta karatI hai| isa prakAra uparyukta RcA kA jaina dRSTi se jo lAkSaNika artha kiyA jAtA hai, vaha adhika samIcIna pratIta hotA hai| isI prasaMga meM Rgveda ke caturtha maNDala ke 58 veM sUkta kI tIsarI RcA, jo vRSabha se sambandhita hai, ke artha para bhI vicAra kreN| yaha RcA isa prakAra hai -- catvAri zrRGagA yo asya pAdA de zIrSe saptahastAso asy| tridhA baddho vRSabho roravIti maho devo mAM A vivesh||(4.58.3) isa RcA kA zabdAnusArI sAmAnya artha isa prakAra hai -- isa vRSabha athavA deva ke cAra sIMga, tIna paira, do sira aura isake sAta hAtha haiN| yaha vRSabha yA balavAna deva tIna sthAnoM para baMdhA huA zabda karatA hai, yaha mahAna deva manuSyoM meM praviSTa haiM21 / isa zabdAnusArI artha ke AdhAra para -- na to isameM vRSabha (baila) kA yathArtha prAkRtika svarUpa kA citraNa hai -- yaha kahA jA sakatA hai aura na kisI anya artha kA spaSTa bodha hotA hai| ataH svAbhAvika rUpa se isake lAkSaNika artha kI ora jAnA hotA hai| dayAnanda sarasvatI isakA lAkSaNika artha isa prakAra karate haiM-- he manuSyoM ! jo bar3A sevA aura Adara karane yogya svaprakAza svarupa aura saba ko sukha dene vAlA maraNadharma vAle manuSya Adi ko saba prakAra se vyApta hotA hai aura jo sukhoM ko one vAlA tIna zraddhA. paruSArtha aura yogAbhyAsa se baMdhA huA vistara upadeza detA hai| isa dharma
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________________ 192 Rgveda meM arhata aura RSabhavAcI RcAyeM : eka adhyayana se yukta nitya aura naimittika paramAtmA ke bodha ke do unnati aura mokSa rUpa zira sthAnApanna tIna arthAt karma, upAsanA aura jJAna rUpa calane yogya paira aura cAra veda zrRgo ke sadRza Apa logoM ko jAnane yogya haiM aura isa dharma vyavahAra ke pA~ca jJAnendriya vA pA~ca karmendriya antaHkaraNa aura AtmA ye sAta hAthoM ke sadRza vartamAna hai, aura ukta tIna prakAra se badhA~ huA vyavahAra bhI jAnane yogya hai22 / kintu yadi isa uparyukta RcA kA artha jaina dRSTi se kareM to tIna yogoM arthAt mana, vacana va kAya se baddha yA yukta RSabha deva ne yaha udghoSaNA kI ki mahAdeva arthAt paramAtmA mRtyoM meM hI nivAsa karatA hai, usake ananta catuSThaya rUpa arthAt ananta jJAna, ananta darzana ananta sukha va ananta vIrya aise cAra zrRGga hai aura samyak darzana, jJAna va cAritra rUpa tIna pAda haiN| usa paramAtmA ke jJAna upayoga va darzana-upayoga aise do zIrSa haiM tathA pA~ca indriyAM, mana va buddhi aise sAta hAtha haiN| zrRGga AtmA ke sarvottama dazA ke sUcaka haiM jo sAdhanA kI pUrNatA para ananta catuSTaya ke rUpa meM prakaTa hote haiM aura pAda usa sAdhanA mArga ke sUcaka haiM jisake mAdhyama se usa sarvottama Atma avasthA ko prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| sapta hasta jJAna prApti ke sAta sAdhanoM ko sUcita karate haiN| RSabha ko tridhAbaddha kahane kA tAtparya yaha hai ki vaha mana vacana evaM kAya yogoM kI upasthiti ke kAraNa hI saMsAra meM hai| baddha kA artha saMyata yA niyantrita karane para mana, vacana, va kAya se saMyata aisA artha bhI kiyA jA sakatA hai| __ isa prakAra se hama dekhate haiM ki yahAM jaina dRSTi se kiyA lAkSaNika artha utanA hI samIcIna hai, jitanA svAmI dayAnanda kA lAkSaNika arth| itanA avazya satya hai ki isa RcA kA koI bhI zabdAnusArI artha isake artha ko abhivyakta nahIM kara sakatA hai| ataH hameM mAnanA hogA ki vaidika RcAoM ke artha ko samajhane ke lie inakI lAkSaNikatA ko svIkAra kiye binA anya koI vikalpa nahIM hai| sAyaNa Adi vedoM ke bhASyakAroM ne sAmAnya rUpa meM 'vRSabha zabda kI vyAkhyA eka vizeSaNa ke rUpa meM kI hai aura usakA prasaMgAnusAra balavAna, zreSTha, varSA karane vAlA, kAmanAoM kI pUrti karane vAlA-aisA artha kiyA hai| ve vRSabha ko indra, agni, rudra Adi vaidika devatAoM kA eka vizeSaNa mAnate haiM evaM isI rUpa meM use vyAkhyAyita bhI karate haiN| cAhe vRSabha kA artha balavAna yA zreSTha kareM athavA use varSA karane vAlA yA kAmanAoM kI pUrti karane vAlA kahe, vaha eka vizeSaNa ke rUpa meM hI gRhIta hotA hai| yaha satya hai ki aneka prasaMgoM meM vRSabha zabda kI vyAkhyA eka vizeSaNa ke rUpa meM kI jA sakatI hai| svayaM jaina evaM bauddha paramparAoM meM bhI vRSabha zabda kA prayoga eka vizeSaNa ke rUpa meM huA hai| bauddha grantha dhammapada ke anta meM eka gAthA meM vRSabha zabda kA prayoga vizeSaNa ke rUpa meM huA hai| vaha gAthA nimnAnusAra hai-- usabhaM pavaraM vIraM mahesi vijitaavinN| anejaM nahAtakaM buddhaM tamahaM brUmi braahmnnN|| - dhammapada 26 140 ataH isa sambandha meM koI Apatti nahIM kI jA sakatI hai ki vRSabha zabda kA prayoga vizeSaNa ke rUpa meM nahIM ho sakatA, kintu yaha bhI nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki vRSabha zabda sarvatra
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________________ pro sAgaramala jaina 193 vizeSaNa ke rUpa meM hI prayukta hotA hai| 'vRSabha' zabda kA prayoga sAhitya ke kSetra meM vizeSaNa pada va saMjJA pada donoM rUpoM meM hI pAyA jAtA hai 1 Rgveda meM hI aneka aise sthala haiM jahA~ vaidika vidvAnoM ne 'vRSabha' zabda kA prayoga vizeSaNa ke rUpa meM mAnA hai / jaise 1. tvaM agne vRSabhaH 2. vRSabhaH indro 3. tvaM agne indro vRSabhaH 4. vRSabhaM .... indraM (2/1/3) (3/47/5) isa prakAra ke aura bhI aneka sandarbha upasthita kie jA sakate haiM, kintu prazna yaha hai ki kyA 'vRSabha' zabda ko sadaiva hI eka vizeSaNa mAnA jAya / yaha ThIka hai ki indra varSA kA devatA hai / use zreSTha yA balavAna mAnA gayA hai| ataH usakA vizeSaNa vRSabha ho sakatA hai kintu isake viparIta indra zabda ko bhI vRSabha kA vizeSaNa mAnA jA sakatA hai| jaina paramparA meM RSabha Adi tIrthaMkaroM ke lie jinendra vizeSaNa prasiddha hI hai| atharvaveda (9.9.7) meM indrasya rUpaM RSabho kahakara donoM ko paryAyavAcI banA diyA gayA hai| indra kA artha aizvarya kA dhAraka aisA bhI hotA / isa rUpa meM vaha vRSabha kA vizeSaNa bhI bana sakatA hai| jisa prakAra vRSabha ko indra, agni, rudra, vRhaspati Adi kA vizeSaNa mAnA gayA hai usI prakAra vyAkhyA ko parivartita karake indra, rudra, agni aura bRhaspati ko vRSabha kA vizeSaNa bhI mAnA jA sakatA hai / (1/31/5) (1/33/10) yahA~ vRSabha Apa indra yA jinendra haiM aisI vyAkhyA bhI bahuta asaMgata nahIM kahI jA sakatI hai| kucha jaina vidvAnoM kI aisI mAnyatA bhI hai ki vedoM meM 'jAta - vedasa' zabda jo agni ke lie prayukta huA hai vaha janma se trijJAna sampanna jyoti svarUpa bhagavAna RSabhadeva ke lie hI hai / ve yaha mAnate haiM ki "ratnadharakta", "vizvavedasa", "jAtavedasa" Adi zabda jo vedoM meM agni ke vizeSaNa hai ve ratnatraya se yukta vizva tattvoM ke jJAtA sarvajJa RSabha ke lie bhI prayukta ho sakate hai / itanA nizcita hai ki ye zabda sAmAnya prAkRtika agni ke vizeSaNa to nahIM mAne jA sakate haiM / cAhe unheM agnideva kA vAcI mAnA jAya yA RSabhadeva kA, ve kisI daivIya zakti kehI vizeSaNa ho sakate haiN| jaina vidvAnoM kA yaha bhI kahanA hai ki agni deva ke rUpa meM RSabha kI stuti kA eka mAtra hetu yahI dRSTigata hotA hai, RSabhadeva sthUla va sUkSma zarIra se parinivRtta hokara siddha, buddha va mukta hue usa samaya unake parama prazAnta svarUpa ko AtmasAta karane vAlI agni hI tatkAlIna janamAnasa ke lie smRti kA viSaya raha gayI aura janatA agni darzana se hI apane ArAdhya deva kA smaraNa karane lgii| ( devendramuni zAstrIH RSabhadeva eka parizIlana, pR. 43 ) jaina vidvAnoM ke isa cintana meM kitanI sArthakatA hai yaha eka svatantra carcA kA viSaya hai yahA~ maiM usameM utaranA nahI cAhatA hU~, kintu yaha batAnA cAhatA hU~ ki vizeSaNa evaM vizeSya ke rUpa meM prayukta donoM zabdoM meM yadi saMjJA rUpa meM prayukta hone kI sAmarthya hai to unameM kise vizeSaNa aura
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________________ 194 Rgveda meM arhat aura RSabhavAcI RcAyeM : eka adhyayA kise vizeSya mAnA jAya -- yaha vyAkhyAkAra kI apanI-apanI dRSTi para hI AdhArita hogaa| sAtha hI donoM ko paryAyavAcI bhI mAnA jA sakatA hai| ___ Rgveda meM rudra kI stuti ke sandarbha meM bhI vRSabha zabda kA prayoga huA hai| svayaM Rgveda meM hai eka ora rudra ko ugra evaM zastroM kA dhAraNa karane vAlA kahA gayA vahIM dUsarI ora use vizva prANiyoM ke prati dayAvAna aura mAtRvat bhI kahA gayA hai (2/33/1) / isa RcA kI carcA hama pUrva meM kara cuke haiN| eka hI vyakti kaThora va komala dono ho sakatA hai| RSabha ke sandarbha meM yaha kahA jAtA hai ki ye tapa kI kaThora sAdhanA karate the| ataH ve rudra bhI the| vaidika sAhitya meM rudra, sarva, pAzupati, Iza, mahezvara, ziva, zaMkara Adi paryAyavAcI rUpa meM prayukta hue haiN| jaina dRSTi se inheM vRSabha kA vizeSaNa bhI mAnA gayA hai| ataH kise kisakA vizeSaNa mAnA jAya, yaha nirdhAraNa sahaja nahIM hai| Rgveda meM jo rudra kI stuti hai usameM 5 bAra vRSabha zabda kA aura 3 bAra arhan zabda kA ullekha huA hai| mAtra itanA hI nahIM, rudra ko arhan zabda se bhI sambodhita kiyA gayA hai| itanA to nizcita hai ki arhan vizeSaNa RSabhadeva ke lie hI adhika samIcIna hai kyoMki yaha mAnya tathya hai ki unake dvArA pravartita dharma Aheta dharma hai| ataH Rgveda meM rudra kI je stuti prApta hotI hai usameM yadi rudra ko vRSabha kA vizeSaNa mAnA jAya to vaha vRSabha kI stuti ke rUpa meM bhI vyAkhyAyita ho sakatI hai| yadyapi maiM ise eka sambhAvita vyAkhyA se adhika nahIM mAnatA huuN| isa sambandha meM pUrNa sunizcitatA kA dAvA karanA mithyA hogaa| Rgveda meM vaSabha zabda ko bahaspati ke vizeSaNa ke rUpa meM bhI mAnA gayA hai| yahA~ bhI yahI samasyA hai| hama bRhaspati ko bhI vRSabha kA vizeSaNa banA sakate haiM, kyoMki RSabha ko paramajJAnI mAnA gayA hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki vRSabha zabda indra, agni, rudra athavA bRhaspati kA vizeSaNa mAnA jAya yA ina zabdoM ko vRSabha kA vizeSaNa mAnA jAya, isa samasyA kA samyak samAdhAna itanA hI ho sakatA hai ki ina vyAkhyAoM meM dRSTibheda hI pramukha hai| donoM vyAkhyAoM meM kisI ko bhI hama pUrNataH asaMgata nahIM kaha skte| kintu yadi jaina dRSTi se vicAra kareM to hameM mAnanA hogA ki rudra, indra, agni Adi RSabha ke vizeSaNa haiN| ___ Rgveda meM hameM eka sabase mahattvapUrNa sUcanA yaha milatI hai ki aneka sandarbho meM vRSabha kA eka vizeSaNa marutvAn AyA hai (vRSabho marutvAnaM (2.33.6) ) / jaina paramparA meM RSabha ko marudevI kA putra mAnA gayA hai| ataH unake sAtha yaha vizeSaNa samucita pratIta hotA hai| ___ Rgveda meM vRSabha sambandhI RgcAoM kI vyAkhyA ke sambandha meM yaha bhI spaSTa hai ki aneka prasaMgoM meM unakI lAkSaNika vyAkhyA ke atirikta anya koI vikalpa nahIM rahatA hai| Rgveda caturtha maNDala ke aTThAvanaveM sUkta kI tIsarI RcA meM vRSabha ko cAra sIgoM, tIna pAdoM yA pAvoM, do zIrSa, sAta hasta evaM tIna prakAra se baddha kahA gayA hai| yaha RcA spaSTa rUpa se RSabha ko samarpita hai| isameM RSabha ko mRtyoM meM upasthita yA praviSTha mahAdeva kahA gayA hai| isa RcA kI kaThinAI yaha hai ki ise kisI bhI sthiti meM apane zabdAnusArI sahaja artha barA vyAkhyAyita nahIM kiyA jA sakatA kyoMki na to vapabha ke cAra sIMga hote haiM, na tIna pAda, na do
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________________ sAgaramala jaina 195 zira hote haiM, nahIM sAta hAtha hote haiM / cAhe hama kisI bhI paramparA kI dRSTi se isa RcA kI vyAkhyA kareM lAkSaNika rUpa meM hI karanA hogaa| aisI sthiti meM isa RcA ko jahA~ dayAnanda sarasvatI Adi vaidika paramparA ke vidvAnoM ne hindU paramparAnusAra vyAkhyAyita karane kA prayatna kiyA vahI jaina vidvAnoM ne ise jaina dRSTi se vyAkhyAyita kiyA / jaba sahaja zabdAnusArI artha saMbhava nahIM hai taba lAkSaNika artha ke atirikta anya koI vikalpa bhI zeSa nahI rahatA / isI prakAra Rgveda ke 7veM maNDala ke paccAvanaveM sUkta kI sAtavIM RcA ( 7.55.7) meM yaha kahA gayA hai ki sahasa zrRMga vAlA vRSabha samudra se Upara AyA / yadyapi vaidika vidvAn isa RcA kI vyAkhyA meM vRSabha kA artha sUrya karate haiM, ve vRSabha kA sUrya artha isa AdhAra para lagAte haiM ki vRSabha zabda kA vyutpattilabhya artha hai jo varSA kA kAraNa hotA hai, vaha vRSabha hai| kyoMki sUrya vRSTi kA kAraNa hai, ataH vRSabha kA eka artha sUrya bhI ho sakatA hai / sahasa zrRMga kA artha bhI ve sUrya kI hajAroM kiraNoM se karate haiM, kintu jaina dRSTi se isakA artha yaha bhI kiyA jA sakatA hai ki jJAna rUpI sahasroM kiraNoM se maNDita RSabhadeva samudrataTa para aaye| isI RcA kI agalI paMkti kA zabdArtha isa prakAra hai usa kI sahAyatA se hama manuSyoM ko sulA dete haiM, kintu sUrya kI sahAyatA se manuSyoM ko kaise sulAyA jA sakatA hai yaha bAta sAmAnya buddhi kI samajha meM nahIM AtI hai| phira bhI sahasra zrRMga kI vyAkhyA to lAkSaNika dRSTi se hI karanA hogaa| vRSabha zabda baila kA vAcI bhI hai aura Rgveda meM baila ke kriyAkalApoM kI agni, indra Adi tulanA bhI kI gaI hai jaise 8veM maNDala meM zizAno vRSabho yathAgniH zrRMga davidhvata, ( 8.68.13) meM hama dekhate haiM ki agni kI tulanA vRSabha se kI gayI hai aura kahA gayA hai ki jaise vRSabha apane sIgoM se prahAra karate samaya apane sira ko hilAtA hai usI prakAra agni bhI apanI jvAlAoM ko hilAtA hai| isI prakAra kI anya RcAyeM bhI haiM vRSabho na tigmazrRMgo'ntaryUtheSu roruvata-(10.86.15 ) tIkSNa sIMga vAle vRSabha ke samAna jo apane samUha meM zabda karatA hai| isakA jaina dRSTi se lAkSaNika artha yaha bhI ho sakatA hai ki tIkSNa prajJA vAle RSabha deva apane samUha arthAt caturvidha saMgha yA pariSadA meM upadeza dete haiM aura he indra tuma bhI una para maMthana yA cintana karo / jJAtavya hai isa RcA meM 'na' zabda samAnatA yA tulanA kA vAcI hai| isI prakAra 'AzuH zisAno vRSabho na ( 10.103.1) meM bhI tulanA hai| isa prakAra Rgveda meM vRSabha zabda tulanA kI dRSTi se baila ke artha meM bhI aneka sthaloM meM prayukta huA hai / uparyukta samasta carcAoM ke AdhAra para hama isa niSkarSa para pahucate haiM ki Rgveda meM jina-jina sthAnoM para vRSabha zabda kA prayoga huA hai una sabhI sthaloM kI vyAkhyA vRSabha ko 'RSabha' mAnakara nahIM kI jA sakatI hai| mAtra kucha sthala hai jahA~ para Rgveda meM prayukta vRSabha kI vyAkhyA RSabha ke sandarbha meM kI jA sakatI hai| inameM bhI sampUrNa RcA ko vyAkhyAyita karane ke liye lAkSaNika artha kA hI grahaNa karanA hogaa| adhika se adhika hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki Rgvedika kAla meM vRSabha eka upAsya yA stutya RSi ke rUpa meM gRhIta the /
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________________ 196 Rgveda meM arhata aura RSabhavAcI RcAyeM : eka adhya punaH Rgveda meM vRSabha kA rudra, indra, agni Adi ke sAtha jo samIkaraNa kiyA gayA hai / itanA avazya batAtA hai ki yaha samIkaraNa paravartI kAla meM pracalita rhaa| 6ThIM zatI se le 10vIM zatI ke jaina sAhitya meM jahA~ RSabha kI stuti yA usake paryAyavAcI nAmoM kA ullekha unameM RSabha kI stuti isI rUpa meM kI gyii| RSabha ke ziva, paramezvara, zaMkara, vidhAtA / nAmoM kI carcA hameM jaina paramparA ke prasiddha bhaktAmara stotra meM bhI milatI hai| __ Rgveda meM upalabdha kucha RcAoM kI jaina dRSTi se RSabhadeva ke prasaMga meM vyAkhyA karane ke hamane prayatna kiyA hai| vidvAnoM se yaha apekSA hai ki ve ina RcAoM ke artha ko dekheM aura nizcita kareM ki isa prayAsa kI kitanI sArthakatA hai| yadyapi maiM svayaM isa tathya se sahamata huuN| ina RcAoM kA yahI eka mAtra artha hai aisA dAvA nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| agrima paMktiyoM meM ke RcAoM kA jaina dRSTiparaka artha prastuta hai| merI vyastatAoM ke kAraNa vRSabhavAcI sabhI 11, RcAoM kA artha to nahIM kara pAyA hU~ mAtra dRSTi-bodha ke liye kucha RcAoM kI vyAkhyA prastu hai| isa vyAkhyA ke sambandha meM bhI mAtra itanA hI kahA jA sakatA hai ki ina RcAoM ke je vibhinna lAkSaNika artha sambhava haiM uname eka artha yaha bhI ho sakatA hai| isase adhika merA koI dAvA nahIM hai| RSabha vAcI Rgvaidika RcAoM kI jaina dRSTi se vyAkhyA asRgramindra te giraH prati tvaamudhaast| ajoSA vRSabhaM patim / / (1.9.4) he indra ! ( ajoSA) jinhoMne strI kA tyAga kara diyA hai, una RSabha ( patim ) svAmA kA prati ApakI jo aneka prakAra kI vANI (stuti) hai, vaha ApakI (bhAvanAoM) ko uttamatA pUrvaka abhivyakta karatI hai| (jJAtavya hai ki jaina paramparA meM indra hI sarvaprathama jina kI stuti karatA hai - zakrastava (namotthuNaM) kA pATha jainoM meM sarva prasiddha hai) tvamagne vRSabhaH puSTivardhana udyatasace bhavasi vAyyaH / ya AhutiM pari vedA vaSaTkRtimekAyugne viza avivAsasi / / (1.31.5) he jyotisvarUpa vaSabha ! Apa puSTi karane vAle haiM jo loga homa karane ke lie tatpara hai unake lie A karake Apa sunane yogya haiM arthAt unheM AhUta hokara Apake vicAroM ko jAnanA caahie| Apa kA upadeza jAnane yogya hai kyoMki usake AdhAra para uttama kriyAyeM kI jA sakatI haiN| Apa ekAyu arthAt carama zarIrI haiM aura tIrthaMkaroM meM prathama yA agra haiM aura prajA Apa meM hI nivAsa karatI hai arthAt Apa kI hI AjJA kA anusaraNa karatI hai| jJAtavya hai - vaidika dRSTi se agni ke liye ekAyu evaM agra vizeSaNa kA prayoga utanA samIcIna nahIM hai jitanA vRSabha tIrthaMkara ke sAtha hai| unheM ekAyu kahane kA tAtparya yaha hai ki jinakA yahI antima jIvana hai| dUsare prathama tIrthaMkara hone se unake sAtha agra vizeSaNa bhI upayukta hai]
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________________ po. sAgaramala jaina 197 na ye divaH pRthivyA antamApurna mAyAbhirdhanadAM paryabhUvana / yujaM vajaM vRSabhazcakra indro niyotiSA tamaso gA aduksst|| 1.33.10) he svAmI ( vRSabhadeva) ! na to svarga ke aura na pRthvI ke vAsI mAyA aura dhanAdi (parigraha ) se paribhUta hone ke kAraNa ApakI maryAdA ( ApakI yogyatA) ko prApta nahIM hote haiN| he vRSabha ! Apa samAdhiyukta (yuja), atikaThora sAdhaka, vrajamaya zarIra ke dhAraka aura indroM ke bhI cakravartI hai - jJAna ke dvArA andhakAra (ajJAna) kA nAza karake gA arthAt prajA ko sukhoM se pUrNa kiijiye| A varSANiprA vRSabho janAnAM rAjA kRSTInAM puruhUta indrH| stutaH zravasyannavasopa madrigyuktA harI vRSaNA yaahyaang||( 1.177.1) bahatoM meM prasiddha tathA bahutoM ke dvArA saMstuta sabake usa vicakSaNa buddhi mahAna RSabhadeva kI isa prakAra stuti kI jAtI hai| vaha stutya hokara hameM vIratA, godhana evaM vidyA pradAna kreN| hama usa tejasvI (jJAna) dAtA ko jAne yA prApta kreN| tvamagre indro vRSabhaH satAmasi tvaM viSNarurugAyo nmsyH| tvaM brahmA rayividrahamaNaspate tvaM vidhartaH sabase purandhyA / / ( 2.1.3) he jyoti svarUpa jinendra RSabha Apa satpuruSoM ke bIca praNAma karane yogya hai| Apa hI veSNu hai aura Apa hI brahmA haiM tathA Apa hI vibhinna prakAra kI buddhiyoM se yukta meghAvI haiN| jesa sapta kiraNoM vAle vRSabha ne sAta sindhuoM ko bahAyA aura nirmala AtmA para car3he hue karmamala ko naSTa kara diyaa| ve bajrabAhu indra arthAt jinendra Apa hI haiN| unmA anAnudo vRSabho dodhato vadho gambhIra RSyo asamaSTakAvyaH / raghracodaH zUnathano vIlitaspRthurindraH suyajJaH uSasaH svarjanat / / / 2.21.4) dAna dene meM jinake Age koI nahIM nikala sakA aise saMsAra ko arthAt janma-maraNa ko kSINa karane vAle karma zatruoM ko mArane vAle asAdhAraNa, kuzala, dRr3ha agoM vAle, uttama karma karane vAle RSabha ne suyajJa rUpI ahiMsA dharma kA prakAzana kiyaa| anAnudo vRSabho jagmirAhavaM niSTaptA zatru pRtanAsu saashiH|| asi satya RNayA brahmaNaspata ugrasya cidamitA vIkuharSiNaH / / ( 2.23.11) he jJAna ke svAmI vRSabha tumhAre jaisA dUsarA dAtA nahI hai| tuma Atma zatruoM ko tapAne vAle, unakA parAbhava karane vAle, karma rUpI RNa ko dUra karane vAle, uttama harSa dene vAle kaThora sAdhaka va satya ke prakAzaka ho| unmA mamanda vRSabho marutvAntvakSIyasA vayasA naadhmaanm| dhRNIva cchAyAmaraNa azIyAsvivAseyaM rudrasya sugnam / / (2.33.6)
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________________ 198 Rgveda meM arhata aura RSabhavAcI RcAyeM : eka adhyaya marutvAn arthAt marudevI ke putra RSabha hama ( bhikSuoM) ko tejasvI anna se tRpta kre| ji prakAra dhUpa se pIDita vyakti chAyA kA Azraya letA hai usI prakAra maiM bhI pApa rahita hoka kaThora sAdhaka vRSabha ke sukha ko prApta kara va unakI sevA kara arthAt nirvANa lAbha prApta kruuN||| pradIdhitirvidhruvavArA jigAti hotAramilaH prathamaM yjdhyai| acchA namobhivRSabha vandadhyai sa devAnyakSadiSito yjiiyaan|| (3.4.3) samagra saMsAra ke dvArA vareNya tathA prakAza ko karane vAlI buddhi sabase prathama pUjA karane ke lie jyoti svarUpa RSabha ke pAsa jAtI hai| usa RSabha kI vandanA karane ke lie hama namaskAra karate hue usake pAsa jaayeN| hamAre dvArA prerita hokara vaha bhI pUjanIya devoM kI pUjA kreN| aSAlaho agne vRSabho didIhi puro vizrvAH saubhagA sjigiivaan| yajJasya netA prathamasya pAyojAvido bRhataH suprnniite|| (3.15.4) he aparAjita aura tejasvI vRSabha Apa sabhI aizvaryazAlI nagaroM meM dharma yukta karmo kA prakAza kiijie| he sarvajJa ! Apa ahiMsA dharma ke uttama rIti se nirNAyaka hue, Apa hI tyAga mArga ke prathama netA hai| (jJAtavya hai ki yahAM yajJa zabda ko tyAga mArga ke artha meM grahIta kiyA gayA hai|) marutvantaM vRSabhaM vAvRdhAnamakavAriM divyaM shaasmindrm| vizrvAsAhamavase nUtanAyograM sahodAmiha tvaM huvema / / ( 3.47.5 ) marutvAn vikAsamAna avarNanIya divya zAsaka sabhI (karma) zatruoM ko harAne vAle viir| RSabha ko hama Atma-rakSaNa ke lie yahA~ AmaMtrita karate haiN| sadyo ha jAto vRSabhaH kanInaH prabhartubhAvadandhasaH sutsy| sAdhoH piba pratikAmaM yathA te rasAziraH prathamaM somyasya / / (3.48.1) utpanna hote hI mahAbalavAna, sundara va taruNa una vRSabha ne annadAna karane vAloM kA tatkAla rakSaNa kiyaa| he jinendra vRSabha ! samatA rasa ke andara milAye mizraNa kA Apa sarvaprathama pAna kreN| patirbhava vRtrahantsUnRtAnAM girA vizvAyurvRSabho vayodhAH / A no gahi sakhyebhiH zivebhirmahAnmahIbhirutibhiH saraNyana / / (3.31.18) he ajJAna rUpI bAdaloM ke vinAzaka, satya aura AnandadAyaka vANiyoM ke svAmI pUrNa Ayu vAle (vizvAyu) mahAna vRSabha mitratA ke bhAva se yukta hokara tathA ziva mArga (mokSa mArga) kA pratipAdana karane hetu tyAga mArga kI ora jAte hue hamArI ora aaiiye| mahA~ ugro vAvRdhe vIryAya samAcake vRSabhaH kAvyena / indro bhago vAjadA asya gAvaH prajAyante dakSiNA asyapUrvIH / / ( 3.36.5)
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________________ garamala jana 199 ve mahAna aizvaryavAna, kaThoratapasvI bhagavAna vRSabha apane puruSArtha ke lie arthAt nirvANa kI ke lie Age bar3hate haiN| unakI prajA aura dAna pUrvakAla se hI prasiddha hai / [ jJAtavya hai ki RSabha prathama zAsaka the aura unhone apanI prajA ko samyak jIvana zailI tAyI thI tathA dIkSA ke pUrva vipula dAna diyA thaa| isI dRSTi se yahA~ kahA gayA hai ki unakI (gAva) evaM dAna pUrva se hI prasiddha hai / ] asUta pUrvI vRSabho jyAyAnimA asya zurudhaH santi pUrvIH / divo napAtA vidathasya dhImiH kSatraM rAjAnA pradivo dadhAye / / (3.38.5) una zreSTha RSabhadeva ne pUrvo ko utpanna kiyA athavA ve pUrva jJAna se yukta hue| jisa prakAra varSA karane vAlA megha (vRSabha) pRthvI kI pyAsa bujhAtA hai usI prakAra ve pUrvI ke jJAna ke dvArA janatA kI pyAsa ko bujhAte haiN| vRSabha ! Apa rAjA aura kSatriya haiM tathA AtmA kA patana nahIM hone dete haiN| 1 yadanyAsu vRSabho roravIti so anyasminyUtha ni dadhAti retaH / sa hi kSapAvAntsa bhagaH sa rAjA mahadevAnAmasuratvamekam / / (3.55.17 ) jisa prakAra vRSabha anya yUthoM meM jAkara DakAratA hai aura anya yUthoM meM jAkara apane vIrya ko sthApita karatA hai / usI prakAra RSabhadeva bhI anya dArzanika samUha meM jAkara apanI vANI kA prakAza karate haiM aura apane siddhAnta kA sthApana karate haiM / ve RSabha karmoM kA kSapana karane vAle athavA saMyamI athavA jinakA pramAda naSTa ho aise apramatta bhagavAna, rAjA, devoM aura asuroM meM mahAna haiN| catvAri zrRMgA trayo asya pAdA dve zIrSe sapta hastAso asya / tridhA baddho vRSabho roravIti nahIM devo martyA A viveza / / (4.58.3 ) ve RSabha deva annata catuSTaya rUpI cAra zrRMgo se tathA samyaka jJAna, darzana evaM cAritrarUpI tIna pAdoM se yukta haiN| jJAnopayoga va darzanopayoga aise do siroM, pA~ca indriyoM, mana evaM buddhi aise sAta hAthoM se yukta haiN| ve tIna yogoM se baddha hokara mRtyoM meM nivAsa karate haiN| ve mahAdeva RSabha apanI vANI kA prakAzana karate haiN|
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________________ 200 Rgveda meM arhata aura RSabhavAcI RcAyeM : eka adhyayana sandarbha jaina, DaoN.sAgaragala, jaina, bauddha aura gItA kA sAdhanA mArga, rAjasthAna prAkRta bhAratI, jayapura 1982, pR bhUmikA pR. 6-10 niggaMtha sakka tAvasa geruya AjIva paMcahA samaNA-piNDaniyukti 445, niyuktisaMgraha saM. vijaya jinendra sUrIzvara zrI harSa puSpAmRta jaina grantha mAlA lAkhAbAbala jAmanagara 3. (a) niggaMtha dhammammi imA samAhI, sUyagaDo, jaina vizvabhAratI lAu~nU 216 142 (ba) nigaNTho nATaputto -- dIghanikAya, mahAparinivvANa sutta-subhadhaparivvAjakavatthuna 3123186 (sa) nigaMThesu pi me kaTe ime viyApaTA hohaMti -- jaina zilAlekhasaMgraha bhAga-2, lekha kramAMka -1 4. isibhAsiyAiM suttAI - prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI jayapura, 1988 dekheM-- bhUmikA, sAgaramala jaina, pR.19-20 [sAmAnyatayA sampUrNa bhUmikA hI draSTavya hai] 5. jJAtavya hai ki Rgveda 1018514 meM bArhata zabda to milatA hai, kintu Arhata zabda nahIM milatA hai yadyapi arhana evaM 'arhanto zabda milate haiM, kintu brAhmaNoM, AraNyakoM AdimeM Arhata aura bAhata donoM zabda milate haiN| dekheM-- sutaM metaM bhante-vajjI yAni tAni vajjInaM vajjicetiyAni abbhantarAni ceva bAhirAni tAni sakkAronti garuM karontimAnenti puujenti| ..vajjInaM arahantesu dhammikA rakkhAAvaraNagutti, susaMvihitA kinti anAgatA ca arahanto vijitaM AgaccheyyuM AgatA ca arahanto vijite phAsu vihreyyu| -- dIdhanikAya mahAparinivvANasuttaM 3 11 14 (nAlandA devanAgarI pAli sirIja) 7. dekheM-- saMskRta-hindI koza - bRhat ( vi. ) strI. tI, bRhatI napuM. 1 veda 2 sAmaveda kA maMtra, 3 brahma (saM. vAmana zivarAma ApTe, motIlAla banArasIdAsa dehalI-7 dvi. saM. 1984, pR. 720) dekheM-- devo deyAn yajatviAnararhan Rgveda 119411, 21311, 3, 2133110, 51712, 5152 15, 5187 15, 7118122, 10 199 17, vaidika padAnukrama-koSa, prathamakhaNDaH vizvezvarAnanda vaidika zodhasaMsthAna, hoziyAra pura, 1976, pR. 518 9. judhArihaM khalu dullbhN| -- AcArAMga 111 1513 imeNa ceva jujjhAhi, kiM te jujjheNa bajjhao - AcArAMga 1 111513 10. (A) Radha Krishnan-Indian philosophy (Ist edition) Vol.1, p. 287. 8.
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________________ pro. sAgaramala jaina (B) Indian Antiquary, Vol. IX, Page 163. 11. barhiSi tasminneva viSNudatta bhagavAn paramarSibhiH nAbheH priya cikIrSayA tadavarodhAya ne marudevyAM dharmAn darzayatu kAmo vAtarazanAnAM zramaNAnAmRSINAmUrdhvamandhinAM zuklayA tanvAvatAra / - - zrImadbhAgavata 5 13 120 12. dekheM-- (a) liMgapurANa 48119-23 (ba) zivapurANa 52 185 (sa) AgneyapurANa 10 111-12 (da) brahmANDapurANa 14153 (i) viSNupurANa - dvitIyAMza a. 1126-27. (epha) kUrmapurANa 41 137-38 (jI) varAhapurANa a.74 (eca) skandhapurANa adhyAya 37 (AI) mArkaNDeyapurANa adhyAya 50 139-41 dekheM ahiMsAvANI - tIrthaMkara bha. RSabhadeva vizeSAMka varSa 7 aMka 1-2 maruputra RSabha zrI rAjArAma jaina, pR. 87-92 13. vRSabha yathA zRMge zizAnaH davidhvat - vRSabha = baila 8 160 113, 6 116 147, 7 119 11 - 201 14. vRSabhaH indraH vajraM yujaM - vRSabha = balavAna 1 133 110 tvaM vRSabhaH puSTivardhana - vRSabha = valiSTa 1 131 15 15. dekheM-- RSabha evaM bRSabha zabda saMskRta hindI koza, vAmana zivarAma ApTe, motIlAla banArasI dAsa, dillI 1984, pRSTha 224 evaM 973 16. vRSabhaH varSA karane vAlA 5 158 13 jJAtavya hai ki svAmI dayAnanda ne indra ke sAtha prayukta vRSabha zabda ko indra kA vizeSaNa mAnakara usakA artha varSA karane vAlA kiyA hai| dekheM - 5143 113, 5 158 16 17. vRSabhaH bRhaspati = kAmanAoM ke varSaka bRhaspati - 10192190 vRSabhaH prajAM varSatIti vAti bRhatireta iti vA tad vRSakarmA varSaNAd vRSabhaH / niruktam (yAska maharSi prakAzitaM ) 912211 18. anarthakA hi mantrAH 19. Rgveda bhASAbhASya -- - dekheM Rgveda 10 1111 12 kA bhASya / 20. Rgveda kA subodha bhASya padmabhUSaNa DaoN. zrI pAda dAmodara satavalekara svAdhyAya maNDala pAraDI - jilA balasADha, 1985 dekheM Rgveda 10 1111 12 kA bhASya / nirukta, adhyAya 1 khaNDa 15 pAda 5 sUtra 2 - khemarAja zrIkRSNadAsa mumbayyAM saMvat 1982 dayAnanda sarasvatI - dayAnanda saMsthAna, naI dillI - 5 21. vahI, dekheM Rgveda 415813
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________________ 202 Rgveda meM arhata aura RSabhavAcI RcAyeM : eka adhyayana 22. Rgveda bhASA bhASya, dayAnanda sarasvatI, dayAnanda saMsthAna, naI dillI-5 dekheM - Rgveda 4 15813 23. bhaktAmarastotra (mAnatuMga), 23, 24, 25 tvAmAmananti munayaH paramaM pumAMsa -- mAdityavarNamamalaM tamasaH parastAt / tvAmeva samyagupalabhya jayanti mRtyu nAnyaH zivaH zivapadasya munIndra ! panthAH / / 23 / / tvAmavyayaM vibhumacintyamasaMkhyamAdyaM brhmaannmiishvrmnntmngketum| yogIzvaraM viditayogamanekamekaM jJAnasvarUpamamalaM pravadanti santaH / / 24 / / buddhastvameva vibudhArcitabuddhibodhAt __tvaM zaGkaro'si bhuvntryshngkrtvaat| dhAtAsi dhIra zivamArgavidhervidhAnAd vyaktaM tvameva bhagavan puruSottamo'si / / 25 / / - DaoN. sAgaramala jaina, pArzvanAtha zodhapITha, vArANasI-5.
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________________ niryukti sAhitya : eka punarcintana * pro. sAgaramala jaina jisa prakAra vedoM ke zabdoM kI vyAkhyA ke rUpa meM sarvaprathama nirukta likhe gaye, sambhavataH usI prakAra jaina paramparA meM AgamoM kI vyAkhyA ke lie sarvaprathama niyuktiyA~ likhane kA kArya huaa| jaina AgamoM kI vyAkhyA ke rUpa meM likhe gaye granthoM meM niyuktiyA~ prAcInatama haiM / Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya mukhya rUpa se nimna pA~ca rUpa meM vibhakta kiyA jA sakatA hai 1. niryukti 2. bhASya 3. cUrNi 4. saMskRta vRttiyA~ evaM TIkAeM aura 5. TabbA arthAt Agamika zabdoM ko spaSTa karane ke lie prAcIna maru-gurjara meM likhA gayA AgamoM kA zabdArtha / inake atirikta samprati Adhunika bhASAoM yathA hindI, gujarAtI evaM aMgrejI meM bhI AgamoM para vyAkhyAe~ likhI jA rahI haiM / suprasiddha jarmana vidvAna zArapenTiyara uttarAdhyayanasUtra kI bhUmikA meM niyukti kI paribhASA ko spaSTa karate hue likhate haiM ki 'niyuktiyA~ mukhya rUpa se kevala viSayasUcI kA kAma karatI haiN| ve sabhI vistArayukta ghaTanAoM ko saMkSepa meM ullikhita karatI haiM / ' anuyogadvArasUtra meM niyuktiyoM ke tIna vibhAga kiye gaye haiM 1. nikSepa - niyukti kiyA jAtA hai / isameM nikSepoM ke AdhAra para pAribhASaka zabdoM kA artha spaSTa isameM Agama meM varNita viSaya kA pUrvabhUmikA ke rUpa meM isameM Agama kI viSaya-vastu kA ullekha kiyA jAtA hai 1 pro. ghATake iNDiyana hisTArIkala kvArTaralI khaNDa 121270 meM niyuktiyoM ko nimna tIna vibhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA hai ---- 2. upodghAta-niryukti spaSTIkaraNa kiyA jAtA hai| 3. sUtrasparzika-niryukti ---- 11 ---- 1. zuddha - niyuktiyA~ jinameM kAla ke prabhAva se kucha bhI mizraNa na huA ho, jaise AcArAMga aura sUtrakRtAMga kI niyuktiyA~ / 11 jinameM mUlabhASyoM kA samizraNa ho gayA hai, tathApi ve vyavadya haiM, jaise dazavaikAlika aura AvazyakasUtra kI niyuktiyA~ / 2. mizrita kintu vyavacchedya-niyuktiyA~ 3. bhASya mizrita - niyuktiyA~ ve niyuktiyA~ jo Ajakala bhASya yA bRhadbhASya meM hI samAhita ho gayI haiM aura una donoM ko pRthak pRthak karanA kaThina hai| jaise nizItha Adi kI niyuktiyA~ / --
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________________ 204 niyukti sAhitya : eka punarcintana niyuktiyA~ vastutaH Agamika paribhASika zabdoM evaM Agamika viSayoM ke artha ko sunizcita karane kI eka prayatna haiN| phira bhI niyuktiyA~ ati saMkSipta haiM, inameM mAtra Agamika zabdoM evaM viSayoM ke artha-saMketa hI haiM, jinheM bhASya aura TIkAoM ke mAdhyama se hI samyak prakAra se samajhA jA sakatA hai| jaina AgamoM kI vyAkhyA ke rUpa meM jina niyuktiyoM kA praNayana huA, ve mukhyataH prAkRta gAthAoM meM haiN| Avazyakaniyukti meM niyukti zabda kA artha aura niyuktiyoM ke likhane kA prayojana batAte hue kahA gayA hai -- "eka zabda ke aneka artha hote haiM, ataH kauna sA artha kisa prasaMga meM upayukta hai,yaha nirNaya karanA Avazyaka hotA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke upadeza ke AdhAra para likhita Agamika granthoM meM kauna se zabda kA kyA artha hai, ise spaSTa karanA hI niyukti kA prayojana hai|" dUsare zabdoM meM niyukti jaina paramparA ke pAribhASika zabdoM kA spaSTIkaraNa hai| yahA~ hameM smaraNa rahe ki jaina paramparA meM aneka zabda apane vyutpattiparaka artha meM grahIta na hokara apane pAribhASika artha meM grahIta haiM, jaise -- astikAyoM ke prasaMga meM dharma evaM adharma zabda, karma siddhAnta ke sandarbha meM prayukta karma zabda athavA syAvAda meM prayukta syAt shbd| AcArAMga meM 'daMsaNa' (darzana) zabda kA jo artha hai, uttarAdhyayana meM usakA vahI artha nahIM hai| darzanAvaraNa meM darzana zabda kA jo artha hotA hai vahI artha darzana moha ke sandarbha meM nahIM hotA hai| ataH Agama granthoM meM zabda ke prasaMgAnusAra artha kA nirdhAraNa karane meM niyuktiyoM kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna rahA hai| niryaktiyoM kI vyAkhyA-zailI kA AdhAra mukhya rUpa se jaina paramparA meM pracalita nikSepa-paddhati rahI hai| jaina paramparA meM vAkya ke artha kA nizcaya nayoM ke AdhAra para evaM zabda ke artha kA nizcaya nikSepoM ke AdhAra para hotA hai| nikSepa cAra haiM -- nAma, sthApanA, dravya aura bhaav| ina cAra nikSepoM ke AdhAra para eka hI zabda ke cAra bhinna artha ho sakate haiN| nikSepa-paddhati meM zabda ke sambhAvita vividha arthoM kA ullekha kara unameM se aprastuta artha kA niSedha karake prastuta artha kA grahaNa kiyA jAtA hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM Avazyaka-niyukti ke prArambha meM abhinibodha jJAna ke cAra bhedoM ke ullekha ke pazcAta unake arthoM ko spaSTa karate huye kahA gayA hai ki arthoM (padArthoM) kA grahaNa avagraha hai evaM unake sambandha meM cintana IhA hai|2 isI prakAra niyuktiyoM meM kisI eka zabda ke paryAyavAcI anya zabdoM kA bhI saMkalana kiyA gayA hai, jaise -- Abhinibodhika zabda ke paryAya haiM -- IhA, apoha, vimarza,mArgaNA, gaveSaNA, saMjJA, smRti, mati evaM prjnyaa| niyuktiyoM kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki jahA~ eka ora ve AgamoM ke mahattvapUrNa pAribhASika zabdoM ke arthoM ko spaSTa karatI haiM, vahIM AgamoM ke vibhinna adhyayanoM aura uddezakoM kA saMkSipta vivaraNa bhI detI haiN| yadyapi isa prakAra kI pravRtti sabhI niyuktiyoM meM nahIM hai, phira bhI unameM AgamoM ke pAribhASika zabdoM ke artha kA tathA unakI viSaya-vastu kA ati saMkSipta paricaya prApta ho jAtA hai| pramukhaniyuktiyA~ Avazyakaniyukti meM lekhaka ne jina dasa niyuktiyoM ke likhane kI pratijJA kI thI, ve nimna hai- --
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________________ pro. sAgaramala jaina 1. Avazyaka - 1 - niyukti 2. dazavaikAlika - niryukti 3. uttarAdhyayana- -niryukti 4. AcArAMga - niyukti 5. sUtrakRtAMga-niryukti 6. dazAzrutaskaMdha - niyukti 7. bRhatkalpa-niryukti 8. vyavahArara-niryukti 9. sUrya - prajJapti-niryukti 10. RSibhASita-niryukti 205 vartamAna meM uparyukta dasa meM se ATha hI niyuktiyA~ upalabdha haiM, antima do anupalabdha haiM / Aja yaha nizcaya kara pAnA ati kaThina hai ki ye antima do niryuktiyA~ likhI bhI gayI yA nahIM ? kyoMki hameM kahI bhI aisA koI nirdeza upalabdha nahIM hotA, jisake AdhAra para hama yaha kaha sakeM ki kisI kAla meM ye niyuktiyA~ rahIM aura bAda meM vilupta ho gyiiN| yadyapi maineM apanI RSibhASita kI bhUmikA meM yaha sambhAvanA vyakta kI hai ki vartamAna 'isImaNDalatthU' sambhavataH RSibhASita niyukti kA paravartita rUpa ho, kintu isa sambandha meM nirNayAtmaka rUpa se kucha bhI kahanA kaThina hai| ina donoM niyuktiyoM ke sandarbha meM hamAre sAmane tIna vikalpa ho sakate haiM- 1. sarvaprathama yadi hama yaha mAneM ki ina dasoM niyuktiyoM ke lekhaka eka hI vyakti haiN| aura unhoMne ina niyuktiyoM kI racanA usI krama meM kI hai, jisa krama se inakA ullekha Avazyaka niyukti meM haiM, to aisI sthiti meM yaha sambhava hai ki ve apane jIvana kAla meM ATha niyuktiyoM kI hI racanA kara pAyeM hoM tathA antima do kI racanA nahIM kara pAyeM hoM / 2. dUsare yaha bhI sambhava hai ki granthoM ke mahattva ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue prathama to lekhaka ne yaha pratijJA kara lI ho ki vaha ina dasoM Agama granthoM para niyukti likhegA, kintu jaba usane ina donoM Agama granthoM kA adhyayana kara yaha dekhA ki sUrya-prajJapti meM jaina - AcAra maryAdAoM ke pratikUla kucha ullekha haiM aura RSibhASita meM nArada, maMkhaligozAla Adi una vyaktiyoM ke upadeza saMkalita haiM jo jaina paramparA ke lie vivAdAspada haiM, to usane ina para niryuvita likhane kA vicAra sthagita kara diyA ho / 3. tIsarI sambhAvanA yaha bhI hai ki unhoMne ina donoM granthoM para niyuktiyA~ likhI ho kintu inameM bhI vivAdita viSayoM kA ullekha hone se ina niyuktiyoM ko paThana-pAThana se bAhara rakhA gayA ho aura phalataH apanI upekSA ke kAraNa kAlakrama meM ve vilupta ho gayI hoM / yadya yahA~ eka zaMkA ho sakatI hai ki, yadi jaina AcAryoM ne vivAdita hote hue bhI ina donoM granthoM ko saMrakSita karake rakhA to unhoMne inakI niyuktiyoM ko saMrakSita karake kyoM nahIM rakhA ? 4. eka anya vikalpa yaha bhI ho sakatA hai ki jisa prakAra darzanaprabhAvaka grantha ke rUpa
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________________ 206 niyukti sAhitya : eka punardhintana meM mAnya govindaniyukti vilupta ho gaI hai, usI prakAra ye niyuktiyA~ bhI vilupta ho gaI hoN| niyukti sAhitya meM uparokta dasa niyuktiyoM ke atirikta piNDaniyukti, oghaniyukti evaM ArAdhanAniyukti ko bhI samAviSTa kiyA jAtA hai, kintu inameM se piNDaniyukti aura oghaniyukti koI svatantra grantha nahIM hai| piNDaniyukti dazavaikAlika niyukti kA eka bhAga hai aura oghaniyukti bhI Avazyaka niyukti kA eka aMza hai| ataH ina donoM ko svatantra niyukti grantha nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| yadyapi vartamAna meM ye donoM niyuktiyA~ apane mUla grantha se alaga hokara svatantra rUpa meM hI upalabdha hotI haiN| AcArya malayagiri ne piNDaniyukti ko dazavaikAlikaniyukti kA hI eka vibhAga mAnA hai, unake anusAra dazavakAlika ke piNDaiSaNA nAmaka pA~caveM adhyayana para vizada niyukti hone se usako vahA~ se pRthak karake piNDaniyukti ke nAma se eka svatantra grantha banA diyA gyaa| malayagiri spaSTa rUpa se kahate haiM ki jahA~ dazavaikAlika niyukti meM lekhaka ne namaskArapUrvaka prArambha kiyA, vahI piNDaniyukti meM aisA nahIM hai, ataH piNDaniyukti svatantra grantha nahIM hai| dazavaikAlikaniyukti tathA Avazyakaniyukti se inheM bahuta pahale hI alaga kara diyA gayA thaa| jahA~ taka ArAdhanAniyukti kA prazna hai, zvetAmbara sAhitya meM to kahIM bhI isakA ullekha nahIM hai| pro. e.ena. upAdhye ne bRhatkathAkoza kI apanI prastAvanA (pR. 31 ) meM mUlAcAra kI eka gAthA kI vasunandI kI TIkA ke AdhAra para isa niyukti kA ullekha kiyA hai, kintu ArAdhanAniyukti kI unakI yaha kalpanA yathArtha nahIM hai| mUlAcAra ke TIkAkAra vasunandI svayaM evaM pro. e. ena. upAdhye jI mUlAcAra kI usa gAthA ke artha ko samyak prakAra se samajha nahIM pAye haiN| vaha gAthA nimnAnusAra hai -- "ArAhaNa Nijjuti maraNavibhattI ya sNghtthudio| paccakkhANAvasaya dhammakahAo ya eriso|" mUlAcAra, paMcacAradhikAra, 2791 arthAt ArAdhanA, niyukti, maraNavibhakti, saMgrahaNIsUtra, stuti (vIrastuti), pratyAkhyAna (mahApratyAkhyAna, AturapratyAkhyAna), AvazyakasUtra, dharmakathA tathA aise anya granthoM kA adhyayana asvAdhyAya kAla meM kiyA jA sakatA hai| vastutaH mUlAcAra kI isa gAthA ke anusAra ArAdhanA evaM niyukti ye alaga-alaga svatantra grantha haiN| isameM ArAdhanA se tAtparya ArAdhanA nAmaka prakIrNaka athavA bhagavatI-ArAdhanA se tathA niyukti se tAtparya Avazyaka Adi sabhI niyuktiyoM se hai| ataH ArAdhanAniyukti nAmaka niyukti kI kalpanA ayathArtha hai| isa niyukti ke astitva kI koI sUcanA anyatra bhI nahIM milatI hai aura na yaha grantha hI upalabdha hotA hai| ina dasa niyuktiyoM ke atirikti Arya govinda kI govindaniyukti kA bhI ullekha milatA hai, kintu yaha bhI niyukti vartamAna meM anupalabdha hai| inakA ullekha nandIsUtra, vyavahAra-bhASya', AvazyakacUrNi10 evaM nizIthacUrNi1 meM milatA hai| isa niyukti kI viSaya vastu mukhya rUpa se
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________________ pro. sAgaramala jaina 207 ekendriya arthAt pRthvI, pAnI, agni, vAyu, vanaspati Adi meM jIvana kI siddhi karanA thaa| ise govinda nAmaka AcArya ne banAyA thA aura unake nAma ke AdhAra para hI isakA nAmakaraNa huA hai| kathAnakoM ke anusAra ye bauddha paramparA se Akara jaina paramparA meM dIkSita hue the| merI dRSTi meM yaha niyukti AcArAMga ke prathama adhyayana aura dazavakAlika ke caturtha SaT-jIva nikAya nAmaka adhyayana se sambandhita rahI hogI aura isakA uddezya bauddhoM ke viruddha pRthvI, pAnI Adi meM jIvana kI siddhi karanA rahA hogaa| yahI kAraNa hai isakI gaNanA darzana prabhAvaka grantha meM kI gayI hai| saMjJI-zruta ke sandarbha meM isakA ullekha bhI yahI batAtA hai|12 isI prakAra saMsakta niyukti13 nAmaka eka aura niyukti kA ullekha milatA hai| isameM 84 AgamoM ke sambandha meM ullekha hai| isameM mAtra 94 gAthAeM haiN| 84 AgamoM kA ullekha hone se vidvAnoM ne ise paryApta paravartI evaM visaMgata racanA mAnA hai| ataH ise prAcIna niyukti sAhitya meM parigaNita nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| isa prakAra vartamAna niyuktiyA~ dasa niyuktiyoM meM samAhita ho jAtI hai| inake atirikta anya kisI niyukti nAmaka grantha kI jAnakArI hameM nahIM hai| dasa niyuktiyoM kA racanA krama : yadyapi dasoM niyuktiyA~ eka hI vyakti kI racanAyeM haiN| phira bhI inakI racanA eka krama meM huI hogii| Avazyakaniyukti meM jisa krama se ina dasa niyuktiyoM kA nAmollekha hai14 usI krama se unakI racanA huI hogI, vidvAnoM ke isa kathana kI puSTi nimna pramANoM se hotI hai -- 1. Avazyakaniyukti kI racanA sarvaprathama huI hai, yaha tathya svataH siddha hai, kyoMki isI niyukti meM sarvaprathama dasa niyuktiyoM kI racanA karane kI pratijJA kI gayI hai aura usameM bhI Avazyaka kA nAmollekha sarvaprathama huA hai| punaH Avazyakaniyukti se nihnavavAda se sambandhita sabhI gAthAeM (gAthA 778 se 784 taka)deg uttarAdhyayananiyukti meM (gAthA 164 se 178 taka)17 meM lI gayI hai| isase bhI yahI siddha hotA hai ki Avazyakaniyukti ke bAda hI uttarAdhyayananiyukti Adi anya niyuktiyoM kI racanA huI hai| Avazyakaniyukti ke bAda sabase pahale dazavaikAlikaniyukti kI racanA huI hai aura usake bAda pratijJAgAthA ke kramAnusAra anya niyuktiyoM kI racanA kI gii| isa kathana kI puSTi Age diye gaye uttarAdhyayananiyukti ke sandarmoM se hotI hai| 2. uttarAdhyayananiyukti gAthA 29 meM 'vinaya kI vyAkhyA karate hue yaha kahA gayA hai-- 'viNao puvvuddiTThA' arthAt vinaya ke sambandha meM hama pahale kaha cuke haiN|18 isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki uttarAdhyayananiyukti kI racanA se pUrva kisI aisI niyukti kI racanA ho cukI thI, jisameM vinaya sambandhI vivecana thaa| yaha bAta dazavaikAlika niyukti ko dekhane se spaSTa ho jAtI hai, kyoMki dazavaikAlikaniyukti meM vinaya samAdhi nAmaka naveM adhyayana kI niyukti (gAthA 309 se 326 taka) meM 'vinaya zabda kI vyAkhyA hai|19 isI prakAra uttarAdhyayananiyukti (gAthA, 207) meM 'kAmApuvvudiTThA' kahakara yaha sUcita kiyA gayA hai ki
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________________ 208 niyukti sAhitya : eka punarvina kAma ke viSaya meM pahale vivecana kiyA jA cukA hai|20 yaha vivecana bhI hameM dazavaikAlikaniyA kI gAthA 161 se 163 taka meM mila jAtA hai|21 uparokta donoM sUcanAoM ke AdhAra para bAta siddha hotI hai ki uttarAdhyayananiyukti dazavaikAlikaniyukti ke bAda hI likhI gyii| 3. Avazyakaniyukti ke bAda dazavaukalikaniyukti aura phira uttarAdhyayananiyukti / racanA huI, yaha to pUrva carcA se siddha ho cukA hai| ina tInoM niyuktiyoM kI racanA ke pAca AcArAMganiyukti kI racanA huI hai, kyoMki AcArAMga niyukti kI gAthA 5 meM kahA gayA hai / 'AyAre aMgammi ya puvvuddiTThA caukkayaM nikkhevo' -- AcAra aura aMga ke nikSepoM kA vivecA pahale ho cukA hai|22 dazavaikAlikaniyukti meM dazavaikAlikasUtra ke kSullakAcAra adhyayana ke niyukti (gAthA 79-88) meM 'AcAra' zabda ke artha kA vivecana22 tathA uttarAdhyayananiyukti meM uttarAdhyayanasUtra ke tRtIya 'caturaMga' adhyayana kI niyukti karate hue gAthA 143-144 meM 'aM zabda kA vivecana kiyA hai|23 ataH yaha siddha hotA hai ki Avazyaka, dazavaikAlika uttarAdhyayana ke pazcAt hI AcArAMganiyukti kA kama hai| isI prakAra AcArAMga kI caturtha vimukticUlikA kI niyukti meM 'vimukti zabda kI niyukti karate hue gAthA 331 meM likhA hai ki 'mokSa' zabda kI niyukti ke anusAra hI 'vimukti zabda kI niyukti bhI samajhanA caahie|24 cUMki uttarAdhyayana ke aTThAvIsaveM adhyayana ke niyukti (gAthA 497-98) meM mokSa zabda kI niyukti kI jA cukI thii|25 ataH isase yahI siddha huA ki AcArAMganiyukti kA krama uttarAdhyayana ke pazcAt hai| Avazyakaniyukti dazavaikAlikaniyukti, uttarAdhyayananiyukti evaM AcArAMganiyukti ke pazcAt sUtrakRtAMganiyukti kA krama AtA hai| isa tathya kI puSTi isa AdhAra para bhI hotI hai ki sUtrakRtAMganiyukti kI gAthA 99 meM yaha ullikhita hai ki 'dharma' zabda ke nikSepoM kA vivecana pUrva meM ho cukA hai (dhammopuvvuddiTTho) 126 dazavaikAlikaniyukti meM dazavakAlikasUtra kI prathama gAthA kA vivekA karate samaya dharma zabda ke nikSepoM kA vivecana huA hai|27 isase yaha siddha hotA hai ki sUtrakRtAMganiyukti, dazavaikAlikaniyukti ke bAda nirmita huI hai| isI prakAra sUtrakRtAMganiyukti kI gAthA 127 meM kahA hai gNthopvvdidttttho|28 hama dekhate haiM ki uttarAdhyayananiyukti gAthA 267-268 meM grantha zabda ke nikSepoM kA bhI kathana huA hai|29 isase sUtrakRtAMganiyukti bhI dazavaikAlikaniyukti evaM uttarAdhyayananiyukti se paravartI hI siddha hotI hai| 4. uparyukta pA~ca niyuktiyoM ke yathAkrama se nirmita hone ke pazcAt hI tIna cheda sUtroM yathA -- dazAzrutaskaMdha, bRhatkalpa evaM vyavahAra para niyuktiyA~ bhI unake ullekha krama se hI likhIM gayIM haiM, kyoMki dazAzrutaskaMdhaniyukti ke prArambha meM hI prAcInagotrIya sakala zrata ke jJAtA aura dazAzrutaskaMdha, bRhatkalpa evaM vyavahAra ke racayitA bhadrabAhu ko namaskAra kiyA gayA hai| isameM bhI ina tInoM granthoM kA ullekha usI krama se hai jisa krama se niyukti- lekhana kI pratijJA meM hai|30 ataH yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki ina tInoM granthoM kI niyuktiyA~ isI krama meM likhI gayI hogii| uparyukta ATha niyuktiyoM kI racanA ke pazcAt hI sUryaprajJapti evaM isibhAsiyAiM kI niyukti kI racanA honI thii| ina donoM granthoM para niyuktiyA~ likhI bhI gayIM yA nahIM, Aja yaha
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________________ pro. sAgaramala jaina 209 nirNaya karanA atyanta kaThina hai, kyoMki pUrvokta pratijJA gAthA ke atirikta hameM ina niyuktiyoM ke sandarbha meM kahIM bhI koI bhI sUcanA nahIM milatI hai| ataH ina niyuktiyoM kI racanA honA saMdigdha hI hai| yA to ina niyuktiyoM ke lekhana kA krama Ane se pUrva hI niyuktikAra kA svargavAsa ho cukA hogA yA phira ina donoM granthoM meM kucha vivAdita prasaMgoM kA ullekha hone se niyuktikAra ne inakI racanA karane kA nirNaya hI sthagita kara diyA hogaa| ataH sambhAvanA yahI hai ki ye donoM niyuktiyA~ likhI hI nahIM gaIM, cAhe inake nahIM likhe jAne ke kAraNa kucha bhI rahe hoN| pratijJAgAthA ke atirikta sUtrakRtAMganiyukti gAthA 189 meM RSibhASita kA nAma avazya AyA hai|31 vahA~ yaha kahA gayA hai ki jisa-jisa siddhAnta yA mata meM jisa kisI artha kA nizcaya karanA hotA hai usameM pUrva kahA gayA artha hI mAnya hotA hai, jaise ki-- RSibhASita meN| kintu yaha ullekha RSibhASita mUla grantha ke sambandha meM hI sUcanA detA hai na ki usakI niyukti ke sambandha meN| niyukti ke lekhaka aura racanA-kAla : niyuktiyoM ke lekhaka kauna haiM aura unakA racanA kAla kyA hai ye donoM prazna eka-dUsare se jur3e hue haiN| ataH hama una para alaga-alaga vicAra na karake eka sAtha hI vicAra kreNge| paramparAgata rUpa se antima zrutakevalI, caturdazapUrvadhara tathA chedasUtroM ke racayitA Arya bhadrabAhu prathama ko hI niyuktiyoM kA kartA mAnA jAtA hai| muni zrI puNyavijaya jI ne atyanta parizrama dvArA zruta-kevalI bhadrabAhu ko niyuktiyoM ke kartA ke rUpa meM svIkAra karane vAle nimna sAkSyoM ko saMkalita karake prastuta kiyA hai| jinheM hama yahA~ avikala rUpa se de rahe haiM32 -- 1. "anuyogadAyinaH -- sudharmasvAmiprabhRtayaH yAvadasya bhagavato niyuktikArasya __ bhadrabAhusvAminazcaturdazapUrvadharasyAcAryo'tastAn sarvAniti / / " - AcArAMgasUtra, zIlAGkAcArya kRta TIkA-patra 4. 2. "na ca keSAMcidihodAharaNAnAM niyuktikAlAdakkiAlAbhAvitA ityanyoktatvamAzaGkanIyam, sa hi bhagavA~zcaturdazapUrvavit zrutakevalI kAlatrayaviSayaM vastu pazyatyeveti kathamanyakRtatvAzaGkA ? iti|" uttarAdhyayanasUtra zAntisUrikRtA pAiyaTIkA-patra 139. "guNAdhikasya vandanaM kartavyam na tvadhamasya, yata uktam --" guNAhie vNdnnyN"| bhadrabAhusvAminazcaturdazapUrvadharatvAd dazapUrvadharAdInAM ca nyUnatvAt kiM teSAM namaskAramasau karoti ? iti| atrocyate -- guNAdhikA eva te, avyavacchittiguNAdhikyAta, ato na doSa iti|" oghaniyukti droNAcAryakRtazTIkA-patra 3. "iha caraNakaraNakriyAkalApatasmUlakalpaM sAmAyikAdiSaDadhyayanAtmakazrutaskandharUpamAvazyaka tAvadarthatastIrthakaraiH sUtratastu gnndhrairvircitm| asya cAtIva gambhIrArthatAM sakalasAdhu -- zrAvakavargasya nityopayogitAM ca vijJAya caturdazapUrvadhareNa zrImadbhadrabAhunaitavyAkhyAnarUpA" AbhiNibohiyanANaM0" ityAdiprasiddhagrantharUpA niyuktiH kRtaa|" vizeSAvazyaka maladhArihemacandrasUrikRta TIkA-patra 1.
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________________ 210 niyukti sAhitya : eka punarvintana 5. "sAdhUnAmanugrahAya caturdazapUrvadhareNa bhagavatA bhadrabAhusvAminA kalpasUtraM vyavahArasUtraM cAkAri, ubhayorapi ca sUtrasparzikAniyuktiH / " bRhatkalpapIThikA malayagirikRta TIkA-patra 2. 6. "iha zrImadAvazyakAdisiddhAntapratibaddhaniyuktizAstrasaMsUtraNasUtradhAraH...zrIbhadrabAhusvAmI... kalpanAmadheyamadhyayanaM niyuktiyuktaM niyuuNddhvaan|" bRhatkalpapIThikA zrIkSemakIrtisUrianusandhitA TIkA-patra 1771 ina samasta sandarbho ko dekhane se spaSTa hotA hai ki zruta-kevalI caturdaza pUrvadhara bhadrabAhu prathama ko niyuktiyoM ke kartA ke rUpa meM mAnya karane vAlA prAcInatama sandarbha AryazIlAMka kA hai| AryazIlAMka kA samaya lagabhaga vikrama saMvat kI 9vIM-10vIM sadI mAnA jAtA hai| jina anya AcAryoM ne niyuktikAra ke rUpa meM bhadrabAhu prathama ko mAnA hai, unameM AryadroNa, maladhArI hemacandra, malayagiri, zAntisUri tathA kSemakIrti sUri ke nAma pramukha haiM, kintu ye sabhI AcArya vikrama kI dasavIM sadI ke pazcAta hue haiN| ataH inakA kathana bahuta adhika prAmANika nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| unhoMne jo kucha bhI likhA hai, vaha mAtra anuzrutiyoM ke AdhAra para likhA hai| durbhAgya se 8-9vIM sadI ke pazcAt caturdaza pUrvadhara zruta-kevalI bhadrabAhu aura vArAhamihira ke bhAI naimittika bhadrabAhu ke kathAnaka, nAmasAmya ke kAraNa eka-dUsare meM ghula-mila gaye aura dUsare bhadrabAhu kI racanAyeM bhI prathama ke nAma car3hA dI giiN| yahI kAraNa rahA ki naimittika bhadrabAhu ko bhI prAcInagotrIya zruta-kevalI caturdaza pUrvadhara bhadrabAhu ke sAtha jor3a diyA gayA hai aura donoM ke jIvana kI ghaTanAoM ke isa ghAla-mela se aneka anuzrutiyA~ pracalita ho giiN| inhIM anuzrutiyoM ke pariNAmasvarUpa niyukti ke kartA ke rUpa meM caturdaza pUrvadhara bhadrabAhu kI anuzruti pracalita ho gyii| yadyapi muni zrI puNyavijaya jI ne bRhatkalpa-sUtra ( niyukti, laghu bhASya vRtyUpetam ) ke SaSTha vibhAga ke Amukha meM yaha likhA hai ki niyuktikAra sthavira Arya bhadrabAhu hai, isa mAnyatA ko puSTa karane vAlA eka pramANa jinabhadra gaNikSamAzramaNa ke vizeSAvazyaka bhASya ko svopajJa TIkA meM bhI milatA hai|33 yadyapi unhoMne vahA~ usa pramANa kA sandarbha sahita ullekha nahIM kiyA hai| maiM isa sandarbha ko khojane kA prayatna kara rahA hU~, kintu usake mila jAne para bhI hama kevala itanA hI kaha sakeMge ki vikrama kI lagabhaga sAtavIM zatI se niyuktikAra prAcInagotrIya caturdaza pUrvadhara bhadrabAhu haiM, aisI anuzruti pracalita ho gayI thii| . niryaktikAra prAcInagotrIya catardaza pUrvadhara bhadrabAhu hai athavA naimittika (vArAhamihira ke bhAI) bhadrabAhu haiM, yaha donoM hI prazna vivAdAspada hai| jaisA ki hamane saMketa kiyA hai niyuktiyoM ko prAcInagotrIya caturdaza pUrvadhara Arya bhadrabAhu kI mAnane kI paramparA AryazIlAMka se yA usake pUrva jinabhadramaNikSamAzramaNa se prArambha huI hai| kintu unake ina ullekhoM meM kitanI prAmANikatA hai yaha vicAraNIya hai, kyoMki niyuktiyoM meM hI aise aneka pramANa upasthita haiM, jinase niyuktikAra pUrvadhara bhadrabAhu haiM, isa mAnyatA meM bAdhA utpanna hotI hai| isa sambandha meM munizrI puNyavijayajI ne atyanta parizrama dvArA ve saba sandarbha prastuta kiye haiM, jo niyuktikAra pUrvadhara bhadrabAhu haiM, isa mAnyatA ke virodha meM jAte haiN| hama unakI sthApanAoM ke hArda ko hI hindI bhASA meM rUpAntarita kara nimna paMktiyoM meM prastuta kara rahe haiM --
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________________ pro. sAgaramala jaina 1. Avazyakaniryukti kI gAthA 764 se 776 taka meM vajrasvAmI ke vidyAguru AryasiMhagiri, AryavajrasvAmI, toSaliputra, AryarakSita, Arya phalgumitra, sthavira bhadragupta jaise AcAryoM kA spaSTa ullekha hai 34 / ye sabhI AcArya caturdaza pUrvadhara bhadrabAhu se paravartI haiM aura toSaliputra ko chor3akara zeSa sabhI kA ullekha kalpasUtra sthavirAvalI meM hai| yadi niyuktiyA~ caturdaza pUrvadhara AryabhadrabAhu kI kRti hotI to unameM ina nAmoM ke ullekha sambhava nahIM the / 2. isIprakAra piNDaniryukti kI gAthA 498 meM pAdaliptAcArya kA evaM gAthA 503 se 505 meM vajrasvAmI ke mAmA samitasUri kA ullekha hai sAtha hI brahmadIpaka zAkhA 37 kA ullekha bhI hai ye tathya yahI siddha karate haiM ki piNDaniryukti bhI caturdaza pUrvadhara prAcInagotrIya bhadrabAhu kI kRti nahIM hai, kyoMki pAdaliptasUri, samitasUri tathA brahmadIpaka zAkhA kI utpatti ye sabhI prAcInagotrIya bhadrabAhu se paravartI haiN| 35 36 13 211 3. uttarAdhyayananiyukti kI gAthA 120 meM kAlakAcArya 38 kI kathA kA saMketa hai| kAlakAcArya bhI prAcInagotrIya pUrvaghara bhadrabAhu se lagabhaga tInasau varSa pazcAt hue haiM / 4. oghaniyukti kI prathama gAthA meM caturdaza pUrvadhara, daza pUrvadhara evaM ekAdaza- aMgoM ke jJAtAoM ko sAmAnya rUpa se namaskAra kiyA gayA hai 39 aisA droNAcArya ne apanI TIkA meM sUcita kiyA hai| 40 yadyapi muni zrI puNyavijaya jI sAmAnya kathana kI dRSTi se ise asaMbhAvita nahIM mAnate haiM, kyoMki Aja bhI AcArya, upAdhyAya evaM muni namaskAramaMtra meM apane se choTe pada aura vyaktiyoM ko namaskAra karate haiM / kintu merI dRSTi meM koI bhI caturdaza pUrvadhara dasapUrvadhara ko namaskAra kare, yaha ucita nahIM lgtaa| punaH Avazyakaniryukti kI gAthA 769 meM dasa pUrvadhara vajrasvAmI ko nAma lekara jo vaMdana kiyA gayA hai41, vaha to kisI bhI sthiti meM ucita nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai / 5. punaH Avazyakaniryukti kI gAthA 763 se 774 meM yaha kahA gayA hai ki ziSyoM kI smaraNa zakti ke hAsa ko dekhakara Arya rakSita ne, vajrasvAmI ke kAla taka jo Agama anuyogoM meM vibhAjita nahIM the, unheM anuyogoM meM vibhAjita kiyaa| 42 yaha kathana bhI eka paravartI ghaTanA ko sUcita karatA hai| isase bhI yahI phalita hotA hai ki niyuktiyoM ke karttA caturdazapUrvadhara prAcInagotrIya bhadrabAhu nahIM haiM, apitu AryarakSita ke pazcAt hone vAle koI bhadrabAhu hai| 6. dazavaikAlikaniryukti 13 kI gAthA 4 evaM oghaniyukti 14 kI gAthA 2 meM caraNakaraNAnuyoga kI niyukti kahU~gA aisA ullekha hai / yaha bhI isI tathya kI puSTi karatA hai ki niyukti kI racanA anuyogoM ke vibhAjana ke bAda arthAt AryarakSita ke pazcAt huI hai| 7. Avazyaka niyukti 45 kI gAthA 778 - 783 meM tathA uttarAdhyayanaM niyukti 46 kI gAthA 164 se 178 taka meM 7 nihnavoM aura AThaveM boTika mata kI utpatti kA ullekha huA hai / antima sAtavA~ nihnava vIranirvANa saMvat 584 meM tathA boTika mata kI utpatti vIranirvANa saMvat 609 meM huii| ye ghaTanAeM caturdazapUrvadhara prAcInagotrIya bhadrabAhu ke lagabhaga cAra sau varSa
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________________ niyukti sAhitya : eka punarcintana pazcAt huI haiM / ataH unake dvArA racitaniryukti meM inakA ullekha honA sambhava nahIM lagatA hai| vaise merI dRSTi meM boTika mata kI utpatti kA kathana niyuktikAra kA nahIM hai niryukti meM sAta nihnavoM kA hI ullekha hai / nihnavoM ke kAla evaM sthAna sambandhI gAthAe~ bhASya gAthAeM haiM-- jo bAda meM niyukti meM mila gaI haiM / kintu niyuktiyoM meM sAta nihnavoM kA ullekha honA bhI isa bAta kA pramANa hai ki niyuktiyA~ prAcInagotrIyapUrvadhara bhadrabAhu kI kRtiyA~ nahIM haiN| 212 8. sUtrakRtAMganiryukti kI gAthA 146 meM dravya - nikSepa ke sambandha meM ekabhavika, baddhAyuSya aura abhimukhita nAma - gotra aise tIna AdezoM kA ullekha huA hai| 47 ye vibhinna mAnyatAeM bhadrabAhu ke kAphI pazcAt Arya suhasti, Arya maMkSu Adi paravartI AcAryoM ke kAla meM nirmita huI haiM / ataH ina mAnyatAoM ke ullekha se bhI niryuktiyoM ke karttA caturdaza pUrvadhara prAcInagotrIya bhadrabAhu haiM, yaha mAnane meM bAdhA AtI hai / munijI puNyavijayajI ne uttarAdhyayana ke TIkAkAra zAntyAcArya, jo niyuktikAra ke rUpa meM caturdaza pUrvadhara bhadrabAhu ko mAnate haiM, kI isa mAnyatA kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai ki niyuktikAra trikAlajJAnI hai / ataH unake dvArA paravartI ghaTanAoM kA ullekha honA asambhava nahIM hai / 48 yahA~ muni puNyavijayajI kahate haiM ki hama zAntyAcArya kI isa bAta svIkAra kara bhI leM, to bhI niyuktiyoM meM nAmapUrvaka vajrasvAmI ko namaskAra Adi kisI bhI dRSTi se yukti saMgata nahIM kahA jA sktaa| ve likhate haiM yadi uparyukta ghaTanAe~ ghaTita hone ke pUrva hI niyuktiyoM meM ullikhita kara dI gayIM hoM to bhI amuka mAnyatA amuka puruSa dvArA sthApita huI yaha kaise kahA jA sakatA 49 punaH jina dasa Agama granthoM para niyukti likhane kA ullekha Avazyaka niyukti meM hai, usase yaha spaSTa hai ki bhadrabAhu ke samaya AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga Adi ativistRta evaM paripUrNa the| aisI sthiti meM una AgamoM para likhI gayI niyukti bhI ativizAla evaM cAroM anuyogamaya honA caahie| isake virodha meM yadi niyuktikAra bhadrabAhu the, aisI mAnyatA rakhane vAle vidvAn yaha kahate haiM ki niyuktikAra to bhadrabAhu hI the aura ve niryuktiyA~ bhI ativizAla thIM, kintu bAda meM sthavira AryarakSita ne apane ziSya puSyamitra kI vismRti evaM bhaviSya meM hone vAle ziSyoM kI maMda - buddhi ko dhyAna meM rakhakara jisa prakAra AgamoM ke anuyogoM ko pRthak kiyA, usI prakAra niryuktiyoM ko bhI vyavasthita evaM saMkSipta kiyaa| isake pratyuttara meM muni zrI puNyavijayajI kA kathana hai ki prathama to yaha ki AryarakSita dvArA anuyogoM ke pRthak karane kI bAta to kahI jAtI hai, kintu niyuktiyoM ko vyavasthita karane kA eka bhI ullekha nahIM hai| skaMdila Adi ne vibhinna vAcanAoM meM 'AgamoM ko hI vyavasthita kiyA, niyuktiyoM ko nahIM 50 dUsare upalabdha niyuktiyA~ una aMga-AgamoM para nahIM haiM jo bhadrabAhu prathama ke yuga meM the / paramparAgata mAnyatA ke anusAra AryarakSita ke yuga meM bhI AcArAMga evaM sUtrakRtAMga utane hI vizAla the, jitane bhadrabAhu ke kAla meM the| aisI sthiti meM cAhe eka hI anuyoga kA anusaraNa karake niyuktiyA~ likhI gayI hoM, unakI viSayavastu to vizAla honI cAhie thii| jabaki jo bhI
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________________ pro. sAgaramala jaina 213 niyuktiyA~ upalabdha haiM ve sabhI mAthurIvAcanA dvArA yA valabhI vAcanA dvArA nirdhArita pATha vAle AgamoM kA hI anusaraNa kara rahI haiN| yadi yaha kahA jAya ki anuyogoM kA pRthakkaraNa karate samaya AryarakSita ne niyuktiyoM ko bhI punaH vyavasthita kiyA aura unameM aneka gAthAyeM prakSipta meM kI, to prazna hotA hai ki phira unameM goSThAmAhila aura boTika mata kI utpatti sambandhI vivaraNa kaise Aye, kyoMki ina donoM kI utpatti AryarakSita ke svargavAsa ke pazcAt hI huI hai| yadyapi isa sandarbha meM merA munizrI se matabheda hai| mere adhyayana kI dRSTi se sapta nidanayoM ke ullekha vAlI gAthAe~ to mUla gAthAe~ haiM, kintu unameM boTika mata ke utpatti sthala rathavIrapura evaM utpattikAla vIra ni.saM. 609 kA ullekha karane vAlI gAthAyeM bAda meM prakSipta haiN| ve niyukti kI gAthAe~ na hokara bhASya kI haiM, kyoMki jahA~ nihnavoM evaM unake matoM kA ullekha hai vahA~ sarvatra sAta kA hI nAma AyA hai| jabaki unake utpattisthala evaM kAla ko sUcita karane vAlI ina do gAthAoM meM yaha saMkhyA ATha ho gyii| Azcarya yaha hai ki Avazyakaniyukti meM boTikoM kI utpatti kI kahIM koI carcA nahIM hai aura yadi boTikamata ke prastotA evaM unake mantavya kA ullekha mUla Avazyakaniyukti meM nahIM hai, to phira unake utpatti-sthala evaM utpatti kAla kA ullekha niyukti meM kaise ho sakatA hai ? vastutaH bhASya kI aneka gAthAyeM niyuktiyoM meM mila gaI haiN| ataH ye nagara evaM kAla sUcaka gAthAe~ bhASya kI honI caahiye| yadhaSi uttarAdhyayananiyukti ke tRtIya adhyayana kI niyukti ke anta meM inhIM sapta ninavoM kA ullekha hone ke bAda anta meM eka gAthA meM zivabhUti kA rathavIrapura nagara ke dIpaka udyAna meM AryakRSNa se vivAda hone ke ullekha haiN| 2 kintu na to isameM vivAda ke svarUpa kI carcA hai aura na koI anya bAta, jabaki usake pUrva pratyeka nihnava ke mantavya kA Avazyakaniyukti kI apekSA vistRta vivaraNa diyA gayA hai| ataH merI dRSTi meM yaha gAthA bhI prakSipta hai| yaha gAthA vaisI hI hai jaisI ki Avazyaka mUlabhASya meM pAyI jAtI hai| punaH vahA~ yaha gAthA bahuta adhika prAsaMgika bhI nahIM kahI jA sktii| mujhe spaSTa rUpa se lagatA hai ki uttarAdhyayananiyukti meM bhI nihanavoM kI carcA ke bAda yaha gAthA prakSipta kI gayI hai| yaha mAnanA bhI ucita nahIM lagatA ki caturdaza pUrvadhara bhadrabAhu ke kAla meM racita niyuktiyoM ko sarvaprathama AryarakSita ke kAla meM vyavasthita kiyA gayA aura punaH unheM paravartI AcAryoM ne apane yuga kI Agamika vAcanA ke anusAra vyavasthita kiyaa| Azcarya taba aura adhika bar3ha jAtA hai ki isa saba parivartana ke virUddha bhI koI svara ubharane kI kahIM koI sUcanA nahIM hai| vAstavikatA yaha hai ki AgamoM meM jaba bhI kucha parivartana karate kA prayatna kiyA gayA to usake viruddha svara ubhare haiM aura unheM ullikhita bhI kiyA gyaa| uttarAdhyayananiyukti meM usake 'akAmamaraNIya' nAmaka adhyayana kI niyukti meM nimna gAthA prApta hotI hai -- "savve e e dArA maraNavibhattIe vaNNiA kmso| sagalaNiuNe payatthe jiNa ghaudasa pubdhi bhAsaMti" / / 232 / /
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________________ 214 niyukti sAhitya : eka punarcintana [jJAtavya hai ki munipuNyavijaya jI ne ise gAthA 233 likhA hai| kintu niyuktisaMgraha meM isa gAthA kA krama 232 hI hai| isa gAthA meM kahA gayA hai ki "maraNavibhakti meM ina sabhI dvAroM kA anukrama se varNana kiyA gayA hai, padArthoM ko sampUrNa rUpa se to jina athavA caturdazapUrvadhara hI jAna sakateM haiN|" yadi niyuktikAra caturdazapUrvadhara hote to ve isa prakAra nahIM likhte| zAntyAcArya ne svayaM ise do AdhAroM para vyAkhyAyita kiyaa| prathama cartudaza pUrvadharoM meM Apasa meM arthajJAna kI apekSA se kamI-adhikatA hotI hai, isI dRSTi se yaha kahA gayA ho ki padArthoM kA sampUrNa svarUpa to cartudaza pUrvI hI batA sakate haiM athavA dvAra gAthA se lekara Age kI ye sabhI gAthAe~ bhASya gAthAe~ hoN|53 yadyapi muni puNyavijaya jI inheM bhASya gAthAe~ svIkAra nahIM karate haiN| cAhe ye gAthAe~ bhASya- gAthA hoM yA na ho kintu merI dRSTi meM zAntyAcArya ne niyuktiyoM meM bhASya gAthA milI hone kI jo kalpanA kI hai, vaha pUrNatayA asaMgata nahIM hai| punaH jaisA pUrva meM sUcita kiyA jA cukA hai, sUtrakRtAMga ke puNDarIka adhyayana kI niyukti meM puNDarIka zabda kI niyukti karate samaya usake dravya nikSepa se ekabhavika, badghAyuSya aura abhimukhita nAma-gotra aise tIna AdezoM kA niyuktikAra ne svayaM hI saMgraha kiyA hai|54 bRhatkalpasUtrabhASya (prathamavibhAga, pR. 44-45) meM ye tInoM Adeza Aryasuhasti, Arya maMga evaM Aryasamudra kI mAnyatAoM ke rUpa meM ullikhita haiN|55 itanA to nizcita hai ki ye tInoM AcArya pUrvadhara prAcInagotrIya bhadrabAhu (prathama) se paravartI haiM aura unake matoM kA saMgraha pUrvadhara bhadrabAhu dvArA sambhava nahIM hai| dazAzrutaskaMdha kI niyukti ke prArambha meM nimna gAthA dI gayI hai -- "vaMdAmibhaddabAhuM pAINaM carimasayalasuyanANiM / suttassa kAragamisiM dasAsu kappe ya vvhaare||" isameM sakalazrutajJAnI prAcInagotrIya bhadrabAhu kA na kevala vaMdana kiyA gayA hai, apitu unheM dazAzrutaskaMdha, kalpa evaM vyavahAra kA racayitA bhI kahA hai, yadi niyuktiyoM ke lekhaka pUrvadhara zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu hote to, ve svayaM hI apane ko kaise namaskAra karate ? isa gAthA ko hama prakSipta yA bhASya gAthA bhI nahIM kaha sakate, kyoMki prathama to yaha grantha kI prArambhika maMgala gAthA hai, dUsare cUrNikAra ne svayaM isako niyuktigAthA ke rUpa meM mAnya kiyA hai| isase yaha niSkarSa nikalatA hai ki niyuktikAra cartudaza pUrvadhara prAcInagotrIya bhadrabAhu nahIM ho skte| __ isa samasta carcA ke anta meM muni jI isa niSkarSa para pahucate haiM ki paramparAgata dRSTi se dazAzrutaskaMdha, kalpasUtra, vyavahArasUtra evaM nizItha ye cAra chedasUtra, Avazyaka Adi dasa niyuktiyA~, uvasaggahara evaM bhadrabAhu saMhitA ye sabhI cartudaza pUrvadhara prAcInagotrIya bhadrabAhu svAmI kI kRti mAne jAte haiM, kintu inameM se 4 cheda sUtroM ke racayitA to cartudaza pUrvadhara Arya bhadrabAhu hI haiN| zeSa dasa niyuktiyoM, uvasaggahara evaM bhadrabAhu saMhitA ke racayitA anya koI bhadrabAhu hone cAhie aura sambhavataH ye anya koI nahIM, apitu vArAhasaMhitA ke racayitA vArAhamihira ke
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________________ pro. sAgaramala jaina 215 bhAI, maMtravidyA ke pAragAmI naimittika bhadrabAhu hI honA caahie|55 munizrI puNyavijayajI ne niyuktiyoM ke kartA naimittika bhadrabAhu hI the, yaha kalpanA nimna tarkoM ke AdhAra para kI hai66 -- 1. Avazyakaniyukti kI gAthA 1252 se 1270 taka meM gaMdharva nAgadatta kA kathAnaka AyA hai| isameM nAgadatta ke dvArA sarpa ke viSa utArane kI kriyA kA varNana hai|57 uvasaggahara (upasargahara) meM bhI sarpa ke viSa utArane kI carcA hai| ataH donoM ke kartA eka hI haiM aura ve mantra-tantra meM AsthA rakhate the| 2. punaH naimittika bhadrabAhu hI niyuktiyoM ke kartA hone cAhie, isakA eka AdhAra yaha bhI hai ki unhoMne apanI pratijJAgAthA meM sUryaprajJapti para niyukti likhane kI pratijJA kI thii| aisA sAhasa koI jyotiSa kA vidvAn hI kara sakatA thaa| isake atirikta AcArAMganiyukti meM to spaSTa rUpa se nimitta vidyA kA nirdeza bhI huA hai|59 ataH munizrI puNyavijayajI niyukti ke kartA ke rUpa meM naimittika bhadrabAhu ko svIkAra karate haiN| yadi hama niyuktikAra ke rUpa meM naimittika bhadrabAhu ko svIkAra karate haiM to hameM yaha bhI mAnanA hogA ki niyuktiyA~ vikrama kI chaThIM sadI kI racanAe~ hai, kyoMki vArAhamihira ne apane grantha ke anta meM zaka saMvat 427 arthAt vikrama saMvata 566 kA ullekha kiyA hai|00 naimittika bhadrabAhu bArAhamihira ke bhAI the, ataH ve unake samakAlIna hai| aisI sthiti meM yahI mAnanA hogA ki niyuktiyoM kA racanAkAla bhI vikrama kI chaThIM zatAbdI kA uttarArddha hai| yadi hama uparyukta AdhAroM para niyuktiyoM ko vikrama kI chaThIM sadI meM hue naimittika bhadrabAhu kI kRti mAnate haiM, to bhI hamAre sAmane kucha prazna upasthita hote haiM -- 1. sarvaprathama to yaha ki pAkSika sUtra evaM nandIsUtra meM niyuktiyoM ke astitva kA spaSTa ullekha hai -- "sa sutte saatthe sagaMdhe sanijjutie sasaMgahaNie" - (pAkSikasUtra, pR.80) "saMkhejjAo nijjuttIo saMkhejjA saMgahaNIo" . - (nandIsUtra, sUtra saM.46) itanA nizcita hai ki ye donoM grantha vikrama kI chaThavIM sadI ke pUrva nirmita ho cuke the| yadi niyuktiyA~ chaThIM sadI uttarArddha kI racanA hai to phira vikrama kI pA~cavI zatI ke uttarArddha yA chaThIM zatI ke pUrvArddha ke granthoM meM chaThI sadI ke uttarArddha meM racita niyuktiyoM kA ullekha kaise saMbhava hai ? isa sambandha meM munizrI puNyavijaya jI ne tarka diyA hai ki nandIsUtra meM jo niyuktiyoM kA ullekha hai, vaha govinda-niyukti Adi ko dhyAna meM rakhakara kiyA gayA hogaa| yaha satya hai ki govindaniyukti eka prAcIna racanA hai kyoMki nizIthacUrNi meM govinda niyukti ke ullekha ke sAtha-sAtha govindaniyukti kI utpatti kI kathA bhI dI gaI hai| 2 govindaniyukti ke
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________________ 216 racayitA vahI Aryagovinda hone cAhie, jinakA ullekha nandIsUtra meM anuyogadvAra ke jJAtA ke rUpa meM kiyA gayA hai| sthavirAvalI ke anusAra ye Arya skaMdila kI cauthI pIr3hI meM haiN| 63 ataH inakA kAla vikrama kI pA~cavIM sadI nizcita hotA hai| ataH muni zrIpuNyavijaya jI isa niSkarSa para pahu~cate haiM ki pAkSikasUtra evaM nandIsUtra meM niyukti kA jo ullekha hai vaha Arya govinda kI niyukti ko lakSya meM rakhakara kiyA gayA hai| isa prakAra muni jI dasoM niyuktiyoM ke racayitA ke rUpa meM naimittika bhadrabAhu ko hI svIkAra karate haiM aura nandIsUtra athavA pAkSikasUtra meM jo niyukti kA ullekha hai use ve govindaniyukti kA mAnate haiN| niyukti sAhitya : eka punarcintana hama muni zrI puNyavijayajI kI isa bAta se pUrNataH sahamata nahIM ho sakate haiM, kyoMki uparokta dasa niryuktiyoM kI racanA se pUrva cAhe Aryagovinda kI niyukti astitva meM ho, kintu nandIsUtra evaM pAkSika sUtra meM niyukti sambandhI ullekha haiM, ve AcArAMga Adi Agama granthoM kI niryukti ke sambandha meM haiM, jabaki govindaniryukti kisI Agama grantha para niyukti nahIM hai| usake sambandha meM nizIthacUrNi Adi meM jo ullekha haiM ve sabhI use darzanaprabhAvaka grantha aura ekendriya meM jIva kI siddhi karane vAlA grantha batalAte haiN| 64 ataH unakI yaha mAnyatA ki nandIsUtra aura pAkSikasUtra meM niyukti ke jo ullekha haiM, ve govindaniryukti ke sandarbha meM haiM, samucita nahIM hai / vastutaH nandIsUtra evaM pAkSikasUtra meM jo niyuktiyoM ke ullekha haiM ve Agama granthoM kI niyuktiyoM ke haiM / ataH yaha mAnanA hogA ki nandI evaM pAkSikasUtra kI racanA ke pUrva arthAt pA~cavI zatI ke pUrva AgamoM para niyukti likhI jA cukI thI / 2. dUsare ina dasa niyuktiyoM meM aura bhI aise tathya haiM jinase inheM vArAhamihira ke bhAI evaM naimittika bhadrabAhu ( vikrama saMvat 566 ) kI racanA mAnane meM zaMkA hotI hai| Avazyaka niyukti kI sAmAyikaniyukti meM jo nihnavoM ke utpatti sthala evaM utpattikAla sambandhI gAthAyeM haiM evaM uttarAdhyayananiyukti meM uttarAdhyayana ke tIsare adhyayana kI niyukti meM jo zivabhUti kA ullekha hai, ve prakSipta haiN| isakA pramANa yaha hai ki uttarAdhyayanacUrNi, jo ki isa niyukti para eka prAmANika racanA hai, meM 167 gAthA taka kI hI cUrNi dI gayI hai| nihnavoM ke sandarbha meM antima cUrNi 'jeThThA sudaMsaNa' nAmaka 167vIM gAthA kI hai| usake Age nihnavoM ke vaktavya ko sAmayikaniryukti (Avazyakaniryukti) ke AdhAra para jAna lenA cAhie aisA nirdeza hai| 65 jJAtavya hai ki sAmAyika niyukti meM boTikoM kA koI ullekha nahIM hai| hama yaha bhI batA cuke haiM ki usa niryukti meM jo boTika mata ke utpattikAla evaM sthala kA ullekha hai, vaha prakSipta hai evaM ve bhASya gAthAe~ haiN| uttarAdhyayanacUrNi meM eka saMketa yaha bhI milatA hai ki usameM nihnavoM kI kAlasUcaka gAthAoM ko niryuktigAthAe~ na kahakara AkhyAnaka saMgrahaNI kI gAthA kahA gayA hai 1 66 isase mere usa kathana kI puSTi hotI hai ki Avazyakaniyukti meM jo nihnavoM ke utpattinagara evaM utpattikAla sUcaka gAthAe~ haiM ve mUla meM niyukti kI gAthAe~ nahIM haiM, apitu saMgrahaNI athavA bhASya se usameM prakSipta kI gayI haiN| kyoMki ina gAthAoM meM unake utpatti nagaroM evaM utpatti-: - samaya donoM kI saMkhyA ATha-ATha hai| isa prakAra inameM boTikoM ke utpattinagara aura samaya kA bhI ullekha hai Azcarya yaha hai ki ye gAthAe~ sapta nihnavoM kI carcA ke bAda --
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________________ pro. sAgaramala jaina 217 dI gaI jabaki boTikoM kI utpatti kA ullekha to isake bhI bAda meM hai aura mAtrA eka gAthA meM hai / ataH ye gAthAe~ kisI bhI sthiti meM niyukti kI gAthAyeM nahIM mAnI jA sakatI haiN| --- punaH yadi hama boTika nihyava sambandhI gAthAoM ko bhI niyukti gAthAe~ mAna bhI leM to bhI niyukti ke racanAkAla kI apara sImA ko vIranirvANa saMvat 610 arthAt vikrama kI tIsarI zatI ke pUrvArdha se Age nahIM le jAyA jA sakatA hai kyoMki isake bAda ke koI ullekha hameM niyuktiyoM meM nahIM mile| yadi niryukti naimittika bhadrabAhu ( vikrama kI chaThI sadI uttarArddha) kI racanAe~ hotIM to unameM vikrama kI tIsarI sadI se lekara chaThI sadI ke bIca ke kisI na kisI AcArya evaM ghaTanA kA ullekha bhI, cAhe saMketa rUpa meM hI kyoM na ho, avazya hotA / anya kucha nahIM to mAthurI evaM valabhI vAcanA ke ullekha to avazya hI hote, kyoMki naimittika bhadrabAhu to unake bAda hI hue haiN| valabhI vAcanA ke Ayojaka devarddhigaNi ke to ve kaniSTha samakAlika haiM, ataH yadi ve niryukti ke karttA hote to valabhI vAcanA kA ullekha niyuktiyoM meM avazya karate / 67 3. yadi niyuktiyA~ naimittika bhadrabAhu ( 6ThavIM sadI - uttarArddha) kI kRti hotIM to usameM guNasthAna kI avadhAraNA avazya hI pAI jaatii| chaThIM sadI ke uttarArddha meM guNasthAna kI avadhAraNA vikasita ho gaI thI aura usa kAla meM likhI gaI kRtiyoM meM prAyaH guNasthAna kA ullekha milatA hai kintu jahA~ taka mujhe jJAta hai, niyuktiyoM meM guNasthAna sambandhI avadhAraNA kA kahIM bhI ullekha nahIM hai| Avazyakaniryukti kI jina do gAthAoM meM caudaha guNasthAnoM ke nAmoM kA ullekha milatA hai, 7 ve mUlataH niyukti gAthAe~ nahIM haiN| Avazyaka mUla pATha meM caudaha bhUtagrAmoM (jIva-jAtiyoM) kA hI ullekha hai, guNa sthAnoM kA nahIM / ataH niyukti to bhUtagrAmoM kI hI likhI gayI / bhUtagrAmoM ke vivaraNa ke bAda do gAthAoM meM caudaha guNasthAnoM ke nAma diye gaye haiM / yadyapi yahA~ guNasthAna zabda kA prayoga nahIM hai / ye donoM gAthAe~ prakSipta haiM, kyoMki haribhadra (AThavIM sadI) ne Avazyakaniyukti kI TIkA meM "adhunAmumaiva guNasthAnadvAreNa darzayannAha saMgrahaNikAra" kahakara ina donoM gAthoM ko saMgrahaNI gAthA ke rUpa meM uddhRta kiyA hai| 68 ataH guNasthAna siddhAnta ke sthira hone ke pazcAt saMgrahaNI kI ye gAthAe~ niyukti meM DAla dI gaI haiM / niyuktiyoM meM guNasthAna kI avadhAraNA kI anupasthiti isa tathya kA pramANa hai ki unakI racanA tIsarI-cauthI zatI ke pUrva huI thI / isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki niyuktiyAM naimittika bhadrabAhu kI racanA nahIM haiN| 4. sAtha hI hama dekhate haiM ki AcArAMganiryukti meM AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI unhIM dasa avasthAoM kA vivecana hai 69 jo hameM tattvArthasUtra meM bhI milatI haiM 70 aura jinase Age calakara guNasthAna kI avadhAraNA vikasita huI hai / tattvArthasUtra tathA AcArAMganiryukti donoM hI vikasita guNasthAna siddhAnta ke sambandha meM sarvathA mauna haiM, jisase yaha phalita hotA hai ki niyuktiyoM kA racanAkAla tattvArthasUtra ke sama-sAmayika ( arthAt vikrama kI tIsarI cauthI sadI) hai| ataH ve chaThIM zatI ke uttarArdha meM hone vAle naimittika bhadrabAhu kI racanA to kisI sthiti meM nahIM ho sktiiN| yadi ve unakI kRtiyA~ hotI to unameM AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI ina dasa avasthAoM ke citraNa ke sthAna para caudaha guNasthAnoM kA bhI citraNa hotA hai /
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________________ 218 niyukti sAhitya : eka punarcintana 5. niyukti gAthAoM kA niyukti gAthA ke rUpa meM mUlAcAra meM ullekha tathA asvAdhyAya kAla meM bhI unake adhyayana kA nirdeza yahI siddha karatA hai ki niyuktiyoM kA astitva mUlAcAra kI racanA aura yApanIya sampradAya ke astitva meM Ane ke pUrva kA thaa| yaha sunizcita hai ki yApanIya sampradAya 5vIM sadI ke anta taka astitva meM A gayA thaa| ataH niyuktiyA~ 5vIM sadI se pUrva kI racanA honI cAhie -- aisI sthiti meM bhI ve naimittika bhadrabAhu (vi. 6vIM sadI uttarArddha) kI kRti nahIM mAnI jA sakatI hai| punaH niyukti kA ullekha AcArya kundakunda ne bhI Avazyaka zabda kI niyukti karate hue niyamasAra gAthA 142 meM kiyA hai| Azcarya yaha hai ki yaha gAthA mUlAcAra ke SaDAvazyaka nAmaka adhikAra meM bhI yathAvat milatI hai| isameM Avazyaka zabda kI niyukti kI gaI hai| isase bhI yahI phalita hotA hai ki niyuktiyA~ kama se kama mUlAcAra aura niyamasAra kI racanA ke pUrva arthAt chaThI zatI ke pUrva astitva meM A gaI thii| 6. niryaktiyoM ke kartA naimittika bhadrabAha nahIM ho sakate, kyoMki AcArya mallavAdI (lagabhaga cauthI pA~cavIM zatI) ne apane grantha nayacakra meM niyuktigAthA kA uddharaNa diyA hai -- niyukti lakSaNAmAha -- "vatthUNaM saMkamaNaM hoti avatthU Naye smbhisddhe"| isase yahI siddha hotA hai ki valabhI vAcanA ke pUrva niyuktiyoM kI racanA ho cukI thii| ataH unake racayitA naimittika bhadrabAhu na hokara yA to kAzyapagotrIya Aryabhadragupta hai yA phira gautamagotrIya Aryabhadra haiN| 7. punaH valabhI vAcanA ke AgamoM ke gadyabhAga meM niyuktiyoM aura saMgrahaNI kI aneka gAthAe~ milatI haiM, jaise jJAtAdharma kathA meM mallI adhyayana meM jo tIrthaMkara nAma-karma-bandha sambandhI 20 boloM kI gAthA hai, vaha mUlataH Avazyakaniyukti (179--181) kI gAthA hai| isase bhI yahI phalita hotA hai ki valabhI vAcanA ke samaya niyuktiyoM aura saMgrahaNI sUtroM se aneka gAthAyeM AgamoM meM DalI gaI hai| ataH niyuktiyA~ aura saMgrahaNiyA valabhI vAcanA ke pUrva haiM ataH ve naimittika bhadrabAhu ke sthAna para. lagabhaga tIsarI-cauthI zatI ke kisI anya bhadra nAmaka AcArya kI kRtiyA~ haiN| 8. niyuktiyoM kI sattA klabhI vAcanA ke pUrva thI, tabhI to nandIsUtra meM AgamoM kI niyuktiyoM kA ullekha hai| punaH agastyasiMha kI dazavaikAlikacUrNi ke upalabdha evaM prakAzita ho jAne para yaha, puSTa ho jAtI hai ki Agamika vyAkhyA ke rUpa meM niyuktiyA~ valabhI vAcanA ke pUrva likhI jAne lagI thii| isa cUrNi meM prathama adhyayana kI dazavakAlikaniyukti kI 54 gAthAoM kI bhI cUrNi kI gaI hai| yaha cUrNi vikrama kI tIsarI-cauthI zatI meM racI gaI thii| isase yaha tathya siddha ho jAtA hai ki niyuktiyA~ bhI lagabhaga tIsarI-cauthI zatI kI racanA hai| jJAtavya hai ki niyuktiyoM meM bhI paravartI kAla meM paryApta rUpa se prakSepa huA hai, kyoMki agasyasiMhacUrNi meM dazavaikAlika ke prathama adhyayana kI cUrNi meM mAtra 54 niyukti gAthoM kI cUrNi huI hai,jabaki vartamAna meM dazavakAlikaniyukti meM prathama adhyayana kI niyukti meM 151 gAthAe~ haiN| ataH niyuktiyA~ Aryabhadragupta yA gautamagotrIya Aryabhadra kI racanAyeM haiN|
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________________ 219 niyukti sAhitya : eka punarcintana isa sambandha meM eka Apatti yaha uThAI jA sakatI hai ki niyuktiyA~ valabhI vAcanA ke AgamapAThoM ke anurUpa kyoM hai ? isakA prathama uttara to yaha hai ki niyuktiyoM kA Agama pATho se utanA sambandha nahIM hai, jitanA unakI viSayavastu se hai aura yaha satya hai ki vibhinna vAcanAoM meM cAhe kucha pATha-bheda rahe hoM kintu viSayavastu to vahI rahI hai aura niyuktiyA~ mAtra viSayavastu kA vivaraNa detI hai| punaH niyuktiyA~ mAtra prAcIna stara ke aura bahuta kucha aparivartita rahe AgamoM para hai, sabhI Agama granthoM para nahIM hai aura ina prAcIna stara ke AgamoM kA svarUpa nirdhAraNa to pahale hI ho cukA thaa| mAthurIvAcanA yA valabhI vAcanA meM unameM bahuta adhika parivartana nahIM huA hai| Aja jo niyuktiyA~ haiM ve mAtra AcArAMga , sUtrakRtAMga, Avazyaka, uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika, dazAzrutaskandha vyavahAra, bRhatkalpa para hai ye sabhI grantha vidvAnoM kI dRSTi meM prAcIna stara ke haiM aura inake svarUpa meM bahuta adhika parivartana nahIM huA hai| ataH valabhIvAcanA se samarUpatA ke AdhAra para niyuktiyoM ko usase paravartI mAnanA ucita nahIM hai| uparyukta samagra carcA se yaha phalita hotA hai ki niyuktiyoM ke kartA na to cartudaza pUrvadhara Arya bhadrabAhu haiM aura na vArAhamihira ke bhAI naimittika bhdrbaahu| yaha bhI sunizcita hai ki niyuktiyoM kI racanA chedasUtroM kI racanA ke pazcAt huI hai| kintu yaha bhI satya hai ki niyuktiyoM kA astitva AgamoM kI devarddhi ke samaya huI vAcanA ke pUrva thaa| ataH yaha avadhAraNA bhI bhrAnta hai ki niyuktiyA~ vikrama kI chaThavIM sadI ke uttarArddha meM nirmita huI haiN| nandIsUtra evaM pAkSikasUtra kI racanA ke pUrva Agamika niyuktiyA~ avazya thiiN| aba yaha prazna uThatA hai ki yadi niyuktiyoM ke kartA zrata-kevalI parvadhara prAcInagotrIya bhadrabAhu tathA vArAhamihira ke bhAI naimittika bhadrabAhu donoM hI nahIM the, to phira ve kauna se bhadrabAhu haiM jinakA nAma niyukti ke kartA ke rUpa meM mAnA jAtA hai| niyukti ke kartA ke rUpa meM bhadrabAhu kI anuzruti jur3I hone se itanA to nizcita hai ki niyuktiyoM kA sambandha kisI "bhadra" nAmaka vyakti se honA cAhie aura unakA astitva lagabhaga vikrama kI tIsarI-cauthI sadI ke Asa-pAsa honA caahie| kyoMki niyamasAra meM Avazyaka kI niyukti, mUlAcAra meM niyuktiyoM ke asvAdhyAya kAla meM bhI par3hane kA nirdeza tathA usameM aura bhagavatIArAdhanA meM niyuktiyoM kI anekoM gAthAoM kI niyukti-gAthA ke ullekha pUrvaka upasthiti yahI siddha karatI hai ki niyukti ke kartA usa avibhakta paramparA ke hone cAhie, jisase zvetAmbara evaM yApanIya sampradAyoM kA vikAsa huA hai| kalpasUtra sthivirAvalI meM jo AcArya paramparA prApta hotI hai, usameM bhagavAna mahAvIra kI paramparA meM prAcInagotrIya zruta-kevalI bhadrabAhu ke atirikta do anya 'bhadra nAmaka AcAryoM kA ullekha prApta hotA hai -- 1. Arya zivabhUti ke ziSya kAzyapagotrIya Aryabhadra aura 2. Arya kAlaka ke ziSya gautamagotrIya aarybhdr| saMkSepa meM kalpasUtra kI yaha AcArya paramparA isa prakAra hai -- mahAvIra, gautama, sudharmA, jambU, prabhava, zayyambhava, yazobhadra, saMbhUti vijaya, bhadrabAhu
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________________ 220 niyukti sAhitya : eka punarcintana (cartudazapUrvadhara),sthUlibhadra (jJAtavya hai ki bhadrabAhu evaM sthUlibhadra donoM hI saMbhUti vijaya ke ziSya the|).aary sahasti, susthita, indradinna, Aryadinna, AyasiMhagiri, Aryavaja, Arya vaz2asena, Aryaratha, Arya puSyagiri, Arya phalgumitra, Arya dhanagiri, AryazivabhUti, Aryabhadra (kAzyapagotrIya), AryakRSNa, AryanakSatra, AryarakSita, AryanAga, Arya jyeSThila, AryaviSNu, AryakAlaka, AryasaMpAlita, Aryabhadra (gautamagotrIya) AryavRddha, Arya saMghapAlita, AryahastI, Aryadharma, AryasiMha, Aryadharma, SAMDilya (sambhavataH skaMdila, jo mAthurI vAcanA ke vAcanA pramukha the) aadi| gAthAbaddha jo sthavirAvalI hai usameM isake bAda jambU, nandila, duSyagaNi, sthiragupta, kumAradharma evaM devarddhikSapakazramaNa ke pA~ca nAma aura Ate haiN|3 jJAtavya hai ki naimittika bhadrabAhu kA nAma jo vikrama kI chaThI zatI ke uttarArdha meM hue haiM, isa sUcI meM sammilita nahIM ho sakatA hai| kyoMki yaha sUcI vIra nirvANa saM. 980 arthAta vikrama saM. 510 meM apanA antima rUpa le cukI thii| isa sthavirAvalI ke AdhAra para hameM jaina paramparA meM vikrama kI chaThIM zatI ke pUrvArdha taka hone vAle bhadra nAmaka tIna AcArya ke nAma milate haiM -- prathama prAcInagotrIya Arya bhadrabAhu, dUsare Arya zivabhUti ke ziSya kAzyapagotrIya Arya bhadragupta, tIsare Arya viSNu ke praziSya aura AryakAlaka ke ziSya gautamagotrIya aarybhdr| inameM varAhamihara ke bhrAtA naimittika bhadrabAhu ko jor3ane para yaha saMkhyA cAra ho jAtI hai| inameM se prathama evaM antima ko to niyuktikartA ke rUpa meM svIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai, isa niSkarSa para hama pahu~ca cuke haiN| aba zeSa do rahate haiM-- 1. zivabhUti ke ziSya Aryabhadragupta aura dUsare AryakAlaka ke ziSya aarybhdr| inameM pahale hama Arya dhanagiri ke praziSya evaM Arya zivabhUti ke ziSya Aryabhadragupta ke sambandha meM vicAra karegeM ki kyA ve niyuktiyoM ke kartA ho sakate haiM ? kyA Aryabhadragupta niyuktiyoM ke kartA haiM ? niyuktiyoM ko zivabhUti ke ziSya kAzyapagotrIya bhadragupta kI racanA mAnane ke pakSa meM hama nimna tarka de sakate haiM -- 1. niyuktiyA~ uttara bhArata ke nirgrantha saMgha se vikasita zvetAmbara evaM yApanIya dono sampradAyoM meM mAnya rahI haiM, kyoMki yApanIya grantha mUlAcAra meM na kevala zatAdhika niyukti gAthAe~ uddhRta hai, apitu usameM asvAdhyAya kAla meM niyuktiyoM ke adhyayana karane kA nirdeza bhI hai| isase phalita hotA hai ki niyuktiyoM kI racanA mUlAcAra se pUrva ho cukI thii| 4 yadi mUlAcAra ko chaThIM sadI kI racanA bhI mAneM to usake pUrva niyuktiyoM kA astitva to mAnanA hI hogA, sAtha hI yaha bhI mAnanA hogA ki niyuktiyA~ mUlarUpa meM avibhakta dhArA meM nirmita huI thiiN| cU~ki paramparA bheda to zivabhUti ke pazcAt unake ziSyoM kauDinya aura koTTavIra se huA hai| ataH niyuktiyA~ zivabhUti ke ziSya bhadragupta kI racanA mAnI jA sakatI haiM, kyoMki ve na kevala avibhakta dhArA meM hue, apitu lagabhaga usIkAla meM arthAt vikrama kI tIsarI zatI meM hue haiM, jo ki niyukti kA racanA kAla hai|
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________________ pro. sAgaramala jaina 221 2. punaH AcArya bhadragupta ko uttara-bhArata kI acela paramparA kA pUrvapuruSa do-tIna AdhAroM para mAnA jA sakatA hai| prathama to kalpasUtra kI paTTAvalI ke anusAra Aryabhadragupta AryazivabhUti ke ziSya haiM aura ye zivabhUti vahI haiM jinakA AryakRSNa se muni kI upadhi ( vastra-pAtra ) ke prazna para vivAda huA thA aura jinhoMne acelatA kA pakSa liyA thaa| kalpasUtra sthavirAvalI meM Arya kRSNa aura Aryabhadra donoM ko Arya zivabhUti kA ziSya kahA hai| cUMki Aryabhadra hI aise vyakti haiM -- jinheM Aryavajra evaM AryarakSita ke zikSaka ke rUpa meM zvetAmbaroM meM aura zivabhUti ke ziSya ke rUpa meM yApanIya paramparA meM mAnyatA milI haiN| punaH AryazivabhUti ke ziSya hone ke kAraNa Aryabhadra bhI acelatA ke pakSadhara hogeM aura isalie unakI kRtiyA~ yApanIya paramparA meM mAnya rahI hoNgii| 3. vidizA se jo eka abhilekha prApta huA hai usameM bhadrAnvaya evaM Aryakula kA ullekha hai -- zamadamavAna cIkarat / / / AcArya - bhadrAnvayabhUSaNasya ziSyo hyasAvAryakulodagatasya / / AcArya - goza (jai.zi.saM...pR. 57) sambhAvanA yahI hai ki bhadrAnvaya evaM Aryakula kA vikAsa inhIM Arya bhadra se huA ho| yahA~ ke anya abhilekhoM meM muni kA 'pANitalabhojI aisA vizeSaNa hone se yaha mAnA jA sakatA hai yaha kendra acela dhArA kA thaa| apane pUrvaja AcArya bhadra kI kRtiyA~ hone ke kAraNa niyuktiyA~ yApanIyoM meM bhI mAnya rahI hogii| oghaniryakti yA piNDaniyukti meM bhI jo ki paravartI evaM vikasita haiM, do cAra prasaMgoM ke atirikta kahIM bhI vastra-pAtra kA vizeSa ullekha nahIM milatA hai| yaha isa tathya kA bhI sUcaka hai ki niyuktiyoM ke kAla taka vastra-pAtra Adi kA samarthana usa rUpa meM nahIM kiyA jAtA thA, jisa rUpa meM paravartI zvetAmbara sampradAya meM huaa| vastra-pAtra ke sambandha meM niyukti kI mAnyatA bhagavatIArAdhanA evaM mUlAcAra se adhika dUra nahIM hai| AcArAMganiyukti meM AcArAMga ke vastraiSaNA adhyayana kI niyukti kevala eka gAthA meM samApta ho gayI hai aura pAtraiSaNA para koI niyukti gAthA hI nahIM hai| ataH vastra-pAtra ke sambandha meM niyuktiyoM ke kartA Arya bhadra kI sthiti bhI mathurA ke sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ke aMkana se adhika bhinna nahIM hai| ataH niyuktikAra ke rUpa meM Arya bhadragupta ko svIkAra karane meM niyuktiyoM meM vastra-yAtra ke ullekha adhika dhaka nahIM haiN| 4. caeNki Aryabhadra ke niryApaka AryarakSita mAne jAte haiN| niyukti aura carNi donoM se hI yaha siddha hai AryarakSita bhI acelatA ke hI pakSadhara the aura unhoMne apane pitA ko, jo prArambha meM acela dIkSA grahaNa karanA nahIM cAhate the, yojanApUrvaka acela banA hI diyA thaa| cUrNi meM jo kaTIpaTTaka kI bAta hai,vaha to zvetAmbara pakSa kI puSTi hetu DAlI gayI pratIta hotI hai| bhadragupta ko niyukti kA kartA mAnane ke sambandha meM nimna kaThinAiyA~ haiM :
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________________ 222 niyukti sAhitya : eka punarcintana 1. Avazyakaniyukti evaM AvazyakacUrNi ke ullekhoM ke anusAra AryarakSita bhadragupta ke niryApaka ( samAdhimaraNa karAne vAle) mAne gye| Avazyakaniyukti na kevala AryarakSita kI vistAra se carcA karatI hai, apitu unakA AdarapUrvaka smaraNa bhI karatI hai| bhadragupta AryarakSita se dIkSA meM jyeSTha haiM,aisI sthiti meM unake dvArA racita niyuktiyoM meM AryarakSita kA ullekha itane vistAra se evaM itane AdarapUrvaka nahIM AnA caahie| yadyapi paravartI ullekha ekamata se yaha mAnate haiM ki Aryabhadragupta kI niryApanA AryarakSita ne karavAyI, kintu mUla gAthA ko dekhane para isa mAnyatA ke bAre meM kisI ko sandeha bhI ho sakatA hai, mUla gAthA nimnAnusAra hai -- "nijjavaNa bhadadagutte vIsuM paDhaNaM ca tassa puvvgry| pavvAvio ya bhAyA rakkhiakhamaNehiM jaNao a"|| - Avazyakaniyukti, 776 yahA~ "nijjavaNa bhadagutte" meM yadi "bhaddagutte" ko ArSa prayoga mAnakara koI prathamAvibhakti meM samajheM to isa gAthA ke prathama do caraNoM kA artha isa prakAra bhI ho sakatA hai-- bhadragupta ne AryarakSita kI niryApanA kI aura unase samasta pUrvagata sAhitya kA adhyayana kiyaa| gAthA ke uparokta artha ko svIkAra karane para to yaha mAnA jA sakatA hai ki niyuktiyoM meM AryarakSita kA jo bahumAna pUrvaka ullekha hai, vaha aprAsaMgika nahIM hai| kyoMki jisa vyakti ne AryarakSita kI niryApanA karavAyI ho aura jinase pUrvo kA adhyayana kiyA vaha unakA apanI kRti meM sammAnapUrvaka ullekha karegA hii| kintu gAthA kA isa dRSTi se kiyA gayA artha cUrNi meM prastuta kathAnakoM ke sAtha evaM niyukti gAthAoM ke pUrvApara prasaMga ko dekhate hue kisI bhI prakAra saMgata nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai| cUrNi meM to yahI kahA gayA hai ki AryarakSita ne bhadragupta kI niryApanA karavAyI aura AryavA se pUrvasAhitya kA adhyayana kiyaa| yahA~ dUsare caraNa meM prayukta "tassa" zabda kA sambandha Arya vajra se hai,jinakA ullekha pUrva gAthAoM meM kiyA gayA hai| sAtha hI yahA~ bhaddagutte meM saptamI kA prayoga hai,jo eka kArya ko samApta kara dUsarA kArya prArambha karane kI sthiti meM kiyA jAtA hai| yahA~ sampUrNa gAthA kA artha isa prakAra hogA -- AryarakSita ne bhadragupta kI niryApanA (samAdhimaraNa) karavAne ke pazcAt (Aryavajra se) pUrvo kA samasta adhyayana kiyA hai aura apane bhAI aura pitA ko dIkSita kiyaa| yadi AryarakSita bhadragupta ke niryApaka haiM aura ve hI niyuktiyoM ke kartA bhI haiM, to phira niyuktiyoM meM AryarakSita dvArA unakA niryApana (samAdhimaraNa) karavAne ke bAda kiye gaye kAryoM kA ullekha nahIM honA thaa| kintu aisA ullekha hai, ataH niyuktiyA~ kAzyapagotrIya bhadragupta kI kRti nahIM ho sakatI haiN| 2. dUsarI eka kaThinAI yaha bhI hai ki kalpasUtra sthavirAvalI ke anusAra AryarakSita Aryavaja se 8vIM pIr3hI meM Ate haiN| ataH yaha kaise sambhava ho sakatA hai ki 8vIM pIr3hI meM hone vAlA vyakti apane se ATha pIr3hI pUrva ke Aryavajra se pUrvo kA adhyayana kre| isase kalpasUtra sthavirAvalI meM diye gaye krama meM saMdeha hotA hai, hAlA~ki kalpasUtra sthavirAvalI evaM anya srotoM se itanA to nizcita hotA hai ki Aryabhadra AryarakSita se pUrva meM hue haiN| usake anusAra
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________________ pro. sAgaramala jaina 223 AryarakSita Aryabhadra gupta ke praziSya siddha hote haiN| yadyapi kathAnakoM meM AryarakSita ko toSaliputra kA ziSya kahA gayA hai| ho sakatA hai ki toSaliputra Aryabhadra gupta ke ziSya rahe hoN| sthavirAvalI ke anusAra Aryabhadra ke ziSya AryanakSatra aura unake ziSya AryarakSita the| cAhe kalpasUtra kI sthavirAvalI meM kucha aspaSTatAe~ hoM aura do AcAryoM kI paramparA ko kahIM eka sAtha milA diyA gayA ho, phira bhI itanA to nizcita hai ki Arya bhadra AryarakSita se pUrvavartI yA jyeSTha samakAlika haiN| aisI sthiti meM yadi niyuktiyA~ Aryabhadragupta ke samAdhimaraNa ke pazcAt kI AryarakSita ke jIvana kI ghaTanAoM kA vivaraNa detI haiM, to unheM zivabhUti ke ziSya kAzyapagotrIya Aryabhadragupta kI kRti nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| yadi hama Aryabhadra ko hI niyukti ke kartA ke rUpa meM svIkAra karanA cAhate haiM to isake atirikta koI vikalpa nahIM hai ki hama AryarakSita, antima nihnava evaM boTikoM kA ullekha karane vAlI niyukti gAthAoM ko prakSipta maaneN| yadi AryarakSita Aryabhadragupta ke niryApaka haiM to aisI sthiti meM Aryabhadra kA svargavAsa vIra nirvANa saM. 560 ke Asa-pAsa mAnanA hogA kyoMki prathama to AryarakSita ne bhadragupta kI niryApanA apane yuvAvasthA meM hI karavAyI thI aura dUsare taba vIra nirvANa saM. 584 (vikrama kI dvitIya zatAbdi ) meM svargavAsI hone vAle Aryavaz2a jIvita the| ataH niyuktiyoM meM antima nihnava kA kathana bhI sambhava nahIM lagatA, kyoMki abaddhika nAmaka sAtavA~ nihnava vIranirvANa ke 584 varSa pazcAt huA hai| ataH hameM na kevala AryarakSita sambandhI apitu antima nihnava evaM boTiko sambandhI vivaraNa bhI niyuktiyoM meM prakSipta mAnanA hogaa| yadi hama yaha svIkAra karane ko sahamata nahIM haiM,to hameM yaha svIkAra karanA hogA ki kAzyapagotrIya Aryabhadragupta bhI niyuktiyoM ke kartA nahIM ho sakate haiN| ataH hameM anya kisI bhadra nAmaka AcArya kI khoja karanA hogaa| kyA gautamagotrIya Aryabhadra niyuktiyoM ke kartA haiM ? kAzyapagotrIya bhadragupta ke pazcAt kalpasUtra paTTAvalI meM hameM gautamagotrIya AryakAlaka ke ziSya aura Arya saMpalita ke guru bhAI Arya bhadra kA bhI ullekha milatA hai| ye Aryabhadra Arya viSNa ke praziSya evaM AryakAlaka ke ziSya haiM tathA inake ziSya ke rUpa meM Arya vaddha kA ullekha haiN| yadi hama Arya vRddha ko vRddhavAdI mAnate haiM, to aisI sthiti meM ye Aryabhadra siddhasena ke dAdA gurU siddha hote haiN| yahA~ hameM yaha dekhanA hogA ki kyA ye Aryabhadra bhI spaSTa saMghabheda arthAt zvetAmbara, yApanIya aura digambara sampradAyoM ke nAmakaraNa ke pUrva hue haiM ? yaha sunizcita hai ki sampradAya bheda ke pazcAt kA koI bhI AcArya niyukti kA kartA nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki niyuktiyA~ yApanIya aura zvetAmbara donoM meM mAnya haiN| yadi ve eka sampradAya kI kRti hotIM to dUsarA sampradAya use mAnya nahIM krtaa| yadi hama Arya viSNu ko digambara paTTAvalI meM ullikhita Arya viSNa samajheM to inakI nikaTatA acela paramparA se dekhI jA sakatI hai| dUsare vidizA ke abhilekha meM jisa bhadrAnvaya evaM Arya kula kA ullekha hai usakA sambandha ina gautamagotrIya Aryabhadra se bhI mAnA jA sakatA hai kyoMki inakA kAla bhI spaSTa sampradAya bheda evaM usa abhilekha ke pUrva hai| durbhAgya se inake sandarbha meM Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya meM kahIM koI
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________________ 224 niyukti sAhitya : eka punarcintana vivaraNa nahIM milatA, kevala nAma-sAmya ke AdhAra para hama inake niyuktikAra hone kI sambhAvanA vyakta kara sakate haiN| ___ inakI vidvatA evaM yogyatA ke sambandha meM bhI Agamika ullekhoM kA abhAva hai, kintu vRddhavAdI jaise ziSya aura siddhasena jaise praziSya ke guru vidvAna hoMge, isameM zaMkA nahIM kI jA sktii| sAtha hI inake praziSya siddhasena kA AdarapUrvaka ullekha digambara aura yApanIya AcArya bhI karate haiM,ataH inakI kRtiyoM ko uttara-bhArata kI acela paramparA meM mAnyatA milI ho aisA mAnA jA sakatA hai| ye AryarakSita se pA~cavIM pIr3hI meM mAne gaye haiN| ataH inakA kAla inake sau-Der3ha sau varSa pazcAt hI hogA arthAta ye bhI vikrama kI tIsarI sadI ke uttarArddha yA cauthI ke pUrvArddha meM kabhI hue hogeN| lagabhaga yahI kAla mAthurIvAcanA kA bhI hai| cUMki mAthurIvAcanA yApanIyoM ko bhI svIkRta rahI hai, isalie ina kAlaka ke ziSya gautamagotrIya Aryabhadra ko niyuktiyoM kA kartA mAnane meM kAla evaM paramparA kI dRSTi se kaThinAI nahIM hai| __yApanIya aura zvetAmbara donoM meM niyuktiyoM kI mAnyatA ke hone ke prazna para isase koI bAdhA nahIM AtI, kyoMki ye Aryabhadra Arya nakSatra evaM Arya viSNu kI hI paramparA ziSya haiN| sambhava hai ki digambara paramparA meM AryanakSatra aura Arya viSNu kI paramparA meM hue jina bhadrabAhu ke dakSiNa meM jAne ke ullekha milate haiM, jinase acela dhArA meM bhadrAnvaya aura Aryakula kA AvirbhAva huA ho ve ye hI Aryabhadra hoN| yadi hama inheM niyuktiyoM kA kartA mAnate haiM,to isase nandIsUtra evaM pAkSika sUtra meM jo niyuktiyoM ke ullekha haiM ve bhI yuktisaMgata bana jAte haiN| ataH hama isa niSkarSa para pahuMcate haiM ki niyuktiyoM ke kartA Arya nakSatra kI paramparA meM hue Arya viSNu ke praziSya evaM Arya saMpalita ke guru-bhrAtA gautamagotrIya Aryabhadra hI haiN| yadyapi maiM apane isa niSkarSa ko antima to nahIM kahatA, kintu itanA avazya kahU~gA ki ina Aryabhadra ko niyukti kA kartA svIkAra karane para hama una aneka vipratipattiyoM se baca sakate haiM ,jo prAcInagotrIya pUrvadhara bhadrabAhu, kAzyapagotrIya Aryabhadragupta aura vArAhamihira ke bhrAtA naimittika bhadrabAhu ko niyuktiyoM kA kartA mAnane para AtI haiN| hamArA yaha durbhAgya hai ki aceladhArA meM niyuktiyA~ saMrakSita nahIM raha sakI, mAtra bhagavatI-ArAdhanA, mUlAcAra aura kundakunda ke granthoM meM unakI kucha gAthAyeM hI avaziSTa haiN| inameM bhI mUlAcAra hI mAtra aisA grantha hai jo lagabhaga sau niyukti gAthAoM kA niyukti gAthA ke rUpa meM ullekha karatA hai| dUsarI ora sacela dhArA meM jo niyuktiyA~ upalabdha haiM, unameM aneka bhASyagAthAyeM mizrita ho gaI haiM,ataH upalabdha niyuktiyoM meM se bhASya gAthAoM evaM prakSipta gAthAoM ko alaga karanA eka kaThina kArya hai, kintu yadi eka bAra niyuktiyoM ke racanAkAla, usake kartA tathA unakI paramparA kA nirdhAraNa ho jAye to yaha kArya sarala ho sakatA hai| AzA hai jaina vidyA ke niSpakSa vidvAnoM kI agalI pIDhI isa dizA meM aura bhI anveSaNa kara niyukti sAhitya sambandhI vibhinna samasyAoM kA samAdhAna prastuta kregii| prastuta lekhana meM muni zrI puNyavijayajI kA Alekha merA upajIvya rahA hai| AcArya hastImala jI ne jainadharma ke
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________________ pro. sAgaramala jaina 225 maulika itihAsa ke lekhana meM bhI usI kA anusaraNa kiyA hai| kintu maiM ukta donoM ke niSkarSoM se sahamata nahIM ho skaa| yApanIya sampradAya para mere dvArA grantha lekhana ke samaya merI dRSTi meM kucha naI samasyAyeM aura samAdhAna dRSTigata hue aura unhIM ke prakAza meM maine kucha navIna sthApanAyeM prastuta kI haiM, ve satya ke kitanI nikaTa haiM,yaha vicAra karanA vidvAnoM kA kArya hai| maiM apane niSkarSoM ko antima satya nahIM mAnatA hU~ ataH sadaiva unake vicAroM evaM samIkSAoM se lAbhAnvita hone kA prayAsa kruuNgaa|
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________________ sandarbha 1 (a) nijjuttA te atyA, jaM baddhA teNa hoi nnijjuttaa| - Avazyakaniyukti, gAthA 88 (ba) sUtrArthayo paraspara niryojana sambandhanaMniyuktiH ___- Avazyakaniyukti TIkA haribhadra, gAthA 83 kI TIkA 2. atthANaM uggahaNaM avaggahaM taha viAlaNaM ihaM / - Avazyakaniyukti, 3 3. IhA apoha vImaMsA, maggaNA ya gvsnnaa| saNNA saI maI paNNA savvaM AbhinibohiyaM / / - Avazyakaniyukti, 12 Avassagassa dasakAliassa taha uttrjjhmaayaare| sUyagaDe nijjutti vucchAmi tahA dasANaM c|| kappassa ya nijjatiM vavahArasseva paramaNi nnss| suriapaNNattIe vucchaM isibhAsiyANaM c|| - Avazyakaniyukti, 84,851 isibhAsiyAI ( prAkRta bhAratI, jayapura ), bhUmikA, sAgaramala jaina, pR. 93 6. bRhatkathAkoza (siMghI jaina granthamAlA) prastAvanA e.ena. upAdhye, pR.31 7. ArAdhanA ... tasyA niyuktirAdhanAniyuktiH / - mUlAcAra, paMcAcArAdhikAra, gA. 279 kI TIkA (bhAratIya jJAnapITha 1984) 8. goviMdANaM pi namo aNuoge viuldhaarnniNdaannN| - nandisUtra sthavirAvalI, gA. 41 9. vyavahArabhASya, bhAga 6, gA. 267-268 10. so ya heugovaeso govindanijjuttimAdito... / darisaNappabhAvagANi satthANi jahA goviNdnijjuttimaadii| - AvazyakacUrNi bhAga1, pR.31, 353, bhAga 2, pR. 201, 322 11. goviMdo... pacchAteNa egidiya jIva sAhaNaM goviMda nijjutikyaa| nizItha bhASya gAthA 3656, nizIthacUrNi, bhAga 3, pR. 260, bhAga 4, pR. 96 12. nandIsUtra, (saM.madhukaramuni) sUtrasaMkhyA, 13 (a) prAkRtasAhitya kA itihAsa, DaoN. jagadIza candrajaina, pR. (ba) jainasAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa, bhAga 3, DaoN. mohanalAla mehatA, pR. 6 14. Avazyakaniyukti, gAthA 84,85
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________________ pro. sAgaramala jaina 227 15. Avazyakaniyukti, gAthA 84 16. bahuraya paesa avvattasamucchAdugatiga abaddhiyA cev| sattee NiNhagA khalu titthaMmi u vadramANassa / / bahuraya jamAlipabhavA jIvapaesA ye tiisguttaao| avvattASSsADhAo saamuccheyaa''smittaao|| gaMgAo dokiriyA chalugA tarAsiyANa uppttii| therAya goTThamAhila puTThamabaddhaM prviNti|| sAvatthI usabhapuraM seyaviyA mihila ullugaatiirN| purimaMtaraMji dasapura rahavIrapuraM ca ngraaii|| coddasa solasa vAsA coddasavIsuttarA ya doNNi syaa| aThAvIsA ya duve paMceva sayA u coyaalaa|| paMca sayA culasIyA chacceva sayA NavottarA hoti| NANupattIya duve uppaNNA Nivvue sesA / / evaM ee kahiyA osappiNIe u niNhavA stt| vIravarassa pavayaNe sesANaM pavvayaNe nntthi|| 17. bahuraya jamAlipabhavA jIvapaesA ya tiisguttaao| avvattASSsADhAo saamuccheyaasssmittaao|| gaMgAe dokiriyA chalugA terAsiANa uppttii| therA ya guTThamAhila puTThabaddhaM pruviNti|| jiTThA sudaMsaNa jamAli aNujja sAvatthi tiNdugujjaanne| paMca sayA ya sahassaM DhakeNa jamAli muttUNaM / / / rAyagihe guNasilae vasu caudasapubvi tiisguttaao| AmalakappA nayari mittasirI kuurpiNddaadi|| siyaviyapolAsADhe joge tadivasahiyayasUle y| sohammi naliNagumme rAyagihe puriya balabhadde / / mihilAe lacchighare mahagiri koDinna Asamitto a| NeuNamaNuppavAe rAyagihe khaMDarakkhA y|| naikheDajaNava ullaga mahagiri dhaNagutta ajjagaMge y| kiriyA do rAyagihe mahAtavo tiirmnninaae|| purimaMtaraMji bhuyaguha balasiri sirigutta rohagutte y| parivAya puTTasAle ghosaNa paDisehaNA vaae|| vicchuya sappe mUsaga migI varAhI ya kAgi poyaaiN| eyAhiM vijjAhiM so u parivvAyago kuslo|| moriya nauli birAlI vagghI sIhI ya ulugi ovaai| NyAno vijjAo giNha privaaymhnniio||
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________________ dasapuranagaruckughare ajjarakkhiya pusamittattiyagaM ca / guTThAmAhila nava aTTha sesapucchA ya viMjhassa / / puTTho jahA abaddho kaMcuiNaM kaMcuo samannei / evaM puTThamabaddhaM jIvaM kammaM samannei / / paccakkhANaM seyaM aparimANeNa hoi kAyavvaM / jesiM tu parImANaM taM duTThe hoi AsaMsA / rahavIrapuraM nayaraM dIvagamujjANa ajjakaNhe a / sivabhUissuvahiMmi pucchA therANa kahaNA ya / / - uttarAdhyayananiyukti, 165-178 18. uttarAdhyayananiyukti, gAthA 29 19. dazavaikAlikaniryukti, gAthA 309-326 20. uttarAdhyayananiyukti, gAthA 207 21. dazavaikAlikaniryukti, gAthA 161-163 22. AcArAMganiryukti, gAthA, 5 23. (a) dazavaikAlikaniryukti, gAthA, 79-88 (ba) uttarAdhyayananiyukti, gAthA 143-144 24. jo ceva hoi mukkho sA u vimutti pagayaM tu bhAveNaM / devamukkA sAhU savvavimukkA bhave siddhA / / - AcArAMganiryukti, 331 25. uttarAdhyayananiryukti, gAthA 497-92 26. sUtrakRtAMganiryukti, gAthA 99 27. dazavaikAlikaniyukti, gAthA 3 228 32. 28. sUtrakRtAMganiryukti, gAthA 127 29. uttarAdhyayananiyukti, gAthA, 267-268 30. dazAzrutaskaMdhaniryukti, gAthA 1 31. tahavi ya koI attho uppajjati tammi taMmi samayaMmi / prastAvanA, pR. 4,5 puvvabhaNio aNumato a hoi isibhAsiesu jahA / / - sUtrakRtAMganiryukti, gAthA, 189 (ka) bRhatkalpasUtrama, SaSTha vibhAga, prakAzaka -- zrI AtmAnanda jaina sabhA bhAvanagara, 33. vahI, Amukha, pR. 2 34. niyukti sAhitya : eka punarcintana (ka) mUDhaNaiyaM suyaM kAliyaM tu Na NayA samoyaraMti ihaM / apuhutte samoyAro, natthi puhutte samoyAro / / jAvaMti ajjavairA, apuhuttaM kAliyANuoge ya / teNAssreNa puhuttaM, kAliyasuya diTThivAe ya / /
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________________ pro. sAgaramala jaina 229 - Avazyakaniyukti, gAthA 762-776 (kha) tuMbavaNasannivesAo, niggayaM piusgaasmlliinnN| chammAsiyaM chasu jayaM, mAUya samanniyaM vaMde / / jo gujjhaehiM bAlo, nimaMtio bhoyaNeNa vaasNte| Necchai viNIyaviNao, taM vairarisiM nnmNsaami|| ujjeNIe jo jaMbhagehiM ANakkhiUNa thuymhio|| akkhINamahANasiyaM sIhagiripasaMsiyaM vNde|| jassa aNuNNAe vAyagattaNe dasapurammi nnyrmm| devehiM kayA mahimA, payANusAriM nnmNsaami|| jo kannAi dhaNeNa ya, NimaMtio juvvaNammi gihvinnaa| nayarammi kusumanAme, taM bairarisiM nnmNsaami|| jaNuddhAraA vijjA, AgAsagamA mhaarinnaao| vaMdAmi ajjavairaM, apacchimo jo suyhraannN|| (ga) apuhutte aNuogo, cattAri duvAra bhAsaI ego| puhutANuogakaraNe, te attha tao u vocchinnaa|| deviMdavaMdiehiM, mahANubhAgehiM rkkhiajjehiN| jugamAsajja vibhatto, aNuogo to kao cuhaa|| mAyA ya ruddasomA, piyA ya nAmeNa somadeva tti| bhAyA ya phaggurakkhiya, tosaliputtA ya aayriaa|| NijjavaNabhadgutte, vIsaM paDhaNaM ca tassa puvvagayaM / pavvAvio ya bhAyA, rakkhiakhamaNehiM jaNao y|| 35. jaha jaha parasiNI jANugammi pAlittao bhmaaddei| taha taha sIse viyaNA, paNassai muruNddraayss|| ___- piNDaniyukti, gAthA - 498 36. nai kaNha-vinna dIve, paMcasayA tAvasANa nnivsNti| pavvadivasesu kulavai, pAlevuttAra skkaare|| jaNa sAvagANa khisaNa, samiyakkhaNa mAiThANa levenn| sAvaya payattakaraNaM, aviNaya loe calaNa dhoe|| paDilAbhiya vaccaMtA, nibuDDa naikUlamilaNa smiyaao| vimhiya paMca sayA tAvasANa pavvajja sAhA y|| - piNDaniyukti, gAthA 503-505 37. (a) vahI, gAthA 505 (ba) nandIsUtra sthavirAvalI gAthA, 36 (sa) mathurA ke abhilekhoM meM isa zAkhA kA ullekha brahmadAsika zAkhA ke rUpa meM milatA
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________________ 230 niyukti sAhitya : eka punarcintana 38. ujjeNI kAlakhamaNA sAgarakhamaNA suvnnnnbhuumiie| iMdo AuyasesaM, pucchai sAdivvakaraNaM c|| __ - uttarAdhyayananiyukti, gAthA 119 39. arahate vaMdittA caudasapuvvI taheva dspuvii| ekkArasaMgasuntatthadhArae savvasAhU y|| - oghaniyukti, gAthA 1 40. zrImatI oghaniyukti, saMpAdaka- zrI madvijayasUrIzvara, prakAzana-- jaina granthamAlA, gopIpurA, sUrata, pR. 3-4 41. jeNuddhariyA vijjA AgAsagamA mhaaprinnaao| vaMdAmi ajjavairaM apacchimo jo suaharANaM / / __ - gAthA, 769 42. Avazyakaniyukti, gAthA, 763-774 43. apuhuttapuhuttAiM nididasiuM ettha hoi ahigaaro| caraNakaraNANuogeNa tassa dArA ime huMti / / / - dazavaikAlika niyukti, gAthA 4 44. oheNa u nijjutti vucchaM crnnkrnnaannuogaao| appakkharaM mahatthaM aNuggahatthaM suvihiyANaM / / - oghaniyukti, gAthA 2 45. Avazyakaniyukti, gAthA 778-783 46. uttarAdhyayananiyukti, gAthA 164-178 47. egabhavie ya baddhAue ya abhimuhiyanAmagoe y| ete tinnivi desA davvaMmi ya poMDarIyassa / / - sUtrakRtAMganiyukti, gAthA 146 48. uttarAdhyayana TIkA zAntyAcArya, uddhRta bRhatkalpasUtram bhASya, SaSTha vibhAga prastAvanA, pR.12 49. vahI, pR. 50. bRhatkalpasUtram, bhASya SaSThavibhAga, AtmAnanda jaina sabhA, bhAvanagara, pR. 11 51. sAva' tyI usamapura seya viyA mihila' ullugaatiirN| pudimaMta raMji dasapura rahavIra puraM ca ngraaiN|| coda sa sola sa bAsA coddasavIsuttarA' ya doNNi sthaa| aTThAvIso ya duve paMceva sayA u coyaalaa|| - Avazyakaniyukti, gAthA 81-82 52. rahavIrapuraM nayaraM dIvagamujjANa ajjakaNhe a| sivabhUissuvahimi pucchA thorANa kahaNA y|| - uttarAdhyayananiyukti, gAthA 178
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________________ pro. sAgaramala jaina 231 53. svayaM caturdazapUrvitve'pi yaccaturdazapUrbhupAdAnaM tat teSAmapi SaTsthAnapatitatvena zeSamahAtmyasthApanaparamaduSTameva, bhASyagAthA vA dvAragAthADhyAdArabhya lakSyanta iti preryAnavakAza eveti / / - uttarAdhyayana TIkA, zAntyAcArya, gAthA 233 54. egabhavie ya baddhAue ya abhimuhiyanAmagoe ya / ete tinnivi desA davvaMmi ya poNddriiyss|| . - sUtrakRtAMganiyukti, gAthA 146 55. ye cAdezAH, yathA-- AryamagurAcAryastrividhaM zaGkhamicchati-- ekabhAvikaM badghAyuSkamabhimukhanAmagotraM ca, Aryasamudro dvividhama -- badghAyuSkamabhimukhanAmagotraM ca, AryasuhastI ekam-- abhimukhanAma gotramitiH - bRhatkalpasUtrama, bhASya bhAga 1, gAthA 144 56. vahI, SaSThavibhAga, pR.saM.15-17 57. Avazyakaniyukti, gAthA 1252-1260 58. vahI, gAthA- 85 59. jattha ya jo paNNavao kassavi sAhai disAsu ya nnimittN| jattomuho ya DhAI sA puvvA pacchavo avraa|| - AcArAMganiyukti, gAthA 51 60. saptAzvivedasaMkhya, zakakAlamapAsya caitrshuklaadau| adhastimite bhAnau, yavanapure saumydivsaadhe|| - paMcasiddhAntikA uddhRta bRhatkalpasUtram, bhASya SaSThavibhAga, prastAvanA, pR. 17 61. bRhatkalpasUtrama, SaSThavibhAga, prastAvanA, pR. 18 62. goviMdo nAma bhikkhU... pacchA teNa egiMdiyajIvasAhaNaM goviMdanijjuttI kyaa|| esa naanntenno|| - nizIthacUrNi, bhAga 3, uddezaka 11-sanmati jJAnapITha,AgarA, pR. 260 63. (a) goviMdANaM pi namo, aNuoge viuladhAraNiMdANaM / NiccaM khaMtidayANaM pasvaNe dullabhiMdANaM / / - nandIsUtra, gAthA 81 (ba) Arya skaMdila Arya himavaMta Arya nAgArjuna
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________________ 232 niyukti sAhitya : eka punarvintana Arya govinda ___ - dekheM nandIsUtra sthavirAvalI, gAthA 36-41 64. pacchA teNa egidiyajIvasAhaNaM goviMdaNijjuttI kyaa| esa nnaanntenno| eva dNsnnpbhaavgstthtttthaa| - nizIthacUrNi, pR. 260 65. niNhayANa vattavvayA bhANiyavvA jahA saamaaiynijjuttiie| - uttarAdhyayanacUrNi, jinadAsagaNimahattara, vikrama saMvat 1989, pR. 95, 66. idANiM etesiM kAlo bhaNNati 'cauddasa solasa vIsA' gAhAu do, idANiM bhaNNati -- 'coddasa vAsA taiyA' gAthA akkhaannysNghnnii| vahI, pR. 95 67. micchaddiTThI sAsAyaNe ya taha sammamicchadiTThI y| avirayasammaddiTThI virayAvirae pamatte y|| tatto ya appamatto niyaTThi aniyaTThi bAyare suhume| uvasaMta khINamohe hoi sajogI ajogI y|| - Avazyakaniyukti, (niyuktisaMgraha, pR. 140) 68. Avazyakaniyukti (haribhadra) bhAga 2, prakAzaka zrI bherulAla kanhaiyA lAla koThArI dhArmika TrasTa, mumbaI, vIra saM. 2508, pR. 106-107 69. sammattupattI sAvae ya virae annNtkmmse| dasaNamohakkhavae uvasAmaMte ya uvste|| khavae ya khINamohe jiNe aseDhI bhave asNkhijjaa| tavvivarIo kAlo saMkhajjuguNAi seddhiie|| - AcArAMganiyukti, gAthA 222, 223 (niyuktisaMgraha, pR. 441) 70. samyagdRSTizrAvakaviratAnantaviyojakadarzanamohakSapakopazamakopazAntamohakSapakakSINa mohajinAH kramazo'saMGkhyeyaguNa nirjarAH / / - tattvArthasUtra (umAsvati) sukhalAla saMghavI, 9/47 71. (a) NijjuttI NijjuttI esA kahidA mae smaasenn| aha vitthAra paMsago'Niyogado hodi nnaadvvo|| AvAsagaNijjuttI evaM kadhidA samAsao vihinnaa| No uvajUMjadi NiccaM so siddhiM, jAdi visuddhppaa|| - mUlAcAra (bhAratIya jJAnapITha) 691, 692 ...eso aNNo gaMtho kappadi padidaM asjjhaae| ArAhaNA Nijjutti maraNavibhattI ya sNghtthudio| paccakkhANAvasaya dhammakahAo erisa o|| __ - mUlAcAra, 278, 279 (ba) Na vaso akso avasassakammamAvassayaMti bodhvvaa| jutti tti uvAaMtiNa Niravayavo hodi nnijjuttii||
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________________ pro. sAgaramala jaina 233 - mUlAcAra, 515 72,Na vaso avaso aksassa kamma vAvassayaM ti bodhavvA jutti tti uvAaMti ya Niravayavo hodi nnijuttii|| -niyamasAra, gAthA 142, lakhanaU, 1931 73. dekheM-- kalpasUtra, sthavirAvalI vibhAga, 74.dekheM -- mUlAcAra SaDAvazyaka-adhikAra 75. therassa NaM ajja vinhussa mADharassaguttassa ajjakAlae there aMtevAsI goyamasagutte therassaNaM ajjakAlassa goyamasaguttassa ime duve therA aMtevAsI goyamasagutte ajja saMpalie there ajjabhadde, eesi dunhavi goyamasaguttANaM ajja buDDe there| - kalpasUtra ( munipyAracandajI, ratalAma) sthavirAklI, pR. 233
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________________ jaina evaM bauddha pAribhASika zabdoM ke artha nirdhAraNa aura anuvAda kI samasyA - pro. sAgaramala jaina kisI zabda ke artha kA nirdhAraNa karane yA use pAribhASita karane meM aneka kaThinAiyA~ upasthita hotI haiN| kyoMki zabdoM ke vAcyArtha badalate rahate haiN| sAtha hI unameM artha saMkoca aura artha vistAra bhI hotA hai| yaha kaThinAI taba aura adhika samasyAprada bana jAtI hai, jaba eka hI paramparA meM kAlakrama meM zabda kA artha badala jAtA hai| kucha zabda kAlakrama meM apane purAne artha ko khojakara naye artha ko grahaNa karate haiM to kucha zabda eka paramparA se Akara dUsarI paramparA meM mUla artha se bhinna kisI anya artha meM sr3ha ho jAtA hai| Asava zabda jaina aura bauddha paramparA meM samAna rUpa se prayukta huA hai, kintu usake artha bhinna ho gaye haiN| jaina aura bauddha paramparA ke aneka pAribhASika zabdoM ke sAtha yahI sthiti rahI hai| kucha zabda anya paramparA se jaina paramparA meM Aye, kintu yahA~ Akara unakA artha badala gyaa| punaH kucha zabda jaina evaM bauddha paramparA meM bhI kAlakrama meM apane purAne artha ko chor3akara naye-naye artha ko grahaNa karate rahe haiN| prastuta nibandha meM hama inhIM do kaThinAiyoM ke sandarbha meM jaina pAribhASika zabdoM ke artha-nirdhAraNa kI samasyA para prakAza DAlane kA prayatna kreNge| zabda ke artha-nirdhAraNa kI samasyA se jainAcArya prAcIna kAla se hI paricita the, ataH unhoMne sarvaprathama nikSepa aura naya ke siddhAntoM ke siddhAntoM kA vikAsa kiyA, tAki sandarbha aura vaktA ke abhiprAya ke AdhAra para zabda evaM vAkya ke artha kA nirdhAraNa kiyA jA ske| zabda ke artha nirdhAraNa meM usake sandarbha kA vicAra karanA yaha nikSepa kA kArya hai aura vaktA ke abhiprAya ke AdhAra para vAkya kA artha samajhanA yaha naya kA kArya mAnA gyaa| nikSepa zabda ke artha kA nizcaya karatA hai aura naya vAkya ke artha kA nizcaya karatA hai| zabdoM ke artha-nirdhAraNa eva unako pAribhASita karane meM eka samasyA yaha bhI hotI hai ki grantha kisI anya deza evaM kAla kI racanA hotA hai aura usake vyAkhyAkAra yA TIkAkAra kisI anya deza aura kAla ke vyakti hote haiN| isalie kabhI-kabhI unake dvArA kI gaI zabda kI paribhASAe~ apane mUla artha se bhinna hotI haiM aura kabhI-kabhI bhrAMta bhii| jaina paramparA meM kaI zabdoM ke TIkAkAroM ke dvArA kiye gaye artha apane mUla artha se bhinna haiM aura kabhI-kabhI to grantha ke hArda ko bhI samajhane meM kaThinAI utpanna karate haiN| yaha samasyA bhI vizeSa rUpa se una granthoM ke sandarbha meM hai jo paryApta prAcIna hai| aise granthoM meM hama AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, RSibhASita aura kucha chedasUtroM ko le sakate haiN| yahA~ hama inake sabhI zabdoM ke sandarbha meM to vicAra nahIM kara sakeMge, kintu kucha pratinidhi pAribhASika zabdoM ko lekara unake artha-nirdhAraNa kI samasyA para vicAra kreNge|
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________________ pro. sAgaramala jaina 235 sarvaprathama hama arihaMta yA arahanta zabda ko hI leN| prAcInakAla meM yaha zabda jaina paramparA kA viziSTa zabda na hokara bhAratIya paramparA kA eka sAmAnya zabda thaa| apane mUla artha meM yaha zabda pUjA-yogya arthAt pUjanIya yA "sammAnanIya" artha kA vAcaka thA aura usake bAda yaha zabda vAsanAoM se mukta evaM rAga-dveSa ke vijetA vitarAga vyakti ke lie prayoga kiyA jAne lagA, kyoMki vaha sammAnanIya yA pUjyanIya hotA thaa| prAcIna jaina evaM bauddhagranthoM meM yaha zabda isI artha meM prayukta huA, kintu jaba jaina paramparA meM karma-siddhAnta kA vikAsa huA to isa zabda ko punaH eka nayA artha milA aura yaha kahA gayA ki jo vyakti cAraghAtI karmoM ko arthAt jJAnAvaraNIya, darzanAvaraNIya, mohanIya aura antarAya ko kSaya kara letA hai, vaha "arhat" hai| jJAnAvaraNa aura darzanAvaraNa ke kSaya karane ke kAraNa "arahanta" ko sarvajJa kA paryAyavAcI mAnA gyaa| isa prakAra "arahanta" zabda ne jaina paramparA meM eka apanA vizeSa artha prApta kiyaa| kAlAntara meM arihanta ke (ari+haMta ) rUpa se yaha rAga-dveSa rUpI zatruoM ko mArane vAlA aura aruhaMta ke rUpa meM jo saMsAra meM punaH janma nahIM lene vAlA mAnA gayA, yaha vyAkhyA jaina aura bauddha donoM meM hai| ataH Age calakara yaha artha bhI sthira nahIM raha sakA aura jaina paramparA meM arahanta zabda kevala tIrthaMkaroM kA paryAyavAcI bana gyaa| yadi hama "savvaNu" (sarvajJa) aura kevalI zabda kA itihAsa dekheM to inake bhI artha meM kAlAntara meM vikAsa dekhA jAtA hai| prAcIna stara ke jaina AgamoM jaise -- sUtrakRtAMga, bhagavatI Adi meM sarvajJa zabda usa artha kA vAcaka nahIM thA jo use bAda meM milaa| tattvArthasUtra aura bhASya-sAhitya meM tathA anya granthoM meM "sarvajJa" aura "kevalI" zabda sabhI dravyoM aura unakI paryAyoM ke traikAlika jJAna ke vAcaka mAne gaye haiM, kintu sUtrakRtAMga evaM bhagavatI meM sarvajJa aura kevalI zabda isa artha meM prayukta nahIM hue haiN| vahA~ "sarvajJa" zabda kA artha AtmajJa, AtmadraSTA, AtmasAkSI aura adhika se adhika jIvana aura jagat ke samyak svarUpa kA jJAtA hI thA, isI prakAra bauddhadarzana meM bhI prArambha meM sarvajJa kA tAtparya heya aura upAdeya kA viveka thaa| dUsare zabdoM meM usa kAla taka sarvajJa zabda AtmajJAna evaM dArzanika jJAna kA hI paryAyavAcI thA, anyathA bhagavatI meM kevalI "siya jANai siya Na jANai" aisA ullekha nahIM hotaa| isa sambandha meM paMDita sukhalAlajI ne paryApta vicAra kiyA hai| sarvajJa kA paryAyavAcI "kevalI" zabda bhI apane prAcIna artha ko khokara navIna artha meM sarvajJAtAdraSTA arthAt sabhI dravyoM kI sabhI paryAyoM ke kAlika jJAna kA vAcaka bana gayA, yahA~ yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki kevalI zabda prAcIna sAMkhya paramparA se jaina paramparA meM AyA aura vahA~ vaha AtmadraSTA ke artha meM yA prakRti-puruSa ke viveka kA hI vAcaka thaa| yahI kAraNa thA ki kundakunda ko yaha kahanA par3A, ki vastutaH kevalI AtmA ko jAnatA hai, vaha lokAloka ko jAnatA hai yaha vyavahAra naya yA vyavahAra dRSTi hai| pAlI tripiTaka meM sarvajJa kA jo makhaula ur3AyA gayA hai, vaha usake dUsare artha ko lekara hai| yahI sthiti "buddha", "jina" aura "vIra" zabdoM kI hai| eka samaya taka ye jaina, bauddha evaM anya zramaNa paramparAoM ke sAmAnya zabda the| prArambha meM inakA artha kramazaH indriyavijetA, prajJAvAna aura kaSTasahiSNusAdhaka thA kintu Age calakara jahA~ jaina paramparA meM "jina" zabda aura bauddha paramparA meM "buddha" zabda viziSTa artha ke vAcaka bana gaye, jaina paramparA meM "jina" zabda ko mAtra tIrthaMkara kA paryAyavAcI aura bauddha
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________________ pro. sAgaramala jaina 236 paramparA meM buddha ko dharmacakra pravartaka buddha kA vAcaka mAnA gyaa| "vIra" zabda jahA~ AcArAMga meM kaSTa-sahiSNu sAdhaka yA saMyamI muni kA paryAyavAcI thA, vahIM Age calakara mahAvIra kA paryAyavAcI mAna liyA gyaa| yahI sthiti "tathAgata" zabda kI hai| AcArAMga meM "tathAgata" zabda mukhya rUpa se prajJAvAna muni ke lie prayukta huA kintu kAlAntara meM jaina paramparA se yaha zabda lupta ho gayA aura bauddha paramparA kA viziSTa zabda bana gayA aura vahA~ use bhagavAna buddha kA paryAyavAcI mAna liyA gyaa| isI prakAra yadi "saNa" (darzana) zabda ko leM to usake artha meM bhI svayaM jaina paramparA meM hI artha parivartana hotA rahA hai| prAcIna jainAgama AcArAMga meM yaha zabda draSTAbhAva yA sAkSIbhAva ke artha meM "prayukta" huA, jabaki jaina-jJAna mImAMsA meM yaha zabda aindrika aura mAnasika saMvedanoM ke rUpa meM prayoga kiyA gyaa| AgamoM meM "jANaI" aura "pAsaI" aise do zabdoM kA prayoga milatA hai| vahA~ "pAsa" yA "pAsaI" zabda kA artha dekhanA thA aura vaha daMsaNa kA paryAyavAcI thaa| prAcInastara ke granthoM meM darzana yA dekhane kA tAtparya jAgatika ghaTanAoM ko samabhAvapUrvaka dekhane se rahA jaise "esa pAsagassa daMsaNaM, esa kusalassa dasaNa" kintu Age . calakara yaha zabda jaba jiNa-dasaNa Adi vizeSaNoM ke sAtha prayukta huA to vaha "darzana" (philAsophI) kA paryAyavAcI bana gayA aura usa artha meM use dRSTi kahA gayA aura usI se samyagdRSTi evaM mithyAdRSTi zabda niSpanna hue| punaH Age calakara jainAgamoM meM hI yaha daMsaNa zabda zraddhAna kA paryAyavAcI ho gyaa| AcArAMga meM "daMsaNa" zabda sAkSIbhAva ke artha meM evaM sUtrakRtAMga meM darzana (philAsaphI) ke artha meM prayukta huaa| kintu uttarAdhyayana meM "NANena jANaI bhAve daMsaNeNa sadahe" kahakara darzana ko zraddhAna kA paryAyavAcI banA diyA gyaa| jainakarma siddhAnta meM hI darzana-moha aura darzanAvaraNa ina donoM zabdoM meM prayukta darzana zabda do bhinna arthoM kA vAcaka bana gayA hai| "darzanAvaraNa" meM rahe hue "darzana" zabda kA tAtparya jahA~ aindrika aura mAnasika saMvedana hai vahA~ "darzana moha" meM "darzana" zabda kA artha dArzanika dRSTikoNa yA darzana (philAsaphI) hai| sampradAya bheda se bhI jaina paramparA meM zabdoM ke artha meM bhinnatA AyI haiN| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM "acela" zabda kA artha jahA~ zvetAmbaroM meM alpa-cela kiyA to digambaroM meM vastra kA abhAva aisA kiyA hai| isI prakAra "padagala" zabda ko leN| "pudagala" zabda bhagavatIsatra meM vyakti (iNDIvijaala) athavA vyakti ke zarIra ke artha meM prayukta huA hai, kintu isake sAtha hI sAtha usI grantha meM "pudgala" zabda bhautika-padArtha ke artha meM bhI prayukta huA hai| pudgalAstikAya meM prayukta pudgala zabda jahA~ bhautika dravya (maiTara) kA sUcaka hai, vahIM bhagavatI meM yaha zabda vyakti evaM zarIra kA tathA dazavakAlika meM "mAMsa" kA vAcaka rahA hai| Aja jainasAdhuoM kI bhASA (koDa-laiMgveja) meM yaha zabda "dhana" yA "mudrA" kA paryAyavAcI hai| bauddha paramparA meM pudgala kA artha vyakti/zarIra huA hai| "AtmA" zabda jisake lie prAkRta bhASA meM "AtA", "attA", "appA", "AdA" aura "AyA" rUpa meM prayukta hotA hai, kintu yaha zabda bhI mAtra AtmA kA vAcaka nahIM rahA hai| bhagavatIsUtra meM yaha apanepana ke artha meM bhI prayukta huA hai aura kabhI yaha
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________________ 237 jaina evaM bauddha pAribhASika zabdoM ke artha niriNa aura anuvAda kI samasyA "svadharma" yA "svaguNoM" kA bhI pratIka mAnA gayA hai| bhagavatIsatra meM jaba yaha pUchA gayA ki kyA prathama pRthvI AtmA hai ? to vahA~ isakA artha svadharma, svaguNa hai| isI prakAra jaina AgamoM meM "appANavevAsarAmi" meM "appA" zabda apanepana kA sUcaka hai| bauddha paramparA meM "anatta" (AtmA) zabda kA prayoga "apanA nahIM" isI artha meM huA hai| isa prakAra prAcIna jahA~ bauddha paramparA meM bhI "anatta" (anAtma) zabda kA prayoga apanA nahIM hai isI meM huA hai| isa prakAra prAcIna jahA~ bauddhagranthoM ke "atta" zabda apanepana yA merepana kA vAcaka hI rahA hai| vahIM jaina paramparA meM yaha cetanA sattA kA vAcaka mAnA gyaa| jaina paramparA meM sAmAnyatayA jIva aura AtmA paryAyavAcI raheM, kintu vedAnta meM unheM pRthak-pRthak artha kA vAcaka mAnA gyaa| upaniSadoM meM "Atman" zabda "brahma" yA param sattA kA vAcaka bhI rahA hai| isI prakAra "dharma" zabda ko hI leM, use jaina paramparA meM aneka prakAra se pAribhASita kiyA gyaa| jahA~ "vatyusahAvodhammo" meM dharma ko vastu kA svarUpa yA svabhAva kahA gayA vahIM "semiyAe Arie dhamme pavvaie" meM "dharma" zabda samabhAva kA sUcaka mAnA gayA, kintu yahI zabda jaba dharmAstikAya aura adharmAstikAya meM prayukta huA to vahA~ isakA artha bilakula hI badala gayA aura vaha gati-sahAyaka dravya ke rUpa meM vyAkhyAyita kiyA gyaa| ye to hamane kucha zabdoM ke udAharaNa diye kintu aise anya kaI zabda haiM jo kAlakrama meM apanA nayA-nayA artha grahaNa karate gae aura eka hI paramparA meM kAlakrama meM ve bhinna-bhinna arthoM meM sr3ha hote cale gye| jainAgamoM meM kucha zabda aise bhI milate haiM jo anya paramparAoM se unake mUla artha meM hI grahIta hue the kintu bAda meM unakA mUla artha TIkAkAroM ke samakSa nahIM rahA aura unheM bhinna artha meM hI vyAkhyAyita kiyA gyaa| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM "AcArAMga" meM prayukta "vipAssI" aura vipassanA" zabda bauddha paramparA ke jJAna ke abhAva meM TIkAkAroM ke dvArA anya artha meM pAribhASita kiye gye| kucha zabdoM kA artha to isalie durbodha ho gayA ki jisa kSetra kA vaha zabda thA usa kSetra ke sambandha meM TIkAkAroM ke ajJAna ke kAraNa vaha anya artha meM hI pAribhASita kiyA gayA, udAharaNa ke rUpa meM "tAlapalamba" (tAr3apralamba) zabda jo nizItha meM prayukta huA hai vaha apane mUla artha meM aMkurita tAr3abIja kA sUcaka thA kintu jaba jaina munisaMgha rAjasthAna aura gujarAta jaise kSetra meM calA gayA to vaha usake artha se anabhijJa ho gayA aura Aja jaina paramparA meM tAlapalamba kele (kadalIphala) kA vAcaka ho gayA hai| isa prakAra jainAgamoM meM prayukta aneka zabda TIkAkAroM ke kAla taka bhI apanA artha kho cuke the aura TIkAkAroM ne unheM apane DhaMga se aura apanI paramparA ke anusAra pAribhASita karane kA prayAsa kiyaa| vasatutaH jo grantha jisa-jisa deza aura kAla meM nirmita hotA hai usake zabdoM ke arthoM ko usa deza aura kAla kI paramparA aura anya granthoM ke AdhAra para pAribhASita kiyA jAnA caahie| usa dezakAla ke jJAna ke abhAva meM aneka zabdoM ko TIkAkAroM ne apanI kalpanA ke anusAra pAribhASita kara diyA hai| usase bacanA Avazyaka hai| AcArAMga meM "saMdhi" zabda Asakti yA rAgAtmakatA ke artha meM prayukta huA thA kintu TIkAkAra bhI aneka sthaloM para use avasara ke rUpa meM pAribhASita karate haiN| "Asava" zabda jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM meM kina-kina arthoM se gujarA hai, isakI carcA "eleksavemena" ne kI hai| mokkha (mokSa) aura "nivvANa" (nirvANa ) zabda sAmAnyatayA jaina paramparA meM paryAyavAcI spa
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________________ pro. sAgaramala jaina 238 meM prayukta hote haiM / kintu uttarAdhyayana meM ye donoM zabda bhinna-bhinna sthitiyoM ke vAcaka haiN| yahA~ kahA gayA ki amukta kA nirvANa nahIM ( amokkhassa natthi nivvANaM ) / isalie prAcIna prAkRta aura pAli sAhitya ke anuvAda aura unameM prayukta pAribhASika zabdoM ke artha kA nirdhAraNa eka kaThina aura zramasAdhya kArya hai jo vistRta tulanAtmaka adhyayana ke abhAva meM sambhava nahIM hai, jo zabda kisI kAla meM paryAyavAcI rUpa meM yA bhASA sauSThava ke lie prayukta hote the, vyutpatti aura pratibhA ke AdhAra para unheM bhinna-bhinna artha kA vAcaka banA diyA hai| pAlisAhitya meM nigaNTha- nATaputta ke sandarbha meM " savvavArivArito" zabda kA prayoga huA hai / anuvAdakoM ne "vAri" kA artha jala kiyA, jabaki sUtrakRtAMga ke vIrastuti nAmaka adhyayana ke AdhAra para dekheM to usameM prayukta vAri zabda kA artha jala na hokara pApa hogA kyoMki sUtrakRtAMga meM mahAvIra kI stuti karate hue kahA gayA hai| " se vAriyA savva vAraM itthIsarAyabhattaM" arthAt unhoMne logoM ko sabhI pApa karmoM, strI aura rAtribhojana se nivRtta kiyA / ---- yahA~ maiM isa bAta para vizeSa rUpa se bala denA cAhU~gA ki jahA~ jaina AgamoM ke pAribhASita zabdoM ke artha-nirdhAraNa ke lie bauddha piTaka kA adhyayana Avazyaka hai vahIM bauddha piTaka sAhitya ke zabdoM ke artha nirdhAraNa ke lie jaina AgamoM kA adhyayana Avazyaka hai kyoMki ye donoM paramparAe~ eka hI deza aura kAla kI upaja haiN| binA bauddha sAhitya ke adhyayana ke AcArAMga jaise prAcInastara ke grantha meM prayukta "vipassi, tathAgata, paDisaMkhA, Ayatana, saMdhi Adi zabdoM ke artha spaSTa nahIM ho sakate usI prakAra piTaka sAhitya meM prayukta "vAri" jaise aneka zabdoM kA artha binA jaina AgamoM ke adhyayana se spaSTa nahIM ho sakatA / hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki koI bhI paramparA zUnya meM utpanna nahIM hotI usakA eka deza aura kAla hotA hai jahA~ se vaha apanI zabdAvalI grahaNa karatI hai| yaha ThIka hai ki aneka bAra usa zabdAvalI ko nayA artha diyA jAtA hai phira bhI zabda ke mUla artha ko pakar3ane ke lie hameM use deza, kAla va paramparA kA jJAna bhI prApta karanA hogA, jisameM usakA sAhitya nirmita huA hai / ataH pAribhASika zabdoM ke artha-nirdhAraNa kI prakriyA meM na to usa deza va kAla kI upekSA kI jA sakatI hai, jisameM una zabdoM ne apanA artha prApta kiyA hai aura na samakAlIna paramparAoM ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana ke binA hI artha-nirdhAraNa kI prakriyA ko sampanna kiyA jA sakatA hai|
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________________ jaina AgamoM meM huA bhASika svarUpa parivartana : eka vimarza - pro. sAgaramala jaina prAkRta eka bhASA na hokara, bhASA samUha hai| prAkRta ke ina aneka bhASika rUpoM kA ullekha hemacandra prabhRti prAkRta-vyAkaraNa-vidoM ne kiyA hai| prAkRta ke jo vibhinna bhASika rUpa upalabdha haiM, unheM nimna bhASika vargoM meM vibhakta kiyA jAtA hai -- mAgadhI, arddhamAgadhI, zaurasenI, jaina-zaurasenI, mahArASTrI, jaina mahArASTrI, paizAcI, brAcaDa, cUlikA, ThakkI aadi| ina vibhinna prAkRtoM se hI Age calakara apabhraMza ke vividha rUpoM kA vikAsa huA aura jinase kAlAntara meM asamiyA, baMgalA, ur3iyA, bhojapurI yA pUrvI hindI, paMjAbI, rAjasthAnI, gujarAtI, marAThI Adi bhAratIya bhASAyeM astitva meM aayiiN| ataH prAkRteM sabhI bhAratIya bhASAoM kI pUrvaja hai aura Adhunika hindI kA vikAsa bhI inhIM ke AdhAra para huaa| merI dRSTi meM saMskRta bhASA kA vikAsa bhI inhIM prAkRtoM ko saMskArita karake aura vibhinna boliyoM ke madhya eka sAmAnya samparka bhASA ke rUpa meM huA hai, jisakA prAcIna rUpa chAndasa (vaidika saMskRta) thaa| vahI sAhityika saMskRta kI jananI hai| jisa prakAra vibhinna uttara bhAratIya boliyoM (apabhraMza ke vividha rUpoM) se hamArI hindI bhASA kA vikAsa huA hai, usI prakAra prAcInakAla meM vibhinna prAkRta boliyoM se saMskRta bhASA kA nirmANa huaa| saMskRta zabda hI isa tathya kA pramANa hai ki vaha eka saMskArita bhASA hai, jabaki prAkRta zabda hI prAkRta ko mUla bhASA ke rUpa meM adhiSThita karatA hai| prAkRta kI "prakRtiryasya saMskRtam" kahakara jo vyAkhyA kI jAtI hai, vaha mAtra saMskRta-vidoM ko prAkRta-vyAkaraNa kA svarUpa samajhAne kI dRSTi se kI jAtI hai| prAkRta ke sandarbha meM hameM eka do bAteM aura samajha lenA caahie| prathama sabhI prAkRta vyAkaraNa saMskRta meM likhe gaye haiM, kyoMki unakA prayojana saMskRta ke vidvAnoM ko prAkRta bhASA ke svarUpa kA jJAna karAnA rahA hai| vAstavikatA to yaha hai ki prAkRta bhASA kI AdhAragata bahuvidhatA ke kAraNa usakA koI eka sampUrNa vyAkaraNa banA pAnA hI kaThina hai| usakA vikAsa vividha boliyoM se huA hai aura boliyoM meM vividhatA hotI hai| sAtha hI unameM deza kAlagata prabhAvoM aura mukha-suvidhA (uccAraNa suvidhA) ke kAraNa parivartana hote rahate haiN| prAkRta nirjhara kI bhA~ti bahatI bhASA hai use vyAkaraNa meM Abaddha kara pAnA sambhava nahIM hai| isIlie prAkRta ko "bahulaM" arthAta vividha vaikalpika rUpoM vAlI bhASA kahA jAtA hai| vastutaH prAkRteM apane mUla rUpa meM bhASA na hokara boliyA~ hI rahIM haiN| yahA~ taka ki sAhityika nATakoM meM bhI inakA prayoga boliyoM ke rUpa meM hI dekhA jAtA hai aura yahI kAraNa hai ki mRcchakaTika jaise nATaka meM aneka prAkRtoM kA prayoga huA hai, usake vibhinna pAtra bhinna-bhinna prAkRteM bolate haiN| ina vibhinna prAkRtoM meM se adhikAMza kA astitva mAtra bolI ke rUpa meM hI rahA, jinake nidarzana kevala nATakoM aura abhilekhoM meM pAye jAte haiN| mAtra arddhamAgadhI,
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________________ 240 jaina AgamoM meM huA bhASika svarUpa parivartana : eka vimarza jaina-zaurasenI aura jaina-mahArASTrI hI aisI bhASAyeM haiM, jinameM jainadharma ke vipula sAhitya kA sRjana huA hai| paizAcI prAkRta ke prabhAva se yukta mAtra eka grantha prAkRta dhammapada milA hai| inhIM jana-boliyoM ko jaba eka sAhityika bhASA kA rUpa dene kA prayatna jainAcAryoM ne kiyA, to usameM bhI AdhAragata vibhinnatA ke kAraNa zabda rUpoM kI vibhinnatA raha gii| satya to yaha hai ki vibhinna boliyoM para AdhArita hone ke kAraNa sAhityika prAkRtoM meM bhI zabda rUpoM kI yaha vividhatA raha jAnA svAbhAvika hai| vibhinna boliyoM kI lakSaNagata, vizeSatAoM ke kAraNa hI prAkRta bhASAoM ke vividha rUpa bane haiN| boliyoM ke AdhAra para vikasita ina prAkRtoM ke jo mAgadhI, zaurasenI, mahArASTrI Adi rUpa bane haiM, unameM bhI pratyeka meM vaikalpika zabda rUpa pAye jAte haiN| ataH una sabhI meM vyAkaraNa kI dRSTi se pUrNa ekarUpatA kA abhAva hai| phira bhI bhASAvidoM ne vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM ke AdhAra para unakI kucha lakSaNagata vizeSatAe~ mAna lI haiN| jaise mAgadhI meM "sa" ke sthAna para "za", "ra" ke sthAna para "la" kA uccAraNa hotA hai| ataH mAgadhI meM "puruSa" kA "puliza" aura "rAjA" kA "lAjA" rUpa pAyA jAtA hai, jabaki mahArASTrI meM "purisa" aura "rAyA" rUpa banatA hai| jahA~ arddhamAgadhI meM "ta" zruti kI pradhAnatA hai aura vyaMjanoM ke lopa kI pravRtti alpa hai, vahIM zaurasenI meM "da" zruti kI aura mahArASTrI meM "ya" zruti kI pradhAnatA pAyI jAtI hai tathA lopa kI pravRtti adhika hai| dUsare zabdoM meM arddhamAgadhI meM "ta" yathAvata rahatA hai, zaurasenI meM "ta" ke sthAna para "da" aura mahArASTrI meM lupta-vyaMjana ke bAda zeSa rahe "a" kA "ya" hotA hai prAkRtoM meM ina lakSaNagata vizeSatAoM ke bAvajUda bhI dhAtu rUpoM evaM zabda rUpoM meM aneka vaikalpika rUpa to pAye hI jAte haiN| yahA~ yaha bhI smaraNa rahe ki nATakoM meM prayukta vibhinna prAkRtoM kI apekSA jaina granthoM meM prayukta ina prAkRta bhASAoM kA rUpa kucha bhinna hai aura kisI sImA taka unameM lakSaNagata bahurupatA bhI hai| isIlie jaina AgamoM meM prayukta mAgadhI ko arddhamAgadhI kahA jAtA hai, kyoMki usameM mAgadhI ke atirikta anya boliyoM ke prabhAva ke kAraNa mAgadhI se bhinna lakSaNa bhI pAye jAte haiN| jahA~ abhilekhIya prAkRtoM kA prazna hai unameM zabda rUpoM kI itanI adhika vividhatA yA bhinnatA hai ki unheM vyAkaraNa kI dRSTi se vyAkhyAyita kara pAnA sambhava hI nahIM hai| kyoMki unakI prAkRta sAhityika prAkRta na hokara sthAnIya boliyoM para AdhArita haiN| yApanIya evaM digambara paramparA ke granthoM meM jisa bhASA kA prayoga huA hai, vaha jaina-zaurasenI kahI jAtI hai| use jaina-zaurasenI isaliye kahate haiM ki usameM zaurasenI ke atirikta arddhamAgadhI ke bhI kucha lakSaNa pAye jAte haiN| usa para arddhamAgadhI -- kA spaSTa prabhAva dekhA jAtA hai| kyoMki isameM racita granthoM kA AdhAra arddhamAgadhI Agama hI the| isI prakAra zvetAmbara AcAryoM ne prAkRta ke jisa bhASAyI rUpa ko apanAyA vaha jaina-mahArASTrI kahI jAtI hai| isameM mahArASTrI ke lakSaNoM ke atirikta kahIM-kahIM arddhamAgadhI aura zaurasenI ke lakSaNa bhI pAye jAte haiM, kyoMki isameM racita granthoM kA AdhAra bhI mukhyataH arddhamAgadhI aura aMzataH zaurasenI sAhitya rahA hai| ataH jaina paramparA meM upalabdha kisI bhI grantha kI prAkRta kA svarUpa nizcita karanA eka
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________________ pro. sAgaramala jaina 241 kaThina kArya hai, kyoMki zvetAmbara aura digambara donoM paramparAoM meM koI bhI aisA grantha nahIM milatA, jo vizuddha rUpa se kisI eka prAkRta kA pratinidhitva karatA ho| Aja upalabdha vibhinna zvetAmbara arddhamAgadhI AgamoM meM cAhe pratizatoM meM kucha bhinnatA ho, kintu vyApaka rUpa se mahArASTrI kA prabhAva dekhA jAtA hai| AcArAMga aura RSibhASita jaise prAcIna stara ke AgamoM meM arddhamAgadhI ke lakSaNa pramukha hote hue bhI kahIM-kahIM AMzika rUpa se zaurasenI kA evaM vizeSarUpa se mahArASTrI kA prabhAva A hI gayA hai| isI prakAra digambara paramparA ke zaurasenI granthoM meM eka ora arddhamAgadhI kA to dUsarI ora mahArASTrI kA prabhAva dekhA jAtA hai| kucha aise grantha bhI hai jinameM lagabhaga 60 pratizata zaurasenI evaM 40 pratizata mahArASTrI. pAyI jAtI hai -- jaise vasunandI ke zrAvakAcAra kA prathama saMskaraNa, jJAtavya hai ki paravartI saMskaraNoM meM zaurasenIkaraNa adhika liyA gayA hai| kundakunda ke granthoM meM bhI yatra-tatra mahArASTrI kA paryApta prabhAva dekhA jAtA hai| ina saba vibhinna bhASika rUpoM ke pArasparika prabhAva yA mizraNa ke atirikta mujhe apane adhyayana ke daurAna eka mahattvapUrNa bAta yaha milI ki jahA~ zaurasenI granthoM meM jaba arddhamAgadhI AgamoM ke uddharaNa diye gaye, to vahA~ unheM apane arddhamAgadhI rUpa meM na dekara unakA zaurasenI rUpAntaraNa karake diyA gayA hai| isI prakAra mahArASTrI ke granthoM meM athavA zvetAmbara AcAryoM dvArA likhita granthoM meM jaba bhI zaurasenI ke grantha kA uddharaNa diyA gayA, to sAmAnyatayA use mUla zaurasenI meM na rakhakara usakA mahArASTrI rUpAntaraNa kara diyA gyaa| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM bhagavatIArAdhanA kI TIkA meM jo uttarAdhyayana, AcArAMga Adi ke uddharaNa pAye jAte haiM, ve unake addhamAgadhI rUpa meM na hokara zaurasenI rUpa meM hI milate haiN| isI prakAra haribhadra ne zaurasenI prAkRta ke "yApanIya-tantra" nAmaka grantha se "lalitavistarA" meM jo uddharaNa diyA, vaha mahArASTrI prAkRta meM hI pAyA jAtA hai| isa prakAra cAhe arddhamAgadhI Agama ho yA zaurasenI Agama, unake upalabdha saMskaraNoM kI bhASA na to pUrNataH arddhamAgadhI hai aura na hI shaursenii| arddhamAgadhI aura zaurasenI donoM hI prakAra ke AgamoM para mahArASTrI kA vyApaka prabhAva dekhA jAtA hai jo ki ina donoM kI apekSA paravartI hai| isI prakAra mahArASTrI prAkRta ke kucha granthoM para paravartI apabhraMza kA bhI prabhAva dekhA jAtA hai| ina AgamoM athavA Agama tulya granthoM ke bhASika svarUpa kI vividhatA ke kAraNa unake kAlakrama tathA pArasparika AdAna-pradAna ko samajhane meM vidvAnoM ko paryApta ulajhanoM kA anubhava hotA hai, mAtra itanA hI nahIM kabhI-kabhI ina prabhAvoM ke kAraNa ina granthoM ko paravartI bhI siddha kara diyA jAtA hai| Aja Agamika sAhitya ke bhASika svarUpa kI vividhatA ko dUra karane tathA unheM apane mUla svarUpa meM sthira karane ke kucha prayatna bhI prArambha hue haiN| sarvaprathama DaoN. ke. RSabhacandra ne prAcIna arddhamAgadhI Agama jaise -- AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga meM Aye mahArASTrI ke prabhAva ko dUra karane evaM unheM apane mUla svarUpa meM lAne ke liye prayatna prArambha kiyA hai| kyoMki eka hI adhyAya yA uddezaka meM "loya" aura "loga" yA "AyA" aura "AtA" donoM hI rUpa dekhe jAte haiN| isI prakAra kahIM kriyA rUpoM meM bhI "ta" zruti upalabdha hotI hai aura kahIM usake lopa kI pravRtti
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________________ 242 jaina AgamoM meM huA bhASika svarUpa parivartana : eka vimarza dekhI jAtI hai| prAcIna AgamoM meM hue ina bhASika parivartanoM se unake artha meM bhI kitanI vikRti AyI, isakA bhI DaoN. candrA ne apane lekhoM ke mAdhyama se saMketa kiyA hai tathA yaha batAyA hai ki arddhamAgadhI "khetanna" zabda kisa prakAra "kheyanna" bana gayA aura usakA jo mUla "kSetrajJa" artha thA vaha badalakara "khedaz2a" ho gyaa| ina saba kAraNoM se unhoMne pATha saMzodhana hetu eka yojanA prastuta kI aura AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha ke prathama adhyayana ke prathama uddezaka kI bhASA kA sampAdana kara use prakAzita bhI kiyA hai| isI krama meM maiMne bhI Agama saMsthAna udayapura ke DaoN. subhASa koThArI evaM DaoN. sureza sisodiyA dvArA AcArAMga ke vibhinna prakAzita saMskaraNoM se pAThAntaroM kA saMkalana karavAyA hai| isake virodha meM pahalA svara zrI jauharImala jI pArakha ne uThAyA hai| zvetAmbara vidvAnoM meM AyI isa cetanA kA prabhAva digambara vidvAnoM para bhI par3A aura AcArya zrI vidyAnanda jI ke nirdezana meM AcArya kundakunda ke granthoM ko pUrNataH zaurasenI meM rUpAntarita karane kA eka prayatna prArambha huA hai, isa dizA meM prathama kArya balabhadra jaina dvarA sampAdita samayasAra, niyamasAra Adi kA kundakunda bhAratI se prakAzana hai| yadyapi digambara paramparA meM hI paM. khuzAlacanda gorAvAlA, padmacandra zAstrI Adi digambara vidvAnoM ne isa pravRtti kA virodha kiyaa| Aja zvetAmbara evaM digambara paramparAoM meM Agama yA Agama rUpa meM mAnya granthoM ke bhASika svarUpa ke punaH saMzodhana kI jo cetanA jAgRta huI hai, usakA kitanA aucitya hai, isakI carcA to maiM bAda meM kruuNgaa| sarvaprathama to ise samajhanA Avazyaka hai ki ina prAkRta Agama granthoM ke bhASika svarUpa meM kina kAraNoM se aura kisa prakAra ke parivartana AyI haiN| kyoMki isa tathya ko pUrNataH samajhe binA kevala eka-dUsare ke anukaraNa ke AdhAra para athavA apanI paramparA ko prAcIna siddha karane hetu kisI grantha ke bhASika svarUpa meM parivartana kara denA sambhavataH ina granthoM ke aitihAsika krama evaM kAla nirNaya evaM inake pArasparika prabhAva ko samajhane meM bAdhA utpanna karegA aura isase kaI prakAra ke anya anartha bhI sambhava ho sakate haiN| kintu isake sAtha hI sAtha yaha bhI satya hai ki jainAcAryoM evaM jaina vidvAnoM ne apane bhASika vyAmoha ke kAraNa athavA pracalita bhASA ke zabda rUpoM ke AdhAra para prAcIna stara ke Agama granthoM ke bhASika svarUpa meM parivartana kiyA hai| jaina AgamoM kI vAcanA ko lekara jo mAnyatAe~ pracalita haiM, unake anusAra sarvaprathama I.pU. tIsarI zatI meM vIra nirvANa ke lagabhaga eka sau pacAsa varSa pazcAt pATalIputra meM prathama vAcanA huii| isameM usa kAla taka nirmita Agama granthoM, vizeSataH aMga AgamoM kA sampAdana kiyA gyaa| yaha spaSTa hai ki paTanA kI yaha vAcanA magadha meM huI thI aura isalie isameM AgamoM kI bhASA kA jo svarUpa nirdhArita huA hogA, vaha nizcita hI mAgadhI rahA hogaa| isake pazcAt lagabhaga I.pU. prathama zatI meM khAravela ke zAsana kAla meM ur3IsA meM dvitIya vAcanA huI yahA~ para isakA svarUpa arddhamAgadhI rahA hogA, kintu isake lagabhaga cAra sau varSa pazcAt skaMdila aura Arya nAgArjuna kI adhyakSatA meM kramazaH mathurA va valabhI meM vAcanAe~ huii| sambhava hai ki mathurA meM huI isa vAcanA meM arddhamAgadhI AgamoM para vyApaka rUpa se zaurasenI kA prabhAva AyA hogaa| valabhI ke vAcanA vAle AgamoM meM nAgArjunIya pAThoM ke to
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________________ pro. sAgaramala jaina 243 ullekha milate haiM, kintu skaMdila kI vAcanA ke pATha bhedoM kA koI nirdeza nahIM hai| skaMdila kI vAcanA sambandhI pAThabhedoM kA yaha anullekha vicAraNIya hai| nandIsUtra meM skaMdila ke sambandha meM yaha kahA gayA hai ki unake anuyoga (Agama-pATha) hI dakSiNa bhArata kSetra meM Aja bhI pracalita haiN| sambhavataH yaha saMketa yApanIya AgamoM ke sambandha meM hogaa| yApanIya paramparA jina AgamoM ko mAnya kara rahI thI, usameM vyApaka rUpa se bhASika parivartana kiyA gayA thA aura unheM zaurasenI rUpa de diyA gayA thaa| yadyapi Aja pramANa ke abhAva meM nizcita rUpa se yaha batA pAnA kaThina hai ki yApanIya AgamoM kI bhASA kA svarUpa kyA thA, kyoMki yApanIyoM dvArA mAnya aura vyAkhyAyita ve Agama upalabdha nahIM hai| yadyapi aparAjita ke dvArA dazavakAlika para TIkA likhe jAne kA nirdeza prApta hotA hai, kintu vaha TIkA bhI Aja prApta nahIM hai| ataH yaha kahanA to kaThina hai ki yApanIya AgamoM kI bhASA kitanI arddhamAgadhI thI aura kitanI shaursenii| kintu itanA taya hai ki yApanIyoM ne apane granthoM meM AgamoM, prakIrNakoM evaM niyuktiyoM kI jina gAthAoM ko gRhIta kiyA hai athavA uddhRta kiyA hai ve sabhI Aja zaurasenI rUpoM meM hI pAyI jAtI hai| yadyapi Aja bhI una para bahuta kucha arddhamAgadhI kA prabhAva zeSa raha gayA hai| cAhe yApanIyoM ne sampUrNa AgamoM ke bhASAI svarUpa ko arddhamAgadhI se zaurasenI meM rupAntarita kiyA ho yA nahIM, kintu unhoMne Agama sAhitya se jo gAthAe~ uddhRta kI haiM, ve adhikAMzataH Aja apane zaurasenI svarUpa meM pAyI jAtI haiN| yApanIya AgamoM ke bhASika svarUpa meM yaha parivartana jAnabUjhakara kiyA yA jaba mathurA jainadharma kA kendra banA taba sahaja rUpa meM yaha parivartana A gayA thA, yaha kahanA kaThina hai| jainadharma sadaiva se kSetrIya bhASAoM ko apanAtA rahA aura yahI kAraNa ho sakatA hai ki zruta-paramparA se calI AyI ina gAthAoM meM yA to sahaja hI kSetrIya prabhAva AyA ho yA phira usa kSetra kI bhASA ko dhyAna meM rakhakara use usa rUpa meM parivartita kiyA gayA ho| yaha bhI satya hai ki balabhI meM jo devardhigaNi kI adhyakSatA meM vI.ni.saM. 980 yA 993 meM antima vAcanA huI, usameM kSetragata mahArASTrI prAkRta kA prabhAva jaina AgamoM para vizeSarUpa se AyA hogA, yahI kAraNa hai ki vartamAna meM zvetAmbara mAnya arddhamAgadhI AgamoM kI bhASA kA jo svarUpa upalabdha hai, usa para mahArASTrI kA prabhAva hI adhika hai| arddhamAgadhI AgamoM meM bhI una AgamoM kI bhASA mahArASTrI se adhika prabhAvita huI hai, jo adhika vyavahAra yA pracalana meM rhe| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM uttarAdhyayana aura dazavakAlika jaise prAcIna stara ke Agama mahArASTrI se adhika prabhAvita hai| jabaki RSibhASita jaisA Agama mahArASTrI ke prabhAva se bahuta kucha mukta rahA hai| usa para mahArASTrI prAkRta kA prabhAva atyalpa hai| Aja arddhamAgadhI kA jo Agama sAhitya hameM upalabdha hai, usameM arddhamAgadhI kA sarvAdhika pratizata isI grantha meM pAyA jAtA hai| jaina Agamika evaM Agama rUpa meM mAnya arddhamAgadhI tathA zaurasenI granthoM ke bhASika svarUpa meM parivartana kyoM huA? isa prazna kA uttara aneka rUpoM meM diyA jA sakatA hai| vastutaH ina granthoM meM hue bhASika parivartanoM kA koI eka hI kAraNa nahIM hai, apitu aneka kAraNa haiM, jina para hama kramazaH vicAra kreNge| 1. bhArata meM jahA~ vaidika paramparA meM veda vacanoM ko maMtra mAnakara unake svara-vyaMjana kI
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________________ 244 jaina AgamoM meM huA bhASika svarUpa parivartana : eka vimarza uccAraNa yojanA ko aparivartanIya banAye rakhane para adhika bala diyA gayA, unake liye zabda aura dhvani hI mahattvapUrNa rahI aura artha gaunn| Aja bhI aneka vedapAThI brAhmaNa aise haiM, jo veda maMtroM ke uccAraNa, laya Adi ke prati atyanta satarka rahate haiM, kintu ve unake arthoM ko nahIM jAnate haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki veda zabda rUpa meM yathAvat bane rhe| isake viparIta jaina paramparA meM yaha mAnA gayA ki tIrthaMkara artha ke upadeSTA hote haiM unake vacanoM ko zabda rUpa to gaNadhara Adi ke dvArA diyA jAtA hai| jainAcAryoM ke liye kathana kA tAtparya hI pramukha thA, unhoMne kabhI bhI zabdoM para bala nahIM diyaa| zabdoM meM cAhe parivartana ho jAya, lekina arthoM meM parivartana nahIM honA cAhiye, yahI jaina AcAryoM kA pramukha lakSya rhaa| zabda rUpoM kI unakI isa upekSA ke phalasvarUpa AgamoM ke bhASika svarUpa meM parivartana hote gye| 2. Agama sAhitya meM jo bhASika parivartana hue, usakA dUsarA kAraNa yaha thA ki jainabhikSu saMgha meM vibhinna pradezoM ke bhikSugaNa sammilita the| apanI-apanI prAdezika boliyoM se prabhAvita hone ke kAraNa unakI uccAraNa zailI meM bhI svAbhAvika bhinnatA rahatI, phalataH Agama sAhitya ke bhASika svarUpa meM bhinnatAe~ A gyiiN| 3. jainabhikSa sAmAnyatayA bhramaNazIla hote haiM, unakI bhramaNazIlatA ke kAraNa unakI boliyoM, bhASAoM para bhI anya pradezoM kI boliyoM kA prabhAva par3atA hI hai| phalataH AgamoM ke bhASika svarUpa meM bhI parivartana yA mizraNa ho gyaa| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM jaba pUrva kA bhikSu pazcimI pradezoM meM adhika bihAra karatA hai to usakI bhASA meM pUrva evaM pazcima donoM hI boliyoM kA prabhAva A hI jAtA hai| ataH bhASika svarUpa kI ekarUpatA samApta ho jAtI hai| 4. sAmAnyatayA buddha vacana buddha nirvANa ke 200-300 varSa ke andara hI andara likhita rUpa meM A ge| ataH unake bhASika svarUpa meM unake racanAkAla ke bAda bahuta adhika parivartana nahIM AyA, tathApi unakI uccAraNa zailI vibhinna dezoM meM bhinna-bhinna rahI aura vaha Aja bhI hai| thAI, barmA, aura zrIlaMkA ke bhikSuoM kA tripiTaka kA uccAraNa bhinna-bhinna hotA hai, phira bhI unake likhita svarUpa meM bahuta kucha ekarUpatA hai| isake viparIta jaina Agamika evaM Agamatulya sAhitya eka sudIrghakAla taka likhita rUpa meM nahIM A sakA, vaha guruziSya paramparA se maukhika hI calatA rahA phalataH dezakAlagata uccAraNa bheda se unake bhASika svarUpa meM bhI parivartana hotA gyaa| bhArata meM kAgaja kA pracalana na hone se grantha bhojapatroM yA tAr3apatroM para likhe jAte the| tADapatroM para granthoM ko likhavAnA aura unheM surakSita rakhanA jaina muniyoM kI ahiMsA evaM aparigraha kI bhAvanA ke pratikUla thaa| lagabhaga I. san kI 5vIM zatI taka isa kArya ko pApa-pravRtti mAnA jAtA tathA isake lie daNDa kI vyavasthA bhI thii| phalataH mahAvIra ke pazcAt lagabhaga 1000 varSa taka jaina sAhitya zruta-paramparA para hI AdhArita rhaa| zruta-paramparA ke AdhAra para AgamoM ke bhASika svarUpa ko surakSita rakhanA kaThina thaa| ataH uccAraNa zailI kA bheda AgamoM ke bhASika svarUpa ke parivartana kA kAraNa bana gyaa|
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________________ pro. sAgaramala jaina 245 5. Agamika evaM Agama-tulya sAhitya meM Aja bhASika rUpoM kA jo parivartana dekhA jAtA hai, usakA eka kAraNa lahiyoM ( pratilipikAroM) kI asAvadhAnI bhI rahI hai| pratilipikAra jisa kSetra ke hote the, una para bhI usa kSetra kI bolI/bhASA kA prabhAva rahatA thA aura asAvadhAnI se apanI prAdezika bolI ke zabda rUpoM ko likha detA thaa| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM cAhe mUla-pATha meM "gacchati" likhA ho lekina pracalana meM "gacchaI" kA vyavahAra hai, to pratilipikAra "gacchaI" rUpa hI likha degaa| 6. jaina Agama evaM Agama tulya grantha meM Aye bhASika parivartanoM kA eka kAraNa yaha bhI hai ki ve vibhinna kAloM evaM pradezoM meM sampAdita hote rahe haiN| sampAdakoM ne unake prAcIna svarUpa ko sthira rakhane kA prayatna nahIM kiyA apitu unheM sampAdita karate samaya apane yuga evaM kSetra ke pracalita bhASAyI svarUpa ke AdhAra para unameM parivartina kara diyaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki arddhamAgadhI meM likhita Agama bhI jaba mathurA meM saMkalita evaM sampAdita hue to unake bhASika svarUpa arddhamAgadhI kI apekSA zaurasenI ke nikaTa ho gayA, aura jaba balabhI meM likhe gaye to vaha mahArASTrI se prabhAvita ho gyaa| yaha alaga bAta hai ki aisA parivartana sampUrNa rUpa meM na ho sakA aura usameM arddhamAgadhI ke tattva bhI bane rhe| sampAdana aura pratilipi karate samaya bhASika svarUpa kI ekarUpatA para vizeSa bala nahIM die jAne ke kAraNa jaina Agama evaM Agamatulya sAhitya arddhamAgadhI, zaurasenI evaM mahArASTrI kI khicar3I hI bana gayA aura vidvAnoM ne unakI bhASA ko jaina-zaurasenI aura jaina-mahArASTrI aise nAma de diye| na prAcIna saMkalana kartAoM ne usa para dhyAna diyA aura na Adhunika kAla ke sampAdakoM, prakAzanoM meM isa tathya para dhyAna diyA gyaa| pariNAmataH eka hI Agama ke eka hI vibhAga meM "loka", "loga", "loa" aura "loya" aise cAroM hI rUpa dekhane ko mila jAte haiN| ___ yadyapi sAmAnya rUpa se to ina bhASika rUpoM ke parivartanoM ke kAraNa koI bahuta bar3A artha-bheda nahIM hotA hai, kintu kabhI-kabhI inake kAraNa bhayaMkara artha-bheda bhI ho jAtA hai| isa sandarbha meM eka do udAharaNa dekara apanI bAta ko spaSTa karanA caahuuNgaa| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM sUtrakRtAMga kA prAcIna pATha "rAmaputte" badalakara cUrNi meM "rAmAutte" ho gayA, kintu vahI pATha sUtrakRtAMga kI zIlAMka kI TIkA meM "rAmagutte" ho gyaa| isa prakAra jo zabda rAmaputra kA vAcaka thA, vaha rAmagupta kA vAcaka ho gyaa| isI AdhAra para kucha vidvAnoM ne use guptazAsaka rAmagupta mAna liyA hai aura usake dvArA pratiSThApita vidizA kI jina mUrtiyoM ke abhilekhoM se usakI puSTi bhI kara dii| jabaki vastutaH vaha nirdeza buddha ke samakAlIna rAmaputra nAmaka zramaNa AcArya ke sambandha meM thA, jo dhyAna evaM yoga ke mahAna sAdhaka the aura jinase svayaM bhagavAna buddha ne dhyAna prakriyA sIkhI thii| unase sambandhita eka adhyayana RSibhASita meM Aja bhI hai, jabaki aMtakRt-dazA meM unase sambandhita jo adhyayana thA, vaha Aja vilupta ho cukA hai| isakI vistRta carcA Appects of Jainology Vol.II meM maiMne apane eka svatantra lekha meM kI hai| isI prakAra AcArAMga evaM sUtrakRtAMga meM prayukta "khettanna" zabda, jo "kSetrajJa" (AtmajJa) kA
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________________ 146 jaina AgamoM meM huA bhASika svarUpa parivartana : eka vimarza vAcI thA, mahArASTrI ke prabhAva se Age calakara "kheyaNNa" bana gayA aura use "khedajJa" kA vAcI mAna liyA gyaa| isakI carcA pro.. ke.Ara. candrA ne zramaNa 1992 meM prakAzita apane lekha meM kI hai| ataH spaSTa hai ki ina parivartanoM ke kAraNa aneka sthaloM para bahuta adhika arthabheda bhI ho gaye haiN| Aja vaijJAnika rUpa se sampAdana kI jo zailI vikasita huI hai usake mAdhyama se ina samasyAoM ke samAdhAna kI apekSA hai| jaisA ki hamane pUrva meM saMketa kiyA thA ki Agamika evaM Agama tulya granthoM ke prAcIna svarUpa ko sthira karane ke lie zvetAmbara paramparA meM pro. ke. Ara. candrA aura digambara paramparA meM AcArya zrI vidyAnanda jI ke sAnidhya meM zrI balabhadra jaina ne prayatna prArambha kiyA hai| kintu ina prayatnoM kA kitanA aucitya hai aura isa sandarbha meM kina-kina sAvadhAniyoM kI AvazyakatA hai, yaha bhI vicAraNIya hai| yadi prAcIna rUpoM ko sthira karane kA yaha prayatna sampUrNa sAvadhAnI aura ImAnadArI se na huA, to isake duSpariNAma bhI ho sakate haiN| prathamataH prAkRta ke vibhinna bhASika rUpa liye hue ina granthoM meM pArasparika prabhAva aura pArasparika avadAna ko arthAt kisane kisa paramparA se kyA liyA hai, ise samajhane ke lie Aja jo suvidhA hai, vaha inameM bhASika ekarUpatA lAne para samApta ho jaayegii| Aja namaskAra maMtra meM "namo" aura "Namo" zabda kA jo vivAda hai, usakA samAdhAna aura kauna zabdarUpa prAcIna hai isakA nizcaya, hama khAravela aura mathurA ke abhilekhoM ke AdhAra para kara sakate haiM aura yaha kaha sakate haiM ki arddhamAgadhI kA "namo" rUpa prAcIna hai, jabaki zaurasenI aura mahArASTrI kA "Namo" rUpa paravartI hai| kyoMki I. kI dUsarI zatI taka abhilekhoM meM kahIM bhI "Namo" rUpa nahIM miltaa| jabaki chaThI zatI se dakSiNa bhArata ke jaina abhilekhoM meM "Namo" rUpa bahutAyata se milatA hai| isase phalita yaha nikalatA hai ki Namo rUpa paravartI hai aura jina granthoM ne "na" ke sthAna para "Na" kI bahulatA hai, ve grantha bhI paravartI hai| yaha satya hai ki "namo" se parivartita hokara hI "Namo" rUpa banA hai| jina abhilekhoM meM "Namo" rUpa milatA hai ve sabhI I. sana kI cauthI zatI ke bAda ke hI haiN| isI prakAra se namaskAra maMtra kI antima gAthA meM -- eso paMca namukkAro svvpaavppnnaasnno| maMgalANa ca savvesiM par3hamaM havai maMgalaM -- aisA pATha hai| inameM prayukta prathamAvibhakti meM "ekAra" ke sthAna para "okAra" kA prayoga tathA "havati" ke sthAna "havaI" zabda rUpa kA prayoga yaha batAtA hai ki isakI racanA arddhamAgadhI se mahArASTrI ke saMkramaNakAla ke bIca kI hai aura yaha aMza namaskAra maMtra meM bAda meM jor3A gayA hai| isameM zaurasenI rUpa "hodi" yA "havadi" ke sthAna para mahArASTrI zabda rUpa "havaI" hai jo yaha batAtA hai -- yaha aMza mUlataH mahArASTrI meM nirmita huA thA aura vahI se hI zaurasenI meM liyA gayA hai| isI prakAra zaurasenI AgamoM meM bhI isake "havaI" zabda rUpa kI upasthiti bhI yahI sacita karatI hai ki unhoMne isa aMza ko paravartI mahArASTrI prAkRta ke granthoM se hI grahaNa kiyA gayA hai| anyathA vahA~ mUla zaurasenI kA "havadi" yA "hodi" rUpa hI honA thaa| Aja yadi kisI ko zaurasenI kA adhika Agraha ho, to kyA ve namaskAra maMtra ke isa "havaI" zabda ko "havadi" yA "hodi" rUpa meM parivartita kara deMge ? jabaki tIsarI-cauthI zatI se Aja taka kahIM bhI "havaI"
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________________ pro. sAgaramala jaina 247 ke atirikta anya koI zabda-rUpa upalabdha nahIM hai| prAkRta ke bhASika svarUpa ke sambandha meM dUsarI kaThinAI yaha hai ki prAkRta kA mUla AdhAra kSetrIya boliyA~ hone se usake eka hI kAla meM vibhinna rUpa rahe haiM / prAkRta vyAkaraNa meM jo " bahulaM" zabda hai vaha svayaM isa bAta kA sUcaka hai ki cAhe zabda rUpa ho, cAhe dhAtu rUpa ho, yA upasarga Adi ho, unakI bahuvidhatA ko asvIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| eka bAra hama mAna bhI leM ki eka kSetrIya bolI meM eka hI rUpa rahA hogA, kintu cAhe vaha zaurasenI, arddhamAgadhI yA mahArASTrI prAkRta ho, sAhityika bhASA ke rUpa meM inake vikAsa ke mUla meM vividha boliyA~ rahIM haiN| ataH bhASika ekarUpatA kA prayatna prAkRta kI apanI mUla prakRti kI dRSTi se kitanA samIcIna hogA, yaha bhI eka vicAraNIya prazna hai punaH cAhe hama eka bAra yaha mAna bhI leM ki prAcIna arddhamAgadhI kA jo bhI sAhityika rUpa rahA vaha bahuvidha nahIM thA aura usameM vyaMjanoM ke lopa, unake sthAna para "a" yA "ya" kI upasthiti athavA "na" ke sthAna para "Na" kI pravRtti nahIM rahI hogI aura isa AdhAra para AcArAMga Adi kI bhASA kA arddhamAgadhI svarUpa sthira karane kA prayatna ucita bhI mAna liyA jAye, kintu yaha bhI satya hai ki jaina paramparA meM zaurasenI kA Agama tulya sAhitya mUlataH arddhamAgadhI AgamasAhitya ke AdhAra para aura usase hI vikasita huA, ataH usameM jo arddhamAgadhI yA mahArASTrI kA prabhAva dekhA jAtA hai, use pUrNataH nikAla denA kyA ucita hogA ? yadi hamane yaha duHsAhasa kiyA bhI to usase granthoM ke kAla nirdhAraNa Adi meM aura unakI pArasparika prabhAvakatA ko samajhane meM, Aja jo sugamatA hai, vaha naSTa ho jaayegii| yahI sthiti mahArASTrI prAkRta kI bhI hai| usakA AdhAra bhI arddhamAgadhI aura aMzataH zaurasenI Agama rahe haiM yadi unake prabhAva ko nikAlane kA prayatna kiyA gayA to vaha bhI ucita nahIM hogA / kheyaNNa kA prAcIna rUpa khettanna hai| mahArASTrI prAkRta ke grantha meM eka bAra khettanna rUpa prApta hotA hai to use hama prAcIna zabda rUpa mAnakara rakha sakate haiM, kintu arddhamAgadhI ke grantha meM "khetanna" rUpa upalabdha hote hue bhI mahArASTrI rUpa "kheyanna" banAye rakhanA ucita nahIM hogA / jahA~ taka arddhamAgadhI Agama granthoM kA prazna hai una para paravartIkAla meM jo zaurasenI yA mahArASTrI prAkRtoM kA prabhAva A gayA hai, use dUra karane kA prayatna kisI sImA taka ucita mAnA jA sakatA hai, kintu isa prayatna meM bhI nimna sAvadhAniyA~ apekSita haiM 1. prathama to yaha ki yadi mUla hastapratiyoM meM kahIM bhI vaha zabda rUpa nahIM milatA hai, to usa zabda rUpa ko kisI bhI sthiti meM parivartita na kiyA jaaye| kintu prAcIna arddhamAgadhI zabda rUpa jo kisI bhI mUla hastaprati meM eka do sthAnoM para bhI upalabdha hotA hai, use anyatra parivartita kiyA jA sakatA hai| yadi kisI arddhamAgadhI ke prAcIna grantha meM "loga" evaM "loya" donoM rUpa milate hoM to vahA~ arvAcIna rUpa "loya" ko prAcIna rUpa " loga" meM rUpAntarita kiyA jA sakatA hai kintu isake sAtha hI yaha bhI dhyAna rakhanA hogA ki yadi eka pUrA kA pUrA gadyAMza yA padyAMza mahArASTrI meM hai aura usameM prayukta zabdoM ke vaikalpika arddhamAgadhI rUpa kisI eka bhI Adarza ke
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________________ 248 jaina AgamoM meM huA bhASika svarUpa parivartana : eka vimarza prati meM nahIM milate haiM to una aMzoM ko parivartita na kiyA jAye, kyoMki sambhAvanA yaha ho sakatI hai ki vaha aMza paravartI kAla meM prakSipta huA ho, ataH usa aMza ke prakSipta hone kA AdhAra jo usakA bhASika svarUpa hai, usako badalane se Agamika zodha meM bAdhA utpanna hogI / udAharaNa ke rUpa meM AcArAMga ke prArambha meM "suyaM me ausaMteNa bhagavayA eyaM akkhAya" ke aMza ko hI leM, jo sAmAnyatayA sabhI pratiyoM meM isI rUpa meM milatA hai| yadi hama ise arddhamAgadhI meM rUpAntarita karake "sutaM me AusanteNa bhagavatA evaM akkhAtA" kara deMgeM to isake prakSipta hone kI jo sambhAvanA hai vaha samApta ho jAyegI / ataH prAcInastara ke AgamoM meM kisa aMza ke bhASika svarUpa ko badalA jA sakatA hai aura kisako nahIM, isa para gambhIra cintana kI AvazyakatA hai I 1 arahatA isI sandarbha meM RSibhASita ke eka anya udAharaNa para bhI vicAra kara sakate haiN| isameM pratyeka RSi ke kathana ko prastuta karate hue sAmAnyatayA yaha gadyAMza milatA hai isiNA bujhantaM, kintu hama dekhate haiM ki isake 45 adhyAyoM se 37 meM "buintaM" pATha haiM, jabaki 7 meM "buiyaM" pATha haiN| aisI sthiti meM yadi isa "buiyaM" pATha vAle aMza ke Asa-pAsa anya zabdoM ke prAcIna arddhamAgadhI rUpa milate hoM to "buiyaM" ko buintaM meM badalA jA sakatA hai / kintu yadi kisI zabda rUpa ke Age-pIche ke zabda rUpa bhI mahArASTrI prabhAva vAle hoM, to phira use badalane ke lie hameM eka bAra socanA hogA / kucha sthitiyoM meM yaha bhI hotA hai ki grantha kI eka hI Adarza prati upalabdha ho, aisI sthiti meM jaba taka unakI pratiyA~ upalabdha na ho, taba taka unake sAtha cher3a-chAr3a karanA ucita nahIM hogaa| ataH arddhamAgadhI yA zaurasenI ke bhASika rUpoM ko parivartita karane ke kisI nirNaya se pUrva sAvadhAnI aura bauddhika ImAnadArI kI AvazyakatA hai| isa sandarbha meM antima rUpa se eka bAta aura nivedana karanA Avazyaka hai, vaha hai ki yadi mUlapATha meM kisI prakAra kA parivartana kiyA bhI jAtA hai, to bhI itanA to avazya hI karaNIya hogA ki pAThAntaroM ke rUpa meM anya upalabdha zabda rUpoM ko bhI anivArya rUpa se rakhA jAya, sAtha hI bhASika rUpoM ko parivartita karane ke lie jo prati AdhAra rUpa meM mAnya kI gayI ho usakI mUla prati chAyA ko bhI prakAzita kiyA jAya, kyoMki cher3a-chAr3a ke isa krama meM jo sAmpradAyika Agraha kArya kareMge, usase grantha kI maulikatA ko paryApta dhakkA laga sakatA hai 1 AcArya zAntisAgarajI aura unake samarthaka kucha digambara vidvAnoM dvArA SaTkhaNDAgama (1/1/93) meM se "saMjada" pATha ko haTAne kI evaM zvetAmbara paramparA meM muni zrI phUlacanda jI dvArA paramparA ke viparIta lagane vAle kucha Agama ke aMzoM ko haTAne kI kahAnI abhI hamAre sAmane tAjA hI hai / yaha to bhAgya hI thA ki isa prakAra ke prayatnoM ko donoM hI samAja ke prabuddha varga ne svIkAra nahIM kiyA aura isa prakAra se saiddhAntika saMgati ke nAma para jo kucha anartha ho sakatA thA, usase hama baca gye| kintu Aja bhI " SaTkhaNDAgama" ke tAmra patroM evaM prathama saMskaraNa kI mudrita pratiyoM meM saMjada zabda anupasthita hai, isI prakAra phUlacanda jI dvArA sampAdita aMga- suttANi meM kucha Agama pAThoM kA jo vilopana huA hai ve pratiyA~ to bhaviSya meM
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________________ pro. sAgaramala jaina 249 bhI rahegI, ataH bhaviSya meM to yaha saba nizcaya hI vivAda kA kAraNa bnegaa| isaliye aise kisI bhI prayatna se pUrva pUrI sAvadhAnI evaM sajagatA Avazyaka hai| mAtra "saMjada" pada haTa jAne se usa grantha ke yApanIya hone kI jo pahacAna hai, vahI samApta ho jAtI aura jaina paramparA ke itihAsa ke sAtha anartha ho jaataa| uparokta samasta carcA se merA prayojana yaha nahIM hai ki arddhamAgadhI Agama evaM Agama tulya zaurasenI granthoM ke bhASAyI svarUpa kI ekarUpatA evaM unake prAcIna svarUpa ko sthira karane kA koI prayatna hI na ho| merA dRSTikoNa mAtra yaha hai ki usameM vizeSa sartakatA kI AvazyakatA hai| sAtha hI isa prayatna kA pariNAma yaha na ho ki jo paravartI grantha prAcIna arddhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya ke AdhAra para nirmita hue haiM, unakI usa rUpa meM pahacAna hI samApta kara dI jAye aura isa prakAra Aja granthoM ke paurvAparya ke nirdhAraNa kA jo bhASAyI AdhAra hai vaha bhI naSTa ho jaaye| yadi praznavyAkaraNa, nandIsUtra Adi paravartI AgamoM kI bhASA ko prAcIna arddhamAgadhI meM badalA gayA athavA kundakunda ke granthoM kA yA mUlAcAra aura bhagavatIArAdhanA kA pUrNa zaurasenIkaraNa kiyA gayA to yaha ucita nahIM hogA, kyoMki isase unakI pahacAna aura itihAsa hI naSTa ho jaayegaa| jo loga isa parivartana ke pUrNataH virodhI haiM unase bhI maiM sahamata nahIM huuN| maiM yaha mAnatA hU~ AcArAMga, RSibhASita evaM sUtrakRtAMga jaise prAcIna AgamoM kA isa dRSTi se punaH sampAdana honA caahie| isa prakriyA ke virodha meM jo svara ubhara kara sAmane Aye haiM unameM jauharImalajI pArakha kA svara pramukha hai| ve vidvAna adhyetA aura zraddhAzIla donoM hI haiN| phira bhI tulasI-prajJA meM unakA jo lekha prakAzita huA hai usameM unakA vaiduSya zraddhA ke atireka meM daba sA gayA hai| unakA sarvaprathama tarka yaha hai ki Agama sarvajJa ke vacana haiM ataH una para vyAkaraNa ke niyama thope nahIM jA sakate ki ve vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM ke anusAra hI boleN| yaha koI tarka nahIM mAtra unakI zraddhA kA atireka hI hai| prathama prazna to yahI hai ki kyA arddhamAgadhI Agama apane vartamAna svarUpa meM sarvajJa kI vANI hai ? kyA unameM kisI prakAra kA vilopana, prakSepa yA parivartana nahIM huA hai ? yadi aisA hai to unameM aneka sthaloM para atavirodha kyoM hai ? kahIM lokAntika devoM kI saMkhyA ATha hai to kahIM nau kyoM haiM ? kahIM cAra sthAvara aura do vasa hai, kahIM tIna trasa aura tIna sthAvara kahe gaye, to kahIM pA~ca sthAvara aura eka trs| yadi Agama zabdazaH mahAvIra kI vANI hai, to AgamoM aura vizeSa rUpa se aMga AgamoM meM mahAvIra ke tIna sau varSa pazcAt utpanna hue gaNoM ke ullekha kyoM haiM ? yadi kahA jAya ki bhagavAna sarvajJa the aura unhoMne bhaviSya kI ghaTanAoM ko jAnakara yaha ullekha kiyA to prazna yaha ki vaha kathana vyAkaraNa kI dRSTi se bhaviSyakAlika bhASA rUpa meM honA thA vaha bhUtakAla meM kyoM kahA gyaa| kyA bhagavatI meM gozAlaka ke prati jisa aziSTa zabdAvalI kA prayoga huA hai kyA vaha aMza vItarAga bhagavAna mahAvIra kI vANI ho sakatI hai ? kyA Aja praznavyAkaraNadazA, antakRtadazA, anutaropapAtikadazA aura vipAkadazA kI viSayavastu vahI hai, jo sthAnAMka meM ullikhita hai ? tathya yaha hai ki yaha saba parivartana huA hai, Aja hama usase iMkAra nahIM kara sakate haiN|
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________________ 250 jaina AgamoM meM huA bhASika svarUpa parivartana : eka vimarza Aja aise aneka tathya haiM, jo vartamAna AgamasAhitya ko akSarazaH sarvajJa ke vacana mAnane meM bAdhaka hai| paramparA ke anusAra bhI sarvajJa to artha (viSayavastu) ke pravaktA haiM -- zabda rUpa to unako gaNadharoM yA paravartI sthaviroM dvArA diyA gayA hai| kyA Aja hamAre pAsa jo Agama haiM, ve ThIka vaise hI haiM jaise zabda rUpa se gaNadhara gautama ne unheM racA thA ? Agama granthoM meM paravartIkAla meM jo vilopana, parivartana, parivardhana Adi huA aura jinakA sAkSya svayaM Agama hI de rahe haiM, usase kyA hama inkAra kara sakate haiM ? svayaM devadhi ne isa tathya ko svIkAra kiyA hai to phira hama nakArane vAle kauna hote haiN| AdaraNIya pArakhajI likhate haiM-- "paNDitoM se hamArA yahI Agraha rahegA ki kRpayA binA bhela-sela ke vahI pATha pradAna kareM jo tIrthaMkaroM ne artharUpa meM prarUpita aura gaNadharoM ne sUtrarUpa meM saMkalita kiyA thaa| hamAre liye vahI zuddha hai| sarvajJoM ko jisa akSara, zabda, pada, vAkya yA bhASA kA prayoga abhiSTa thA, vaha sUcita kara gaye, aba usameM asarvajJa phera badala nahIM kara sktaa|" unake isa kathana ke prati merA prathama prazna to yahI hai ki Aja taka AgamoM meM jo parivartana hotA rahA vaha kisane kiyA ? Aja hamAre pAsa jo Agama haiM unameM ekarUpatA kyoM nahIM hai ? Aja murzidAbAda, haidarAbAda, bambaI, lAina Adi ke saMskaraNoM meM itanA adhika pATha bheda kyoM hai ? inameM se hama kisa saMskaraNa ko sarvajJa vacana mAne aura Apake zabdoM meM kise bhela-sela kaheM ? merA dUsarA prazna yaha hai ki kyA Aja paNDita AgamoM meM koI bhela-sela kara rahe haiM yA phira ve usake zaddha svarUpa ko sAmane lAnA cAhate haiM ? kisI bhI pAzcAtya saMzodhaka dRSTi sampanna vidvAna ne AgamoM meM koI bhela-sela kiyA ? isakA eka bhI udAharaNa ho to hameM btaayeN| durbhAgya yaha hai ki zuddhi ke prayatna ko bhela-sela kA nAma diyA jA rahA hai aura vyartha meM usakI AlocanA kI jA rahI hai| punaH jahA~ taka merI jAnakArI hai DaoN. candrA ne eka bhI aisA pATha nahIM sujhAyA hai, jo Adarza sammata nahIM hai| unhoMne mAtra yahI prayatna kiyA hai ki jo bhI prAcIna zabda rUpa kisI bhI eka Adarzaprata meM eka-do sthAnoM para bhI mila gaye, unheM AdhAra mAnakara anya sthaloM para bhI vahI prAcIna spa rakhane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| yadi unheM bhela-sela karanA hotA to ve itane sAhasa ke sAtha pUjya munijanoM evaM vidvAnoM ke vicAra jAnane ke liye use prasArita nahIM krte| phira jaba pArakha jI svayaM yaha kahate haiM ki kula 116 pAThabhedoM meM kevala 1 "AusaMteNa" ko chor3akara zeSa 115 mAThabheda aise haiM ki jinase artha meM koI pharka nahIM par3atA -- to phira unhoMne aisA kauna sA aparAdha kara diyA jisase unake zrama kI mUlyavattA kI svIkAra karane ke sthAna para use nakArA jA rahA hai? Aja yadi AcArAMga ke lagabhaga 40 se adhika saMskaraNa haiM-- aura yaha bhI satya hai ki sabhI ne AdarzoM ke AdhAra para hI pATha chApe haiM to phira kise zuddha aura kise azuddha kaheM, kyA sabhI ko samAna rUpa se zuddha mAna liyA jaayegaa| kyA hama vyAvara, jaina vizvabhAratI, lADana aura mahAvIra vidyAlaya vAle saMskaraNoM ko samAna mahattva kA samajhe? bhaya bhela-sela kA nahIM hai bhaya yaha hai ki adhika prAmANika evaM zuddha saMskaraNa ke nikala jAne se pUrva saMskaraNoM kI sampAdana meM rahI kamiyA~ ujAgara ho jAne kA aura yahI khIja kA mUla kAraNa pratIta hotA hai| punaH kyA zraddheya pArakhajI yaha batA sakate haiM ki koI bhI aisI Adarza prati hai, jo pUrNataH zuddha hai -- jaba AdarzoM meM bhinnatA aura azuddhiyA~ haiM, to unheM dUra karane ke liye vyAkaraNa ke atirikta viddhana
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________________ pro. sAgaramala jaina 251 kisakA sahArA leMge ? kyA Aja taka koI bhI Agama grantha binA vyAkaraNa kA sahArA liye mAtra Adarza ke AdhAra para chapA hai| pratyeka sampAdaka vyAkaraNa kA sahArA lekara hI Adarza kI azuddhi ko ThIka karatA hai| yadi ve svayaM yaha mAnate haiM ki AdarzoM meM azuddhiyA~ svAbhAvika haiM, to phira unheM zuddha kisa AdhAra para kiyA jAyegA ? maiM bhI yaha mAnatA hU~ ki sampAdana meM Adarza prati kA AdhAra Avazyaka hai kintu na to mAtra Adarza se aura na mAtra vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM se samAdhAna hotA hai, usameM donoM kA sahayoga Avazyaka hai| mAtra yahI nahIM aneka pratoM ko sAmane rakhakara tulanA karake evaM viveka se bhI pATha zuddha karanA hotA hai| jaisA ki AcArya zrI tulasIjI ne muni zrI jambUvijayajI ko apanI sampAdana zailI kA spaSTIkaraNa karate hue batAyA thaa| AdaraNIya pArakhajI evaM unake dvArA uddhRta muni zrI jambUvijayajI kA yaha kathana ki AgamoM meM anunAsika parasavarNa vAle pATha prAyaH nahIM milate haiN| svayaM hI yaha batAtA hai ki kvacit to milate haiN| punaH isa sambandha meM DaoN. candrA ne Agamodaya samiti ke saMskaraNa, TIkA tathA cUrNi ke saMskaraNoM se pramANa bhI diye haiN| vastutaH lekhana kI suvidhA ke kAraNa hI anunAsika parasavarNa vAle pATha AdarzoM meM kama hote gaye haiN| kintu lokabhASA meM ve Aja bhI jIvita haiN| ataH candrA jI ke kArya ko pramANarahita yA Adarzarahita kahanA ucita nahIM hai| vartamAna meM upalabdha AgamoM ke saMskaraNoM meM lADanU aura mahAvIra vidyAlaya ke saMskaraNa adhika pramANika mAne jAte haiM, kintu unameM bhI "ta" zruti aura "ya" zruti ko lekara yA madhyavartI vyaMjanoM ke lopa sambandhI jo vaividhya hai, vaha na kevala Azcaryajanaka hai, apitu vidvAnoM ke lie cintanIya bhI haiN| yahA~ mahAvIra vidyAlaya se prakAzita sthAnAMgasUtra ke hI eka do udAharaNa Apake sAmane prastuta kara rahA huuN| cattAri vatthA pannattA, tajahA-sutI nAma ege sutI, suI nAma ege asuI, cubhNgo| evAmeva cattAri purisajAtA pannattA, taMjahA sutI NAma ege sutI, ghubhNgo| [caturtha sthAna, prathama uddezaka, sUtrakramAMka 241, pR. 941 isa prakAra yahA~ Apa dekheMge ki eka hI sUtra meM "sutI" aura "suI" donoM rUpa upasthita haiN| isase mAtra zabda-rUpa meM hI bheda nahIM hotA hai, artha bheda bhI ho sakatA hai, kyoMki "sutI" kA artha hai sata se nirmita, jabaki "suI" (zuci) kA artha hai pavitra / isa prakAra isI sUtra meM "NAma" aura "nAma" donoM zabda rUpa eka hI sAtha upasthita haiN| isI sthAnAMgasUtra se eka anya udAharaNa lIjie -- sUtra kramAMka 445, pR. 197 para "nirantha" zabda ke lie prAkRta zabdarUpa "niyaMTha" prayukta hai to satra 446 meM "niggaMtha" aura pAThAntara meM "nitaMTha" rUpa bhI diyA gayA hai| isI grantha meM sUtra saMkhyA 458, pR. 197 para dhammatthikAtaM, adhammatthakAtaM aura AgAsatthikAyaM -- isa prakAra "kAya" zabda ke do bhinna zabda rUpa kAya aura kAtaM diye gaye haiN| yadyapi "ta" zruti prAcIna arddhamAgadhI kI pahacAna hai, kintu prastuta sandarbha meM sutI, nitaMTha
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________________ 252 jaina AgamoM meM huA bhASika svarUpa parivartana : eka vimarza aura kAtaM meM jo "ta" kA prayoga hai vaha mujhe paravartI lagatA hai| lagatA hai ki "ya" zrati ko "ta" zruti meM badalane ke prayatna bhI kAlAntara meM hue aura isa prayatna meM binA artha kA vicAra kiye "ya" ko "ta" kara diyA gayA hai| zuci kA sutI, nirgantha kA nitaMTha aura kAya kA kAtaM kisa prAkRta vyAkaraNa ke niyama se banegA, merI jAnakArI meM to nahIM hai| isase bhI adhika Azcaryajanaka eka udAharaNa hameM harSapuSpAmata jaina granthamAlA dvArA prakAzita niyuktisaMgraha meM oghaniyukti ke prArambhika maMgala meM milatA hai -- namo arihaMtANaM, Namo siddhANaM, Namo AyariyANaM, Namo uvajjhAyaNaM, Namo loe savvasAhUNaM, eso paMcavanamukkAro, svvpaavppnnaasnno| maMgalANaM ca savvesiM, par3hamaM havai maMgalaM / / 1 / / yahA~ hama dekhate haiM ki jahA~ namo arihaMtANaM meM prArambha meM "na" rakhA gayA jabaki Namo siddhANaM se lekara zeSa cAra padoM meM Adi kA "na" "Na" kara diyA gayA hai| kinta "aiso paMcanamukkAro" meM punaH "na" upasthita hai| hama AdaraNIya pArikhajI se isa bAta meM sahamata ho sakate haiM ki bhinna kAloM meM bhinna vyaktiyoM se carcA karate hue prAkRta bhASA ke bhinna zabda rUpoM kA prayoga ho sakatA hai| kintu grantha nirmANa ke samaya aura vaha bhI eka hI sUtra yA vAkyAMza meM do bhinna rUpoM kA prayoga to kabhI bhI nahIM hogaa| punaH yadi hama yaha mAnate haiM ki Agama sarvajJa vacana hai, to jaba sAmAnya vyakti bhI aisA nahIM karatA hai phira sarvajJa kaise karegA ? isa prakAra kI bhinna rUpatA ke lie lekhaka nahIM, apitu pratilipikAra hI uttaradAyI hotA hai| ataH aise pAThoM kA zuddhIkaraNa anucita nahIM kahA jA sktaa| eka hI sUtra meM "sutI" aura "suI", "nAma" aura "NAma", "niyaMTha" aura "niggaMtha", "kAtaM" aura "kAyaM" aise do zabda rUpa nahIM ho skte| unakA pATha saMzodhana Avazyaka hai| yadyapi isameM bhI yaha sAvadhAnI Avazyaka hai ki "ta" zruti kI prAcInatA ke vyAmoha meM kahIM sarvatra "ya" kA "ta" nahIM kara diyA jAve jaise zuci-sui kA "sutI", niggaMtha kA "nitaMTha" athavA kAyaM kA "kAtaM" pATha mahAvIra vidyAlaya vAle saMskaraNa meM hai| hama pArakhajI se isa bAta meM sahamata haiM ki koI bhI pATha Adarza meM upalabdha hue binA nahIM badalA jAya, kintu "Adarza" meM upalabdha hone kA yaha artha nahIM hai ki "sarvatra" aura sabhI "AdarzoM" meM upalabdha ho| hA~ yadi AdarzoM yA Adarza ke aMza meM prAcIna pATha mAtra eka do sthaloM para hI mile aura unakA pratizata 20 se bhI kama ho to vahA~ unheM prAyaH na badalA jaay| kintu yadi unakA pratizata 20 se adhika ho to unheM badalA jA sakatA hai -- zarta yahI ho ki Agama kA vaha aMza paravartI yA prakSipta na ho -- jaise AcArAMga kA dUsarA zrutaskandha yA prshnvyaakrnn| kintu eka hI sUtra meM yadi isa prakAra ke bhinna rUpa Ate haiM to eka sthala para bhI prAcIna rUpa milane para anyatra unheM parivartita kiyA jA sakatA hai| pATha zuddhikaraNa meM dUsarI sAvadhAnI yaha Avazyaka hai ki AgamoM meM kahIM-kahIM prakSipta aMza hai athavA saMgrahaNIyoM aura niyuktiyoM kI anekoM gAthAe~ bhI avatarita kI gayIM, aise sthaloM para pATha-zuddhikaraNa karate samaya prAcIna rUpoM kI upekSA karanA hogA aura Adarza meM upalabdha pATha ko paravartI hote hue bhI yathAvata rakhanA hogaa|
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________________ pro. sAgaramala jaina 253 isa tathya ko hama isa prakAra bhI samajhA sakate haiM ki yadi eka adhyayana, uddezaka yA eka pairAgrApha meM yadi 70 yA 80 pratizata prayoga mahArASTrI yA "ya" zruti ke haiM aura mAtra 10 pratizata prayoga prAcIna arddhamAgadhI ke haiM to vahA~ pATha ke mahArASTrI rUpa ko rakhanA hI ucita hogaa| sambhava hai ki vaha prakSipta rUpa ho, kintu isake viparIta unameM 60 pratizata prAcIna rUpa haiM aura 40 pratizata arvAcIna mahArASTrI ke rUpa haiM, to vahA~ prAcIna rUpa rakhe jA sakate haiN| punaH Agama saMpAdana aura pATha zuddhIkaraNa ke isa upakrama meM diye jAne vAle mUlapATha ko zuddha evaM prAcIna rUpa meM diyA jAya, kintu pAda TippaNiyoM meM sampUrNa pAThAntaroM kA saMgraha kiyA jaay| isakA lAbha yaha hogA ki kAlAntara meM yadi koI saMzodhana kArya kareM to usameM suvidhA ho| anta meM maiM yaha kahanA cAhU~gA ki pro. ke. Ara. candrA apanI aneka sImAoM ke bAvajUda bhI jo yaha atyanta mahattvapUrNa aura zramasAdhya kArya kara rahe haiM, usakI mAtra AlocanA karanA kathApi ucita nahIM hai, kyoMki ve jo kArya kara rahe haiM vaha na kevala karaNIya haiM balki eka sahI dizA dene vAlA kArya hai| hama unheM sujhAva to de sakate haiM, lekina anadhikRta rUpa se yena-kena prakAreNa sarvajJa aura zAstra-zraddhA kI duhAI dekara unakI AlocanA karane kA koI adhikAra nahIM rkhte| kyoMki ve jo bhI kArya kara rahe haiM vaha bauddhika ImAnadArI ke sAtha, nirlipta bhAva se tathA sampradAyagata AgrahoM se Upara uThakara kara rahe haiM, unakI niyata meM bhI koI zaMkA nahIM kI jA sktii| ataH maiM jaina vidyA ke vidvAnoM se namra nivedana karU~gA ki ve zAntacitta se unake prayatnoM kI mUlyavattA ko samajheM aura apane sujhAvoM evaM sahayoga se unheM isa dizA meM protsAhita kreN|
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________________ bhagavAna mahAvIra kI nirvANa tithi para punarvicAra -pro. sAgaramala jaina sAmAnyatayA jaina lekhakoM ne apanI kAla gaNanA ko zaka saMvat se samIkRta karake yaha mAnA hai ki mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke 605 varSa aura pAMca mAha pazcAt zaka rAjA huaa| isI mAnyatA ke AdhAra para vartamAna meM bhI mahAvIra kA nirvANa I.pU. 527 mAnA jAtA hai| Adhunika jaina lekhakoM meM digambara paramparA ke paM. jugalakizorajI mukhtAra evaM zvetAmbara paramparA ke muni zrI kalyANa vijayajI Adi ne bhI vIranirvANa I.pU. 527 varSa meM mAnA hai| lagabhaga 7vIM zatI se kucha apavAdoM ke sAtha isa tithi ko mAnyatA prApta hai| zvetAmbara paramparA meM sarvaprathama "titthogAlI"4 nAmaka prakIrNaka meM aura digambara paramparA meM sarvaprathama "tiloyapaNNatti"5 meM spaSTa rUpa se yaha ullekha milatA hai ki mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke 605 varSa evaM 5 mAha ke pazcAt zaka nRpa huaa| ye donoM grantha IsA kI 6-7vIM zatI meM nirmita hue haiN| isake pUrva kisI bhI grantha meM mahAvIra ke nirvANakAla ko zaka samvat se samIkRta karake unake antara ko spaSTa kiyA gayA ho -- yaha merI jAnakArI meM nahIM hai| kintu itanA nizcita hai ki lagabhaga 6-7vIM zatI se hI mahAvIranirvANa zaka pUrva 605 meM huA thA, yaha eka sAmAnya avadhAraNA rahI hai| isake pUrva kalpasUtra kI sthavirAvalI aura nandIsUtra kI vAcaka vaMzAvalI meM mahAvIra kI paTTaparamparA kA ullekha to hai, kintu inameM AcAryoM ke kAlakrama kI koI carcA nahIM hai| ataH inake AdhAra para mahAvIra kI nirvANa tithi ko nizcita karanA eka kaThina samasyA hai| kalpasUtra meM yaha to ullekha milatA hai ki aba vIranirvANa ke 980 varSa vAcanAntara se 993 varSa vyatIta ho cuke hai| isase itanA hI phalita hotA hai ki vIranirvANa ke 980 yA 993 varSa pazcAt devakSipaNazramaNa ne prastuta grantha kI yaha antima vAcanA prastuta kii| isI prakAra sthAnAMga', bhagavatIsatra aura Avazyakaniyukti meM nihanavoM ke ullekhoM ke sAtha ve mahAvIra ke jIvanakAla aura nirvANa se kitane samaya pazcAt hue haiM -- yaha nirdeza prApta hotA hai| yahIM kucha aise sUtra haiM jinakI bAhya sunizcita samaya vAle sAkSyoM se tulanA karake hI hama mahAvIra kI nirvANa tithi para vicAra kara sakate haiN| mahAvIra kI nirvANa tithi ke prazna ko lekara prArambha se mata-vaibhinya rahe haiN| digambara paramparA ke dvArA mAnya tiloyapaNNatti meM yadyapi yaha spaSTa ullekha hai ki vIranirvANa ke 605 varSa evaM 5 mAsa pazcAt zaka nRpa huA, kintu usameM isa sambandhI nimna cAra matAntaroM kA bhI ullekha milatA hai|10 1. vIra jinendra ke mukti prApta hone ke 461 varSa pazcAt zaka nRpa huaa| 2. vIra bhagavAn ke mukti prApta hone ke 9785 varSa pazcAt zaka nRpa huaa| 3. vIra bhagavAn ke mukti prApta hone ke 14793 varSa pazcAt zaka nRpa huaa| 4. vIra jina ke mukti prApta karane ke 605 varSa evaM 5 mAha pazcAt zaka nRpa huaa|
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________________ 255 bhagavAna mahAvIra kI nirvANa tithi para punarvicAra isake atirikta SaTkhaNDAgama kI "dhavalA" TIkA meM bhI mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke kitane varSoM ke pazcAt zaka (zAlivAhana zaka) nRpa huA, isa sambandha meM tIna matoM kA ullekha huA hai11-- 1. vIranirvANa ke 605 varSa aura pAMca mAha pazcAt / 2. vIranirvANa ke 14793 varSa pshcaat| 3. vIranirvANa ke 7995 varSa aura pAMca mAha pshcaat| zvetAmbara paramparA meM AgamoM kI devarddhi kI antimavAcanA bhagavAna mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke kitane samaya pazcAt huI, isa sambandha meM spaSTatayA do matA kA ullekha milatA hai -- prathama mata use vIranirvANa ke 980 varSa pazcAt mAnatA hai, jabaki dUsarA mata use 993 varSa pazcAt mAnatA hai|12 zvetAmbara paramparA meM candragupta maurya ke rAjyArohaNakAla ko lekara bhI do mAnyatAyeM pAyI jAtI hai| prathama paramparAgata mAnyatA ke anusAra ve vIranirvANa samvat 215 meM rAjyAsIna hue13 jabaki dUsarI hemacandra kI mAnyatA ke anusAra ve vIranirvANa ke 155 varSa pazcAt rAjyAsIna hue| 5 hemacandra dvArA prastuta yaha dUsarI mAnyatA mahAvIra ke I.pU. 527 meM nirvANa prApta karane kI avadhAraNA meM bAdhaka hai| isa vivecana se itanA to spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki mahAvIra kI nirvANa tithi ke sambandha meM prAcInakAla meM bhI vivAda thaa| cU~ki mahAvIra kI nirvANa tithi ke sambandha meM prAcIna Antarika sAkSya sabala nahIM the, ataH pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne bAhya sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para mahAvIra kI nirvANa tithi ko nizcita karane kA prayatna kiyA, pariNAma svarUpa mahAvIra kI nirvANa tithi ke sambandha meM aneka naye mata bhI prakAza meM aaye| mahAvIra kI nirvANa tithi ke sambandha meM vibhinna vidvAnoM ke mata isa prakAra 1. haramana jakobI16 I.pU. 477 inhoMne hemacandra ke pariziSTa parva ke usa ullekha ko prAmANika mAnA hai ki candragupta maurya vIranirvANa ke 155 varSa pazcAt rAjyAsIna huA aura isI AdhAra para mahAvIra kI nirvANa tithi nizcita kii| 2. je. zArapenTiyara17 I.pU. 467 inhoMne bhI hemacandra ko AdhAra banAyA hai aura candragupta maurya ke 155 varSa pUrva mahAvIra kA nirvANa maanaa| 3. paM. e. zAntirAja zAstrI18 I.pU. 663 inhoMne zaka samvat ko vikrama samvat mAnA hai aura vikrama saM. ke 605 varSa pUrva mahAvIra kA nirvANa maanaa|
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________________ pro. sAgaramala jaina 256 4. pro. kAzIprasAda jAyasavAla19 inhoMne apane lekha AiDenTIphikezana Apha kalkI meM mAtra do paramparAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| mahAvIra kI nirvANa tithi kA nirdhAraNa nahIM kiyA hai| 5. esa. vhI. vaikTezvara20 I.pU. 437 inakI mAnyatA ananda vikrama saMvat para AdhArita hai| yaha vikrama saMvat ke 90 varSa bAda pracalita huA thaa| 6. paM. jugalakizorajI mukhtAra21 I.pU. 528 inhoMne aneka tarkoM ke AdhAra para paramparAgata mAnyatA ko puSTa kiyaa| 7. muni zrI kalyANavijaya22 I.pU. 528 inhoMne bhI paramparAgata mAnyatA kI puSTi karate hue usakI asaMgati ke nirAkaraNa kA prayAsa kiyA hai| 8. pro. pI. eca. ela igaramoNTa23 I.pU. 252 inake tarka kA AdhAra jaina paramparA meM tiSyagupta kI saMghabheda kI ghaTanA kA jo mahAvIra ke jIvanakAla meM unake kaivalya ke 16veM varSa meM ghaTita huI, bauddha saMgha meM tiSyarakSitA dvArA bodhi vRkSa ko sukhAne tathA saMghabheda kI ghaTanA se jo azoka ke rAjyakAla meM huI thI samIkRta kara lenA hai| 9. vI.e. smitha24 I.pU. 527 inhoMne sAmAnyatayA pracalita avadhAraNA ko mAnya kara liyA hai| 10. pro. ke.Ara. nAramana25 lagabhaga I.pU. 400 bhagavAna mahAvIra kI nirvANa tithi kA nirdhAraNa karane hetu jaina sAhityika srotoM ke sAtha-sAtha hameM anuzrutiyoM aura abhilekhIya sAkSyoM para bhI vicAra karanA hogaa| pUrvokta mAnyatAoM meM kauna sI mAnyatA prAmANika hai, isakA nizcaya karane ke liye hama tulanAtmaka paddhati kA anusaraNa kareMge aura yathAsambhava abhilekhIya sAkSyoM ko prAthamikatA deNge| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke samakAlika vyaktiyoM meM bhagavAna buddha, bimbasAra, zreNika aura ajAtazatru kUNika ke nAma suparicita haiN| jaina srotoM kI apekSA inake sambandha meM bauddha srota hameM adhika jAnakArI pradAna karate haiN| jaina srotoM ke adhyayana se bhI inakI samakAlikatA para koI sandeha nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| jaina Agama sAhitya buddha ke jIvana vRtAnta ke sambandha meM prAyaH mauna haiM, kintu bauddha tripiTaka sAhitya meM mahAvIra aura buddha kI samakAlika upasthiti ke aneka
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________________ 257 bhagavAna mahAvIra kI nirvANa tithi para punarvicAra sandarbha haiN| kintu yahA~ hama unameM se kevala do prasaMgoM kI carcA kreNge| prathama prasaMga meM dIghanikAya kA vaha ullekha AtA hai jisameM ajAtazatru apane samaya ke vibhinna dharmAcAryoM se milatA hai| isa prasaMga meM ajAtazatru kA mahAmAtya nirgantha jJAtRputra ke sambandha meM kahatA hai -- "he deva ! ya nirgantha jJAtRputra saMgha aura gaNa ke svAmI haiM, gaNa ke AcArya haiM, jJAnI, yazasvI tIrthaMkara haiM, bahuta se logoM ke zraddhAspada aura sajjana mAnya haiN| ye cirapravajita evaM ardhagatavaya (adher3a) haiN|26 tAtparya yaha hai ki ajAtazatru ke rAjyAsIna hone ke samaya mahAvIra lagabhaga 50 varSa ke rahe hoMga, kyoMki unakA nirvANa ajAtazatru koNika ke rAjya ke 22veM varSa meM mAnA jAtA hai| unakI sarva Ayu 72 varSa meM se 22 varSa kama karane para usa samaya ve 50 varSa ke the -- yaha siMddha ho jAtA hai|27 jahA~ taka buddha kA prazna hai ve ajAtazatru ke rAjyAsIna hone ke 8veM varSa meM nirvANa ko prApta hue, aisI bauddha lekhakoM kI mAnyatA hai| isa AdhAra para do tathya phalita hote haiM -- prathama mahAvIra jaba 50 varSa ke the, taba buddha (80-8) 72 varSa ke the arthAt buddha, mahAvIra se umra meM 22 varSa bar3e the| dUsare yaha ki mahAvIra kA nirvANa, buddha ke nirvANa ke (22-8-14) 14 varSa pazcAt huA thaa| jJAtavya hai ki "dIghanikAya" ke isa prasaMga meM jahA~ nirgantha jJAtaputa Adi chahoM tIrthaMkaroM ko ardhavayagata kahA gayA vahA~ gautama buddha kI vaya ke sambandha meM kucha bhI nahIM kahA gayA hai|29 kintu uparokta tathya ke viparIta "dIghanikAya" meM yaha bhI sUcanA milatI hai ki mahAvIra buddha ke jIvanakAla meM hI nirvANa ko prApta ho gaye the| "dIghanikAya" ke ve ullekha nimnAnusAra aisA maiMne sunA -- eka samaya bhagavAn zAkya (deza) meM vedhanjA nAmaka zAkyoM ke Amravana prAsAda meM vihAra kara rahe the| usa samaya nigaNTha nAtapatta (=tIrthaMkara mahAvIra) kI pAvA meM hAla hI meM mRtyu huI thii| unake marane para nigaNThoM meM phUTa ho gaI thI, do pakSa ho gaye the, lar3AI cala rahI thI, kalaha ho rahA thaa| ve loga eka-dUsare ko vacana-rUpI vANoM se bedhate hue vivAda karate the -- "tuma isa dharmavinaya (dharma) ko nahIM jAnate maiM isa dharmavinaya ko jAnatA huuN| tuma bhalA isa dharmavinaya ko kyA jAnoge ? tuma mithyA pratipanna ho ( tumhArA samajhanA galata hai), maiM samyak-pratipanna huuN| merA kahanA sArthaka hai aura tumhArA kahanA nirrthk| jo (bAta) pahale kahanI cAhiye thI vaha tumane pIche kahI aura jo pIche kahanI cAhiye thI, vaha tumane pahale kii| tumhArA vAda binA vicAra kA ulTA hai| tumane vAda ropA, tuma nigraha-sthAna meM A gye| isa AkSepa se bacane ke liye yatna karo, yadi zakti hai to ise suljhaao| mAno nigaNThoM meM yuddha (badha) ho rahA thaa| nigaNTha nAtaputta ke jo zveta-vastradhArI gRhastha ziSya the, ve bhI nigaNTha ke vaise durAkhyAta (ThIka se na kahe gaye), duSpravedita (ThIka se na sAkSAtkAra kiye gaye), a-nairyANika (pAra na lagAne vAle), an-upazama-saMvartanika (na-zAntigAmI), a-samyak-saMbuddha-pravedita (kisI buddha dvArA na sAkSAt kiyA gayA), pratiSThA (nIva)-rahita bhinna-stUpa, Azrayarahita dharma meM
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________________ pro. sAgaramala jaina 258 anyamanaska ho khinna aura virakta ho rahe the|30 isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jahA~ eka ora tripiTaka sAhitya meM mahAvIra ko adheDavaya kA kahA gayA hai, vahIM dUsarI ora buddha ke jIvanakAla meM unake svargavAsa kI sUcanA bhI hai| itanA nizcita hai ki donoM bAteM eka sAtha satya siddha nahIM ho sktiiN| muni kalyANavijayajI Adi ne buddha ke jIvanakAla meM mahAvIra ke nirvANa sambandhI avadhAraNA ko bhrAnta batAyA hai, unhoMne mahAvIra ke kAlakavalita hone kI ghaTanA ko unakI vAstavika mRtyu na mAnakara, unakI mRtyu kA pravAda mAnA hai| jaina AgamoM meM bhI yaha spaSTa ullekha hai ki unake nirvANa ke lagabhaga 16 varSa pUrva unakI mRtyu kA pravAda phaila gayA thA, jise sunakara aneka jaina zramaNa bhI azrupAta karane lage the| cU~ki isa pravAda ke sAtha mahAvIra ke pUrva ziSya maMkhalIgozAla aura mahAvIra evaM unake anya zramaNa ziSyoM ke bIca hue kaTu-vivAda kI ghaTanA jur3I huI thii| ataH dIghanikAya kA prastuta prasaMga ina donoM ghaTanAoM kA eka mizrita rUpa hai| ataH buddha ke jIvanakAla meM mahAvIra kI mRtyu ke dIghanikAya ke ullekha ko unakI vAstavika mRtyu kA ullekha na mAnakara gozAlaka ke dvArA vivAda ke pazcAt pheMkI gaI tejolezyA se utpanna dAha jvAra janya tIvra bImArI ke phalasvarUpa phaile unakI mRtyu ke pravAda kA ullekha mAnanA hogaa| cU~ki buddha kA nirvANa ajAtazatrukuNika ke rAjyAbhiSeka ke AThaveM varSa31 meM huA, ataH mahAvIra kA 22veM varSa meM huA hogaa| ataH itanA nizcita hai ki mahAvIra kA nirvANa buddha ke nirvANa ke 14 varSa bAda huaa| isaliye buddha kI nirvANa kI tithi kA nirdhAraNa mahAvIra kI nirvANa tithi ko prabhAvita avazya kregaa| sarvaprathama hama mahAvIra kI nirvANa tithi kA jainasrotoM evaM abhilekhoM ke AdhAra para nirdhAraNa kareMge aura phira yaha dekheMge ki isa AdhAra para buddha kI nirvANa tithi kyA hogI ? mahAvIra kI nirvANa tithi kA nirdhAraNa karate samaya hameM yaha dekhanA hogA ki AcArya bhadrabAhu aura sthUlabhadra kI mahApadmananda evaM candragupta maurya se, AcArya suhasti kI samprati se, Arya maMkSu ( maMgU), Arya nandila, Arya nAgahasti, AryavRddha evaM Arya kRSNa kI abhilekhoM meM ullekhita unake kAla se tathA Arya devarddhikSamAzramaNa kI vallabhI ke rAja dhruvasena se samakAlInatA kisI prakAra bAdhita nahIM ho| itihAsavida sAmAnyatayA isa sambandha meM eka mata haiM ki candragupta kA rAjyasattAkAla I.pU. 321 se I.pU. 297 taka rahA hai| ataH vahI sattAkAla bhadrabAhu aura sthUlIbhadra kA bhI honA caahiye| yaha eka nirvivAda tathya hai ki candragupta ne nandoM se sattA hastagata kI thI aura antima nanda ke mantrI zakaDAla kA putra sthUlIbhadra thaa| ataH sthUlIbhadra ko candragupta maurya kA kaniSTha samasAmayika aura bhadrabAhu ko candragupta maurya kA variSTha samasAmayika honA caahiye| cAhe yaha kathana pUrNataH vizvasanIya mAnA jAye yA nahIM mAnA jAye ki candragupta maurya ne jaina dIkSA grahaNa kI thI -- phira bhI jaina anuzrutiyoM ke AdhAra para itanA to mAnanA hI hogA ki bhadrabAhu aura sthUlIbhadra candragupta maurya ke samasAmayika the| sthUlIbhadra ke vairAgya kA mukhya kAraNa usake pitA ke prati nandavaMza ke antima zAsaka
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________________ 259 bhagavAna mahAvIra kI nirvANa tithi para punarvicAra mahApadmananda kA durvyavahAra aura unakI ghRNita hatyA mAnI jA sakatI hai|34 punaH sthUlIbhadra bhadrabAhu se nahIM apitu sambhUtivijaya se dIkSita hue the| pATaliputra kI prathama vAcanA ke samaya vAcanA pramukha bhadrabAhu aura sthUlIbhadra na hokara sambhUtivijaya rahe haiM -- kyoMki usa vAcanA meM hI sthUlIbhadra ko bhadrabAhu se pUrva-granthoM kA adhyayana karAne kA nizcaya kiyA gayA thA -- ataH prathama vAcanA nanda zAsana ke hI antima caraNa meM kabhI huI hai| isa prathama vAcanA kA kAla vIranirvANa saMvat.. mAnA jAtA hai| yadi hama eka bAra donoM paramparAgata mAnyatAoM ko satya mAnakara yaha mAneM ki AcArya bhadrabAhu vIranirvANa saM. 156 se 170 taka AcArya rahe35 aura candragupta maurya vIranirvANa saM. 215 meM rAjyAsIna huA to donoM kI sama-sAmayikatA siddha nahIM hotI hai| isa mAnyatA kA phalita yaha hai ki candragupta maurya ke rAjyAsIna hone ke 45 varSa pUrva hI bhadrabAhu svargavAsI ho cuke the| isa AdhAra para sthUlIbhadra candragupta maurya ke lagha sama-sAmayika bhI nahIM raha jAte haiN| ataH hameM yaha mAnanA hogA ki candragupta maurya vIranirvANa ke 155 varSa pazcAt hI rAjyAsIna huaa| himavanta sthavirAvalI 0 evaM AcArya hemacandra ke pariziSTa parva meM bhI yahI tithi mAnI gaI hai| isa AdhAra para bhadrabAhu aura sthalibhadra kI candragupta maurya se sama-sAmayikatA bhI siddha ho jAtI hai| lagabhaga sabhI paTTAvaliyA~ bhadrabAhu ke AcAryatvakAla kA samaya vIranirvANa 156-170 mAnatI haiN|38 digambara paramparA meM bhI tIna kevalI aura pA~ca zrutakevali kA kula samaya 162 varSa mAnA gayA hai| bhadrabAhu antima zrutakevali the ataH digambara paramparAnusAra bhI unakA svargavAsa vIranirvANa saM. 162 mAnanA hogaa| isa prakAra dono paramparAoM ke anusAra bhadrabAhu aura candragupta maurya kI sama-sAmayikatA siddha ho jAtI hai| muni zrI kalyANavijayajI ne candragupta maurya aura bhadrabAhu kI sama-sAmayikatA siddha karane hetu sambhUtivijaya kA AcAryatvakAla 8 varSa ke sthAna para 60 varSa mAna liyaa| isa prakAra unhoMne eka ora mahAvIra kA nirvANa samaya I.pU. 527 mAnakara bhI bhadrabAhu aura candragupta maurya kI sama-sAmayikatA sthApita karane kA prayAsa kiyaa|40 kintu isa sandarbha meM ATha kA sATha mAna lenA unakI apanI kalpanA hai, isakA prAmANika AdhAra upalabdha nahIM hai| sabhI zvetAmbara paTTAvaliyA~ vIranirvANa saM. 170 meM hI bhadrabAhu kA svargavAsa mAnatI haiN| punaH titthogAlI meM bhI yahI nirdiSTa hai ki vIranirvANa saMvat 170 meM caudaha pUrvo ke jJAna kA viccheda (kSaya) prArambha huaa| bhadrabAhu hI antima 14 pUrvadhara the-- unake bAda koI bhI 14 pUrvadhara nahIM huaa| ataH bhadrabAhu kA svargavAsa zvetAmbara paramparA ke anusAra vIranirvANa saM. 170 meM aura digambara paramparA ke anusAra vIranirvANa saM. 162 hI siddha hotA hai aura isa AdhAra para bhadrabAhu evaM sthUlIbhadra kI antima nanda evaM candragupta maurya se sama-sAmayikatA tabhI siddha ho sakatI hai jaba mahAvIra kA nirvANa vikrama pUrva 410 tathA I.pU. 467 mAnA jaaye| anya abhI vikalpoM meM bhadrabAhu evaM sthUlIbhadra kI antima nandarAjA aura candragupta maurya se samakAlikatA ghaTita nahIM ho sakatI hai| "titthogAlI painnayaM" meM bhI sthUlIbhadra aura nandarAjA kI samakAlikatA varNita haiN|42 ataH ina AdhAroM para mahAvIra kA nirvANa I.pU. 467 hI adhika yukti saMgata lagatA hai| punaH Arya suhasti aura samprati rAjA kI samakAlInatA bhI jaina paramparA meM sarvamAnya hai|
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________________ pro. sAgaramala jaina 260 itihAsakAroM ne samprati kA samaya I.pU. 231-221 mAnA hai|43 jaina paTTAvaliyoM ke anusAra Arya suhasti yuga pradhAna AcAryakAla vIranirvANa saM. 245-291 taka rahA hai| yadi hama vIranirvANa I.pU. 527 ko AdhAra banAkara gaNanA kareM to yaha mAnanA hogA ki Arya suhasti I.pU. 282 meM yuga pradhAna AcArya bane aura I.pU. 236 meM svargavAsI ho gye| isa prakAra vIranirvANa I.pU. 527 meM mAnane para Arya suhasti aura samprati rAjA meM kisI bhI rUpa meM samakAlInatA nahIM banatI hai| kintu yadi hama vIranirvANa I.pU. 467 mAnate haiM to Arya suhasti AcArya kAla 467-245 I.pU. 222 se prArambha hotA hai| isase samakAlikatA to bana jAtI hai-- yadyapi AcArya ke AcAryatvakAla meM samprati kA rAjyakAla lagabhaga 1 varSa hI rahatA hai| kintu Arya suhasti kA samparka samprati se usake yauvarAjya kAla meM, jaba vaha avanti kA zAsaka thA, taba huA thA aura sambhava hai ki taba Arya suhasti saMgha ke yuga pradhAna AcArya na hokara bhI prabhAvazAlI muni rahe ho| jJAtavya hai ki Arya suhasti sthUlIbhadra se dIkSita hue the| paTTAvaliyoM ke anusAra sthUlibhadra kI dIkSA vIranirvANa saM. 146 meM huI thI aura svargavAsa vIranirvANa 215 meM huA thaa| isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki candragupta maurya ke rAjyAbhiSeka ke 9 varSa pUrva antima nanda rAjA (nava nanda) ke rAjyakAla meM ve dIkSita ho cuke the| yadi paTTAvalI ke anusAra Arya suhasti kI sarva Ayu 100 varSa aura dIkSA Ayu 30 varSa mAneM to ve vIranirvANa saM. 221 arthAt I.pU. 246 (vIranirvANa I.pU. 467 mAnane para) meM dIkSita hue haiN| isase Arya suhasti kI samprati se samakAlikatA to siddha ho jAtI hai kintu unheM sthUlIbhadra kA hasta-dIkSita mAnane meM 6 varSa kA antara AtA hai, kyoMki unake dIkSita hone ke 6 varSa pUrva hI vIranirvANa se 215 meM sthUlIbhadra kA svargavAsa ho cukA thaa| sambhAvanA yaha bhI ho sakatI hai ki suhasti 30 varSa kI Ayu ke sthAna para 23-24 varSa meM hI dIkSita ho gaye hoN| phira bhI yaha sunizcita hai ki paTTAvaliyoM ke ullekhoM ke AdhAra para Arya suhasti aura saMprati kI samakAlInatA vIranirvANa I.pU. 467 para hI sambhava hai| usake pUrva I.pU. 527 meM athavA usake pazcAt kI kisI bhI tithi ko mahAvIra kA nirvANa mAnane para yaha samakAlInatA sambhava nahIM hai| isa prakAra "bhadrabAhu aura sthUlibhadra kI mahApadmananda aura candragupta maurya se tathA Arya suhastI kI samprati se samakAlInatA vIranirvANa I.pU. 467 mAnane para siddha kI jA sakatI hai| anya sabhI vikalpoM meM inakI samakAlikatA siddha nahIM hotI hai| ataH merI dRSTi meM mahAvIra kA nirvANa I.pU. 467 mAnanA adhika yukti saMgata hogaa| aba hama kucha abhilekhoM ke AdhAra para bhI mahAvIra ke nirvANa samaya para vicAra kareMge -- mathurA ke abhilekhoM4 meM ullekhita pA~ca nAmoM meM se nandisUtra sthavirAvalI45 ke Arya maMgu, Arya nandila aura Arya hasti (hasta hasti)-- ye tIna nAma tathA kalpasUtra sthavirAvalI ke Arya kRSNa aura Arya vRddha ye do nAma milate haiN| paTTAvaliyoM ke anusAra Arya maMgu kA yuga-pradhAna AcAryakAla vIranirvANa saMvat 451 se 470 taka mAnA gayA hai|47 vIranirvANa I.pU. 467 mAnane para inakA kAla I.pU. 16 se I.san 3 taka aura vIranirvANa I.pU. 527 mAnane para inakA kAla I.pU. 76 se I.pU. 57 AtA hai| jabaki abhilekhIya
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________________ 261 bhagavAna mahAvIra kI nirvANa tithi para punarvicAra AdhAra para inakA kAla zaka saM. 52 (huviSka varSa 52 ) arthAt I. san 130 AtA hai 48 arthAt inake paTTAvalI aura abhilekha ke kAla meM vIranirvANa I. pU. 527 mAnane para lagabhaga 200 varSoM kA antara AtA hai aura vIranirvANa I.pU. 467 mAnane para bhI lagabhaga 127 varSa kA antara to banA hI rahatA hai / aneka paTTAvaliyoM meM Arya maMgu kA ullekha bhI nahIM hai / ataH unake kAla ke sambandha meM paTTAvalIgata avadhAraNA prAmANika nahIM hai / punaH Arya maMgu kA nAma mAtra jisa nandIsUtra sthavirAvalI meM hai aura yaha sthavirAvalI bhI guru-ziSya paramparA kI sUcaka nahIM hai| ataH bIca meM kucha nAma chUTane kI sambhAvanA hai jisakI puSTi svayaM muni kalyANavijayajI ne bhI kI hai| 49 isa prakAra Arya maMgu ke abhilekhIya sAkSya ke AdhAra para mahAvIra ke nirvANa kAla kA nirdhAraNa sambhava nahIM hai / kyAMki isa AdhAra para I. pU. 527 kI paramparAgata mAnyatA I.pU. 467 kI vidvanmAnya mAnyatA donoM hI satya siddha nahIM hotI hai / abhilekha evaM paTTAvalI kA samIkaraNa karane para isase vIranirvANa I.pU. 360 ke lagabhaga phalita hotA hai / isa anizcatA kA kAraNa Arya maMgu ke kAla ko lekara vividha bhrAntiyoM kI upasthiti hai| jahA~ taka Arya nandila kA prazna hai hameM unake nAma kA ullekha bhI nandisUtra meM milatA hai / nandisUtra meM unakA ullekha Arya maMgu ke pazcAt aura Arya nAgahasti ke pUrva milatA hai 50 mathurA 'ke abhilekhoM meM nandika (nandila) kA eka abhilekha zaka samvat 32 kA hai| dUsare zaka saM. 93 ke lekha meM nAma spaSTa nahIM hai, mAtra "ndi" milA hai| 51 Arya nandila kA ullekha prabandhakoza evaM kucha prAcIna paTTAvaliyoM meM bhI hai kintu kahIM para bhI unake samaya kA ullekha nahIM hone se isa abhilekhIya sAkSya ke AdhAra para mahAvIra ke nirvANakAla kA nirdhAraNa sambhava nahIM hai / --- aba hama nAgahasti kI ora Ate haiN| sAmAnyatayA sabhI paTTAvaliyoM meM Arya vajra kA svargavAsa vIranirvANa saM. 584 meM mAnA gayA hai| Arya vajra ke pazcAt 13 varSa Arya rakSita, 20 varSa puSyamitra aura 3 varSa vajrasena yugapradhAna rahe arthAt vIranirvANa saM. 620 meM vajrasena kA svargavAsa huaa| merutuMga kI vicArazreNI meM isake bAda Arya nirvANa 621 se 690 taka yugapradhAna rhe| 52 yadi mathurA abhilekha ke hastahasti hI nAgahasti ho to mAdhahasti ke guru ke rUpa meM unakA ullekha zaka saM. 54 ke abhilekha meM milatA hai arthAt ve I. san 132 ke pUrva hue haiN| yadi hama vIranirvANa I.pU. 467 mAnate haiM to unakA yuga pradhAna kAla I. san 154-223 AtA hai| abhilekha unake ziSya ko I. san 132 meM hone kI sUcanA detA hai yadyapi yaha mAnakara santoSa kiyA jA sakatA hai yuga pradhAna hone ke 22 varSa pUrva unhoMne kisI ko dIkSita kiyA hogaa| yadyapi inakI sarvAyu 100 varSa mAnane para taba unakI Ayu mAtra 11 varSa hogI aura aisI sthiti meM unake upadeza se kisI kA dIkSita honA aura usa dIkSita ziSya ke dvArA mUrti pratiSThA honA asambhava sA lagatA hai| kintu yadi hama paramparAgata mAnyatA ke AdhAra para vIranirvANa ko zaka saMvat 605 pUrva yA I. pU. 527 mAnate haiM to paTTAvalIgata ullekhoM aura abhilekhIya sAkSyoM meM saMgati baiTha jAtI hai| isa AdhAra para unakA yuga pradhAna kAla zaka saM. 16 se zaka
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________________ pro. sAgaramala jaina 262 saM. 85 ke bIca AtA hai aura aisI sthiti meM zaka saM. 54 meM unake kisI ziSya ke upadeza se mUrti pratiSThA honA sambhava hai| yadyapi 69 varSa taka unakA yuga pradhAnakAla mAnanA sAmAnya buddhi se yukti saMgata nahIM lagatA hai| ataH nAgahasti sambandhI yaha abhilekhIya sAkSya paTTAvalI kI sUcanA ko satya mAnane para mahAvIra kA nirvANa I.pU. 527 mAnane ke pakSa meM jAtA hai| ____punaH mathurA ke eka abhilekhayukta aMkana meM AryakRSNa kA nAma sahita aMkana pAyA jAtA hai| yaha abhilekha zaka saMvat 95 kA hai| yadi hama AryakRSNa kA samIkaraNa kalpasUtra sthavirAvalI meM zivabhUti ke bAda ullikhita AryakRSNa se karate hai54 to paTTAvaliyoM evaM vizeSAvazyaka bhASya ke AdhAra para inakA sattA samaya vIranirvANa saM. 609 ke Asa-pAsa nizcita hotA hai| kyoMki inhIM AryakRSNa aura zivabhUti ke vastra sambandhI vivAda ke pariNAma svarUpa boTika nihanva kI utpatti huI thI aura isa vivAda kA kAla vIranirvANa saMvat 609 sunizcita hai| vIranirvANa I.pU. 467 mAnane para usa abhilekha kAla kA 609-4673142 I. AtA hai| yaha abhilekhayukta aMkana 95+78=173 I. kA hai| cUMki aMkana meM AryakRSNa ko eka ArAdhya ke rUpa aMkita karavAyA gayA hai| yaha svAbhAvika hai ki unakI hI ziSya paramparA ke kisI Arya arha dvArA I.sana 173 meM yaha aMkana unake svargavAsa ke 20-25 varSa bAda hI huA hogaa| isa prakAra yaha abhilekhIya sAkSya vIranirvANa saMvat I.pU. 467 mAnane para hI anya sAhityika ullekhoM se saMgati rakha sakatA hai, anya kisI vikalpa se isakI saMgati baiThAnA sambhava nahIM hai| mathurA abhilekhoM meM eka nAma AryavRddhahasti kA bhI milatA hai| inake do abhilekha milate haiN| eka abhilekha zaka saM. 60 (huviSka varSa 60) aura dUsarA zaka saM. 79 kA hai| IsvI san kI dRSTi se ye donoM abhilekha I. san 138 aura I.san 157 ke haiN| yadi ye vRddhahasti hI kalpasUtra sthavirAvalI ke AryavRddha aura paTTAvaliyoM ke vRddhadeva hoM to paTTAvaliyoM ke anusAra unhoMne vIranirvANa 695 meM koraMTaka meM pratiSThA karavAI thii| yadi hama vIranirvANa I.pU. 467 mAnate haiM to yaha kAla 695-467=218 I. AtA hai| ataH vIranirvANa I.pU. 527 mAnane para isa abhilekhIya sAkSya aura paTTAvalIgata mAnyatA kA samIkaraNa ThIka baiTha jAtA hai| paTTAvalI meM vRddha kA krama 25vA~ hai| pratyeka AcArya kA ausata sattA kAla 25 varSa mAnane para inakA samaya vIranirvANa I.pU. 467 mAnane para bhI abhilekha se vIranirvANa 625 AyegA aura taba 625-4673158 I. saMgati baiTha jaayegii| antima sAkSya jisa para mahAvIra kI nirvANa tithi kA nirdhAraNa kiyA jA sakatA hai, vaha hai mahArAja dhruvasena ke abhilekha aura unakA kaal| paramparAgata mAnyatA yaha hai ki vallabhI kI vAcanA ke pazcAt sarvaprathama kalpasUtra kI sabhA ke samakSa vAcanA Anandapura (baDanagara) meM mahArAja dhruvasena ke putra-maraNa ke duHkha ko kama karane ke liye kI gyii| yaha kAla vIranirvANa saM. 980 yA 993 mAnA jAtA hai| dhruvasena ke aneka abhilekha upalabdha haiN| dhruvasena prathama kA kAla I.saM. 525 se 550 taka mAnA jAtA hai| yadi yaha ghaTanA unake rAjyArohaNa ke dvitIya varSa I.san 526 kI ho to mahAvIra kA nirvANa 993-5263469 I.pU. siddha hotA hai|
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________________ 263 bhagavAna mahAvIra kI nirvANa tithi para punarvicAra isa prakAra ina pA~ca abhilekhIya sAkSyoM meM tIna to aise avazya haiM, jinase mahAvIra kA nirvANa I.pU. 467 siddha hotA hai| jabaki do aise haiM jinase vIranirvANa I. pU. 527 bhI siddha ho sakatA hai| eka abhilekha kA inase koI saMgati nahIM hai| ve asaMgatiyA~ isaliye bhI hai ki paTTAvaliyoM meM AcAryoM kA jo kAla diyA gayA hai usakI prAmANikatA sandigdha hai aura Aja hamAre pAsa aisA koI AdhAra nahIM hai jisake AdhAra para isa asaMgati ko samApta kiyA jA ske| phira bhI isa vivecanA meM hama yaha pAte haiM ki adhikAMza sAhityika evaM abhilekhIya sAkSya mahAvIra ke nirvANa kAla ko I. pU. 467 mAnane kI hI puSTi karate haiN| aisI sthiti meM buddha nirvANa I.pU. 482, jise adhikAMza pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne mAnya kiyA hai, mAnanA hogA aura tabhI yaha siddha hogA ki buddha ke nirvANa ke lagabhaga 15 varSa pazcAt mahAvIra kA nirvANa 'huaa|
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________________ sandarbha 1 (a). NivvANe vIra jiNe chavvAsasadesu pNcvrisesu| paNamAsesu gadesu saMjAdo sagaNio ahvaa|| -- tiloyapaNNatti, 4/1499 (ba) paMca ya mAsA paMca ya vAsA chacceva hoMti vaassyaa| pariNivvuassa'rihato so upNaNNo sago raayaa|| -- titthogAlI painnaya 623 2. paM. jugalakizorajI mukhtAra, jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa para vizada prakAza, zrI vIrazAsana saMgha, kalakattA, 1956, pR. 26-44, 45-46 3. muni kalyANavijaya, vIranirvANa saMvat aura jaina kAlagaNanA, prakAzaka ka.vi. zAstra samiti, jAlaura (mAravAr3a), pR. 159 4. titthogAlI painnayaM (gAthA 623), paiNNayasuttAI, saM. muni puSyavijaya, prakAzaka zrI mahAvIra jaina vidyAlaya, bambaI, 400036 5. tiloyapaNNatti, 4/1499 saM. pro. hIrAlAla jaina, jaina saMskRtirakSaka saMgha zolApura, 6. kalpasUtra, 147, pR. 145, anuvAdaka mANikamuni, prakAzaka -- sobhAgamala harakAvata, ajamera 7. ThANaM ( sthAnAMga), aguMsuttANi bhAga 1, AcArya tulasI, jainavizvabhAratI, lADana 7/141 8. bhagavaI 9/222-229 (aMgasuttANi bhAga 2 -- AcArya tulasI, jainavizvabhAratI lADanU) bahuraya paesa avvattasamucchAdugatiga abaddhiyA cev| sattee NiNhagA khalu titthami u vddhmaannss|| bahuraya jamAlipabhavA jIvapaesA ya tiisguttaao| avvattASSsADhAo saamuccheyaaSSsmittaao|| gaMgAo dokiriyA chalugA terAsiyANa uppttii| therAya goTThamAhila puTThamabaddhaM pruviNti||| sAvatthI usabhapura seyaviyA mihila ullugaatiirN| purimaMtaraMji dasapura rahavIrapuraM ca ngraai|| coddasa solasa vAsA cauddasavIsuttarA ya doNNi syaa| aTThAvIsA ya duve paMceva sayA u coyaalaa|| paMca sayA culasIyA chacceva sayA NavottarA hoti| NANupattIya duve uppaNNA Nivvue sesA / / -- Avazyakaniyukti 778-783 [niyuktisaMgraha -- saM. vijayajinasena sUrIzvara harSapuSyAmRta, jainagranthamAlA, lAkhA bAkhala, saurASTa, 19893
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________________ jaina-jagata pArzvanAtha zodhapITha parisara, janavarI-mArca 1994 7-8 evaM 9 mArca ko jabalapura vizvavidyAlaya, jabalapura ke darzana vibhAga meM yU.jI.sI. yojanAntargata zikSakoM hetu saMcAlita oriyanTezana korsa meM pro. sAgaramala jaina (nidezaka), pArzvanAtha zodhapITha, vArANasI ne jaina "pramANa-mImAMsA" para tIna vyAkhyAna diye| 25 evaM 26 mArca ko gujarAta vidyApITha, ahamadAbAda dvArA Ayojita seminAra meM pro. sAgaramala jaina (nidezaka), pArzvanAtha zodhapITha, vArANasI ne "jaina AgamoM meM mUlyAtmaka zikSA aura vartamAna sandarbha" zIrSaka zodha-patra pddh'aa| 5-6 evaM 7 mArca ko pArzvanAtha zodhapITha parisara meM "rASTrIya mAnava saMskRti zodha saMsthAna" dvArA Ayojita "dharma evaM samAja : prAcInakAla se Adhunika yuga taka" viSayaka tri-divasIya goSThI meM pro. sAgaramala jaina (nidezaka), pArzvanAtha zodhapITha, vArANasI ne viSaya-pravartana kiyaa| DaoN. vilAsa AdinAtha saMgave puraskRta jainavidyA ke variSTha vidvAn DaoN. vilAsa AdinAtha saMgave (kolhApura) ko ahiMsA iNTaranezanala dvArA 30 janavarI 1994 ko ahiMsA iNTaranezanala DipTImala jaina puraskAra (ru. 15,000) se dillI meM 30 janavarI ko guru nAnaka phAuNDezana sabhAgAra meM samAroha pUrvaka puraskRta kiyA gyaa| samAroha meM rASTrasaMta AcArya zrI vidyAnanda jI evaM vizvadharma preraka AcArya zrI suzIla kumAra (divaMgata, apraila 1994) ke sAnnidhya meM bhUtapUrva kendrIya mantrI evaM adhyakSa, vitta Ayoga zrI ke.sI. panta dvArA puraskAra pradAna kiyA gyaa| samAroha kI adhyakSatA zrI caratIlAla goyala, adhyakSa dillI vidhAnasabhA ne kii|
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________________ amRta-mahotsava pArzvanAtha zodhapITha ke mAnada mantrI, prasiddha udyogapati evaM samAja-sevI mAnanIya bhUpendranAtha jaina kA amRta mahotsava (75vIM varSagA~Tha) dinAMka 15 disambara, 1993 ko nyUkema limiTeDa, pharIdAbAda meM atyanta harSollAsa ke sAtha sampanna huaa| samAroha meM iSTa-mitroM, parijanoM, pharIdAbAda jaina samAja ke gaNamAnya vyaktiyoM tathA nyUkema limiTeDa ke padAdhikAriyoM ke sAtha-sAtha pArzvanAtha zodhapITha prabandha samiti ke pUrva adhyakSa zrI vijayakumArajI motIvAlA (dillI), upAdhyakSa zrI sumatiprakAzajI, koSAdhyakSa zrI rAjakumArajI jaina evaM pArzvanAtha zodhapITha ke nidezaka pro. sAgaramala jaina upasthita the| pArzvanAtha zodhapITha kI tarapha se zrI vijayakamAra jaina motIvAlA aura upAdhyakSa zrI samati prakAza ne kramazaH abhinandana-patra aura zaoNla bheMTa kI, abhinandana-patra kA vAcana pro. sAgaramala jaina ne kiyaa| isa avasara para nyUkema parivAra kI ora se pArzvanAtha zodhapITha ko pacahattara hajAra rupayA bheMTa kiye gye| AdaraNIya zrI bhUpendranAthajI jaina evaM unake parivAra kA saMsthA ke saMcAlana, sampoSaNa evaM vikAsa meM pUrNa yogadAna rahA hai| Apake pitA sva. zrI lAlA harajasarAya jI isa saMsthAna kI sthApanA se lekara san 1975 taka (lagabhaga 40 varSa) kI sudIrgha avadhi taka isake mAnada maMtrI rheN| isake pazcAt mantrI-pada kA dAyitva zrI bhUpendranAthajI ke kandhoM para hai| unake kAryakAla meM huI saMsthAna kI ullekhanIya pragati samAja ke samakSa hai| isa punIta avasara para pArzvanAtha zodhapITha parivAra unake samRddha jIvana evaM dIrghAyu kI kAmanA karatA hai|
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________________ saMgoSThI "dharma evaM samAja" viSayaka tri-divasIya akhila bhAratIya saMgoSThI kA Ayojana pArzvanAtha zodhapITha parisara meM dinAMka 5-6 mArca 1994 ko "rASTrIya mAnava saMskRti zodha saMsthAna, saMkaTamocana roDa, laMkA, vArANasI ke tattvAvadhAna meM kiyA gyaa| isa saMgoSThI ke nidezaka pro. hIrAlAla siMhajI, saMyojaka pro. sAgaramala jainajI (nidezaka), pArzvanAtha zodhapITha, vArANasI, saha-saMyojaka DaoN. jhinakU yAdava (maMtrI), mAnava saMskRti zodha saMsthAna, DaoN. mArutinandana prasAda tivArI (rIDara), kalA evaM itihAsa, kA.hi. vi.vi. the| saMgoSThI ke udghATana samAroha meM mukhya atithi mAnanIya zrI candrajIta yAdava (saMsada sadasya), saMgoSThI nidezaka pro. hIrAlAla siMhajI, samAroha kI adhyakSatA kara rahe pro. ke.pI. siMha aura viSaya pravartaka pro. sAgaramala jaina, sabhI ke "dharma evaM samAja" para sAragarmita evaM vidvattApUrNa vaktavyoM kI sabhI logoM dvArA sarAhanA kI gii| saMgoSThI ke 5 satroM meM lagabhaga 40 zodha-patroM kA vAcana huaa| isameM pro. revatIramaNa pANDeya, pro. vinodacandra zrIvAstava (kA.hi.vi.vi., vArANasI), pro. vivekAnanda jhA, DaoN. rAjakumAra, DaoN. saMghamitrA (bhAratIya itihAsa evaM anusandhAna pariSada, dillI), pro. mahendrapratApa siMha, DaoN. maheza vikrama siMha (kAzI vidyApITha) ke atirikta bahuta se sthAnIya evaM bAhara ke vidvAnoM ne bhAga liyaa| DaoN. nemicandra zAstrI smRti grantha jainavidyA ke manISI DaoN. nemicandra zAstrI ke bahuAyAmI sAhityika evaM zodha avadAna va sevAoM ke smaraNa svaspa unake saMsmaraNIya udAra vyaktitva ke anuspa hI pUrva nirNayAnusAra DaoN. nemicandra zAstrI smRti grantha ke prakAzana kA kArya pUjya upAdhyAya zrI jJAnasAgarajI mahArAja kI preraNA se zIghra hI Arambha ho rahA hai| vidvAnoM se anurodha hai ki DaoN. zAstrI ke viSaya meM abhI taka jina sajjanoM ne zraddhAMjaliyA kavitAyeM, puNya-saMsmaraNa athavA zodhaparaka, maulika-nibandha Adi na bheje hoM to ve apanI racanAyeM pradhAna sampAdaka DaoN. rAjArAma jaina, mahAjana TolI naM. 2, ArA (bihAra) 802301 ke pAsa zIghra bhejeN|
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________________ Agama, ahiMsA-samatA evaM prAkRta saMsthAna, udayapura udayapura varSAvAsa kI avadhi san 1981 meM samatA vibhUti AcArya zrI nAnAlAla jI ma.sA. kI preraNA se udayapura zrI saMgha evaM mohanalAla sukhAr3iyA vizvavidyAlaya, udayapura ke jainavidyA se jur3e vidvAnoM ke prayAsa kI pariNati svarUpa yaha saMsthAna akhila bhAratIya sAdhumArgI jainasaMgha, bIkAnera kI pramukha pravRttiyoM meM se eka hai| isakA udadezya ahiMsA evaM samatA darzana kI pRSThabhUmi meM jaina sAhitya ke adhyayana, zikSaNa evaM anusandhAna kI pravRtti ko vikasita karanA, jainavidyA ke vidvAna taiyAra karanA, jaina sAhitya ko Adhunika zailI meM sampAdita evaM anuvAdita kara prakAzita karanA hai| yaha saMsthAna, jaina viSayoM para zodha karane vAle chAtroM ko suvidhAyeM pradAna karatA hai aura samaya-samaya para jainavidyA para magoSThiyA, vyAkhyAna, samAroha Adi Ayojita karatA hai| saMsthAna kA saMcAlana jaina samAja kI pratiSThita vibhUtiyoM dvArA ho rahA hai| sarvazrI gumAnamala coraDiyA (adhyakSa), jayapura, zrI sonalAla sipAnI, baMgalaura, zrI anUpacanda seThiyA (upAdhyakSa ), bIkAnera, zrI saradAramala kAMkariyA (mahAmaMtrI), kalakattA aura zrI umarAvamala DhaDDhA (koSAdhyakSa ), jayapura prabandha samiti kA saMcAlana kara rahe haiN| saMsthAna kI akAdamIya gatividhiyA, saMsthAna ke zaikSaNika parAmarzadAtA pro. komalacanda sogAnI, jayapura, mAnada nidezaka pro. sAgaramala jaina (nidezaka), pArzvanAtha zodhapITha, vArANasI, mAnada saha-nidezikA DaoN. suSamA saMghavI, udayapura ke kuzala nirdezana meM saMcAlita ho rahI hai| saMsthAna eka samRddha pustakAlaya ke nirmANa kI ora prayAsarata hai| vartamAna meM saMsthAna ke pustakAlaya meM 3000 prakAzita pustakeM aura 1500 hastalikhita pANDulipiyA~ haiN| sthApanA ke prArambhika varSoM (1982-87) meM saMsthAna dvArA vibhinna Agama granthoM-- AcArAMgasUtra, bhagavatIsUtra, jJAtAdharmakathA, antakRddazAsUtra, uttarAdhyayanasUtra, kalpasUtra kA mUlAnusArI anuvAda, pAribhASika zabdoM kA
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________________ vivecana aura pariziSTa sahita saMkalana kA kArya kiyA gyaa| isake pazcAt saMsthAna dvArA samasta prakIrNaka sAhitya ke hindI anuvAda sahita prakAzana kA kArya Arambha kiyA gyaa| alpasamaya meM hI 5 prakIrNakoM, 2 zodha-prabandhoM sahita 9 granthoM kA prakAzana saMsthAna dvArA kiyA gayA hai| pro. sAgaramala jaina ke sampAdakatva meM Agama saMsthAna granthamAlA saM. 1, 5, 6, 7, 8 ke rUpa meM kramazaH "devendrastava", "taMdulavaicArika", "candrAvedhyaka", "mahApratyAkhyAna" aura "dIpasAgara prajJapti" hindI anuvAda sahita prakAzita hai| prathama do prakIrNaka saMsthAna ke zodhAdhikArI DaoN. subhASa koThArI evaM zeSa tIna zodhAdhikArI DaoN. sureza sisodiyA dvArA anUdita haiN| granthamAlA saM. 2 aura 9 ke rUpa meM do grantha "upAsakadazAMga aura usakA zrAvakAcAra", "jainadharma ke sampradAya" kramazaH DaoN. subhASa koThArI aura DaoN. sareza sisodiyA ke pI-eca.DI. zodha-prabandha haiN| isake atirikta AcArya nAneza kI pustaka kA zrI eca.esa. sarupariyA dvArA kRta aMgrejI anuvAda "ikvenimiTI, philAsaphI eNDa praikTisa", DaoN. premasumana jaina aura DaoN. subhASa koThArI sampAdita "prAkRta bhAratI" bhI saMsthAna dvArA prakAzita hai| saMcAlakoM ke prayAsa se jainavidyA ke kSetra meM yaha saMsthAna apanA mahattvapUrNa sthAna banAye, yahI hamArI zubhAzaMsA hai| madrAsa meM dhArmika zikSaNa zivira kA Ayojana (17 apraila-30 maI 1994) dakSiNa bhArata jaina svAdhyAyasaMgha dvArA 17 apraila, 1994 se 30 maI, 1994 ke madhya alaga-alaga tithiyoM para madrAsa mahAnagara ke vibhinna kSetroM-- tAmbaram, AlandUra, ambatura, sAhUkArapeTa, pallAvarama, rAyapeTA, AvaDI, perambura, reDahilsa, porUra Adi meM grISma kAlIna dhArmika zikSaNa zivira Ayojita kiye jA rahe haiN|
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________________ samagra jaina cAturmAsa sUcI 1994 kA prakAzana akhila bhAratIya samagra jaina cAturmAsa sUcI prakAzana pariSad, bambaI dvArA pariSada adhyakSa zrI dIpacanda gArDI evaM mahAmantrI zrI zAntilAla chAjer3a jaina ke sadprayAsoM se samagra jaina samAja ke lagabhaga 11 hajAra jaina sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ke prativarSa hone vAle cAturmAsoM evaM samAja kI sabhI gatividhiyoM kI jAnakArI dene vAlI "samagra jaina cAturmAsa sUcI" kA prakAzana vigata 15 varSoM kI bhA~ti isa varSa bhI karane kA nizcaya kiyA gayA hai| samagra jaina cAturmAsa sUcI 1994 evaM cArTa ke prakAzana hetu pariSada ke padAdhikAriyoM ne cAturmAsa vyavasthA se sambandhita sabhI saMsthAoM evaM padAdhikAriyoM se anurodha kiyA hai ki ve tatsambandhita sUcanAyeM sampAdaka zrI bAbUlAla jaina "ujjva la" ke pAsa bhejeN| sUcanA ke lie sabhI santa-satiyoM ke pUre ThANAoM ke nAma, unake sampradAya, gaccha, samudAya kA nAma, cAturmAsa sthala kA nAma, samparka sUtra, phona naM., tAra kA patA Adi, navadIkSita saMta-satiyoM ke nAma, sthala evaM tArIkha sthAnIya saMgha ke adhyakSa, mantrI kA nAma, patA, phona naM. evaM yAtAyAta sAdhanoM kA vivaraNa bhejeN| samparkasUtra -- zrI bAbUlAla jaina, ujjvala 105, tirupati apArTamaNTa AkurlI, krAsa roDa naM. 9 kAMdivilI (pUrva) bambaI 400101, phona naM. 8871278
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________________ ahiMsA iNTaranezanala puraskAra yojanA ahiMsA iNTaranezanala dvArA jaina sAhitya tathA zAkAhAra evaM jIva-rakSA ke lie kiye gaye kAryoM ke protsAhana hetu tIna puraskAra pradAna kiye jAte haiN| racanAtmaka jaina sAhitya ke lie 15,000 ke "ahiMsA iNTaranezanala DipTImala jaina puraskAra", tathA zAkAhAra evaM jIva-rakSA ke lie do puraskAroM 11,000 ke "ahiMsA iNTaranezanala bhagavAnadAsa zobha lAla jaina zAkAhAra jIva-rakSA puraskAra" tathA 5000 ke "ahiMsA iNTaranezanala raghuvIra siMha jaina jIva-rakSA zAkAhAra puraskAra" hetu vidvAnoM tathA kAryakartAoM ke nAma 30 jUna 1994 taka Amantrita kiye jAte haiN| sAhitya puraskAra hetu vidvAna kI prastAvita ekala prakAzita pustaka athavA sampUrNa prakAzita pustakoM meM do zreSTha pustakoM ko lekhaka ke pUre jIvana-paricaya, pate tathA unake dvArA krama se likhita pustakoM kI sUcI bhejanA Avazyaka hai| isa puraskAra ke lie nAma kA sujhAva svayaM lekhaka/prakAzaka/saMsthAoM se A sakatA hai| zAkAhAra jIva-rakSA puraskAra ke lie isa kSetra meM kArya kara rahe kAryakartA kA pUrA jIvana paricaya ina kSetroM meM upalabdhiyoM sahita prApta honA caahie| puraskAra hetu nAmoM kA cayana cayanasamiti dvArA kiyA jaayegaa| samparka sUtra -- zrI satIza kumAra jaina sekreTarI janarala, ahiMsA iNTaranezanala 53, RSabha vihAra vikAsa mArga eksTezana dillI 110092
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________________ mahAvIra puraskAra varSa 1994 prabandhakAriNI kameTI, digambara jaina atizaya kSetra zrImahAvIrajI (rAjasthAna) dvArA saMcAlita jainavidyA saMsthAna, zrImahAvIrajI ke varSa 1994 ke "mahAvIra puraskAra" ke lie jainadharma, darzana, itihAsa, sAhitya, saMskRti Adi se sambandhita kisI bhI viSaya kI pustaka/ zodha-prabandha kI cAra pratiyA~ dinAMka 30 sitambara, 1994 taka AmaMtrita haiN| isa puraskAra meM 11001 rupaye evaM prazasti-patra pradAna kiyA jaayegaa| 31 disambara, 1990 ke pazcAt prakAzita pustaka hI isameM sammilita kI jA sakatI haiN| aprakAzita kRtiyA~ bhI prastuta kI jA sakatI haiN| aprakAzita kRtiyoM kI tIna pratiyA~ spaSTa TaMkaNa/phoTosTeTa kI huI tathA jilda baMdhI honI caahie| svayaMbhU puraskAra varSa 1994 digambara jaina atizaya kSetra zrI mahAvIrajI (rAjasthAna) dvArA saMcAlita apabhraMza sAhitya akAdamI, jayapura ke varSa 1994 ke "svayaMbha puraskAra"ke lie apabhraMza sAhitya se sambandhita viSaya para hindI athavA aMgrejI meM racita racanAoM kI cAra pratiyA~ 30 sitambara, 1994 taka Amantrita haiN| isa puraskAra meM 5001 rupaye evaM prazasti-patra pradAna kiyA jaayegaa| 31 disambara, 1988 se pUrva kI prakAzita tathA pahale se puraskRta kRtiyA~ sammilita nahIM kI jaayeNgii| aprakAzita kRtiyA~ bhI prastuta kI jA sakatI haiN| unakI tIna pratiyA spaSTa TaMkaNa/phoTosTeTa kI huI tathA jilda baMdhI honI caahie| pustakeM saMsthAna kI sampatti raheMgI ve lauTAI nahIM jaayegii| niyamAvalI tathA Avedana kA prArUpa prApta karane ke lie akAdamI kAryAlaya se patra-vyavahAra kreN| samparkasUtra -- digambara jainanasiyA~ bhaTTArakajI savAI rAma siMha roDa, jayapura--302 004
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________________ zramaNa fere to go 18 38E1-57 AT 8888 let : 33288 transform plastic ideas into beautiful shape NUCHEM MOULDS & DIES Our high-precision moulds and dies are Get in touch with us for information on designed to give your noulded product compression injection of transter clean Flawless lines. Fully tested to give moulds Send drawing on a sample of instant production the moulds are made your design equired we can of special alloy steel hard chrome-plated undertake jobs right from the designing for a better finish, stage. Write to EM PLASTICS LTD. Engineering Division 20/6. Mathura Road Faridabad (Haryana) Nuchem Edited Printed and Published by Prof. Sagar Mal Jain, Director Pujya Sohanlal Smarak Parshvanath Shodhpreth, Varanasi-221005