Jain Bauddh aur Gita ka Samaj Darshan

Author(s): Sagarmal Jain
Publisher: Prakrit Bharti Academy
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/010203/1

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prAkRta bhAratI prakAzana : 12: jaina, bauddha aura gItA kA samAja darzana lekhaka ga. sAgaramala mena nidezaka pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthala vArANasI prAkRta bhAratI saMsthAna, jayapura

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(c) lekhaka prakAzaka 1. prAkRta bhAratI saMsthAna, jayapura (rAjasthAna) prAptisthAna 1. narendrakumAra sAgaramala sarAphA, zAjApura (ma0 pra0) 2. motIlAla banArasIdAsa, cauka vArANasI-1 3. pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha-saMsthAna, AI0 TI0 AI0 roDa, vArANasI-5 4. prAkRta bhAratI saMsthAna, yati zyAmalAlajI kA upAzraya, motIsiMha bhomiyoM kA rAstA, jayapura-302002 prakAzana varSa san 1982 pIra nirvANa saM0 2508 mUlya : solaha rupaye mAtra bAbUlAla jaina phAgulla mahAvIra presa, mehapura, vArANasI-5

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samarpaNa pUjya pitAjI zrI rAjamala jI zakkaravAle __ evaM mAtu zrI gaMgAbAI caraNoM meM sAdara evaM savinaya samarpita

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prakAzakIya prAkRta bhAratI saMsthAna, jayapura, ( rAjasthAna ) ke dvArA 'jaina, bauDa aura gItA kA samAja darzana' nAmaka pustaka prakAzita karate hue hameM atIva prasannatA kA anubhava ho ___ Aja ke yuga meM jisa sAmAjika cetanA, sahiSNutA aura saha-astitva kI AvazyakatA hai, usake lie dharmoM kA samanvayAtmaka dRSTi se niSpakSa tulanAtmaka adhyayana apekSita hai, tAki samAja ke bIca bar3hatI huI khAI ko pATA jA sake aura manuSya mamarasa jIvana jI sake / isa dRSTibindu ko lakSya meM rakhakara pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna ke nidezaka evaM bhAratIya dharma-darzana ke pramukha vidvAn DA0 sAgaramala jaina ne jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra darzanoM para eka bRhadakAya zodha-prabandha Aja se lagabhaga 15 varSa pUrva likhA thaa| usI ke samAja darzana se sambandhita kucha adhyAyoM evaM anya lekhoM se prastuta grantha ko sAmagrI kA praNayana kiyA gayA hai| hameM AzA hai ki zIghra hI unakA mahAprabandha prakAza meM AyegA, kintu usake pUrva paricaya ke rUpa meM yaha laghu pustaka pAThakoM ke samakSa prastuta kara rahe haiM tAki ve unake vidvattApUrNa prayAsa kA kucha AsvAda le skeN| prAkRta bhAratI dvArA isake pUrva bhI bhAratIya dharma, AcArazAstra evaM prAkRta bhASA ke 11 pranyoM kA prakAzana ho cukA hai, usI krama meM yaha usakA 12vA prakAzana hai / isake prakAzana meM hameM lekhaka kA vividha rUpoM meM jo sahayoga milA hai usake lie hama unake bhAbhArI haiM / mahAvIra presa, bhelUpura ne isake mudraNa kArya ko sundara evaM kalApUrNa DhaMga se pUrNa kiyA, etadartha hama unake bhI AbhArI haiM / devenarAja mehatA vinayasAgara saciva saMyukta saciva prAkRta bhAratI saMsthAna, jayapura (rAjasthAna)

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prAkkathana samAja darzana darzanazAstra kI eka navIna zAkhA hai / prAcIna dArzanika jaise pleTo, arastu Adi ne apane dArzanika cintana meM samAja se sambandhita avadhAraNAoM, mAnyatAoM, niyamoM evaM siddhAntoM kA vivecana, vizleSaNa evaM mUlyAMkana to kiyA hai kintu unake darzana meM samAja darzana ko eka svataMtra zAkhA ke rUpa meM sthAna nahIM milA hai / darzana jagat meM ise svataMtra zAkhA ke rUpa meM vikasita hue abhI bahuta samaya nahIM huA hai phira bhI isakI AvazyakatA evaM mahattA ke kAraNa dArzanika cintana dhAga meM ise eka viziSTa sthAna prApta ho gayA hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki aneka dArzanika samAjadarzana ko apane cintana kA mukhya viSaya mAnane lage haiM aura isakI vividha samasyAoM evaM vividha praznoM ko lekara aneka zodha kArya evaM svataMtra adhyayana ho rahe hai tathA aneka grantha bhI prakAzita ho cuke haiM / phira bhI yaha kahanA par3atA hai ki ina adhyayanoM meM pAzcAtya cintakoM evaM dArzanikoM kI dRSTi ko hI vizeSa mahattva milA hai, bhAratIya vicAra dhArA ko AdhAra mAnakara isa viSaya para abhI bahuta kama adhyayana hue haiM / bhAratIya cintana ke sAhitya meM samAja darzana ke vividha pakSoM se sambandhita paryApta sAmagrI hai kintu isa tathya ko samyak rUpa meM udghATita karane vAle adhyayanoM kI bahuta kamI hai| prastuta grantha isa kamI ko pUrti kI dizA meM eka saphala evaM sazakta prayAsa hai| isameM jaina, bauddha evaM gItA ke AdhAra para samAja darzana se sambandhita vividha pakSoM evaM samasyAoM kA vivecana, vizleSaNa evaM mUlyAMkana prastuta kiyA gayA hai| isa grantha ke lekhaka DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina ( nidezaka, pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI) na kevala bhAratIya darzana ke labdhapratiSTha paNDita haiM apitu pAzcAtya darzana evaM vizeSa rUpa se samAja darzana ke bhI khyAtilabdha vidvAn haiM / yaha adhyayana samAja darzana ke kSetra meM navIna hote hue bhI vidvatApUrNa, gambhIra evaM vicArotpAdaka hai / isa adhyayana ke AdhAra ke rUpa meM jaina, bauddha aura gotA ko liyA gayA hai, jo svatantra rUpa se tIna avasthAoM evaM tIna paramparAoM se sambandhita haiM jinameM bhAratIya samAja kI samagratA sanniviSTa hai / isalie yaha grantha bhAratIya samAjadarzana kA samagra adhyayana na hote hue bhI isakA pratinidhitva karane meM sakSama hai| bhAratIya samAja darzana kI viSaya vastu evaM kSetra ke samucita nirdhAraNa na hone ke kAraNa yaha kahanA kaThina hai ki prastuta grantha meM bhAratIya samAja darzana ke samasta pahaluoM kA samAveza ho sakA hai athavA nhiiN| phira bhI itanA niHsaMkoca kahA jA sakatA hai ki

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isameM bhAratIya samAjadarzana ke adhikAMza pahaluoM evaM samasyAoM kA samAveza kiyA gayA hai| vidvAn lekhaka ne bhAratIya cintana ke prAcIna yuga ko vaidika yuga, aupaniSadika yuga evaM jaina bauddha yuga meM vibhakta kara sAmAjika cetanA ke vikAsa kA vivecana prastuta kiyA hai / svArtha evaM parArtha kI avadhAraNA meM virodha-dRSTi pAzcAtya nItizAstrIya cintakoM ko paraspara virodhI do vargoM meM vibhakta karatI hai| hAnsa, nItse Adi svArtha ko mAnava ke lie parama spRhaNIya mAnakara svArthavAda kI sthApanA karate haiM aura ise hI nItizAstra ke zreSTha evaM samucita siddhAnta hone kA dAvA karate haiN| isake viparIta mila, venyama Adi parArtha ko mAnava ke lie anupekSaNIya evaM aparihArya mAnakara parArthavAda kI sthApanA karate haiM aura ise naitikatA ke mUlyAMkana kA utkRSTa mAnadaNDa mAnate haiM / bhAratIya cintana dhArA meM svArtha evaM parAye meM virodha na dekhakara sAmaJjasya sthApita karane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai / lekhaka ne svahita banAma lokahita meM bAhya virodha pradarzana ke sAtha Antarika sAmaJjasya kI puSTi bar3I kuzalatA ke sAtha kI hai| ___ bhAratIya sAmAjika vyavasthA kA AdhAra stambha varNAzrama vyavasthA hai| isameM mukhya rUpa se varNavyavasthA ko vaidika paramparA kI dena mAnA jAtA hai aura yaha bhI mAnyatA dekhane ko milatI hai ki zramaNa paramparA kA vikAsa isa varNa vyavasthA kI virodhI pratikriyA ke rUpa meM huA hai / kintu vidvAn lekhaka ne sapramANa yaha pradarzita kiyA hai ki varNa vyavasthA na kevala brAhmaNa paramparA meM mAnya rahI hai apitu samAna rUpa se yaha zramaNa paramparA meM bhI svIkRta rahI hai / antara kevala itanA hI hai ki jahAM brAhmaNa paramparA meM varNa ke nirdhAraNa kI kasauTI ke rUpa meM janma evaM karma sambandhI vivAda bahuta kAla taka calatA rahA hai vahA~ jainAcAryoM evaM bauddhAcAryoM ne nirvivAda rUpa se varNa nirdhAraNa kI kasoTI ke rUpa meM karma ko svIkAra kara liyA hai| isI saMdarbha meM svadharma ke nirdhAraNa kA prazna bhI apanI jaTilatA ke sAtha upasthita hotA hai| varNa vyavasthA ko aparivartanazIla evaM sthira mAnane vAlI vaidika parampaga ke lie svadharma kI vyAkhyA atyadhika sahaja evaM sarala rUpa meM ho jAtI hai| vahA~ varNa ke lie vihita karmoM ko varNAvalambI vyakti kA svadharma mAna liyA jAtA hai kintu varNa ko parivartanIya evaM asthira mAnanevAlI jaina evaM bauddha paramparA ke lie svadharma kI vyAkhyA eka jaTila samasyA kA rUpa grahaNa kara letI hai / ina sabhI praznoM kA lekhaka ne gambhIratA se vizleSaNa evaM vivecana karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| bhAratIya samAja darzana ko maulika vizeSatA ke rUpa meM lekhaka ne sAmAjika naitikatA ke kendrIya tattva kA vivecana bar3I sUkSma dRSTi se kiyA hai| isake antargat ahiMsA, anAgraha evaM aparigraha kI bhAvanA ko vizeSa mahattva pradAna kiyA hai tathA yaha dikhalAne kA prayAsa kiyA hai ki sAmAjika jIvana ke vividha AyAmoM meM ina bhAvanAoM kA upayoga kisa prakAra hotA rahA hai / sAtha hI sAtha sAmAjika dharma evaM sAmAjika dAyitva

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kA vistAra pUrvaka vivecana kara lekhaka ne bhAratIya samAjadarzana para vyaktivAditA ke kisI Aropa kA sthAna nahIM rahane diyA hai / isa prakAra sAmAjika cetanA se sAmAjika dAyitva taka sampUrNa sAmAjika paridhi kA nirUpaNa bar3I saralatA evaM sajIvatA ke sAtha kiyA gayA hai / prastuta grantha darzanazAstra ke una snAtakottara vidyArthiyoM, zotra chAtroM, vidvAnoM evaM jijJAsuoM ke lie atyadhika upayogI siddha hogA, jo bhAratIya samAja darzana kA adhyayana karate haiM yA usameM ruci rakhate haiN| isa prakAra ke uccastarIya zodha para AdhArita prAmANika grantha kA praNayana kara DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina ne bhAratIya mamAjadarzana ke kSetra meM eka mahattvapUrNa yogadAna kiyA hai| isake lie sahRdaya evaM vicArazIla dArzanika samudAya unakA hRdaya se AbhArI hogA / DA0 raghunAtha giri prophesara evaM adhyakSa darzana vibhAga saMkAyAdhyakSa, mAnavikI saMkAya, kAzI vidyApITha vArANasI

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lekhakIya vyakti samAja kA aMga hai, samAja se alaga hokara usakA vyaktitva khaMDita ho jAtA hai / vaha jo kucha hai, samAja se hI nirmita hai| mAnava zizu to itanA asahAya hotA hai ki vaha sAmAjika saMrakSaNa aura sAmAjika sahayoga ke binA apanA astitva nahI rakha sktaa| hamArI bhASA aura hamArA jIvana vyavahAra hameM samAja se hI milA hai / vastutaH vyakti aura samAja eka dUsare se alaga akalpanIya hai / samAja ke binA vyakti kI aura vyakti ke binA samAja ko koI sattA ho nahIM rahatI / samAja vyakti se hI nirmita hotA hai| vyakti aura samAja ko eka dUsare se pathaka rUpa meM cAhe vicArA jA sakatA ho kintu unheM eka dUsare se alaga nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / eka ora vyaktiyoM ke abhAva meM samAja kI koI yathArtha sattA nahIM rahatI, dUsarI ora vyakti se yadi vaha saba alaga kara diyA jAya jo use samAja se milA hai to vaha vyakti nahIM raha jAtA / manuSya meM sAmAjikatA kI cetanA hI eka aisA tattva hai jo vyakti ko pazutva ke stara se Upara uThAtI hai / greDale ne ThIka hI kahA thA ki manuSya nahIM hai yadi vaha sAmAjika nahIM hai| mAnavIya sabhyatA ke itihAsa kA prArambha usakI sAmAjika cetanA ke vikAsa ke sAtha hI hotA hai / vastutaH vyakti aura samAja apane astitva ko dRSTi meM eka sikke ke do pahaluoM ke samAna hai, jinheM alaga-alaga dekhA to jA makatA hai kintu alaga kiyA nahIM jA sakatA / jainadarzana kI bhASA meM kaheM to vyakti aura samAja anyonyAzrita hai, unameM kathaMcit bheda aura kacit abheda rahA huA hai| ve sabhI dArzanika vicAradhArAeM jo vyakti kI upekSA karake samAja kalyANa kI bAta karatI haiM athavA samAja kI upekSA karake vyakti ke kalyANa kI bAta karatI haiM, yathArtha se dUra haiN| vartamAna jIvana meM jo saMkaTa aura duHkha haiM unake nirAkaraNa kI sAmarthya na to vyaktivAda meM hai aura na samAjavAda meM ho / vyakti ke sudhAra ke binA samAja ke sudhAra kI kalpanA eka magamarIcikA se adhika nahIM hai| kintu yadi hama vyakti ko naitika banAnA cAhate haiM to hameM sAmAjika pariveza meM bhI mudhAra karanA hogA, jisase vyakti kI naitikatA ke prati AsthA banI rahe / yadi sAmAjika jIvana bhraSTa aura naitika mUlyoM ke prati anAsthAvAn ho to kisI vyakti vizeSa ne naitika banane kI apekSA karanA vyartha hai / vyakti ke sudhAra ke binA samAja kA sudhAra aura sAmAjika pariveza ke sudhAra ke binA vyakti kA sudhAra sambhava nahIM hai| Aja ke yuga meM naitika cetanA kA vikAsa sAmAjika pariveza meM binA parivartana ke sambhava hI nahIM hai / eka bhraSTa samAja vyavasthA

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1181 meM kisI akele vyakti kA naitika bana pAnA yadi azakya nahIM to sahaja sambhava bhI nahIM hai / Aja vyakti aura samAja-sudhAra ke lie eka dohare prayatna kI AvazyakatA hai / vyakti aura samAja donoM ke sudhAra ke sAmUhika prayatnoM ke binA Aja kI dUSita evaM bhraSTa sAmAjika sthiti se chuTakArA pAnA asambhava hai / Aja eka ora samAjavAdI vicAradhArA samAja ko pramukhatA dekara vyakti ko gauNa banAtI hai to dUsarI ora prajAtantravAdI vicAradhArA vyakti ko pramukha banAkara samAja ko gauNa banAtI hai, kintu donoM kI vicAradhArAeM Aja apane abhIpsita lakSya ko pAne meM saphala nahIM hai / mAnava ko jo apekSita hai vaha use na to rUsa aura cIna kI samAjavAdI vyavasthAeM hI de sakI hai aura na amerikA kA prajAtantra ho / yadi hama mAnavatA ko apanI icchita sukha aura zAnti denA cAhate haiM to hameM vyakti aura samAja donoM ko parasparopajIvI aura samamUlyavAlA mAnakara Age calanA hogaa| kevala vyakti-sudhAra ke prayatna aura kevala samAja-sudhAra ke prayatna taba taka saphala nahIM hoMge jaba taka vyakti aura samAja donoM ke samaveta sudhAra ke prayatna nahI hoMge / vastutaH : vyakti aura samAja ke bIca kA yaha dvandva kAphI purAnA hai aura isake kAraNa sAmAjika darzana meM aneka samasyAe~ uThI haiM / vyakti aura samAja meM kauna prathama hai yaha to eka cirantana samasyA hai hI kintu isake sAtha hI jur3I huI dUmarI samasyA hai svahita aura lokahita ke prazna kI / sAmAnyatayA svahita aura lokahita meM eka virodha dekhA gayA hai kintu yaha virodha unhIM logoM ke lie hai jo vyakti aura samAja ko eka dUsare se pRthak dekhate haiM / jo vyakti aura samAja ko eka samagratA mAnate haiM aura unheM eka dUsare se pRthak nahIM mAnate unake lie yaha prazna khar3A hI nahIM hotA / svahita aura lokahita vastutaH usI taraha eka dUsare para anyonyAzrita haiM jaise vyakti aura samAja / bhAratIya dArzanika cintana meM prAcInakAla se hI samAja-darzana ke sandarbha to upasthita haiM kintu unakI samyak abhivyakti ke bahuta hI kama prayAsa hue haiM / prastuta grantha ke prathama adhyAya meM bhAratIya sAmAjika cetanA ko spaSTa karane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai / dUsare adhyAya meM svahita aura lokahita kI samasyA kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai / tIsare adhyAya meM varNAzrama kI avadhAraNA ko spaSTa kiyA gayA hai| cauthe adhyAya meM svadharma kI avadhAraNA para vicAra kiyA gayA hai| pAMcavA adhyAya samAja jIvana ke AdhArabhUta siddhAntoM ke rUpa meM ahiMsA, anAgraha ( vaicArika sahiSNutA ) aura aparigraha ( Arthika sama-vitaraNa ) kA vivecana karatA hai / antima adhyAya meM sAmAjika dAyitvoM aura kartavyoM kI carcA hai / prastuta grantha kA praNayana dArzanika traimAsika evaM sudharmA Adi patrikAoM meM mere prakAzita lekhoM evaM mere zodha prabandha 'jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra darzanoM kA tulanAsmaka evaM samIkSAtmaka adhyayana' ke kucha adhyAyoM ko lekara kiyA gayA hai / prastuta

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-11tulanAtmaka adhyayana meM mujhe upAdhyAya zrI amaramunijI, paM0 sukhalAla jI, paM0 dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA Adi ke lekhanoM se paryApta dRTi milI hai, ataH unake prati aura unake atirikta bhI jina granthoM aura granthakAroM kA pratyakSa yA parokSarUpa meM sahayoga milA hai una sabake prati hRdaya se AbhArI huuN| apane gurujana DA0 sI0 pI0 brahmo evaM DA0 sadAziva banarjI ke prati bhI AbhAra prakaTa karanA merA apanA kartavya hai / kAzI vidyApITha ke darzana vibhAgAdhyakSa DA0 raghunAtha giri kA bhI mai AbhArI haiM jinhoMne isa grantha kA prAkkathana likhane kI kRpA kii| prAkRta bhAratI saMsthAna ke saciva zrI devendrarAja mehatA evaM zrI vinayasAgarajI ke bhI hama atyanta abhArI haiM, jinake sahayoga se yaha prakAzana sambhava ho sakA hai| mahAvIra presa ne jisa tatparatA aura sundaratA se yaha kArya sampanna kiyA hai usake lie unake prati AbhAra vyakta karanA hamAga vartavya hai / anta meM hama pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama parivAra ke zrI jamanAlAlajI jaina, DA. harihara siMha, zrI mohana lAla jI, zrI maMgala prakAza mehatA tathA zodha chAtra zrI ravizaMkara mizra, zrI aruNa kumAra siMha, sI bhikhArI gama yAdava aura zrI vijaya kumAra jaina ke bhI AbhArI haiM, jinase vividharUpoM meM sahAyatA prApta hotI rahI hai / antameM patnI zrImatI kamalA jaina kA bhI maiM atyanta AbhArI hU~, jisake tyAga evaM sevA bhAva ne mujhe pArivArika ulajhanoM se mukta rakhakara vidyA kI upAsanA kA avasara diyaa| vArANasI, 9-10-82 sAgaramala jaina

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viSaya-sUcI adhyAya : 1 bhAratIya darzana meM sAmAjika cetanA 1-16 bhAratIya darzana meM sAmAjika cetanA kA vikAsa (1); vedoM evaM upaniSadoM meM sAmAjika cetanA (2); gItA meM sAmAjika cetanA (4); jaina evaM bauddha dharma meM sAmAjika cetanA (6); rAgAtmakatA aura samAja (8); sAmAjikatA kA AdhAra rAga yA viveka ? (10); sAmAjika jIvana meM bAdhaka tattva ahaMkAra aura kaSAya (11); saMnyAsa aura samAja (12); puruSArtha catuSTaya evaM samAja (13) / adhyAya : 2 svahita banAma lokahita 17-31 jainAcAra-darzana meM svArtha aura parArtha (18); jana-sAdhanA meM lokahita (18); tIrthakara (19); gaNadhara (20); sAmAnya kevalI (20); Atmahita svArtha nahIM hai (21); dravya-lokahita (22); bhAva-lokahita (22); pAramArthika-lokahita (22); bauddha darzana kI lokahitakAriNI dRSTi (22); svahita aura lokahita ke sambandha meM gItA kA mantavya (29); adhyAya : 3 varNAzrama-vyavasthA 32-42 varNa-vyavasthA (32); jainadharma aura varNa-vyavasthA (32); bauddha AcAra darzana meM varNa-vyavasthA (34); brahmaja kahanA jhUTha hai (35); varNa-parivartana sambhava hai (36); sabhI jAti samAna hai (36); AcaraNa hI zreSTha hai (36); gItA tathA varNa-vyavasthA (36); Azrama-dharma (40); jaina-paramparA aura Azrama-siddhAnta (41); bauddha-paramparA aura Azrama-siddhAnta (42); adhyAya : 4 svadharma ko avadhAraNA 43.49 gotA meM svadharma (43); jainadharma meM svadharma (44); tulanA (45); svadharma kA AdhyAtmika artha (46); gItA kA dRSTikoNa (48); beDale kA svasthAna aura usake kartavya kA siddhAnta tathA svadharma (49); adhyAya : 5 sAmAjika naitikatA ke kendrIya tattva 50-97 ahiMsA, anAgraha aura aparigraha ahiMsA (51), jainadharma meM ahiMsA kA sthAna (51); bauddhadharma meM ahiMsA .kA sthAna (52); hindU dharma meM ahiMsA kA sthAna (53); ahiMsA kA

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-13 mAghAra (54); bauddhadharma meM ahiMsA kA AdhAra (56); gItA meM hiMsA ke AdhAra (56); jainAgamoM meM ahiMsA ko vyApakatA (57); ahiMsA kyA hai ? (57); dravya evaM bhAva ahiMsA (58); hiMsA ke prakAra (58); mAtra zArIrika hiMsA (58); mAtra vaicArika hiMsA (58); vaicArika evaM zArIrika hiMsA (59); zAndika hiMsA (59); hiMsA ko vibhinna sthitiyAM (59); hiMsA ke vibhinna rUpa (60); saMkalpa jA (saMkalpI hiMsA) (60); viroSajA (60); udyogajA (60); ArambhajA (60); hiMsA ke kAraNa (60); hiMsA ke sAdhana (60); hiMsA aura ahiMsA manodazA para nirbhara (60); ahiMsA ke bAhya pakSa kI avahelanA ucita nahIM (63); pUrNa ahiMsA ke Adarza kI dizA meM (64); pUrNa ahiMsA sAmAjika sandarbha meM (68); ahiMsA ke siddhAMta para tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra (69); yahUdI, IsAI aura islAma dharma meM ahiMsA kA artha vistAra (71); bhAratIya cintana meM ahiMsA kA artha vistAra (71); ahiMsA kA vidhAyaka rUpa (75); bauddha evaM vaidika paramparA meM ahiMsA kA vidhAyaka pakSa (76); hiMsA ke alpa-bahutva kA vicAra (77); anAgraha ( vaicArika sahiSNutA) (79); jainadharma meM anAgraha (79); bauddha AcAra-darzana meM vaicArika anAgraha (82); gItA meM anAgraha (83) vaicArika sahiSNutA kA AdhAra-anAgraha (anekAnta dRSTi) (84); dhArmika sahiSNutA (85); dharma eka yA aneka (85); anucita kAraNa (86); ucita kAraNa (86); gajanaitika sahiSNutA (88); sAmAjika evaM pArivArika sahiSNutA (8.); anAgraha kI avadhAraNA ke phalita (89); anAsakti ( aparigraha) (90); jaina dharma meM anAsakti (90); bauddhadharma meM anAsakti (92); gItA meM anAsakti (93); anAsakti ke prazna para tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra(94); adhyAya : 6 sAmAjika dharma evaM dAyitva 98-112 sAmAjika dharma (98); grAma dharma (98); nagara dharma (98); rASTra dharma (99); pAkhaNDa dharma (99); kula dharma (100); gaNadharma (100); saMghadharma (100); zruta dharma (101); cAritra dharma (101); astikAya dharma (101); jainadharma aura sAmAjika dAyitva (101); jaina muni ke sAmAjika dAyitva (102); nIti aura dharma kA prakAzana (102); dharma kI prabhAvanA evaM saMgha ko pratiSThA kI rakSA (102); bhikSu-bhikSuNiyoM kI sevA evaM paricaryA (102); bhikSuNI saMgha kA rakSaNa (103); saMgha ke AdezoM kA paripAlana (103); gRhastha varga ke sAmAjika dAyitva (103); bhikSu-bhikSuNiyoM kI sevA (103); parivAra kI sevA (103); vivAha evaM santAna prApti (104);

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jaina dharma meM sAmAjika jIvana ke niSThA sUtra (106); jaina dharma meM sAmAjika jIvana ke vyavahAra sUtra (106); boDa-paramparA meM sAmAjika dharma (108); bauddha dharma meM sAmAjika dAyitva (109); putra ke mAtA-pitA ke prati kartavya (110); mAtA-pitA kA putra para pratyupakAra (110); AcArya (zikSaka) ke prati kartavya (110); ziSya ke prati AcArya kA pratyupakAra (110); patnI ke prati pati ke kartavya (110); pati ke prati patnI kA pratyupakAra (110); mitra ke prati kartavya (110); mitra kA pratyupakAra (111); sevaka ke prati svAmI ke kartavya (111); sevaka kA svAmI ke prati pratyupakAra (111); zramaNabrAhmaNoM ke prati kartavya (111); zramaNa-brAhmaNoM kA pratyupakAra (111); vaidika paramparA meM sAmAjika dharma (1.1) /

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bhAratIya darzana meM sAmAjika cetanA bhAratIya darzana meM sAmAjika cetanA kA vikAsa ___ bhAratIya dArzanika cintana me upasthita sAmAjika sandarbho ko samajhane ke lie marvaprathama hameM yaha jAna lenA cAhie, ki kevala kucha dAnika prasthAna ho sampUrNa bhAratoya prajJA evaM bhAratIya cintana kA pratinidhitva nahIM karate haiM. ina dArzanika prasthAnoM se haTakara bhI bhArata meM dArzanika cintana haA hai aura usameM anekAneka mAmAjika saMdarbha upasthita haiM / dUmare yaha ki bhAratIya darzana mAtra bauddhika evaM saiddhAntika hI nahIM hai, vaha anubhUnyAtmaka evaM vyAvahArika bhI hai; koI bhI bhAratIya darzana aimA nahIM hai jo mAtra tanvamImAMsIya ( Metaphysical ) evaM jJAna-mImAMmIya ( Epistomological ) cintana se hI saMtopa dhAraNa kara letA ho| umameM jJAna jJAna ke lie nahIM, apitu jIvana ke maphala maMcAlana ke lie hai| umakA mUla duHkha kI samasyA meM haiM / duHkha aura duHkha mukti yahI bhAratIya darzana kA 'atha' aura 'iti' hai / yadyapi nanva-mImAmA aura jJAna-mImAMsA pratyeka bhAratIya dArzanika prasthAna ke mahattvapUrNa aMga rahe hai, kintu ve gamyak jIvanadRSTi ke nirmANa aura mAmAjika vyavahAra kI guddhi ke lie hai / bhAratIya cintana meM darzana kI dharma aura nIti se aviyojyatA usake mAmAjika mandarbha ko aura bhI spaSTa kara detI hai| yahA~ darzana jAnane kI nahIM, apitu jIne kI vastu rahA hai: vaha mAtra jJAna nahIM, anubhUti hai aura imIlie vaha philAmaphI nahIM, darzana hai, jIvana jIne kA eka mamyaka dRSTikoNa haiM / yadyapi hamArA durbhAgya to yaha rahA ki madhya-yuga meM darzana sAdhakoM aura RSi muniyoM ke hAthoM meM nikalakara tathA-kathita buddhijIviyoM ke hAthoM meM calA gyaa| phalataH umameM tArkika pakSa pradhAna tathA anubhUtimUlaka mAdhanA evaM AcAra-pakSa gauNa ho gayA aura hamArI jIvana-zailI se umakA riztA dhIre-dhIre TUTatA gyaa| mAmAjika cetanA ke vikAsa kI dRSTi meM bhAratIya cintana ke prAcIna yuga ko hama tIna bhAgoM meM bA~Ta makata haiM : 1. vaidika yuga, 2. aupanipadika yuga, evaM 3. jaina-bauddha yuga vaidika yuga meM janamAnasa meM mAmAjika cetanA ko jAgrata karane kA prayanna kiyA gayA, jabaki aupaniSadika yuga meM mAmAjika cetanA ke lie dArzanika AdhAra kA prastutikaraNa kiyA gayA aura jaina-bauddha yuga meM sAmAjika sambandhoM ke zuddhikaraNa para bala diyA gyaa|

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jaina, bauDa aura golA kA samAna darzana vaiyaktikatA aura mAmAjikatA donoM hI mAnavIya 'sva' ke anivArya aMga haiN| pAzcAtya vicAraka baMDale kA kayana hai ki 'manuSya nahIM hai, yadi vaha sAmAjika nahIM, kintu yadi vaha mAtra mAmAjika hI hai, to vaha pA se adhika nahIM hai| manuSya kI manuSyatA vaiyaktikanA aura mAmAjikatA donoM kA atikramaNa karane meM hai / vastutaH manuSya eka hI gAtha mAmAjika aura vaiyaktika donoM hI hai| kyoMki mAnava vyaktitva meM gagadveSa ke tattva anivArya rUpa meM upasthita haiM / gaga kA tanva umameM sAmAjikatA kA vikAsa karatA hai, to Dhepa kA tantra umameM vaiyaktikatA yA mva-hitavAdI dRSTi kA vikAsa karatA hai| jaba g2aga kA mImAkSetra maMkucita hotA hai aura Trepa kA adhika vistarita hotA hai, to vyakti ko svArthI kahA jAtA hai, usameM vaiyaktikatA pramukha hotI hai| kintu jaba gaga kA mImAkSetra vistarita hotA hai aura hepa kA kSetra kama hotA hai, taba vyakti paropakArI yA mAmAjika kahA jAtA hai| kintu jaba vaha vItarAga aura vItadvepa hotA hai, taba vaha atigAmAjika hotA hai / kintu apane aura parAye bhAva kA yaha atikramaNa asAmAjika nahIM hai| vItarAgadA kI mAdhanA meM anivArya rUpa meM 'mva' kI maMcita sImA ko tor3anA hotA hai| ataH gagI sAdhanA anivArya rUpa meM amAmAjika to nahIM ho gakatI hai| mAtha hI manuSya jaba taka manuSya hai, daha vItarAga nahIM huA hai, to svabhAvataH hI eka sAmAjika prANI hai| ataH koI bhI dharma mAmAjika cetanA meM vimukha hokara jIvita nahIM raha sakatA / vedoM evaM upaniSadoM meM sAmAjika cetanA bhAratIya cintana kI pravartaka vaidika dhArA meM mAmAjikatA kA tatva usake prArambhika kAla meM hI upasthita hai / vedoM meM mAmAjika jIvana kI saMkalpanA ke vyApaka mandarbha haiM / vaidika Rpi maphala evaM mahayogapUrNa mAmAjika jIvana ke lie abhyarthanA karate hue kahatA hai ki 'maMgacchadhvaM saMvadadhvaM maM vo manAMmi jAnatAma'tuma milakara calo, milakara bolo, tumhAre mana mAtha-mAtha vicAra kareM; arthAt tumhAre jIvana vyavahAra meM mahayoga, tumhArI vANI meM mamasvaratA aura tumhAre vicAroM meM samAnatA ho / ' Age punaH vaha kahatA hai: samAno mantraH mamitiH mamAnI, samAnaM manaH mahacittamepAm / mamAnI va AkUtiH samAnA hRdayAni vaH / samAnamastu vo mano yathA 3: mumahAsati / arthAt Apa sabake nirNaya samAna hoM, Apa sabakI sabhA bhI sabake lie samAna ho, arthAta mabake prati samAna vyavahAra kare / ApakA mana bhI samAna ho aura ApakI citta:vRti bhI samAna ho, Apake saMkalpa eka hoM, Apake hRdaya eka hoM, ApakA mana bhI ekarUpa ho tAki Apa milajula kara acchI taraha se kArya kara sakeM / sambhavataH sAmAjika jIvana evaM samAja-niSThA ke pariprekSya meM vaidika yuga ke bhAratIya cintaka ke ye sabase mahattvapUrNa udgAra haiM / vaidika RSiyoM kA 'kRNvaMto vizvamAryam' ke rUpa meM eka susabhya evaM susaMskRta zanava-samAja kI racanA kA mizana tabhI saphala ho sakatA thA jabaki ve jana-jana meM 1. Rgveda 10 / 191 / 2 2. vahI, 10 / 19213-4

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bhAratIya darzana meM sAmAjika cetanA samAja-niSThA ke bIja kA vapana karate / sahayogapUrNa jIvana-zailI unakA mUla maMtatrya thA / pratyeka avasara para zAMti pATha ke mAdhyama se ve jana-jana meM sAmAjika cetanA ke vikAsa kA prayAsa karate the / ve apane zAMti pATha meM kahate the: OM saha nAvavatu saha nau bhunaktu maha vIrya karavAvahai, tejasvinAvadhItamastu mA vidviSAvahai / " hama saba sAtha-sAtha rakSita hoM. sAtha-sAtha poSita hoM, sAtha-sAtha sAmarthya ko prApta ho, hamArA adhyayana tejasvI ho, hama Apasa meM vidveSa na kreN| vaidika samAja darzana kA Adarza thA - 'zata hastaH mamAhara, mahasrahastaH sokara' saMkar3oM hAthoM se ikaTThA karo aura hajAra hAthoM meM bAMTI | kintu yaha bAMTane kI bAta dayA yA kRpA nahIM hai apitu sAmAjika dAyitva kA bodha hai / kyoMki bhAratIya ciMtana meM dAna ke lie saMvibhAga zabda kA prayoga hotA rahA hai, isameM mama vitaraNa yA sAmAjika dAyitva kA bodha hI pramukha hai, kRpA, dayA, karuNA ye saba goNa haiM / AcArya zaMkara ne dAna kI vyAkhyA kI hai 'dAnaM saMvibhAgaM' | jaina darzana meM to atithi saMvibhAga ke rUpa meM eka svatantra vrata kI vyavasthA kI gaI hai / saMvibhAga zabda karuNA kA pratIka na hokara sAmAjika adhikAra kA pratIka hai / vaidika RSiyoM kA nika thA ki jo akelA khAtA hai vaha pApI hai ( kevalAdo bhavati kevalAdI) jaina dArzanika bhI kahane the 'asaMvibhAgI na hu tamma mokkho' jo mama - vibhAgI nahA hai| usakI mukti nahIM hogI / isa prakAra hama vaidika yuga meM sahayoga evaM sahajIvana kA saMkalpa upasthita pAne haiM / kintu usake lie dArzanika AdhAra kA prastutikaraNa opanipadika cintana meM hI huA hai / aupaniSadika RSi 'ekastathA sarvabhUtAntarAtmA' 'sarva khalvidaM brahma' tathA 'IzAvAsyamidaM sarvam' ke rUpa meM ekatva kI anubhUti karane lagA / apanipadikacintana meM vaiyaktikatA se Upara uThakara sAmAjika ekatA ke lie abhedaniSThA kA sarvotkRSTha tAtvika AdhAra prastuta kiyA gyaa| isa prakAra jahAM vedoM kI samAja-niSThA barhimukhI thI, vahI upaniSadoM meM Akara antarmavI ho gayI / bhAratIya darzana meM yaha abheda - niSThA hI mAmAjika ekatva kI cetanA evaM mAmAjika mamatA kA AdhAra banI hai / IzAvAsyopaniSad kA RSi kahatA thA : yastu marvANi bhUtAnyAtmanyevAnupazyati / sarvabhUteSu cAtmAnaM tato na vijugupsate // 2 3 jo bhI prANiyoM ko apane meM aura apane ko sabhI prANiyoM meM dekhatA hai vaha apanI ima ekAtmatA kI anubhUti ke kAraNa kisI se ghRNA nahIM karatA hai| sAmAjika jIvana ke vikAsa kA AdhAra ekAtmatA kI anubhUti hai aura jaba ekAtmatA kI dRSTi kA vikAsa ho 1. taittirIya AraNyaka 8 2 2. Iza 6

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jana, boDa aura gotA kA samAja darzana jAtA hai to ghRNA aura vidveSa ke tattva svataH mamApta ho jAte haiM / isa prakAra jahA~ eka aura aupanipadika RSiyoM ne ekAtmatA ko caMtanA ko jAgrata kara sAmAjika jIvana ke vinAzaka ghRNA evaM vidvepa ke tattvoM ko samApta karane kA prayAsa kiyA, vahIM dUsarI ora unhoMne sampatti ke vaiyaktika adhikAra kA nirasana kara IzvarI sampadA arthAt nAmUhika sampadA kA vicAra bhI prastuta kiyA / IzAvAsyopaniSad ke prArambha meM hI Rpi bahatA hai : IzAvAsyamidaM marca yaskiJca jaganyAM jagat / tena tyaktena bhuJjIthA mA gRdhaH kasyasviddhanam / / " arthAt ima jaga meM jo kucha bhI hai vaha sabhI IzvarIya hai aimA kucha bhI nahIM hai, jise vaiyaktika kahA jA sake / isa prakAra zloka ke pUrvAddha meM vaiyaktika adhikAra kA ni:sana karake mamaSTi ko pradhAnatA dI gaI hai| iloka ke uttarArddha meM vyakti ke upabhoga evaM saMgraha ke adhikAra ko maryAdita karate hue kahA gayA ki prakRti kI jo bhI upalabdhiyA~ haiM unameM dUsaroM (arthAt samAja ke dUsare sadasyoM) kA bhI bhAga hai / ataH unake bhAga ko chor3akara hI unakA upayoga karo, saMgraha yA lAlaca mata karo kyoMki mampatti kimI eka kI nahIM hai| sambhavataH sAmAjika cetanA ke vikAsa ke lie isase adhika mahattvapUrNa dUsaga kayana nahIM ho sakatA thaa| yahI kAraNa thA ki gAMdhI jI ne isa zloka ke sandarbha meM kahA thA ki bhAratIya saMskRti kA sabhI kucha naSTa ho jAye kintu yaha zloka banA rahe to yaha akelA hI usakI abhivyakti meM samartha hai| 'tena tyaktena bhuMjIthAH' meM samagra sAmAjika cetn| kendrita dikhAI detI hai| gItA meM sAmAjika cetanA yadi hama upaniSadoM se mahAbhArata aura usake hI eka aMza gItA kI ora Ate haiM to yahA~ bhI hameM sAmAjika cetanA kA spaSTa darzana hotA hai / mahAbhArata to itanA vyApaka prantha hai ki usameM upasthita samAja-darzana para eka svatantra mahAnibandha likhA jA sakatA hai / sarvaprathama mahAbhArata meM hameM samAja kI AMgika saMkalpanA kA vaha siddhAnta parilakSita hotA hai, jisa para pAzcAtya cintana meM sarvAdhika bala diyA gayA hai| gItA bhI isa ekAtmatA kI anubhUti para bala detI hai / gItAkAra kahatA hai ki 'Atmaupamyena sarvatra samaM pazyati yo'rjuna / sukhaM vA yadi vA duHkhaM sa yogI paramomataH // 2 arthAt jo sukha duHkha kI anubhUti meM sabhI ko apane samAna samajhatA hai vahI saccA yogI hai / mAtra itanA hI nahIM, vaha to isase Age yaha bhI kahatA hai ki saccA darzana yA jJAna vahI hai jo hameM ekAtmatA kI anubhUti karAtA hai-'avibhaktaM vibhavataH tajjJAnaM 1. Iza 1 2. gItA 6 / 32

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bhAratIya darzana meM sAmAjika cetanA viddhi mAttikam / ' saMktika vibhinnatAoM meM bhI ekAtmatA kI anubhUti hI jJAna kI sAtvikatA aura hamArI mamAna-niSThA kA eka mAtra AdhAra hai| sAmAjika dRSTi se gItA 'marvabhUta-hite ratAH' kA mAmAjika Adarza bhI prastuta karatI hai| anAsakta bhAva se yakta hokara loka-kalyANa ke lie kArya karate rahanA hI gItA ke samAja-darzana kA mUla mantavya hai| zrIkRSNa spaSTa rUpa se kahate haiM 'ne prApnuvanti mAmeva sarvabhUtahiteratAH'' mAtra itanA hI nahIM, gItA me mAmAjika dAyitvoM ke nirvahana para bhI pUrA-pUga bala diyA gayA hai jo apane mAmAjika dAyitvoM ko pUrNa kiye binA bhoga karatA hai vaha gItAkAra ko dRSTi meM cora (ssena eva maH 3112) / sAtha ho jo mAtra apane lie pakAtA hai vaha pApa kA hI arjana karatA hai| (bhuMjate te tvacaM pApA ye pacantyAtmakAraNAt 31) / gItA hameM mamAja meM rahakara hI jIvana jIne kI zikSA detI hai isalie umane saMnyAma kI navIna paribhASA bhI prastuta kI hai / vaha kahatI hai ki 'kAmyAnAM karmaNAM nyAsaM saMnyAsaM kavayo viduH'' kAmya arthAt svArtha yukta karmoM kA tyAga ho saMnyAma hai, kevala niragni aura niSkriya ho jAnA ganyAma nahIM hai| macca maMnyAmI kA lakSaNa hai samAja meM rahakara lokakalyANa ke lie anAmakta bhAva se karma karatA rhe| anAzritaH karmaphalaM kArya karoti yaH / ma maMnyAma ca yogI ca na niragni naM cAkriyaH // 3 gItA meM zrIkRSNa kahate haiM ki loka-zikSA ko cAhate hue karma karatA rahe (kuryAt vidvAn tathA amaktaH cikIrpaH loksNgrhm)| gItA meM guNAzrita karma ke AdhAra para varNa-vyavasthA kA jo Adarza prastuta kiyA thA vaha bhI mAmAjika dRSTi meM karnavyoM evaM dAyitvoM ke vibhAjana kA eka mahattvapUrNa kArya thA, yadyapi bhAratIya samAja kA yaha durbhAgya thA ki guNa arthAt vaiyaktika yogyatA ke AdhAra para karma evaM varNa kA yaha vibhAjana kinhIM nihita svArthoM ke kAraNa janmanA banA diyA gayA / vastutaH vedoM meM evaM svaya gItA meM bhI jo virAT puruSa ke vibhinna aMgoM meM utpatti ke rUpa meM varNoM kI avadhAraNA hai vaha anya kucha nahIM apitu samAja-yurUpa ke vibhinna aMgoM ko avadhAraNA hai aura kimI bhImA taka mamAja ke AMgikatA middhAMta kA hI prastutIkaraNa hai| mAmAjika jIvana meM viSamatA evaM saMgharSa kA eka mahattvapUrNa kAraNa sampatti kA adhikAra hai| zrImadbhAgavata bhI IzAvAsyopaniSad ke samAna hI sampatti para vyakti ke adhikAra ko asvIkAra karatI hai / usameM kahA gayA hai:1. gItA 12 / 4 2. vahI, 1802 3. vahI, 61 4. vahI, 3125

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jaina, bauDa aura gItA kA samAna darzana yAvan bhriyeta jaTharaM, tAvat svatvaM dehinAm / adhiko yo'bhimanyeta, ma steno daNDamahati / / ' arthAt apanI daihika AvazyakatA meM adhika sampadA para apanA svatva mAnanA mAmAjika dRSTi se corI hai, anadhikRta cepTA hai| Aja kA mamAjavAda evaM sAmyavAda bhI isI Adarza para bar3A hai, yogyatA ke anusAra kArya aura AvazyakatA ke anumAra vetana' ko umakI dhAraNA yahA~ pUrI taraha upasthita hai| bhAratIya cintana meM puNya aura pApa kA, jo vargIkaraNa hai, umameM bhI sAmAjika dRSTi hI pramukha hai / pApa ke rUpa meM jina durguNoM kA aura puNya ke rUpa meM jina madguNoM kA utsava hai unakA sambandha vaiyaktika jIvana kI apekSA sAmAjika jIvana se adhika hai| puNya aura pApa kI eka mAtra kamoTI haikimA karma kA loka-maMgala meM upayogI yA anupayogI honA / kahA bhI gayA hai: ___ 'paropakArAya puNyAya, pApAya parapIDanam' jo loka ke lie hitakara hai kalyANakara hai, vaha puNya hai aura isake viparIta jo bhI dUmaroM ke lie pIr3A-janaka hai, amaMgalakara hai vaha pApa hai| isa prakAra bhAratIya cintana meM puNya-pApa kI vyAkhyA bhI mAmAjika dRSTi para hI AdhArita haiM / jaina evaM bauddhadharma meM sAmAjika cetanA yadi hama nivartaka dhAga ke samarthaka jainadharma evaM vauddhadharma kI ora dRSTipAta karate hai to prathama daSTi meM aimA lagatA hai ki inameM samAja kI dRSTi kI upekSA kI gaI hai| sAmAnyatayA yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki nivRtti-pradhAna darzana vyakti-paraka Ara pravRtti-pradhAna darzana mamAjaparaka hote haiN| kintu mAna lenA ki bhAratIya cintana kI nivartaka dhArA samarthaka jaina, bAda Adi darzana asAmAjika hai yA ina darzanoM meM nAmAjika saMdarbha kA abhAva hai. nitAnta bhrama hogaa| iname bhI sAmAjika bhAvanA se parAGmukhatA nahIM dikhAI detI hai| ye dAna itanA to avazya mAnate haiM ki cAhe vaiyaktika sAdhanA kI dRSTi meM ekAMkI jIvana lAbhaprada ho sakatA hai kintu usa mAdhanA se prApta middhi kA upabhoga gAmAjika kalyANa kI digA meM hI honA cAhie / mahAvIra aura buddha kA jIvana svayaM isa bAta kA mAkSI hai ki ve jJAna-prApti ke pazcAt jIvana-paryanta loka-maMgala ke lie kArya karate rhe| yadyapi ina nivRttipradhAna darzanoM meM jo sAmAjika sandarbha upasthita hai, ve thor3e bhinna prakAra ke avazya haiM / inameM mUlataH sAmAjika sambandhoM kI guddhi kA prayAsa parilakSita hotA hai| sAmAjika sandarbha kI dRSTi se inameM samAja-racanA evaM sAmAjika dAyitvoM kI nirvahaNa ko apekSA samAja-jIvana ko dUSita banAne vAle tattvoM ke niramana para bala diyA gayA hai / jaina-darzana ke paMca mahAvrata, bauddha darzana ke paMcazIla aura yoga darzana ke paMcayamA kA 1. zrImadbhAgavata 7 / 148

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bhAratIya darzana meM sAmAjika cetanA sambandha anivAryatayA hamAre sAmAjika jIvana me ho hai| praznavyAkaraNasUtra nAmaka jaina Agama meM kahA gayA hai ki tIrthakara kA yaha mukathita pravacana sabhI prANiyoM ke rakSaNa evaM karuNA ke lie hai| pAMcoM mahAvata sarvaprakAra se lokahita ke lie hI hai|' hiMsA, jhUTha, corI, vyabhicAra, saMgraha (parigraha) ye saba vaktika nahIM, sAmAjika jIvana kI duSpravRttiyA~ haiN| ye saba dUsaroM ke prati hamAre vyavahAra meM gaMbaMdhita hai| himA kA artha hai kimI anya kI hiMsA, asatya kA matalaba hai kigI anya ko galata jAnakArI denA, corI kA artha hai kimI dUsare kI sampatti kA apaharaNa karanA, vyabhicAra kA matalaba hai mAmAjika mAnyatAoM ke viruddha yona nambandha sthApita karanA, isI prakAra maMgraha yA parigraha kA artha hai mamAja meM Arthika viSamatA paidA krnaa| kyA samAja jIvana ke abhAva meM inakA koI artha yA maMdarbha raha jAtA hai ? ahiMgA, ganya, astA, brahmacarya evaM aparigraha kI jo maryAdAyeM ina darzanoM ne dI ve hamAre mAmAjika sambandhoM kI mudi ke lie hI haiN| imI prakAra jaina, bauddha aura yoga darzanoM kI mAdhanA paddhati meM gamAna mga meM pamtuta maitrI. pramoda. kamNA aura madhyastha bhAvanAoM ke AdhAra para bhI gAmAjika gAya ko mpaTa kiyA jA makatA hai| jainAcArya aminagani ina bhAvanAoM kI abhivyakti nimna gabdoM meM karate haiM: ganveSu maMtrI gaNISu pramoda, kliSTeSu jApa kRpApagnyam / madhyasthabhAvaM viparItavatI gadA mamAtmA vidadhAta deva // 2 'he prabha. hamAre manA meM prANiyoM ke prati mitratA, guNIjanoM ke prati pramoda, dugviyoM ke prati kaNA tathA duSTa janoM ke prati madhyastha bhAva madA vidyamAna rahe / ' ga prakAra ina bhAvanAoM ke mAdhyama ne mamAja ke vibhinna prakAra ke vyaktiyoM ne hamAre gambandha kiga prakAra ke ho yahI spaSTa kiyA gayA hai| samAja meM dUsare logoM kI gAtha hama kisa prakAra vina jiye yaha hamArI mAmAjikatA ke lie ati Avazyaka hai aura ina darzanoM meM isa prakAra meM vyakti ko mamAja-jIvana meM jor3ane kA hI pradhAna kiyA gayA hai| ina dinoM kA hRdaya rikta nI hai / inameM prema aura karanA kI aTa dhAga baha rahI hai| tIrtha kAra kI vANI kA prasphuTana hI loka kI kamNA ke lie hotA hai (gamaMcana lAye gveyanne pavaiya) / isIlie to AcArya namantabhadra liyata hai -'marvApadAmannayana niranta mAdayaM taM midaM tavaiva', 'he prabho ApakA anugAnana mabhI duHkhoM kA anta karane vAlA aura sabhI kA kalyANa (marvodaya) karane vAlA hai / ' jaiga AgamoM meM prastuta kula-dharma, grAma-dharma, nagaradharma, rASTra-dharma evaM gaNa-dharma bhI usakI mamAja-mApekSa tA ko spaSTa kara data haiM / tripiTaka meM bhI aneka saMdarbho meM vyakti ke vividha mAmAjika sambandhoM ke AdazoM kA citraNa 1. praznavyAkaraNa 1 / 1 / 21-22 2. sAmAyika pATha (amitagati)

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jaina, bauddha aura gIta kA samAna darzana kiyA gayA hai| pArivArika aura mAmAjika jIvana meM hamAre pArasparika sambandhoM ko sumadhura evaM samAyojanapUrNa banAne tathA mAmAjika TakarAva ke kAraNoM kA vizleSaNa kara unheM dUra karane ke lie ina darzanoM kA mahatvapUrNa yogadAna hai| vastutaH ina darzanoM meM AcAra zuddhi para bala dekara vyakti mudhAra ke mAdhyama se samAja-mubAra kA mArga prazasta kiyaa| inhoMne vyakti ko samAja kA kendra mAnA aura isalie usake caritra ke nirmANa para bala diyA / vastutaH ina darzanoM ke yuga taka samAjaracanA kA kArya pUrA ho cukA thA ataH inhoMne mukhya rUpa se sAmAjika burAiyoM ko samApta karane kA prayAsa kiyA aura mAmAjika sambandhoM ko guddhi para bala diyaa| rAgAtmakatA aura samAja sambhavataH ina darzanoM ko jina AdhAgeM para mAmAjika jIvana me kaTA huA mAnA jAtA hai unameM pramukha haiM-gaga yA Amakti kA prahANa, saMnyAsa yA nivRttimArga kI pradhAnatA tathA mokSa kA pratyaya / ye ho aime tanva hai jo vyakti ko sAmAjika jIvana se alaga karate haiM / ataH bhAratIya madarbha meM ina pratyayoM ko sAmAjika dRSTi se samIkSA bhAvazyaka hai| ___ marvaprathama bhAratIya darzana Amakti, rAga yA tRSNA kI mamApti para bara detA hai, kintu prazna yaha hai ki kyA Amakti yA rAga me Upara uThane kI bAta sAmAjika jIvana se alaga karatI hai / sAmAjika jIvana kA AdhAra pArasparika sambandha hai aura sAmAnyatayA yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki rAga se mukti yA Amakti ko samApti tabhI sambhava hai jabaki vyakti apane ko mAmAjika jIvana meM yA pArivArika jIvana se alaga kara le| kintu yaha eka bhrAnta dhAraNA ho hai / na tA sambandha tor3a dene mAtra se gaga samApta ho jAtA hai. na rAga ke abhAva mAtra se saMbaMdha TUTa jAte haiM, vAstavikatA to yaha hai, ki rAga yA Asakti kI upasthiti meM hamAre yathArtha sAmAjika saMbaMtra hI nahIM bana pAte / sAmAjika jIvana aura sAmAjika saMbaMdhoM kI viSamatA ke mUla meM vyakti kI rAga-bhAvanA hI kAma karatI hai| sAmAnyatayA rAga dvepa kA sahagAmI hotA hai aura jaba sambandha rAga-dveSa ke AdhAra para khar3e hote haiM to ina saMbaMdhoM se TakarAhaTa evaM viSamatA svAbhAvika rUpa se utpanna hotI hai / bodhicaryAvatAra meM AcArya zAntideva likhate haiM: upadravA ye ca bhavanti loke cAvanti duHnAni bhayAni caiva / sarvANi tAnyAtmaparigraheNa tat kiM mamAnena parigraheNa / / AtmAnamaparityajya duHkhaM tyaktuM na zakyate / yathAgnimaparityajya dAhaM tyaktuM na zakyate / / saMsAra ke sabhI duHkha aura bhaya evaM tajjanya upadrava mamatva ke kAraNa hote haiM / jaba taka mamatva buddhi kA parityAga nahIM kiyA jAtA taba taka ina duHkhoM kI samApti sambhava nahIM

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bhAratIya varzana meM sAmAjika cetanA hai / jaise agni kA parityAga kiye binA tajjanya dAha se bacanA asambhava hai| rAga hameM sAmAjika jIvana se jor3atA nahIM hai, apitu tor3atA hI hai| rAga ke kAraNa merA yA mamatva bhAva utpanna hotA hai| mere saMbaMdhI, merI jAti, merA dharma, merA rASTra ye vicAra vikasita hote haiM aura usake pariNAmasvarUpa bhAI-bhatIjAvAda, jAtivAda sAmpradAyikatA aura saMkucita rASTravAda kA janma hotA hai / Aja mAnava jAti ke sumadhura sAmAjika sambandhoM meM ye hI sabase adhika bAdhaka tattva haiM / ye manuSya ko pArivArika, jAtIya, sAmpradAyika aura rASTrIya kSudra svArthoM se Upara nahIM uThane dete haiN| ve hI Aja kI viSamatA ke mUla kAraNa haiM / bhAratIya darzana ne rAga yA Asakti ke prahANa para bala dekara sAmAjikatA kI eka yathArtha dRSTi hI pradAna kI hai| prathama to yaha ki rAga kisI para hotA hai aura jo kisI para hotA hai vaha saba para nahIM ho sakatA hai| ataH rAga se Upara uThe binA yA Asakti ko chor3e binA sAmAjikatA kI saccI bhUmikA prApta nahIM kI jA sakatI / sAmAjika jIvana kI viSamatAoM kA mUla 'sva' kI saMkucita sImA hI hai| vyakti jise apanA mAnatA hai usake hita kI kAmanA karatA hai aura jise parAyA mAnatA hai usake hita kI upekSA karatA hai| sAmAjika jIvana meM zoSaNa, krUra vyavahAra, ghRNA Adi sabhI unhIM ke prati kiye jAte haiM, jinheM hama apanA nahIM mAnate haiM / yadyapi yaha bar3A kaThina kArya hai ki hama apanI rAgAtmakatA yA mamatvavRtti kA pUrNatayA visarjana kara makeM kintu yaha bhI utanA ho satya hai ki usakA eka sImA taka visarjana kiye binA apekSita sAmAjika jIvana kA vikAsa nahIM ho sktaa| vyakti kA mamatva cAhe vaha vyaktigata jIvana, pArivArika jIvana yA rASTra kI sImA taka vistRta ho, hameM svArtha-bhAvanA se Upara nahIM uThane detA / svahita kI vRtti cAhe vaha parivAra ke prati ho yA gaSTra ke prati, samAna rUpa se sAmAjikatA kI virodhI hI siddha hotI hai| usake hote hue maccA sAgajika jovana phalita nahIM ho sktaa| jisa prakAra parivAra ke prati mamatva kA saghana rUpa hamameM rASTrIya cetanA kA vikAsa nahIM kara sakatA usI prakAra rASTrIyatA ke prati bhI mamatva saccI mAnavIya ekatA meM sahAyaka siddha nahIM ho sktaa| ima prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki vyakti jaba taka rAga yA Asakti se Upara nahIM uThatA taba taka mAmAjikatA kA sadbhAva sambhava nahIM ho sakatA / samAja tyAga evaM mamarpaNa ke AdhAra para khar3A hotA hai ataH vItarAga yA anAsakta dRSTi hI sAmAjika jIvana ke lie vAstavika AdhAra prastuta kara sakatI hai aura sampUrNa mAnava-jAti meM sumadhura sAmAjika sambandhoM kA nirmANa kara sakatI hai| yadi hama sAmAjika sambandhoM meM utpanna hone vAlI vipamatA evaM TakarAhaTa ke kAraNoM kA vizleSaNa kareM to usake mUla meM hamArI Asakti yA rAgAtmakatA hI pramukha hai / Asakti, mamatva bhAva yA rAga ke kAraNa hI manuSya meM 1. dodhicaryAvatAra 8.134-135

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baina, bola bora gItA kA samAna darzana saMgraha, Aveza aura kapaTAcAra ke tattva janma lete haiN| ataH yaha kahanA ucita hI hogA ki ina darzanoM ne rAga yA Asakti ke prahANa para bala dekara sAmAjika viSamatAoM ko samApta karane evaM sAmAjika samatva kI sthApanA karane meM mahattvapUrNa sahayoga diyA hai| samAja tyAga evaM samarpaNa para khar3A hotA hai, jItA hai aura vikasita hotA hai, yaha bhAratIya cintana kA mahatvapUrNa niSkarSa hai / vastutaH Asakti yA rAga tattva kI upasthiti meM saccI sArvabhauma sAmAjikatA phalita nahIM hotI hai / sAmAjikatA kA bAdhAra rAga yA viveka ? sambhavataH yahA~ yaha prazna upasthita kiyA jA sakatA hai ki rAga ke abhAva meM sAmAjika sambandhoM ko jor3ane vAlA tanva kyA hogA? rAga ke abhAva se to sAre sAmAjika sambandha caramarA kara TUTa jaayeNge| rAgAtmakatA hI to hameM eka-dUsare meM jor3atI hai| ataH gaga sAmAjika-jIvana kA eka Avazyaka tattva hai| kintu merI apanI vinamra dhAraNA meM jo tattva vyakti ko vyakti meM yA samAja meM jor3atA hai, vaha rAga nahIM, viveka hai| tattvArthasUtra meM isa bAta kI carcA upasthita kI gaI hai ki vibhinna dravya eka-dUsare kA mahayoga kima prakAra karate haiN| usameM jahAM pudgala-dravya ko jIva-vya kA upakAraka kahA gayA hai, vahIM eka jIva ko dUsare jIvoM kA upakAraka kahA gayA hai 'parasparopagraho jIvAnAm" / cetana-sattA yadi kisI kA upakAra yA hita kara sakatI hai, to vetana-mattA kA hI kara sakatI hai| isa prakAra pArasparika hita-sAdhana yaha jIva kA svabhAva hai aura yaha pArasparika hita-sAdhana kI svAbhAvika vRtti hI manuSya kI mAmAjikatA kA AdhAra hai / ima svAbhAvika-vRtti ke vikAsa ke do AdhAra haiM-eka rAgAtmaka aura dUsarA viveka / rAgAtmakatA hameM kahIM se jor3atI haiM, to kahIM meM tor3atI bhI hai| isa prakAra rAgAtmakatA ke AdhAra para jaba hama kisI ko apanA mAna hai, to usake virodhI ke prati "para" kA bhAva bhI A jAtA hai / rAga dveSa ke sAtha hI jItA hai / ve aise jur3avA zizu haiM, jo eka sAtha utpanna hote haiM, eka mAtha jIte haiM aura eka sAtha marate bhI haiN| rAga jor3atA hai. to Tepa tor3atA hai| rAga ke AdhAra para jo bhI samAja khar3A hogA, to usameM anivArya rUpa me vargabheda aura varNabheda rahegA hii| maccI sAmAjika-caMtanA kA AdhAra rAga nahIM, viveka hogaa| viveka ke AdhAra para dAyitvabodha evaM kartavya-bodha kI cetanA jAgRta hogo / rAga kI bhASA adhikAra kI bhASA hai, jabaki viveka kI bhASA kartavya kI bhASA hai| jahAM kevala adhikAroM kI bAta hotI haiM, vahA~ kevala vikRta sAmAjikatA hotI hai| svastha sAmAjikatA adhikAra kA nahIM, kartavya kA bodha karAtI hai aura aisI sAmAjikatA kA AdhAra 'viveka' hotA hai. kartavyabodha hotA hai / jaina-dharma aisI hI sAmAjika cetanA ko nirmita karanA cAhatA hai| jaba 1. tattvArtha 5 / 21

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bhAratIya darzana meM sAmAjika cetanA viveka hamArI sAmAjika cetanA kA AdhAra banatA hai, to mere aura tere ko, apane aura parAye kI cetanA samApta ho jAtI hai| sabhI Atmavat hote haiM / jaina dharma ne ahiMsA ko jo apane dharma kA AdhAra mAnA hai, usakA AdhAra yahI Atmavat dRSTi hai / 11 sAmAjika jIvana ke bAdhaka tattva ahaMkAra aura kaSAya sAmAjika sambandha meM vyakti kA ahaMkAra bhI bahuta kama mahattvapUrNa kArya karatA hai / zAsana kI icchA yA Adhipatya kI bhAvanA isake pramukha tattva haiM, inake kAraNa bhI gAmAjika-jIvana meM viSamatA utpanna hotI hai / zAsaka aura zAsita athavA jAtibheda evaM raMgabheda Adi kI zreSThatA - nimnatA ke mUla meM yahI kAraNa hai / vartamAna meM bar3e rASTroM meM jo apane prabhAvaka kSetra banAne kI pravRtti hai, usake mUla meM bhI apane rASTrIya ahaM kI puSTi kA prayatna hai / svatantratA ke apahAra kA prazna isI sthiti meM hotA hai / jaba vyakti ke mana meM Adhipatya kI vRtti yA zAsana kI bhAvanA udbuddha hotI hai, to vaha dUsare ke adhikAroM kA hanana karatA hai, apaharaNa karatA hai| jaina darzana ahaMkAra (mAna) pratyaya ke vigalana ke dvArA sAmAjika paratantratA ko samApta karatA hai / dUgarI ora jainadarzana kA ahiMmA siddhAnta bhI sabhI prANiyoM ke samAna adhikAroM ko svIkAra karatA hai / adhikAroM kA hanana bhI eka prakAra kI hiMgA hai| ataH ahiMgA kA siddhAnta svatantratA ke siddhAnta ke sAtha jur3A huA hai / jaina evaM bauddha darzana eka ora ahimA-middhAMta ke AdhAra para vyaktigata svatantratA kA pUrNa samarthana karate haiM, vahI dUsarI ora gamatA ke AdhAra para vargabheda, jAtibheda, evaM UMca-nIca kI bhAvanA ko gamApta karate haiM / * sAmAjika jIvana meM viSamatA utpanna hone ke cAra mUlabhUta kAraNa hai:: -- 1. saMgraha (lobha), 2. Aveza (krodha), 3. garva ( bar3A mAnanA) aura 4. mAyA (chipAnA ) / jinheM jaina-dharma meM cAra kapAya kahA jAtA hai| ye cAroM alaga-alaga rUpa meM sAmAjika jIvana meM viSamatA, maMtra evaM azAnti ke kAraNa banate haiM / 1. magraha kI manovRtti ke kAraNa zopaNa, apramANikatA, svArthapUrNa vyavahAra kara vyavahAra, vizvAsaghAta Adi vikasita hote haiM / 2. Aveza kI manovRtti ke kAraNa saMgharSa, yuddha, AkramaNa evaM hatyAe~ Adi hone hai / 3. garva kI manovRtti ke kAraNa ghRNA aura krUra vyavahAra hotA hai / 8. mAnA kI manAvRtti ke kAraNa avizvAsa evaM maitrIpUrNa vyavahAra utpanna hotA hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaina darzana meM jinheM cAra kavAya kahA jAtA hai, unhIM ke kAraNa mAmAjika jIvana dUSita hotA hai| jaina darzana inhIM kaSAyoM ke nirodha ko apanI naitika-mAdhanA kA AdhAra banAtA hai / ataH yaha kahanA ucita hI hogA ki jaina darzana apane sAdhanA mArga ke rUpa meM sAmAjika viSamatAoM ko samApta kara, sAmAjika samatva kI sthApanA kA prayatna karatA / yadi hama jaina-dharma meM svIkRta pA~ca mahAvratoM ko dekheM, to spaSTa rUpa se unakA pUrA sandarbha sAmAjika jIvana hai| hiMsA, mRpAvacana, corI, maithuna-saMvana ( vyabhicAra )

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mena, boDa aura gItA kA samAna darzana evaM maMgrahavatti mAmAjika jIvana kI burAiyAM haiN| inase bacane ke lie pAMca mahAvratoM ke rUpa meM jina naitika sadguNoM kI sthApanA kI gaI, ve pUrNataH sAmAjika jIvana se sambandhina haiM / ataH bhAratIya darzana ne anAsakti evaM vItarAgatA ke pratyaya para jo kucha bala diyA hai vaha sAmAjikatA kA virodhI nahIM hai| saMnyAsa aura samAja mAmAnyatayA bhAratIya darzana ke maMnyAsa ke pratyaya ko samAja nirapekSa mAnA jAtA hai, kintu kyA sanyAsa kI dhAraNA mamAja-nirapekSa hai ? nizcaya hI saMnyAsI pArivArika jIvana kA nyAga karatA hai kintu isameM kyA vaha asAmAjika ho jAtA hai ? saMnyAsa ke saMkalpa meM vaha kahatA hai ki vittaSaNA putrepaNA lokepaNA mayA parityaktA' arthAta maiM artha-kAmanA, santAna-kAmanA aura yaza-kAmanA kA parityAga karatA hU~ kintu kyA dhana-sampadA, santAna tathA yaga-kIti kI kAmanA kA parityAga samAja kA parityAga hai ? vastutaH samasta eSaNAoM kA tyAga svArtha kA tyAga hai, vAsanAmaya jIvana kA tyAga hai, saMnyAsa kA yaha saMkalpa use samAja-vimukha nahIM banAtA hai, apitu mamAja-kalyANa kI uccatara bhUmikA para adhiSThita karatA hai kyoMki saccA lokahita niHsvArthatA evaM virAga kI bhUmi para sthita hokara hI kiyA jA sakatA hai| ___ bhAratIya cintana saMnyAsa ko samAja-nirapekSa nahIM maantaa| bhagavAna buddha kA yaha AdaMga carastha bhikkhave cArikaM bahujana-hitAya bahujana-sugvAya lokAnukampAya atthAya hitAya deva manummAna' (vinayapiTaka-mahAvagga) isa bAta kA pramANa hai ki saMnyAsa loka-maMgala ke lie hotA hai / saccA saMnyAsI vaha vyakti hai jo samAja se alpatama lekara use adhikatama detA hai / vastutaH vaha kuTumba, parivAra Adi kA tyAga isalie karatA hai ki samaSTi kA hokara rahe kyoMki jo kisI kA hai vaha sabakA nahIM ho sakatA, jo sabakA hai vaha kisI kA nahIM hai / saMnyAsI niHsvArtha aura niSkAma rUpa se loka-maMgala kA sAdhaka hotA hai| maMnyAsa zabda sam pUrvaka nyAsa hai, nyAsa gabda kA eka artha dekharekha karanA bhI hai| saMnyAmI vaha vyakti hai jo mamyak rUpa meM eka nyAsI (TrasTI) kI bhUmikA adA karatA hai aura nyAsI vaha hai jo mamatva bhAva aura svAmitva kA tyAga karake kisI TrasTa (sampadA) kA pakSaNa evaM vikAsa karatA hai| saMnyAsI sacce artha meM eka TrasTI hai / TrasTI yadi TrasTa kA upayoga apane hita meM karatA hai, apane ko usakA svAmI samajhatA hai to vaha samyak TrasTI nahIM ho sakatA hai| isI prakAra yadi vaha TrasTa ke rakSaNa evaM vikAsa kA prayatna na kare to bhI sacce artha meM TrasTI nahIM hai| isI prakAra yadi saMnyAsI lokeSaNA se yukta hai, mamatva-buddhi yA svArtha buddhi se kAma karatA hai to saMnyAsI nahIM hai aura yadi loka kI upekSA karatA hai, lokamaMgala ke lie prayAsa nahIM karatA hai to vaha bhI saMnyAsI nahIM hai| unake jIvana kA mizana to 'sarvabhUta-hite rataH' kA hai| 1. lekhaka isa vyAkhyA ke lie mahendra muni jI kA AbhArI hai /

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bhAratIya darzana meM sAmAjika cetanA saMnyAsa meM rAga se Upara uThanA Avazyaka hai| kiMtu isakA tAtparya samAja kI upekSA nahI hai / saMnyAsa ko bhUmikA meM svatva evaM mamatva ke lie nizcaya hI koI sthAna nahIM hai| phira bhI vaha palAyana nahIM, apitu samarpaNa hai| mamatva kA parityAga kartavya kI upekSA nahIM hai, apitu kartavya kA sahI bodha hai / saMnyAsI usa bhUmikA para khar3A hotA hai jahA~ vyakti apane meM samaSTi ko aura samaSTi meM apane ko dekhatA hai| umako cetanA apane aura parAye ke bheda se Upara uTha jAtI hai| yaha apane aura parAye ke vicAra se Upara ho jAnA samAja vimukhatA nahIM hai, apitu yaha to usake hRdapa kI vyApakatA hai, mahAnatA hai / isalie bhAratIya cintakoM ne kahA hai: ayaM nijaH paro veti gaNanA laghucetamAm / udAracaritAnAM tu vasudhaiva kuTumbakam // saMnyAsa kI bhUmikA na to Asakti kI bhUmikA hai aura na upekSA kii| umakI vAstavika sthiti dhAya' (nasa) ke samAna mamatva rahita kartavya bhAva kI hotI hai / jainadharma meM kahA bhI gayA hai: sama dRSTi jIvar3A kare kuTumba pratipAla / antara sUM nyArA rahe jUdhAya khilAve bAla / / vastutaH nimamatva evaM niHsvArtha bhAva se tathA vaiyaktikatA aura svArtha se Upara uThakara kartavya kA pAlana hI saMnyAsa kI saccI bhUmikA hai / sanyAsI vaha vyakti hai jo lokamaMgala ke lie apane vyaktitva evaM apane zarIra ko samarpita kara detA hai| vaha jo kucha bhI tyAga karatA hai vaha samAja ke lie eka Adarza banatA hai| samAja meM naitika cetanA ko jAgrata karanA tathA sAmAjika jIvana meM Ane vAlI duHpravRttiyoM se vyakti ko bacAkara lokamaMgala ke lie use dizA-nirdeza denA saMnyAsI kA sarvopari kartavya mAnA gayA hai / ataH hama kaha sakate haiM ki bhAratIya darzana meM saMnyAma kI jo bhUmikA prastuta kI gaI hai vaha sAmAjikatA kI virodhI nahIM hai| saMnyAsI kSudra svArtha se Upara uThakara khar3A huA vyakti hotA hai, jo Adarza samAja-racanA ke lie prayatnazIla rahatA hai| aba hama mokSa ke pratyaya kI sAmAjika upAdeyatA para carcA karanA cAheMge / puruSArtha catuSTaya evaM samAja bhAratIya darzana mAnava jIvana ke lie artha, kAma, dharma aura mokSa ina cAra puruSArthoM ko svIkAra karatA hai / yadi hama sAmAjika jIvana ke sandarbha meM ina para vicAra karate haiM to inameM se artha, kAma aura dharma kA sAmAjika jIvana meM mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai / sAmAjika jIvana meM hI ina tInoM puruSArthoM kI upalabdhi sambhava hai / arthopArjana aura kAma kA sevana to sAmAjika jIvana se jur3A huA hI hotA hai / kintu bhAratIya cintana meM dharma bhI. sAmAjika vyavasthA aura zAnti ke lie hI hai kyoMki dharma ko 'dharmoM dhArayate prajAH' ke.

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14 bena. boDa aura gItA kA samAna darzana rUpa meM paribhASita kara usakA sambandha bhI hamAre sAmAjika jIvana se jor3A gayA hai| vaha loka-maryAdA aura loka-vyavasthA kA hI mUcaka hai| ataH puruSArtha-catuSTaya meM kevala mola hI eka aimA puruSArtha hai jisakI mAmAjika mArthakatA vicAraNIya hai| prazna yaha hai ki kyA mokSa kI dhAraNA sAmAjika dRSTi meM upAdeya ho sakatI hai ? jahA~ taka mokSa ko magNAMnA avamyA yA tanva-mImAMmIya dhAraNA kA prazna hai uma sambandha meM na to bhAratIya darzanoM meM hI ekarUpatA hai aura na usakI koI mAmAjika sArthakatA hI khojI jA sakatI hai| kintu imI AdhAra para mokSa ko anupAdeya mAna lenA ucita nahIM hai| lagabhaga sabhI bhAratIya dAnika isa sambandha meM ekamata hai ki mokSa kA sambandha mukhyataH manuSya kI manAvati meM hai| bandhana aura mukti donoM hI manuSya ke manovaMgoM se sambandhita hai / g2aga. daMga, Amakti, tRSNA, mamandha, aham Adi ko manovRttiyAM hI bandhana haiM aura inaga mukta hAnA hI mukti hai / muni kI vyAkhyA karate hue jana dAnikoM ne kahA thA ki moha aura kSobha ma rahita AtmA ko avasthA hI mukti hai| Acarya zaMkara kahate haiM: 'vAmanAprakSayo motaH vastRtaH moha aura zobha hamAre jIvana se jur3e hue haiM aura isalie mukti kA sambandha bhI hamAre jIvana meM hI hai / merI dRSTi meM mokSa mAnasika tanAvoM se mukti hai / yadi hama mokSa ke pratyaya kI mAmAgki mArthakatA ke sambandha meM vicAra karanA cAhate haiM to hameM inhI manAniyoM evaM mAnamika vikSobhoM ke mandarbha meM uma para vicAra karanA hogaa| mambhavataH hama sambandha meM koI bhI do mata nahIM rakhegA ki gaga, dveSa, naSNA, Asakti, mamatva, IA, vaimanasya Adi kI manovRttiyAM hamAre sAmAjika jIvana ke lie adhika bAdhaka hai| yadi ina manovRtiyoM meM mukta honA hI mukti kA hAI hai to mukti kA sambandha hamAre sAmAjika jIvana ke mAtha juTA huA hai| mokSa mAtra eka maraNottara avasthA nahI hai apinu vaha hamAre jIvana me sambandhita hai / mokSa ko puruSArtha mAnA gayA hai / imakA tAtparya yaha hai ki vaha isI jIvana meM prAptamya hai. jo loga mokSa ko eka maraNottara avasthA mAnate haiM, ve mokSa ke vAstavika svarUpa se anabhijJa hai| AcArya zaMkara likhataM hai: dahasya mokSo no mokSo na daNDasya kamaNDaloH / avivAhRdayandhimokSo moso yatastataH / / maraNottara mokSa yA videha-mukti mAdhya nahIM hai| usake lie koI sAdhanA apekSita nahIM hai| jisa prakAra mRtyu janma lene kA anivArya pariNAma hai usI prakAra videha-mukti to jIvana-mukti kA anivArya pariNAma hai / ataH jo prAptavya hai, jo puruSArtha hai aura jo sAdhya hai vaha to jIvana muki ho hai / jIvana muni ke pratyaya kI sAmAjika sArthakatA se 1. vivekacUmamaNi 318 2. vahI, 559 /

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bhAratIya darzana meM sAmAjika cetanA hama inkAra bhI nahI kara sakate kyoMki jIvana-mukta eka aisA vyaktitva hai jo sadaiva loka-kalyANa ke lie prastuta rahatA hai| jaina darzana meM tIrthakara, boTa darzana meM ahaMta evaM bodhisatva aura vaidika darzana meM sthita-praja kI jo dhAraNAeM prastuta kI gaI haiM aura unake vyaktitva ko jisa rUpa meM citrita kiyA gayA hai usase hama nizcaya hI isa niSkarSa para pahuMca sakate haiM ki mokSa ke pratyaya kI sAmAjika upAdeyatA bhI hai / vaha loka-maMgala aura mAnava kalyANa kA eka mahAna Adarga mAnA jA sakatA hai kyoMki janajana kA duHkhoM se mukta honA hI mukti hai, mAtra itanA hI nahIM, bhAratIya cintana meM vaiyaktika mukti kI apekSA bhI loka-kalyANa ke lie prayatnazIla bane rahane ko adhika mahatva diyA gA hai / bauddha darzana meM bodhimatva kA aura gItA meM sthitaprajJa kA jo Adarza prastuta kiyA gayA hai, vaha hameM spaSTa rUpa se batAtA hai ki kevala vaiyaktika mukti ko prApta kara lenA ho antima lakSya nahIM hai| bodhimanva to lokamaMgala ke liye apane bandhana ora da kha kI koI paravAha nahIM karatA hai / vaha kahatA hai:bahanAmakaduHkhena yadi duHkhaM vigacchati / utpAdyameva tad duHkhaM madhyana praatmno| muccanAneSu mattvaSu ye te pramodyamAgagaH / taireva nanu paryAptaM mokSeNArasikena kim // ' __ yadi eka ke kaSTa uThAne se bahatoM kA damya dUra hotA ho, tokANApUrvaka unake duHkha dUra karanA hI acchA hai / prANiyoM ko duHkhoM se mukta hotA huA dekhakara jo Ananda prApta hotA hai vahI kyA kama hai, phira nIgma mokSa prApta karane kI icchA kI kyA AvazyakatA hai ? vaiyaktika mukti kI dhAraNA kI AlocanA karate hue aura jana-jana kI mukti ke lie apane makalpa ko spaSTa kagne hue bhAgavata ke saptama skandha meM prahalAda ne spaSTa rUpa se kahA thA ki prAyeNa devamunayaH mvavimaktikAmAH / monaM canti vijana na pagathaM niSThAH / / netAn vihAya kRpaNAn vimumukSurekaH / hai prabhu apanI mukti kI kAmanA karane vAle deva aura mani to aba taka kAphI ho cuke haiM. jo jaMgala meM jAkara mauna mAdhana kiyA karate the| kintu unameM pagartha-niSThA nahIM thii| maiM to akelA ina maba duHkhIjanoM ko chor3akara mukta honA bhI nahIM caahtaa|' yaha bhAratIya darzana aura mAhitya kA marvayaMpTa udgAra hai| imI prakAra bodhimatva bhI madeva hI dona aura duHkhI janoM ko duHkha meM mukta karAne ke lie prayannagIla bane rahane kI abhilASA karatA hai aura mabako mukta karAne ke pazcAt hI mukta honA cAhatA hai| bhavaMyamupajIvyo'haM yAvatsarve na nivRtAH / / 1. bovicaryAvatAra 8105,108 / 2. vahI, 3121 /

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maina, boDa aura gotA kA samAna darzana vastutaH mokSa akelA pAne kI vastu hI nahIM hai / isa sambandha meM vinobA bhAve ke udgAra vicAraNIya haiM: jo samajhatA hai ki mokSa akele hathiyAne kI vastu hai, vaha usake hAtha meM nikala jAtA hai, 'ma' ke Ane hI mola bhAga jAtA hai, merA mokSa yaha vAkya hI galana hai / 'merA' miTane para hI mokSa milatA hai|' isI prakAra vAstavika mukti ahaMkAra meM mukti hI hai| 'maiM' athavA ahaM bhAva se mukta hone ke lie hameM apane Apako samaSTi meM, samAja meM lIna kara denA hotA hai| mukti vahI vyakti prApta kara sakatA hai jo ki apane vyaktitva ko samaSTi meM, mamAja meM vilIna kara de / AcArya zAntidava likhate haiM: sarvanyAgazca nirvANaM nirvANApi ca me manaH / tyaktavyaM cenmayA sarva varaM sattveSu dIyatAm / / isa prakAra yaha dhAraNA ki mokSa kA pratyaya sAmAjikatA kA virodhI hai, galata hai / mokSa vastutaH duHkhoM se mukti hai aura manuSya jIvana ke adhikAMza duHkha, mAnavIya saMvargoM ke kAraNa hI hai / ataH mukti, IrSyA, dveSa, krodha, ghRNA Adi ke maMvargoM se mukti pAne meM hai aura isa rUpa meM vaha vaiyaktika aura sAmAjika donoM hI dRSTi se upAdeya bhI hai / duHkha, ahaMkAra evaM mAnasika klezoM se mukti rUpa meM mokSa upAdayatA aura sArthakatA ko asvIkAra bhI nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai / anta meM hama kaha sakate haiM ki bhAratIya jIvana darzana kI dRSTi pUrNatayA sAmAjika aura lokamaMgala ke lie prayatnazIla bane rahane ko hai| usakI ekamAtra maMgala kAmanA hai: sarve'tra mukhinaH mantu / marve santu nirAmayAH / sarve bhadrANi pazyantu / mA kazcid duHkhamApnuyAt / / 1. AtmajJAna aura vijJAna, 10 71 2. bodhicaryAvatAra 3311 /

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svahita banAma lokahita naitika cintana ke prArambha kAla se hI svahita aura lokahita kA prazna mahatvapUrNa rahA hai| bhAratIya paramparA meM eka ora cANakya kA kathana hai ki strI, dhana Adi sabase bar3hakara apanA rakSA kA prayatna karanA caahie| vidura ne bhI kahA hai ki jo svArtha ko chor3akara parArtha karatA hai, jo mitra ( dUsare logoM ) ke lie zrama karatA hai vaha mUrkha hI hai| dUsarI ora yaha bhI kahA jAtA hai ki svahita ke lie to sabhI jIte haiM, jo lokahita ke lie jItA hai, umIkA jInA saccA hai / jisake jIne meM lokahita na ho, usase to maraNa hI acchA hai / pAzcAtya vicAraka harabarTa spensara ne to isa prazna ko naitika siddhAntoM ke cintana kI vAstavika samasyA kahA hai| yahA~ taka ki pAzcAtya AcAra - zAstrIya vicAradhArA meM to svArtha aura parArtha kI dhAraNA ko lekara do pakSa bana gaye / svahitavAdI vicAraka jinameM hAbya. noze Adi pramukha haiM, yaha mAnate haiM ki manuSya prakRtyA kevala svahita yA apane lAbha se prerita hokara kArya karatA hai / ataH naitikatA kA vahIM middhAnta mamucita hai jo mAnava prakRti ko isa dhAraNA ke anukUla ho / inake anusAra apane hita ke lie kArya karane meM hI manuSya kA zreya hai / dUsarI ora benthama, mila prabhRti vicAraka mAnaba kI svasukhavAdI manovaijJAnika prakRti ko svIkAra karane hue bhI bauddhika AdhAra para yaha siddha karate haiM ki parahita kI bhAvanA hI naitika dRSTi se nyAyapUrNa hai athavA naitika jIvana kA sAdhya hai / " mila parArtha ko svArtha ke bauddhika AdhAra para siddha karake hI santuSTa naha ho jAte, varan AMtarika aMkuza ( Internal Sanction ) ke dvArA ume svAbhAvika bhI middha karane hai unake anusAra yaha Antarika aMkuza majAnIyatA kI bhAvanA hai / yadyapi yaha janmajAta nahIM hai, tathApi asvAbhAvika yA anaisargika bhI nahIM haiM / dUsare, anya vicAraka bhI jinameM baTalara, zApenahAvara evaM TAlasTAya Adi pramukha hai, mAnava kI manovaijJAnika prakRti meM mahAnubhUti, prema Adi kI upasthiti dikhAkara parArthavAdI yA lokamaMgalakArI AcAra-darzana kA samarthana karate hai / harabarTa spensara se 1. cANakyanIti 16, paMcataMtra 1387 2. viduranIti, 36 3. subhASita - uddhRta nItizAstra kA sarvekSaNa, pu0 208 4. vahI, pR0 205 5. nItizAstra kI rUparekhA, pR0 137 6. yUTiliTeriyanijma, adhyAya 2, uddhRta nItizAstra kI rUparekhA, pR0 148

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18 jaina, geDa aura gotA kA samAna darzana lekara beDala, prona, arabana Adi aneka samakAlIna vicArakoM ne bhI mAnava-jIvana ke vibhinna pakSoM ko ubhArane hA mAmAnya zubha (kAmana guDa) ko avadhAraNA ke dvArA mbAyaMvAda aura parArthavAda ke bIca samanvaya mArane kA prayAsa kiyA hai / mAnava-prakRti meM vividhatA haiM. umameM svArtha aura parArtha ke tatva Avazyaka rUpa meM upasthita hai| AcAradarzana kA kArya yaha nahIM hai ki vaha svArthavAda yA parArthavAda meM me kimI eka siddhAnta kA mamarthana yA virodha kre| umakA kArya nA yaha hai ki 'apane' aura 'parAye' ke madhya mantulana baiThAne kA prayAma ko athavA Agara ke lakSya ko ima mpa meM prastuta kare ki jimameM 'sva' aura 'para' ke bIca maMghoM kI mambhAvanA kA nirAkaraNa kiyA jA sake / bhAratIya AcAra-darzana kahA~ taka aura kima kapa meM sva aura para ke saMgharSa kI sambhAvanA ko samApta karane haiM athavA mba aura para ke madhya Adarza mantulana kI saMsthApanA karane meM makara hote haiM, iga bAta kI vivecanA ke pUrva hameM mvArthavAda aura parArthavAda kI paribhASA para bhI vicAra kara lenA hogaa| ___ maMkSepa meM mvArthavAda AtmarakSaNa hai aura parArthavAda AtmatyAga hai| maikenjI likhata hai ki jaba hama kevala apane vyaktigata mAdhya kI miTi cAhate haiM taba ise svArthavAda kahA jAtA hai, pagarthavAda hai dumare ke mAdhya kI siddhi kA prayAma krnaa|' nAcAra-darzana meM svArtha aura parArSa-yadi svArtha aura pagartha ko uparyukta paribhASA mvIkAra kI jAya to jaina, bauddha evaM gItA ke AcAra-darzanoM meM kisIko pUrNatayA na svArthavAdI kahA jA sakatA hai aura na parArthavAdI / jaina AcAra-darzana AtmA ke svaguNoM ke rakSaNa kI bAta kahatA hai| isa artha meM vaha svArthavAdI hai| vaha sadaiva hI Atma-rakSaNa yA sva-dayA kA mamarthana karatA hai, lekina mAtha hI vaha kaSAyAtmA yA vAsanAtmaka AtmA ke vimarjana, balidAna yA tyAga ko bhI Avazyaka mAnatA hai aura isa artha meM vaha parArthavAdI bhI hai| yadi hama maikenjI ko paribhASA ko svIkAra kareM aura yaha mAne ki vyaktigata mAdhya ko miti svArthavAda aura dUsare ke sAdhya kI siddhi kA prayAsa parArthavAda hai to bhI jaina darzana svArthavAdI aura parArthavAdI donoM hI siddha hotA hai| vaha vyaktigata AtmA ke mola yA middhi kA samarthana karane ke kAraNa svArthabAdI to hogA hI, lekina dUsare ko mukti ke hetu prayAsazIla hone ke kAraNa parArthavAdI bhI kahA jAyegA / Atma-kalyAga, vaiyaktika bandhana evaM duHkha se nivRtti kI dRSTi se to jaina-sAdhanA kA prANa Atmahita hI hai, lekina loka-karuNA evaM lokahita ko jisa ucca bhAvanA se barhata-pravacana prasphuTita hotA hai use bhI nahIM bhulAyA jA sktaa| bana-sAdhanA meM loka-hita-jainAcArya samantabhadra bora-jina-stuti meM kahate haiM, 'he bhagavan, Apako yaha saMgha (samAja)-vyavasthA sabhI prANiyoM ke duHkhoM kA anta karane 1. noti-pravezikA, maikenjI (hindI anuvAda), pR0 234 2. bAcArAMga 1 / 4 / 1 / 127-129

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svahita banAma mohita bAlI aura sabakA kalyANa (sarvodaya) karanevAlI hai / " isase UMcI lokamaMgala kI kAmamA kyA ho sakatI hai ? praznavyAkaraNasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki bhagavAn kA yaha sukaSita pravacana saMsAra ke sabhI prANiyoM ke rakSaNa evaM karuNA ke lie hai| jaina-sAdhanA lokamaMgala kI dhAraNA ko lekara ho Age bar3hatI hai| usI mUtra meM Age kahA hai ki jainasAdhanA ke pAMcoM mahAvrata sarva prakAra se lokahita ke lie hI hai| ahiMsA kI mahattA batAte hue kahA gayA hai ki sAdhanA ke prathama sthAna para sthita yaha ahiMsA sabhI prANiyoM kA kalyANa karanevAlI hai| yaha bhagavatI ahiMsA bhayabhItoM ke lie zaraNa ke samAna hai. pakSiyoM ke AkAza gamana ke samAna nirbAdha rUpa se hitakAriNI hai / pyAsoM ko pAnI ke samAna, bhakhoM ko bhojana ke samAna, samudra meM jahAja ke samAna, rogiyoM ke lie auSadhi ke samAna aura aTavI meM sahAyaka ke samAna hai|" tIrthakura-namaskAragUtra (namotthuNaM) meM tIpaMkara ke lie lokanAtha, lokahitakara, lokapradIpa, abhaya ke dAtA Adi jina vigepaNoM kA upayoga huA hai, ve bhI jainadRSTi ko loka maMgalakArI bhAvanA ko spaSTa karate haiN| tIrthaGkaroM kA pravacana evaM dharma-pravartana prANiyoM ke anugraha ke lie hotA hai, na ki pUjA yA satkAra ke lie / ' yadi yaha mAnA jAye ki jaina-sAdhanA kevala Atmahita, AtmakalyANa kI bAta kahatI hai to phira tIrthaMkara ke dvArA tIrthapravartana yA saMgha-saMcAlana kA koI ayaM hI nahIM raha jAtA, kyoMki kaivalya kI upalabdhi ke bAda unheM apane kalyANa ke lie kucha karanA zeSa hI nahIM rhtaa| ataH mAnanA par3egA ki jana-sAdhanA kA Adarza AtmakalyANa hI nahIM, varan loka-kalyANa bhI hai| jaina dArzanikoM ne Atmahita kI apekSA lokahita ko sadaiva hI adhika mahatva diyA hai / jaina-darzana ke anusAra sAdhanA kI sarvocca UMcAI para sthita sabhI jIvanmukta AdhyAtmika pUrNatA kI dRSTi se samAna hI hote haiM, phira bhI AtmahitakAriNI aura lokahitakAriNI dRSTi ke AdhAra para uname uccAvacca avasthA ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| eka mAmAnya kevalI (jIvanmukta) aura tIrthaMkara meM AdhyAtmika pUrNatAe~ samAna ho hotI haiM, phira bhI apanI lokahitakArI dRSTi ke kAraNa hI tIrthakara ko sAmAnya kevalI kI apekSA zreSTha mAnA gayA hai / AcArya haribhadra ke anusAra jIvanmuktAvasyA ko prApta kara lene vAloM meM bhI unake lokopakAritA ke AdhAra para tIna varga hote haiM:1 tIrthakara, 2 gaNaghara, 3 sAmAnya kebalI / 1. todhakaratoyaMkara vaha hai jo marvahita ke saMkalpa ko lekara sAdhanA-mArga meM mAtA hai aura AdhyAtmika pUrNatA prApta kara lene ke pazcAt bhI lokahita meM lagA 1. sarvodayadarzana, bhAmukha, pR0 6 para uddhRta / 2. praznavyAkaraNasUtra, 2012 3. vahI, 201021 4. pahI, 2013 5. vahI, 22122 6. mUtrakRtAMga (TI.) 164

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2. jana, boDa bora mAtA kA samApana rahatA hai| sarvahita, sarvodaya aura loka-kalyANa hI unake jIvana kA pyeya bana 2. gaNapara-sahavargIya-hita ke saMkalpa ko lekara sAdhanA-kSetra meM praviSTa hone vAlA bAra apanI bAdhyAtmika pUrNatA ko prApta kara lene para bhI sahagiyoM ke hita evaM kalyANa ke lie prayatnazIla sApaka gaNadhara hai / samUha-hita yA gaNa-kalyANa gaNadhara ke jIvana kA dhyeya hotA hai| 3. sAmAnya kelI-Atma-kalyANa ko hI jisane apanI sAdhanA kA dhyeya banAyA hai aura jo imI AdhAra para sAdhanA-mArga meM pravRtta hotA huA AdhyAtmika pUrNatA kI upalabdhi karatA hai vaha mAmAnya kevalI kahalAtA hai / mAmAnya kevalI ko pAribhASika zabdAvalI meM muNDa-kevalI bhI kahate haiN| jainadharma meM vizvakalyANa, vargakalyANa aura vaiyaktika kalyANa kI bhAvanAoM ko lekara tadanukUla pravRtti karane ke kAraNa ho sAdhakoM ko ye vibhinna kakSAeM nirdhArita ko gayI hai, jinase vizva-kalyANa kI pravRtti ke kAraNa hI tIrthaGkara ko marvocca sthAna diyA jAtA hai| jisa prakAra boDa-vicAraNA meM bodhimatva aura ahaMta ke AdoM meM bhinnatA hai umI prakAra jaina vicAraNA meM tIrthaGkara aura mAmAnya kevalI ke AdarzoM meM taratamatA hai| dUmare jaina-sAdhanA meM saMgha (samAja) ko sarvopari mAnA gayA hai| saMghahita samasta vaiyaktika mAdhanAoM se Upara hai, saMgha ke kalyANa ke lie vaiyaktika sAdhanA kA parityAga karanA bhI Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai / AcArya kAlaka kI kathA imakA udAharaNa hai| sthAnAMgamUtra meM jina dasa dharmoM (kartavyoM) kA nirdeza kiyA gayA hai, unameM saMghadharma, rASTradharma, nagaradharma, prAmadharma aura kuladharma kA ullekha isa bAta kA sabala pramANa hai ki janadRSTi na kevala Atmahita yA vaiyaktika vikAsa taka sImita hai, varan usame lokahita yA lokakalyANa kA abasa pravAha bhI pragahita hai| __ yadyapi jaina-darzana lokahita, lokamaMgala kI bAta kahatA hai parantu usakI eka zarta hai ki parArtha ke lie svArya kA visarjana kiyA jA sakatA hai, lekina AtmArtha kA nhiiN| usake anumAra vaiyaktika bhautika upalabdhiyoM ko lokakalyANa ke lie samarpita kiyA jA sakatA hai aura kiyA bhI jAnA cAhie, kyoki ve hameM jagat se hI milI hai, ve saMsAra kI hI hai, hamArI nahI / sAMsArika upalabdhiyAM saMsAra ke lie hai, ataH unakA lokahita ke lie visarjana kiyA jAnA cAhie, lekina AdhyAtmika vikAsa yA 3. vahI, 290 / 1. yogabindu, 285-288 / 4. nizIpacUrNi, gA0 2860 / 2. vahI. 289 / 5. sthAnAMga, 10760 /

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sAhita banAma lokahita vaiyaktika naitikatA ko lokahita ke nAma para kuMThita kiyA jAnA use svIkAra nahIM / aisA lokahita jo vyakti ke caritra-patana ayavA AdhyAtmika kuNThana se phalita hotA ho, use svIkAra nahIM hai lokahita aura Atmahita ke sandarbha meM usakA svarNimasUtra haiAtmahita karo aura yathAzakya lokahita bhI karo, lekina jahA~ Atmahita aura lokahita meM dvandva ho aura Atmahita ke kuNThana para hI lokahita phalita hotA ho, vahA~ AtmakalyANa ho zreSTha hai / ' Atmahita svArya nahIM hai-Atmahita svArthavAda nahIM hai| AtmakAma vastutaH niSkAma hotA hai, kyoMki usako koI kAmanA nahIM hotii| isalie usakA koI svArtha bhI nahIM hotA / svArthI to vaha hotA hai jo yaha cAhatA hai ki sabhI loga usake hita ke lie kArya kreN| AtmArtho svArtho nahIM hai usakI dRSTi to yaha hoto hai ki sabhI apane hita ke lie kArya kreN| svArtha ora AtmakalyANa meM maulika antara yaha hai ki svArtha ko mAdhanA me rAga aura dvepa kI vRttiyAM kAma karatI hai jabaki Atmahita yA AtmakalyANa kA prArambha ho rAga-dveSa kI vRttiyoM ko kSoNatA se hotA hai| svArtha aura parAdha meM saMgharSa kI sambhAvanA bhI tabhI hai, jaba unameM rAga-dveSa kI vRtti nihita ho / rAga-bhAva yA mvahita kA vatti meM kiyA jAne vAlA parAyaM bhI saccA lokahita nahIM hai, vaha to svArtha hI hai / zAsana dvArA niyukta evaM prerita samAjakalyANa adhikArI vastutaH lokahita kA kartA nahIM hai, vaha to vetana ke lie kAma karatA hai| isI taraha gaga se prerita hokara lokahita karane vAlA bhI macce arthoM meM lokahita kA kartA nahIM hai| umake lokahita ke prayatna rAga kI abhivyakti, pratiSThA kI rakSA, yaza-arjana kI bhAvanA yA bhAvAlAbha ko prApti ke haMtu hI hote haiN| aimA parArtha mvArya hI hotA hai| maccA Atmahita aura saccA lokahita, rAga-dveSa se rahita anAsakti kI bhUmi para prasphuTita hotA hai / lekina uma avasthA meM na to 'mva' rahatA hai na 'para'; kyoMki jahA~ gaga hai vahIM 'sva' hai aura jahA~ 'sva' hai vahIM 'para' hai / gaga ke abhAva meM sva aura para kA vibheda hI mamApta ho jAtA hai| aimI rAga vihIna bhUmikA meM kiyA jAnevAlA Atmahita bhI lokahita hotA hai, aura lokahita Anmahita hotA hai / donoM meM koI maMgharSa nahIM, koI dvaita nahIM hai / usa dazA meM to sarvatra AtmadRSTi hotI hai, jisameM na koI apanA, na koI pagayA / svArya-parArtha ko samasyA yahA~ rahatI hI nahIM / jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra svArtha aura parArtha ke madhya sabhI avasthAoM meM maMgharSa rahe, yaha Avazyaka nahI / vyakti jaise-jaise bhotika jIvana se AdhyAtmika jIvana kI ora Upara uThatA jAtA hai, vaise-vaise svArtha parArtha kA saMgharSa bhI samApta hotA jAtA hai / jaina vicArakoM ne parArtha yA lokahita ke tIna stara mAne hai: 1. udhRta AtmasAdhanA-saMgraha, pR. 441 /

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jaina, bauDa aura pItA kA samApana 1. dravya lokahita, 2. bhAva lokahita ora 3. pAramArSika lokahita / 1. ba-lokahita-yaha lokahita kA bhautika stara hai| bhautika upAdAnoM jaise bhojana, vastra, AvAma Adi tathA zArIrika sevA ke dvArA lokahita karanA lokahita kA bhautika stara hai| yahAM para lokahita ke sAdhana bhautika hote haiN| dravya-lokahita ekAnta rUpa meM AcaraNIya nahIM kahA jA sktaa| yaha apavAdAtmaka evaM sApekSa naitikatA kA kSetra hai / bhautika stara para mvahita kI upekSA bhI nahIM kI jA mktii| yahAM to svahita aura parahita meM ucita samanvaya sAdhanA hI apekSita hai| pAzcAttya naitika vicAraNA ke pariSkRta svArthavAda, bauddhika parArthavAda aura sAmAnya zubhatAvAda kA vicArakSetra lokahita kA bhautika svarUpa hI hai| 2. bhAva-lokahita-lokahita kA yaha stara bhautika stara se Upara kA hai| yahAM lokahita ke sAdhana jJAnAtmaka yA caitasika hone haiN| isa stara para parArtha aura svArtha saMgharSa kI mambhAvanA alpatama hotI hai| 3. pAramASika lokahita -yaha lokahita kA sarvocca stara hai| yahA~ Atmahita aura para-hita meM koI maMgharSa yA dvata nahIM rhtaa| yahA~ para lokahita kA rUpa hotA hai yathArtha jIvanadRSTi ke sambandha me mArga darzana karanA / bauddha darzana ko lokahitakAriNI dRSTi boTa-dharma meM loka-maMgala kI bhAvanA kA srota prArambha me hI pravAhita rahA hai| bhagavAn buddha kI dharmadezanA bhI jaina tIrthaMkaroM ko dharma-dezanA ke mamAna lokamaMgala ke lie ho prasphuTita huI thii| itivutaka meM buddha kahate haiM, he bhikSuoM, do saMkalpa tathAgata bhagavAn mamyak sambuddha ko huA karate haiM-1. ekAnta dhyAna kA saMkalpa aura 2. prANiyoM ke hita kA sNklp| bodhi prApta kara lene para buddha ne advitIya samAdhisukha meM vihAra karane ke nizcaya kA parityAga kara lokahitArya evaM lokamaMgala ke lie paricAraNa karanA ho svIkAra kiyaa| yaha unakI lokamaMgalakArI dRSTi kA sabase bar3A pramANa hai / " yahI nahIM, buddha ne apane bhikSa oM ko lokahita kA hI sandeza diyA aura kahA ki he bhikSuoM, bahujanoM ke hita ke lie, bahajanoM ke mukha ke lie, loka kI anukampA ke lie, deva aura manuSyoM ke sukha aura hita ke lie paricAraNa karate rho| jAtaka nidAna kathA meM bhI bodhisatva ko yaha kahate hue dikhAyA gayA hai ki munna zaktizAlI puruSa ke lie akele tara jAne se kyA lAbha ? meM to sarvajJatA prApta kara devatAoM sahita isa sAre loka ko taaruuNgaa| 1-3. abhidhAna rAjendra, khaNa 5, pR0 697 4. itivRttaka, 2 / 2 / 9 5. manimamanikAya, 1136 6. vinayapiTaka, mahAvagga, 1 / 10 / 32 7. bAtakabaTukathA-nidAna kyaa|

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svahita banAma lokahita 23 boDa-dharma kI mahAyAna zAkhA ne to lokamaMgala ke Adarza ko hI apanI naitikatA kA prANa maanaa| vahAM to sAdhaka lokamaMgala ke Adarza ko mAdhanA meM paramamUlya nirvANa kI bhI upekSA kara detA hai, use apane vaiyaktika nirvANa meM koI maci nahIM rahatI hai| mahAyAnI sAdhaka kahatA hai-dUsare prANiyoM ko duHkha se chur3Ane meM jo Ananda milatA hai, vahI bahuta kAphI hai| apane lie mokSa prApta karanA nIrama hai, usase hameM kyA lenA denaa| ___ laMkAvatArasUtra meM bodhisatva se yahA~ taka kahalavA diyA gayA ki maiM tabataka parinirvANa meM praveza nahIM karUMgA jabataka ki vizva ke sabhI prANI vimukti prApta na kara leN| sAdhaka para-duHkha-vimukti se milanevAle Ananda ko sva ke nirvANa + Ananda se bhI mahattvapUrNa mAnatA hai, aura usake lie apane nirvANa sukha ko ThukarA detA hai| paraduHkha-kAtaratA aura sevA ke Adarza kA isase bar3A saMkalpa aura kyA ho sakatA hai ? bauddha-darzana kI lokahitakArI dRSTi kA gma-paripAka to hameM AcArya zAntideva ke. grantha zikSAsamuccaya aura bodhicaryAvatAra meM milatA hai| lokamaMgala ke Adarza ko prastuta karate hue ve likhate haiM, 'apane sukha ko alaga rakha aura dUsaroM ke duHkha (dUra karane) meM lg'| dUsaroM kA sevaka banakara isa zarIra meM jo kucha vastu deva umase dUsaroM kA hita kara / ' dUsare ke duHva meM apane mukha ko binA badala buddhanva kI middhi nahIM ho sktii| phira maMmAra meM mukha hai hI kahA~ ? yadi eka ke duHsva uThAne meM bahata kA duHkha nalA jAya to apane pagaye para kRpA karake vaha dugna uThAnA hI cAhie / bodhisatva ko lokamevA ko bhAvanA kA citra prastuta karate hue AcArya liyA hai, "maiM anAthoM kA nAtha banaMgA, yAtriyoM kA mArthavAha banUMgA, pAra jAne kI icchAvAloM ke lie maiM nAva banagA, maiM unake lie metu banUMgA, gharaniyA~ bnuuNgaa| dIpaka cAhane vAloM ke lie dIpaka baneMgA, jinheM zayyA kI AvazyakatA hai unake lie maiM zayyA banUMgA, jinhe dAma kI AvazyakatA hai unake lie dAma banUMgA, isa prakAra maiM jagatI ke mabhI prANiyoM kI mevA kruuNgaa|' jisa prakAra pRthvI, agni Adi bhautika vasna sampUrNa AkAga (vizvamaNDala) meM bameM prANiyoM ke mumba kA kAraNa hotI hai, usI prakAra meM AkAza ke nIcaM rahanaMyAle sabhI prANiyoM kA upajIvya banakara rahanA cAhatA hUM, jaba taka ki mabhI prANI mukti prApta na kara leN| mAdhanA ke mAtha sevA kI bhAvanA kA kitanA sundara mamanvaya hai ! lokasevA, lokakalyANa-kAmanA ke isa mahAn Adarza ko dekhakara hama bagbama hI zrI bhagatasiMhajI 1. bodhicaryAvatAra, 81108 2. laMkAvatAgmatra, 6 3. bodhicaryAvatAra, 8 / 161 4. vahI, 83159 5. bahI, 83131 6. vahI, 8 / 105 7. vahI, 3017-18 8. vahI, 332...1

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jaina, bauddha aura pItA kA samApana upAdhyAya ke svara meM kahanA par3atA hai, "kitanI udAtta bhAvanA hai / vizva cetanA ke sAtha apanaM ko AtmasAt karane kI kitanI vihvalatA hai| parArtha meM AtmArtha ko milA dene kA kitanA apArthiva udyoga hai'|' AcArya gAntideva bhI kevala paropakAra yA lokakalyANa kA mandaMza nahIM dene, varan uma loka-kalyANa ke mampAdana meM bhI pUrNa niSkAma, bhAva para bhI bala dene hai| niSkAma bhAva meM lokakalyANa kaise kiyA jAye, isake lie mAntideva ne jo vicAra prastuta kiye hai ve una maulikacintana kA pariNAma hai / gItA ke anusAra vyakti IzvarIya preraNA ko mAnakara niSkAma bhAva meM karma karatA rahe athavA svayaM ko aura mabhI mAyo prANiyoM ko umI para brahma kA hI aMza mAnakara sabhI meM mAtmabhAva jAgRta kara binA AkAMkSA ke karma karatA hai / lekina nirIzvaravAdI aura anAtmavAdI bauddha darzana meM to yaha sambhava nahIM thaa| yaha to AcArya kI bauddhika pratibhA hI hai. jimane manovaijJAnika AdhAroM para niSkAmabhAva meM lokahita ko javadhAraNA ko gambhava bnaayaa| mamAja . mAvayavatA ke jima middhAnta ke AdhAra para beDale prani pAmcAnya vicAraka lokahina aura mvahita meM mamanvaya mAdhate haiM aura una vicArI kI maulikatA kA dAvA karate hai, ve vicAra AcArya gAntideva ke graMthoM meM bar3e spaSTa kAra meM prakaTa hA hai aura unake AdhAra para unhoMne ni:svArtha kama-yoga ko ava. dhAraNA ko bhI maphala banAyA hai| kahate haiM ki. jima prakAra nigatmaka (apanepana ke bhAva rahita) nija nagara meM amyAmavA apanepana kA bodha hotA hai, vaine hI dUsare prANiyoM ke nagaroM meM abhyAma meM kyA apanApana utpanna na hogA ? arthAt dUsare prANiyoM karoge meM amlAma meM namanvabhAva avazya hI utpanna hogA, kyoMki jaise hAtha Adi aga garIra ke avayava hone ke kAraNa priya hote haiM. vaise hI mabhI dehadhArI jagata ke avayana hone ke kAraNa priya kyoM nahIM hoMge', arthAt ve bhI umI jagat ke, jisakA maiM avayava hai. avayava hone ke kAraNa priya hoMge. unameM bhI AtmabhAva hogA aura yadi maba meM priyatA evaM AtmabhAva utpanna ho gayA to phira dUsaroM ke duHkha dUra kiye binA nahIM rahA jA mahaMgA, ki jimakA jo duHkha hA vaha usame apane ko banAne kA prapanna to karatA hai| yadi dusare prANiyoM ko duHmva hotA hai, to hamako umase kyA ? aisA mAno to hAtha ko paira kA dumba nahIM hotA, phira kyoM hAtha me paira kA kaMTaka nikAlakara duHkha meM umako rakSA karate ho ?' jaise hAtha paira kA duHkha dUra kiye binA nahIM raha makatA, vaime ho mamAja kA koI bhI prajJAyukta sadasya dUsare prANI kA duHkha dUra kiye binA nahIM raha sktaa| isa prakAra AcArya samAja kI mAvayavatA ko siddha kara usake AdhAra para lokamaMgala kA sandeza dete hue Age yaha bhI 1. bAda-darzana Ara anya bhAratIya darzana. pR0 612 2. bodhicaryAvatAra, 8 / 115 3. vahI, 8 / 114 4. vahI, 899

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svahita banAma kokahita 25 spaSTa kara dete hai ki isa lokamaMgala kI sAdhanA meM niSkAmatA honI cAhie / ve likhate haiM, "jisa prakAra apane Apako bhojana karAkara phala ko AzA nahIM hotI hai usI prakAra parArtha karake bhI phala kI AzA, garva yA vismaya nahIM hotA hai| kyoMki parArtha dvArA hama apane hI samAjarUpI zarIra kI yA usake avayavoM kI santuSTi karate hai ) isalie ekamAtra paropakAra ke lie hI paropakAra karake, na garva karanA aura na vismaya aura na vipAtraphala kI icchA ho|" bauddha-darzana bhI AtmArtha aura parArtha meM koI bheda nahIM dekhtaa| itanA hI nahIM, vaha AtmArtha ko parArtha ke lie samarpita karane ke lie bhI tatpara hai / lekina umako eka mImA hai jise vaha bhI usI rUpameM svIkAra karatA hai, jisa rUpa meM jaina-vicArakoM ne use prastuta kiyA hai / vaha kahatA hai ki lokamaMgala ke lie saba kucha nyochAvara kiyA jA sakatA hai, yahAM taka ki apane samasta saMcita puNya aura nirvANa kA sukha bhii| lekina vaha usake lie apanI naitikatA ko, apane sadAcAra ko samarpita karane ke lie tatpara nahIM hai| naitikatA aura madAcaraNa kI kImata para kiyA gayA loka-kalyANa use svIkAra nahIM hai| eka bauddha sAdhaka vigalita zarIravAlI vezyA kI sevA-guzruSA to kara sakatA hai. lekina usakI kAmavAsanA ko pUrti nahI kara sktaa| kisI bhUkha se vyAkula vyakti ko apanA bhojana bhale hI de de, lekina usake lie corya kara kA AcaraNa nahIM kara sktaa| boddha darzana meM lokahita kA vahI rUpa AcaraNIya hai no naitika jIvana ke mImAkSetra meM ho| lokahita naitika jIvana se Upara nahIM ho sakatA / naitikatA ke mamamta phaloM ko lokahita ke liA mapita kiyA jA makatA hai, lekina svayaM naitikatA ko nahIM / bauddha vicAraNA meM lokahita ke pavitra mAdhya ke lie bhraSTa yA anaitika sAdhana kathamapi svIkAra nahIM haiN| lokahita vahIM taka AcaraNIya hai jahA~ taka umakA naitika jIvana meM avirodha ho / yadi koI lokahita aisA ho jo vyakti ke naitika evaM AdhyAtmika mUlyoM ke balidAna para hI sambhava ho, to aisI dazA meM vaha bahujana hita AcaraNIya nahIM hai, vagna svayaM ke naitika evaM AdhyAtmika mUlyoM kI upalabdhi hI AcaraNIya hai / dhammapada meM kahA hai, vyakti apane anubhAcaraNa se hI azuddha hotA hai aura azabha AcaraNa kA mevana nahIM karane para hI zuddha hotA hai| zuddhi aura azuddhi pratyeka vyakti kI bhinna-bhinna hai / dUsarA vyakti dUsare vyakti ko zuddha nahIM kara sakatA / isalie dUsare vyaktiyoM ke bahuta hita ke lie bhI apanI naitika zuddhi rUpI hita kI hAni nahI kare aura apane mance hita aura kalyANa ko jAnakara usakI prApti meM lge|' saMbhapa meM bauddha AcAra-darzana meM aisA lokahita ho svIkArya hai, jisakA vyakti ke 1. bodhicaryAvatAra, 8 / 116 3. dhanmapada, 165-166 2. vahI, 8109

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jaina, bauDa mora gItA kA samAva darzana mAdhyAtmika evaM naitika vikAsa se aviroSa hai| lokahita kA virodha hamArI bhautika upastriyoM se ho makatA hai, lekina hamAre AdhyAtmika vikAsa se usakA virodha nahIM rahatA / saccA lokahita to vyakti kI AdhyAtmika yA naMtika pragati kA sUcaka hai| isa prakAra vyakti kI naitika tathA AdhyAtmika pragati meM sahAyaka lokahita hI bauddhasAdhanA kA prANa hai / usa avasthA meM AtmArtha aura parArtha alaga-alaga nahIM rahate haiM / AtmArtha hI parArtha bana jAtA hai aura parArtha hI AtmArtha bana jAtA hai, vaha niSkAma hotA hai| yadyapi bauddha darzana kI hInayAna zAkhA svahitavAdI aura mahAyAna zAkhA parahitavAdI AdarzoM ke AdhAra para vikasita huI hai, tathApi buddha ke maulika upadezoM meM hameM kahIM bhI svahita aura lokahita meM ekAntavAditA nahI dikhAI detii| tathAgata to madhyamamArga kI pratiSThApanA ke hetu hI utpanna hue| ve bhalA ekAntadRSTi ko kaise svIkAra karataM / madhyamamArga ke upadezaka bhagavAna buddha ne apanI dezanA meM to lokahita aura Atmahita ke bIca madeva hI eka mAMga-saMtulana rakhA hai, eka avirodha dekhA hai| lokahita aura Atmahita jabataka naitikatA ko mImA meM hai, tabataka na unameM virodha rahatA hai aura na koI saMgharSa hI hotA hai| tarkazAstra kI bhASA meM ve donoM hI naitikatA kI mahAjAti ko do upajAtiyoM ke rUpa hote hai, jinameM viparItatA to hai, lekina vyAghAtakatA nahIM hai| lokahita aura Atmahita meM virodha aura saMgharSa to taba hotA hai, jaba unameM se koI bho naitikatA kA atikramaNa karatA hai / bhagavAn buddha kA kahanA yahI thA ki yadi Atmahita karanA hai to vaha naitikatA kI sImA meM karo aura yadi parahita karanA hai to vaha bhI naitikatA kI sImA meM, dharma ko maryAdA meM rahakara hI kro| naitikatA aura dharma meM dUra hokara kiyA jAne vAlA Atmahita svArtha sAdhana' hai aura lokahita saMvA kA nirA DhoMga hai| buddha ne Atmahita aura lokahita, donoM ko hI naitikatA ke kSetra meM lAkara parakhA aura unameM avirodha paayaa| zrI bharatasiMha upAdhyAya ke zabdoM meM buddha ke maulika upadezoM meM AtmakalyANa aura parakalyANa, AtmArtha aura parArya dhyAna aura sevA, donoM kA ucita saMyoga hai| AtmakalyANa aura parakalyANa meM vahAM koI vibhAjaka rekhA nahIM thI' / buddha AtmA aura parArtha ke samyakarUpa ko jAnane para bala dete haiN| unake anumAra yathArtha dRSTi se AtmA aura parArtha meM avirodha hai / AtmArtha aura parArtha meM virodha to usI sthiti meM dikhAI detA hai jaba hamAro dRSTi rAga, dveSa tathA moha se yukta hotI hai / rAga deSa aura moha kA prahANa hone para unameM koI virodha dikhAI hI nahIM detA / sva aura para kA viroSa to rAga aura dveSa meM hI hai| jahAM rAga-dveSa nahIM hai, vahAM kauna apanA aura kauna parAyA ? jaba manuSya rAga-dveSa se Upara uTha jAtA hai taba vahAM na AtmArtha 1. baukhadarzana tathA anya bhAratIya darzana, pR. 609-610

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svahita banAma lokahita rahatA hai na parArtha, vahA~ to kevala paramArtha rahatA hai| isameM yathArtha AtmArga aura yathArNa parArga donoM hI ekarUpa hai| tathAgata ke antevAso ziSya Ananda kahate haiM . 'AyaSmAn, jo rAga se anurakta hai, jo rAga ke vazIbhUta hai jo dveSa se duSTa hai, deSa ke vazIbhUta hai, jo moha se mar3ha hai, moha ke vazIbhUta hai vaha yathArNa AtmA ko bhI nahIM pahacAnatA hai, yathArNa parArNa ko bhI nahIM pahacAnatA hai, yathArga ubhayA ko bhI nahIM pahacAnatA hai| rAga kA nAza hone para, deSa kA nAza hone para""moha kA nAza hone para vaha yathArtha AtmArtha bhI pahacAnatA hai, yathArNa parArya bhI pahacAnatA hai, yathArtha ubhavArNa bhI pahacAnatA hai|" rAga, dveSa aura moha kA prahANa hone para hI manuSya apane vAstavika hita ko, damaroM ke vAstavika hita ko tathA apane aura dUsaroM ke vAstavika sAmUhika yA sAmAjika hita ko jAna sakatA hai| buddha ke anusAra pahale yaha jAno ki apanA aura dUgaroM kA athavA samAja kA vAstavika kalyANa kisameM hai| jo vyakti apane, dUsaroM ke aura gamAja ke vAstavika hita ko samajhe binA hI lokahita, parahita evaM Atmahita kA prayAga karatA hai, vaha vastutaH kisI kA bhI hita nahIM karatA hai| lekina rAga, dveSa aura moha ke prahANa ke binA apanA aura dUsaroM kA vAstavika hita kisameM hai yaha nahIM jAnA jA sakatA? mambhavataH mocA yaha gayA ki cina ke gagAdi se yukta hone para bhI buddhi ke dvArA Atmahita yA parahita kimameM hai, ise jAnA jA gakatA hai| lekina buddha ko yaha svIkAra nahIM thaa| buddha kI dRSTi meM to rAga-dveSa, mohAdi nita ke mala haiM aura i. maloM ke hote hue kabhI bhI yathArtha Atmahita aura parahita ko jAnA nahIM jA mktaa| buddhi to jala ke mamAna hai, yadi jala meM gaMdagI hai, vikAra hai, caMcalatA hai to vaha yathArtha prativimba dene meM kathamapi mamartha nahIM hotA. Thoka isI prakAra rAga-pa me yukta buddhi bhI yathArtha mvahita aura lokahita ko banAne meM samaya nahIM hotI hai / buddha eka mundara rUpaka dvArA yahI bAta kahate haiM bhikSuoM, jaimeM pAnI kA tAlAba gaMdalA ho, caMcala ho aura kIcar3a-yukta ho, vahA~ kinAre para bar3e AMgvavAle AdamI ko na mopI divAI de, na zaMkha, na kaMkara, na panthara, na calatI huI yA sthira machaliyAM dikhAI de / yaha mA kyoM? bhikSuoM, pAnI ke gaMdalA hone ke kaarnn| emI prakAra bhikSuoM, imakI mambhAvanA nahIM hai ki vaha bhikSa maile (rAga-dvegadi meM yakta) cina me Atmahita jAna sakegA, parahita jAna sakegA, ubhayahita jAna makaMgA aura gAmAnya manuSya dharma meM bar3hakara viziSTa Arya-jJAna darzana ko jAna skegaa| isakI sambhAvanA hai ki bhikSa nirmala citta meM Atmahita ko jAna makegA, parahita ko jAna makaMgA, ubhayahita ko jAna sakegA, mAmAnya manuSya dharma meM bar3hakara viziSTa Arya-darzana ko jAna skegaa| 1. aMguttaranikAya, 371 2. vahI, 115

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dhana,boDaboragItA kA samApana __ yuddha ke isa kathana kA sAra yahI hai ki jIvana meM jabataka rAga-dveSa aura moha kI vRttiA makriya hai, tabataka Anmahita aura lokahita kI yathArNadRSTi utpanna nahIM hotI hai / rAga aura dveSa kA prahANa hone para hI saccI dRSTi kA udaya hotA hai aura jaba yaha yAdaSTi utpanna ho jAtI hai taba mbArtha (Egoism), pagaNaM (Altruism) aura ubhayArtha (Common Good) meM koI virodha hI nahIM rahatA / hInayAna yA sthaviravAda meM jo bAhatavAda arthAt AtmakalyANa ke dRSTikoNa kA prAdhAnya hai, usakA mUla kAraNa tatkAlIna paristhitiyoM mAnI jA sakatI hai| phira bhI honayAna kA usa lokamaMgala kI sAdhanA meM mUlataH koI virodha nahIM hai. jo vaiyaktika naitika vikAsa meM bAdhaka na ho| jima avasthA taka vaiyaktika naitika vikAsa aura lokamaMgala kI mAdhanA meM avirodha hai, usa avasthA taka lokamaMgala use bhI svIkAra hai / mAtra vaha lokamaMgala ke lie Antarika aura nainika viddhi ko adhika mahanva detA hai| Antarika pavitratA evaM naitika vizuddhi se gandha hokara kalAkAMkSA meM yukta lokamevA ke Adarza ko vaha svIkAra nahIM karatA / umakI gamana AlocanAeM aise hI lokahita ke prati hai| bhikSa pArApariya ne, buddha ke paravartI bhikSaoM meM lokamevA kA jo thothA Adarza jora pakar3a gayA thA, usako samAlocanA meM nimna vicAra prastuta kiye haiM: logoM kI sevA kAya se karate haiM, dharma se nhiiN| dUmaroM ko dharma kA upadeza dete haiM, (apane) lAbha ke lie, na ki (unake) artha ke lie // ' sthaviravAdI bhikSuoM kA virodha lokamevA ke uma rUpa se hai jimakA mevArUpI gagera to hai, lekina jinako naitika cetanArUpI AtmA mara cukI hai| vaha lokasevA sevA nahIM, sevA kA pradarzana hai. digvArA hai, DhoMga hai, chalanA hai, AtmapravaMcanA hai / DA. bharatasiMha upAdhyAya ke anusAra ekAMtatA ko mAdhanA kI prArambhika bauddha dharma meM pramukhatA avazya thI, parantu mArthaka tapa yaha hai ki ume lokamevA ke yA janakalyANa ke viparIta vahAM kabhI nahI mAnA gayA / balki yaha to usake lie eka taiyArI thii| dUmarI ora yadi hama mahAyAnI sAhitya kA gaharAI meM adhyayana kareM to hameM bodhicaryAvatAra, zikSAsamuccaya, laMkAvatArasUtra jaise anyoM meM bhI kahI emo sevAbhAvanA kA samarthana nahI milatA jo naitika jIvana ke vyaktigata mUlyoM ke virodha meM khar3I ho| loka-maMgala kA jo Adarza mahAyAna paramparA ne prastuta kiyA hai, vaha bhI aise kisI lokahita kA samarthana nahIM karatA, jisake lie vaiyaktika naitikatA ko samApta kara diyA jaaye| isa prakAra saMtAMtika dRSTi se lokahita aura Atmahita ko avadhAraNA meM hInayAna aura mahAyAna meM koI maulika virodha nahIM raha jaataa| yadyapi vyAvahArika rUpa meM yaha tathya sahI hai ki nahIM 1. peragAthA, 941-942 2. boradarzana tathA anya bhAratIya darzana, pR0 609

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banAva 29 eka ora hInayAna ne ekAMgI sAdhanA aura vyaktiniSTha bAcAra-paramparA kA vikAsa kiyA aura sAdhanA ko adhikAMza rUpeNa Antarika evaM vaiyaktika banA diyA, vahA~ dUsarI aura mahAyAna ne usI kI pratikriyA meM sAdhanA ke vaiyaktika pakSa kI upekSA kara use sAmAjika aura bahirmukhI banA diyaa| isa taraha loka-sevA aura lokAnukampA ko adhika mahattva diyA / yahA~ hama itanA avazya kaha sakate haiM ki hInayAna aura mahAyAna ne jisa sImA taka apane meM isa aikAntika ko prazraya diyA hai. ve usI sImA taka buddha kI madhyama mArgIya dezanA se pIche bhI haTe haiM / svAhita aura lokahita ke sambandha meM gItA kA mantavya - gItA me gadaiva hI svahita ke Upara lokahita kI pratiSThA huI hai| gItAkAra kI dRSTi meM jo apane lie hI pakAtA hai aura khAtA hai vaha pApa hI khAtA hai / " svahita ke lie jIne vAlA vyakti gItA kI dRSTi meM anAmika aura nIca hai| gItAkAra ke anusAra jo vyakti prApta bhogoM ko denevAle devoM ko die binA, unakA RNa cukAye binA khAtA hai vaha cora haiN| gAmAjika dAyitvoM kA nirvAha na karanA gItA kI dRSTi meM bhArI aparAdha hai / gItA ke anusAra lokahita karanA manuSya kA kartavya hai / sarva prANiyoM ke hitasampAdana meM lagA huA puruSa hI paramAtmA ko prApta karatA hai| vaha brahma-nirvANa kA adhikArI hotA hai / " jise karma karane se koI prayojana nahIM raha gayA hai arthAt jo jIvanamukta ho gayA hai, jise saMsAra ke prANiyoM se koI matalaba nahIM, use bhI loka-hitArtha karma pharate rahanA cAhie / zrIkRSNa arjuna se yahI kahate haiM ki lokasaMgraha (lokahita ) ke lie tujhe kartavya karanA ucita hai / " gItA meM bhagavAn ke avatAra dhAraNa karane kA uddezya sAdhujanoM kI rakSA, duSToM kA nAza aura dharma kI saMsthApanA hai / " ina prakAra jaina, bauddha aura gItA ina tInoM paramparAoM meM tIrthaMkara, buddha aura Ida kA kArya lokahita yA lokamaMgala ho mAnA gayA hai / yadyapi jaina va bauddha vicAraNAoM meM tIrthaMkara evaM buddha kA kArya mAtra dharma-saMsthApanA aura loka-kalyANa hai / vaM gItA ke kRSNa ke samAna dharma-saMsthApanA ke sAtha-sAtha na to mAdhu janoM kI rakSA kA dAvA karate haiM aura na duSToM ke prahANa kI bAta kahate haiM / dRSToM ke prahANa kI bAta unakI vizuddha ahisaka prANI me mela nahIM khAnI hai / yadyapi aguttaranikAya meM buddha ne zikSApadoM kI prajJapti ke jo kAraNa die haiM ve gItA ke samAna hI hai / tathApi loka-maMgala ke Adarza ko lekara tInoM vicAraNAoM meM mahatvapUrNa sAmya hai / ina AcAra-darzanoM kA kendrIya yA 2. vahI, 3 / 12 4. vahI, 3 / 18 1. gItA 3 / 13 3. vaho, 5 / 25, 12 / 4 5. vahI, 3 / 20 6. vahI, 48 7. tulanA kIjie, gItA 48 tathA aMguttaranikAya, 2116

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30 jana, boDa aura pItA kA samAdhAna pradhAna tattva paropakAra hI hai, yadyapi ume adhyAtma yA paramArtha kA virodhI nahIM honA caahie| gItA meM bhI jina-jina sthAnoM para lokahita kA nirdeza hai, vahAM niSkAmatA kI zataM hai ho| niSkAma aura AdhyAtmika yA naitika tatvoM ke avirodha meM rahA hamA parArtha ho gItA ko mAnya hai / gItA meM bhI svArya aura parArtha kI samasyA kA saccA hala Atmavata sarvabhUnaMpu kI bhAvanA meM khojA gayA hai| jaba sabhI meM AtmadRSTi utpanna ho jAtI hai to na mbAtha rahatA hai, na parArtha; kyoMki jahAM 'sva' ho vahA~ svArtha rahatA hai / jahA~ para ho, vahA~ parAthaM rahatA hai| lekina marvAtmabhAva meM 'sva' aura 'para' nahIM hote haiM, ataH usa dazA meM svArtha aura parArtha bhI nahIM hotA hai| vahAM hotA hai kevala paramArtha / bhautika svArthoM meM Upara parArtha kA sthAna mabhI ko mAnya hai / svArtha aura pagartha ke sambandha meM bhAratIya AcAra-darzanoM ke dRSTikoNa ko bhartRhari ke isa kathana se bhalIbhAMti samajhA jA makatA hai-prathama, jo svArtha kA parityAga kara parArtha ke lie kArya karate haiM ve mahAna hai; dUmare, jo svArtha ke avirodha meM parArNa karate haiM arthAt apane hitoM kA hanana nahI karate hue lokahita karate hai ve sAmAnya jana haiM; tIsare, jo svahita ke lie parahita kA hanana karate hai vaM adhama (rAkSama) kaha jAte haiN| lekina cauthe, jo nirarthaka hI dUmage kA ahita karate haiM unheM kyA kahA jAe, ve to adhamAdhama haiN| phira bhI hameM yaha dhyAna rakhanA hogA ki bhAratIya cintana meM parArtha yA lokahita antima tatva nahIM hai / antima tatva hai paramArtha yA AtmArtha / pAzcAttya AcAra-darzana meM svArtha aura parArya kI samasyA kA antima hala sAmAnya zubha meM khojA gayA, jabaki vizeSa rUpa se jaina-darzana meM aura sAmAnya rUpa meM samagra bhAratIya cintana meM isa samasyA kA hala paramArNa yA AtmArNa meM khojA gyaa| naitika cetanA ke vikAsa ke sAtha lokamaMgala kI sAdhanA bhAratIya cintana kA mUlabhUta sAdhya rahA hai| aisI lokamaMgala kI sarvocca bhAvanA kA pratibimba hameM AcArya zAntideva ke zikSAsamuccaya nAmaka grantha meM milatA hai| hindI meM anUdita unakI nimna paMktiyAM mananIya hai: isa duHkhamaya naraloka meM, jitane dalita, bandhanasita poDita vipatti vilIna hai; jitane bahupandhI viveka vihIna hai| jo kaThina bhaya se aura dAruNa zoka se atidIna hai, ve mukta ho nimabandha se, svacchanda ho saba ina se, chUTe dalana ke phanda se, 1. tulanA kIjie-aMguttaranikAya bhAga 1, pR0 1017. nItizataka (martRhari), 74

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svahita banAma lokahita ho aisA jaga meM, duHkha se vicale na koI, vedanArtha hile na koI, pApa karma kare na koI, amanmArga dhare na koI, ho mabhI sukhazIla, puNyAcAra dharmavatI, mabakA hI parama kalyANa, mavakA hI parama kalyANa / ' 1. zikSAsamuccaya-pR. 1. anudita dharmadUta, maI 1941

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varNAzrama vyavasthA varNa-vyavasthA - bhAratIya naitika cintana ke sAmAjika praznoM meM varNa-vyavasthA kA bhI mahatvapUrNa yogadAna hai / sAmAjika naitikatA kA prazna varNa-vyavasthA se nikaTa rUpa se sambandhita hai, ataH yahA~ varNa-vyavasthA ke sambandha meM vicAra kara lenA Avazyaka hai / 3 janadharma aura varNa-vyavasthA - jaina AcAra-darzana meM sAdhanA mArga kA praveza dvAra binA kisI bhedabhAva ke sabhI ke lie khulA hai / usameM dhanI athavA nirdhana, ucca athavA nIca kA koI vibheda nahIM hai / AcAgaMgamUtra meM kahA hai ki mAghanA - mArga kA upadeza sabhI ke lie samAna hai| jo upadeza eka dhanavAna yA uccakula ke vyakti ke lie hai, vahI upadeza garIba yA nimnakulotpanna vyakti ke lie hai|" usake mAghanApatha meM harikezI bala jaise cANDAla, arjunamAlI jaise ghora himaka aura puniyA jaise atyanta nirdhana vyakti kA bhI vahI sthAna hai jo sthAna indrabhUti jame vedapAThI brAhmaNaputra athavA dazArNabhadra aura zreNika jaise narezoM aura dhannA tathA zAlibhadra jaise zreSThiratnoM kA hai / jainAgamoM meM varNita harikezIbala aura anAthI muni ke kathAnaka jAti-bheda tathA dhana ke ahaMkAra para karArI coTa karane haiN| dharma-sAdhanA kA upadeza to usa varSA ke samAna hai jo UMce parvatoM para nIce kheta-khalihAnoM para sundara mahala aTAriyoM para aura jhopaDiyoM para samAna rUpa se hotI hai| yaha bAta alaga hai ki usa varSA ke jala ko kauna kitanA grahaNa karatA hai / sAdhanA kA rAjamArga to usakA hai jo usapara calatA hai, phira vaha calane vAlA pUrva meM durAcArI rahA ho yA sadAcArI, dhanI rahA ho yA nirdhana, uccakulotpanna rahA ho yA nimnakulotpanna / jaina AcArya zruti ke isa kathana ko svIkAra nahIM karane haiM ki brAhmaNoM kI utpatti brahmA ke mukha se kSatriyoM kI bAhu me. vaizyoM kI jAMgha se tathA zUdroM ko pairoM se hotI hai / janma ke AdhAra para brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya aura zUdra pradhAna varNa-vyavasthA jainadharma ko svIkAra nahI hai jainAcAryoM kA kahanA hai ki sabhI manuSya yoni se hI utpanna hote haiM / ataH brahmA ke vibhinna aMgoM me unakI utpatti batAkara zArIrika aMgoM kI uttamatA yA nikRSTatA ke kA vidhAna nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / zArIrika vibhinnatA ke / AdhAra para varga-vyavasthA AdhAra para bhI kiyA jAne vAlA vargIkaraNa mAtra sthAvara, pazu-pakSI ityAdi ke viSaya meM hI satya ho sakatA 1. AcArAMga 1 / 226 / 102 2. yajurveda 31 / 10, Rgveda puruSasUkta 10/90 / 12 3. abhidhAna rAjendra khaNDa 4, 10 1441

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bAMdhanayavasthA sakatA hai, manuSyoM ke sambandha meM nahIM / janmanA sabhI manuSya samAna hai / manuSyoM ko eka ho jAti hai|' janma ke AdhAra para jAti kA nizcaya nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / matsyagaMdhA ( mallAha kI kanyA) ke garbha meM maharSi parAzara dvArA utpanna prahAmuni byAma apane uttama karmoM ke kAraNa brAhmaNa khlaaye| matalaba yaha ki karma yA AcaraNa ke AdhAra para hI cAturvarNya vyavasthA nirNaya karanA ucita hai| jisa prakAra zilpa-galA kA vyasAyI zilpI kahalAtA hai, usI prakAra brahmacarya kA pAlana karane vAlA bAhmaNa kahalAtA hai| jaina-vicAraNA janmanA jAtivAda kA nirasana karatI hai / karmaNA varNa-vyavasthA meM usakA koI saiddhAntika virodha nahIM hai| uttarAdhyayanamUtra meM spaSTa rUpame kahA gayA hai ki manuSya karma se hI brAhmaNa hotA hai, karma se hI kSatriya hotA hai aura karma meM hI vaizya aura zUdra hotA hai| muni cauthamala jI nirgrantha-pravacana bhASya meM kahate haiM ki eka vyakti duHzIla, ajAnI aura prakRti se tamoguNA hone para bhI amuka varNa vAre ke ghara meM janma lene ke kAraNa samAja meM pUjya, AdaraNIya, pratiSThita aura UMcA samanA jAya, aura dUsarA vyakti suzIla, jJAnI aura matoguNo hone para bhI kevala amuka kula meM janma lene ke kAraNa nAca aura tiraskaraNIya mAnA jAya, gaha gavasthA mamAjaghAtaka hai| itanA hI nahIM, aisA mAnana meM na kevala samAja ke eka bahusaMkhyaka bhAga kA apamAna hotA hai, pratyuta yaha sadguNa aura madAcAra kA bhI ghora apamAna hotA hai| isa gavamyA ko aMgIkAra karane meM durAcArI madAcArI meM UMcA uTha jAtA hai, ajAna jJAna para vijayI hotA hai aura tamoguNa satoguNake sAmane AdarAspada bana jAtA hai| yaha bhI sthiti hai jo guNagrAhaka vivakIjanAM kA mahya nahIM ho sakatI' arthAt jAti ko apane ApamaM koI vizeSatA nahIM hai, mahattva naitika mahAcaraNa (tapa) kA hai| jaina vicAraNA yaha to svIkAra karatI hai ki loka-vyavahAra yA AjIvikA ke hetu kiye gaye kama (vyavamAya) ke AdhAra para mamAja kA vargIkaraNa kiyA jA sakatA hai, lekina ima bhAvamAyika yA mAmAjika vyavasthA ke kSetra meM kiye jAne vAle vibhinna kamoM ke vargIkaraNa ke AdhAra para kisI varga ko zreSThatA yA hInatA kA pratipAdana nahI kiyA jA makatA / kisI vyakti kI zreSThatA yA honatA kA AdhAra vyAvamAyika karma nahIM hai, varan vyakti kI naitika yogyatA yA madguNoM kA vikAma hai| unarAdhyayana meM nirdeza hai ki mAkSAt tapa kA hI mAhAtmya digvAI detA hai, jAti kI kucha bhI vizepatA nahIM dikhAI detii| cANDAlaputra harikegI muni ko dekho, jinakI mahAprabhAvazAlI Rdi hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate hai ki jana vicAraNA kA varNa-vyavasthA ke mambandha meM nimna dRSTikoNa hai| 1. varNa-vyavasyA janma ke AdhAra para svIkAra nahIM kI gaI vagn usakA 1. abhidhAna rAjendra mvaNDa 4, pR0 14.1 3. nigrantha-pravacana-bhASya, pR0 289 2. unagadhyayana, 2513 4. unarAdhyayana, 12 / 37

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sa, bora aura gotAnA mApAra karma hai / 2. varSa parivartanIya hai| 3. zreSThatva kA bhAdhAra varNa yA vyavasAya nahIM, param maitika vikAsa hai / 4. naitika sAdhanA kA dvAra sabhI ke lie samAna rUpa se bulA hai| cAroM hI varNa zramaNa saMsthA meM praveza pAne ke adhikArI hai / yadyapi prAcIna samaya meM zramaNa-saMsthA meM pAroM hI varNa praveza ke adhikArI the, yaha bAgamika pramANoM se siDa hai; lekina paravartI jaina bhAcAryoM ne mAtaGga, machumA Adi jAti-Nita aura naTa, pArapI mAdi karma-juGgita logoM ko zramaNa-saMsthA meM praveza ke ayogya mAnA / lekina yaha janavicAradhArA kA maulika mantavya nahIM hai, varan brAhmaNa-paramparA kA prabhAva hai / isa vyavasthA kA vidhAna karanevAle AcArya ne isake lie mAtra lokApavAda kA ho tarka diyA hai, jo apane ApameM koI Thosa taka nahIM varan anya paramparA ke prabhAva kA hI dyotaka hai|' imI prakAra dakSiNa meM vikasita jainadharma kI digambara-paramparA meM jo zUdra ke annajala grahaNa kA niSedha tathA zUdra ko mukti niSedha kI avadhAraNAeM vikasita huI hai, ve bhI gAhmaNa-paramparA kA prabhAva hai| boTa mAcAra zaMna meM varNa-vyavasthA-coTa AcAra-darzana bhI varNa-dharma kA niSedha nahIM karatA hai, lekina vaha unako janmagata AdhAra para sthita nahIM mAnatA hai| bauddha-marma ke anumAra bhI varNavyavasthA janmanA nahIM, karmaNA hai| karmoM se hI manuSya brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya yA gar3ha banatA hai, na ki una kuloM meM janma lene mAtra se / baudAgamoM meM jAtivAda ke khaNDana ke aneka prasaMga milane haiM, lekina una sabakA mulAzaya yahI hai ki jAti yA varNa bhAcaraNa ke AdhAra para banatA hai, na ki janma ke AdhAra para / bhagavAn buddha ne jahA~ kahIM jAtivAda kA nirasana kiyA hai, vahAM jAti se unakA tAtparya zarIra racanA sambandhI vibheda se nahIM, janmanA jAtivAda se hI hai / buddha ke anusAra janma ke AdhAra para kisI prakAra ke jAtivAda ko sthApanA nahIM kI jA sktii| mutanipAta ke nimna prasaMga meM isa bAta ko spaSTa rUpa se samajhA jA sakatA hai| vasiSTha evaM bharadvAja jAtivAda sambandhI vivAda ko lekara buddha ke sammukha upasthita hote haiM / yasiSTha buddha se kahate haiM, "gautama ! jAti-bheda ke viSaya meM hamArA vivAda hai, bharatAja kahatA hai ki brAhmaNa janma se hotA hai, maiM to karma se batAtA huuN| hamaloga eka dUsare ko avagata nahIM kara sakate haiM. isalie sambuddha (nAma se) visyAta Apase (isa viSaya meM) pUchane Aye hai|" buddha kahate haiM, "he vamiSTha ! meM kramazaH yathArtha rUpa se prANiyoM ke jAtibheda ko batAtA hU~ jinase bhinna-bhinna jAtiyAM hotI haiM / tRNa, vRkSoM ko jAno / yadyapi ve isa bAta kA dAvA hI nahIM karate, phira bhI unameM jAzimaya lakSaNa hai jisase bhinna-bhinna jAtiyAM hotI haiN| kIToM, pataMgoM aura coTiyoM taka meM gatimaya lakSaNa hai jisase unameM bhinna-bhinna 1. pravacana-sAroDAra 107

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jAtiyoM hotI hai| hoTe-bar3e jAnavaroM ko bhI jAnoM, unameM bhI bAti maya samAna hai jisase bhinna-bhinna jAtiyAM hotI hai| jisa prakAra ina jAtiyoM meM bhinna-bhinna jAtimaya lakSaNa hai, usa prakAra manuSyoM meM bhinna-bhinna jAtimaya lakSaNa nahIM hai| "brAhmaNa mAtA kI kokha se utpanna hone se ho maiM kisI ko brAhmaNa nahIM khtaa| jo sampatizAlI hai (vaha) dhano kahalAtA hai; jo akiMcana hai, tRSNA rahita hai, use meM brAhmaNa kahatA hai| na koI janma se brAhmaNa hotA hai aura na janma se banAeNa / bAhmaNa karma se hotA hai aura bAhmaNa bhI karma se| rupaka karma se hotA hai, zilpI karma se hotA hai. vaNika karma se hotA hai, aura sevaka bhI karma se hotA hai, cora bhI karma se hotA hai, yoDA bhI karma se hotA hai, yAcaka bhI karma se hotA hai aura rAjA bhI karma se hotA hai|" ___ isa prakAra buddha janmanA jAtivAda ke sthAna para karmaNA jAtivAda kI dhAraNA ko svIkAra karate hai, lekina karmaNA jAtivAda ko mAnyatA meM bhI buddha na to yaha svIkAra karate hai ki vaiyaktika dRSTi me jAtivAda koI sthAyI tatva hai, jisameM janma lena para yA uma vyavasAya ke cayana ke bAda parivartana nahIM kara makatA aura na yaha hai ki vyavasAyoM kI daSTi meM koI ucca aura koI nIca hai| buddha brAhmaNoM ke zreSThatva ko bhI svIkAra nahI karataM / unakA kahanA hai ki koI bhI manuSya AcaraNa (natika vikAsa) ke AdhAra para zreSTha yA nikRSTa hotA hai, na ki jAti yA vyavasAya ke AdhAra pr| bhagavAna buddha kI uparyukta dhAraNA kA spaSTIkaraNa majimamanikAya ke assalAyanamukta meM milatA hai, jisameM bhagavAna buddha ne jAti-bheda sambandhI mithyA dhAraNAoM kA niramana kara cAroM vargoM ke mokSa yA naitika guddhi kI dhAraNA kI pratisthApanA kI hai / ukta muta ke kucha mahattvapUrNa aMza nimna prakAra hai / he gautama ! brAhmaNa aisA kahane hai-jAhmaNa hI zreSTha varNa hai, dUsare varNa choTe haiM / bAhmaNa hI gukla varNa hai, dUsare varNa kRSNa hai / brAhmaNa hI guTa hai, bhabAhmaNa nahIM / brAhmaNa hI brahmA ke ogsa putra hai, unake mukha meM utpanna hai, brahmAnirmita hai, brahmA ke dAyAda (uttarAdhikArI) hai| isa viSaya meM Apa kyA kahate hai ? buddha ne isakA prativAda karate hue varNa-vyavasthA ke mambandha meM apane dRSTikoNa ko nimna prakAra meM prastuta kiyA hai| brahmA kahanA mUTha hai-AzvalAyana brAhmaNoM kI brAhmaNiyAM RtumatI evaM gAbhaNI hotI. prasava karatI, dUdha pilAtI dekhI jAtI hai / yoni se utpanna hote hue bhI ve aimA kahate haiM ki brAhmaNa hI zreSTha varNa hai / isa prakAra buddha brAhmaNa ke brahmA ke mukha se utpanna hone kI dhAraNA kA khaNDana karate haiN| 1. munanipAta, 35 // 3-37, 5759 2. majhimanikAya 215||3-uddhRt-jaatibhed aura buddha, pR07

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jana, bora mora gotA kA samAna darzana varNa-parivartana sambhava hai to kyA mAnate ho AzvalAyana ! tumane sunA hai ki yavana, kamboja aura dumare bhI sImAnta dezoM meM do hI varNa hone haiM Arya aura dAma (gulAma) Arya bhI dAma ho sakatA hai aura dAma bhI Arya ho sakatA hai|' ___ hA~, maiMne sunA hai ki yavana aura kamboja meM aisA hotA hai / isa AdhAra para buddha varNaparivartana ko sambhava mAnate hai| sabhI jAti samAna hai to kyA mAnanaM ho AzvalAyana ! kSatriya prANihimaka, cora, dugacArI, aTA, cugalakhora, kaTubhASI, bakavAdI, lobhI, dveSI, jhUTI dhAraNA vAlA ho, to garIra chor3a marane ke bAda naraka meM utpanna hogA yA nahIM? brAhmaNa, vezya. zudra, prANihimaka ho, to naraka meM utpanna hoMge yA nahI ! 'he gautama kSatriya bhI prANi-himaka ho to naraka meM utpanna hogA aura brAhmaNa, vainya, zUdra bhii|' __ "to kyA mAnate ho AzvalAyana ! kyA brAhmaNa hI prANi-himA se virata ho, to acchI gati prApta kara svarga loga meM utpanna ho makatA hai aura kSatriya, vaizya, gadra varNa nhiiN|" "nahIM, hai gautama! kSatriya bhI yadi prANihimA se virata ho, to acchI gati prApta kara svargaloka meM utpanna ho sakatA hai aura brAhmaNa, vazya, zUdra varNa bhii|" "to kyA mAnate ho AzvalAyana ! kyA brAhmaNa hI vaira rahita, daMpa rahita maitrI-citta pI bhAvanA kara sakatA hai, kSatriya, vaizya, aura zUda nhiiN|" isa prakAra buTa svayaM bhAvalAyana ke prati uttaroM se hI sabhI jAtiyoM kI samAnatA kA pratipAdana karate hai aura yaha batAte hai ki sabhI naitika vikAsa kara sakate haiN| AcaraNa hochaha-to kyA mAnane ho bhAvalAyana ! yadi yahA~ do mANavaka jahavaM bhAI hoM, eka adhyayana karane vAlA, : pamIta, kinta duHgIla. pApI ho: dUsaga adhyayana na karane vAlA, anupanIta, kintu zIlavAn, puNyAtmA ho| inameM brAhmaNa bAda, yajJa yA pahanAI meM pahale kisako bhojana kraayeNge|" "he gautama ! vaha mANavaka jo adhyayana na karane vAlA, anupanIta, kintu zIlavAn, kalyANadharmA hai, usI ko brAhmaNa pahale bhojana karAyeMge / duHzIla, pApadharmA ko dAna dene se kyA mahAphala hogA?" "AzvalAyana ! pahale tU jAti para pahuMcA, jAti se maMtroM para pahuMcA, maMtroM se aba tU cAturvarNI-zuddhi para bA gayA, jisakA maiM upadeza karatA hai| gotA tayA varSa-vyavasthA-vAstava meM hindU AcAra-darzana meM bhI varNa-vyavasthA janma 1. majinamanikAya 2|5|3-uddhRt jAtibheda aura buddha, 108 2. mamimanikAya, 2053

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37 para nahIM, varan karma para hI AdhArita hai / gItA meM zrIkRSNa spaSTa kahate haiM ki cAturvarNya vyavasthA kA nirmANa guNa aura karma ke AdhAra para ho kiyA gaga hai| DaoN. rAdhAkRSNan likhata hai. yahAM jora guNa aura karma para diyA gayA hai, jAti (janma) para nahIM / hama kisa vaNaM ka hai. yaha bAta liMga yA janma para nirbhara nahI hai| svabhAva aura vyavamAya dvArA nirdhArita jAti niyata hotI hai| yuriSThira kahate haiM, "tatvajJAniyoM ko dRSTi meM kevala AcaraNa mdaacaar| ho jAti kA nirmAraka tatva hai|"' vanaparva meM kahA gayA hai, "brAhmaNa na janma meM hotA hai. na saMskAra meM, na kula meM, ora na veda ke adhyayana meM, brAhmaNa nevala yata (AnaraNa) meM hotA hai / boddhAgama mukta-nipAta ke gamAna maharSi atri bhI kahate hai. jA brAhmaNa dhanuSa-bANa aura astra-zastra lekara yuddha meM vijaya pAtA hai vaha kSatriya kahalAtA hai / jo brAhmaNa ganI bADI aura gopAlana karatA hai. jisakA vyavamAya vANijya hai vaha paira rahalAtA hai| jo grAhmaNa lAkha, lavaNa, kemara, dUdha, makkhana, zahada aura mAsa baMcanA hai vaha gar3ha kahalAtA hai / jo brAhmaNa cora tamkara, naTa kA karma karane vA, mAMsa kATanaM bAlA aura mAma-mampa bhogI hai vaha nigAva kahalAtA hai| kriyAhIna, mUgarva garva dharma vigita, mava prANiyoM ke prati nidaMya grAhmaNa cANDAla kahalAtA hai|" DA. bhimbana lAla Aga ne bhI guNa-karma para AdhArita varNa-vyavasthA kA samarthana kiyA:-(a) prAcIna varNa-vyavasthA kaThora nahIM thI, lacIlI thii| varNa-parivartana kA adhikAra vyakti ke apane hAtha meM thA, kyoMki AcaraNa ke kAraNa varNa parivartita ho jAtA thaa| upaniSatroM meM varNita matyamAma jAvAla kI kathA isakA udAharaNa hai| masyakAma jAbAla kI manyavAditA ke AdhAra para hI ume brAhmaNa mAna liyA gayA thaa| (ba) manammati meM bhI vaNaM-parivartana kA vidhAna hai| likhA hai ki "gadAcAra ke kAraNa zUdra vAga hA jAtA hai aura dugavAra ke kAraNa brAhmaNa mUr3ha hA jAtA hai| yahI bAta kSatriya aura vaidara ke sambandha meM bhI hai / " natika dRSTi meM gotA ke AcAra-darzana ke anumAra bho koI eka vagaM dUsaraM varga meM zreSTha nahIM hai, kyoMki natika vikAsa vaNaM para nirbhara nahIM hotA hai / vyakti svAbhAvAnukala kinA bhI bhI varNa ke niyata karmoM kA sampAdana karane hA naitika pUrNatA yA middhi ko prApta kara sakatA hai| varNa-vyavasthA ke dvArA nihita karma naitika dRSTi meM acche yA bure nahIM hAta, mahaja kama madoSa hone para tyAjya nahIM hote / " 1. gItaH 413, 1841 2. bhagavadgItA (ga0), pR0 163 3. uddhRta-bhagavadgItA (rA.), pR0 163 4. mahAbhArata vanaparva 313 / 108 5. avimmati, 1134-380 6. bhAratIya nItizAstra kA itihAsa pR0 625 . chAndogya0 4 / 4 8. manammRti, 10.3. 1. gotA, 9845-6 10. vahI, 28 / 47 11. vaho, 1848

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- la, boTa mora gItA samApana kyoMki ye naitika vikAsa ko babalsa nahIM karate / vastutaH gItA meM varNa-vyavasthA ke pIche jo guNa-karma ko dhAraNA hai, use kiMcit gaharAI se samajhanA hogA / guNa aura karma meM bhI, varNa-nirdhAraNa meM guNa prAthamika hai, karma kA cayana to svayaM hI guNa para nirbhara hai| gItA kA mukhya upadeza apanI yogyatA yA guNa ke mAdhAra para karma karane kA hai / usakA kahanA hai ki yogyatA, svabhAva athavA guNa ke AdhAra para hI vyakti kI mAmAjika jIvana praNAlI kA nirdhAraNa honA caahie|' samAja-vyavasthA meM apane kartavya nirvAha aura bhAjIvakA ke upArjana ke hetu vyakti ko konasA vyavasAya yA karma cunanA cAhie, yaha bAta usakI yogyatA athavA svabhAva para hI nirbhara hai| yadi vyakti apane guNoM yA yogyatAoM ke pratikUla vyavasAya yA sAmAjika kartavya ko cunatA hai, to usake isa cayana se vahAM usake jIvana kI saphalatA dhUmila hotI hai vahIM samAja-vyavasthA bhI astavyastatA bAtI hai| gItA meM varNa-vyavasthA ke pIche eka manovaijJAnika AdhAra rahA hai jisakA samarthana ma. rAdhAkRSNan aura pAdacAnya vicAraka zrI gairalDa harDa ne bhI kiyA hai| mAnavIya svabhAva meM jJAnAtmakatA yA jijJAsAvRtti, sAhasa yA netRtva-vRtti, maMgrahAtmakatA aura zAsita hone kI pravRtti yA sevA bhAvanA pAyI jAtI hai| mAmAnyataH manuSyoM meM ina vRttiyoM kA samAna rUpa se vikAsa nahIM hotA hai| pratyeka manuSya meM inameM se kisI eka kA prAdhAnya hotA hai / dUsarI ora sAmAjika dRSTi se samAja-vyavasthA meM cAra pramukha kArya hai 1. zikSaNu. 2. rakSaNa, 3. upArjana aura 4. sevA / ataH yaha Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai ki vyakti apane svabhAva meM jisa vRtti kA prAdhAnya ho, usake anumAra sAmAjika vyavasthA meM apanA kArya cane / jisameM vRddhi narmalya aura jijJAsA-vatti ho, vaha zikSaNa kA kArya kare, jisameM sAhasa aura netatva-vRtti ho vaha rakSaNa kA kArya kare, jisameM viniyoga tathA saMgraha-batti ho vaha upArjana kA kArya kare aura jisameM danyavRtti yA sevAvRtti ho vaha sevAkArya kare / isa prakAra jijJAsA, netRtva, viniyoga aura dainya kI svabhAvika vRtiyoM ke AdhAra para zikSaNa, rakSaNa, upArjana aura sevA ke sAmAjika kAryoM kA vibhAjana kiyA gayA aura isI bASAra para kramazaH brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya aura zudra ye varNa bane / isa svabhAva ke anusAra vyavasAya yA vRtti meM vibhAjana meM zreSThatva aura honatva kA koI prazna nahIM uThatA / gItA to spaSTa rUpa se kahatI hai ki jijJAsA, netRtva, saMgrahavRtti aura dainya Adi sabhI pattiyAM triguNAtmaka haiM ataH sabhI doSapUrNa haiM / gItA ko dRSTi meM naitika zreSThatva isa bAta para nirbhara nahIM hai ki vyakti kyA kara rahA hai yA kina sAmAjika kartavyoM kA pAlana kara rahA hai, varan isa bAta para nirbhara hai ki vaha unakA 1. bhagavadgItA (rA.), pR. 153 2. gautA, 18:48, gotA (zA.) 1841, 48

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pAlana kisa niSThA aura yogyatA ke sAtha kara rahA hai| gItA ke anusAra yadi eka zaha apane kartavyoM kA pAlana pU. niSThA aura kuzalatA se karatA hai to vaha anaiSThika mora akuzala brAhmaNa kI apekSA naitika dRSTi se zreSTha hai| gItA ke prAcAra-darzana kI bho yaha viziSTatA hai ki vaha bhI jaina-darzana ke samAna sAdhanA patha kA dvAra sabhI ke lie bola detA hai| gItA yadyapi varNAzrama dharma ko svIkRta karatI hai, lekina usakA varNAzrama dharma to mAmAjika maryAdA ke mandarbha meM hI hai| AdhyAtmika vikAma kA sAmAjika maryAdAoM ke paripAlana se koI mIdhA sambandha nahIM hai| gItA spaSTatayA yaha svIkAra karatI hai ki vyakti mAmAjika dRSTi se svasthAna ke nimnamtarIya karmoM kA gampA. dana karane hue bhI AdhyAtmika vikAma kI dRSTi se UMcAiyoM para pahuMca makatA hai| zrI kRSNa spaSTa kahate haiM ki vyakti cAhe atyanta dugavArI rahA ho athavA strI, zUda yA vaizya ho athavA brAhmaNa yA garSi ho, yadi vaha mabhyagaMga merI upAsanA karatA hai to vaha zreSTha gati ko hI prApta karatA hai|' isame yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki gItA ke anusAra AdhyAtmika vikAma kA dvAra mabhA ke lie samAna rUpa me gyuTA huA hai| jo loga naitika yA AdhyAtmika vikAsa ko AcaraNa ke bAga tathyoM yA vaiktika jIvana ke pUrvarUpa yA vyakti ke sAmAjika svasthAna meM bAMdhane kI koziza karane haiM, ve bhrAnti meM hai| gItA ke AcAra-darzana ke anumAra mAmAjika mvamyAna ke kartavyoM ke paripAlana aura naitika yA AdhyAtmika vikAma ke kartavyoM meM koI maMgharSa nahIM kyoMki donoM ke kSetra bhinna-bhinna hai| isa prakAra gItA ke anumAra varNa-vyavasthA kA gambandha sAmAjika kartavyoM ke paripAlana meM hai / lekina viziSTa mAmAjika kartavyoM ke paripAlana meM vyakti zreSTha yA hIna nahIM bana jAtA hai, unakI zraMSThatA aura hInatA kA sambandha to usake naitika evaM AdhyAtmika vikAma se hai| isa prakAra jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra-nana varNa-vyavasthA ke sambandha meM samAna dRSTikoNa rakhate haiN| unake dRSTikoNa ko maMkSepa meM isa prakAra rakhA jA sakatA hai 1. varNa kA AdhAra janma nahIM varan guNa (mvabhAva) aura kama hai| 2. varNa aparivartanIya nahIM hai| vyakti apane svabhAva, bhAcaraNa aura karma meM parivartana kara varNa parivartita kara makatA hai| 3. varNa kA sambandha sAmAjika kartavyoM meM hai, lekina koI bhI sAmAjika kartavya yA vyavasAya apane ApameM na zreSTha hai, na hIna hai / vyakti kI zreSThatA aura hInatA usake mAmAjika kartavya para nahIM, varan usako naitika niSThA para nirbhara hai| 4. naitika evaM AdhyAtmika vikAsa kA adhikAra sabhI varga ke logoM ko prApta hai| 1. gotA, 9 / 30, 32, 33

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baina, boTa aura gItA kA samAva rakhana Azrama-dharma 'Athama' zabda zrama se banA hai| zrama kA artha hai prayAsa yA prayatla / jIvana ke vibhinna mAdhyoM kI upalabdhi ke lie pratyeka Azrama meM eka vizeSa prayatna hotA hai| jisa prakAra jIvana ke cAra mAdhya yA mRtya-dharma, artha, kAma aura mokSa mAne gaye haiM, usI prakAra jIvana ke ina cAra mAdhyoM kI upalabdhi ke lie ina cAra AzramoM kA vidhAna hai| brahmacaryAzrama vidyArjana ke lie hai aura ima mpa meM vaha cAroM hI AzramoM kI eka pUrva tayArI rUpa hai| gamthAzrama meM artha aura kAma puSpArthoM ko middhi ke lie vizeSa prayanna kiyA jAtA hai, jabaki dharma puruSArtha kI mAdhanA vAnaprasthAzrama meM aura mokSa purupAyaM kI mAdhanA maMnyAma Azrama meM kI jAtI hai| yaha smaraNIya hai ki varNa kA siddhAnta gAmAjika jIvana ke lie hai. kintu Azrama kA siddhAnta vaiyaktika hai / Azrama siddhAnta yaha batAtA hai ki vyakti kA AdhyAtmika lakSya kyA hai, use apane ko kima prakAra le calanA hai tathA antima lakSya ko prApti ke lie use kamI tayArI karanI hai| DA. kAna ke anamAra Azrama-middhAnta eka utkRSTa dhAraNA thii| bhale hI ime bhalIbhauti kriyAnvita nahI kiyA jA makA, parantu isake lakSya yA uddezya bar3e hI mahAn aura viziSTa the / ' Azrama-saMsthA kA vikAma kaba huA, yaha kahanA kaThina hai| lagabhaga sabhI bhAratIya AcAra-ganI ke granthoM meM Azrama-middhAnta mambandhI vivecana upalabdha ho jAtA hai| chAndogya upaniSad ke kAla taka hameM tIna AzramoM kA vivaMcana upalabdha hotA hai / usa yuga taka maMnyAma Azrama kI vinara carcA munAI denI hai| saMnyAma aura vAnaprastha sAmAnyatayA eka hI mAne gaye the, lekina paravartI mAhitya meM cAroM hI AzramoM kA vidhAna aura usake vidhi-nipaMdha ke niyama vistAra se upalabdha hai| vaidika parampaga meM cAgeM AzramoM ke sambandha meM tIna vikalpoM kI carcA upalabdha hotI hai:-1. mamaccaya. * vikalpa evaM 3. bAgha / manu ne ina cAroM AzramoM meM samuccaya kA middhAnta svIkAra kiyA hai| unake anusAra pratyeka manuSya ko kramazaH cAroM hI AzramoM kA anusaraNa karanA cAhie / dUsare mata ke anumAra AzramoM ko ima avasthA meM vikalpa ho sakatA hai. arthAt manuSya icchAnumAra inameM se kimI eka Azrama ko grahaNa kara sakatA hai| bAdha ke siddhAnta ke anusAra gRhasthAzrama hI eka mAtra vAstavika Azrama hai aura anya Azrama apekSAkRta umame kama mUlya vAle haiM / Azrama-vyavasthA ke sandarbha meM vikalpa siddhAnta yaha mAnatA hai ki brahmacarya Azrama ke pazcAt gRhastha, vAnaprastha evaM saMnyAsa meM se kisI bhI Azrama ko grahaNa kiyA jA sakatA hai| jAbAlopaniSada evaM bhAcArya zaMkara ne isa mata kA samarthana kiyA hai| unakA anumAra jaba bhI vairAgya utpanna 1 vistRta vivecana ke lie dekhie-dharmazAstra kA itihAsa, prathama bhAga, pR0 264. 267

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bAMdhana-vyavasthA ho jAya tabhI pravrajyA grahaNa kara lenA cAhie' bAdha siddhAnta ko mAnane vAle gautama evaM baudhAyana haiN| isa siddhAnta ke anusAra gRhasthAzrama hI sarvotkRSTa hai| isa mata ke kucha vicArakoM ne vAnaprastha evaM saMnyAsa ko kaliyuga meM vayaM mAna liyA hai| vaidika paramparA meM Azrama-siddhAnta jIvana ko cAra bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kara unameM se pratyeka bhAga meM eka-eka Azrama ke anusAra jIvana vyatIta karane kA nirdeza detA hai| prathama bhAga meM brahmacarya, dUsare meM gRhastha, tIsare meM vAnaprasya aura cautha me sanyAsa-Azrama grahaNa karanA caahie| jaina-paramparA aura bApama-siddhAnta-zramaNa-paramparAoM meM AyanaM AdhAra para AzramoM ke vibhAjana kA siddhAnta upalabdha nahIM hotaa| yadi hama paidika-vicAradhArA ko daSTi meM tulanAtmaka vicAra kareM to yaha pAna hai ki zramaNa-paramparAeM Azrama-siddhAnta ke mandarbha me vikalpa ke niyama ko hI mahatva detI hai| unake anugAra saMnyAma-Azrama hI marvocca hai aura vyakti ko jaba bhI vairAgya utpanna ho jAye tabhI Ime grahaNa kara lenA cAhiye / unakA mata jAbAlopaniSad aura zaMkara ke adhika nikaTa / zramaNa-paramparAoM meM brahmacaryAzrama kA bhI vizeSa vivecana upalabdha nahIM hotaa| cUMki zramaNa-paramparAoM ne AdhyAtmika jovana para hI adhika jora diyA ataH unameM brahmacaryAzrama ke laukika zikSAkAla aura gRhasthAzrama ke lokika vidhAnoM ke sandarbha meM koI vizeSa dizA-nirdeza upalabdha nahIM hotaa| laukika jIvana kI zikSA grahaNa karane ke lie mAmAnyatayA vyAvasAyika brAhmaNa zikSakoM ke pAsa hI vidyArthI jAte the, kyoMki zramaNa-varga sAmAnyatayA AdhyAtmika zikSA hI pradAna karatA thaa| gRhasthAzrama ke sandarbha meM AdhyAtmika vikAsa evaM mAmAjika vyavasthA kI dRSTi se yadyapi zramaNa-parappagaoM meM niyama upalabdha hai, lekina vivAha evaM pArivArika jIvana ke mandarbha meM mAmAnyatayA niyamoM kA abhAva hI hai| yadyapi paravartI jainAcAryoM ne hindU dharma kI iga Azrama vyavasthA ko dhIre-dhIre svIkAra kara liyA aura uma jaina-parampaga ke anurUpa banAne kA prayAga kiyA / AcArya jinamena ne AdipugaNa meM yaha svIkAra kiyA hai ki brahmacarya, gRhamtha, vAnaprastha aura bhikSu ye cAroM Azrama jainadharma ke anumAra uttarottara zuddhi ke paricAyaka hai / jaina parampaga meM ye cAgeM Azrama svIkRta rahe haiM / brahmacaryAzrama ko laukika jIvana kI zikSAkAla ke rUpa meM tathA gRhasthAzrama ko gRhasya-dharma ke rUpa meM evaM vAnaprampa Azrama ko brahmacarya pratimA se lekara uhiSTavirata yA zramaNabhUta pratimA ko mAdhanA ke rUpa meM athavA mAmAyika-cAritra ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA jA makatA hai| saMnyAma-Azrama to zraNa jIvana ke rUpa meM svIkRta hai ho / isa prakAra cAroM hI Azrama jaina-paramparA meM bhI 1. jAbAlopaniSad 31 3. AdipurANa 39 / 152 2. dakhie-dharmazAstra kA itihAsa, 10 267

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42 jana, borabora gItA sAvana svIkRta hai| bIDa-paramparA aura dhana-paramparA donoM meM mAtrama-simAnta ke sandarbha meM samAna dRSTikoNa hI svIkRta rahA hai| bauddha-paramparA aura mAmama-siddhAnta-bIDa-paramparA bhI jaina-paramparA ke dRSTikoNa ke samAna hI nAzrama-siddhAnta ke sandarbha meM vikalpa ke siddhAnta ko svIkAra karatI hai| usake anusAra saMnyAsa-Azrama (amaNa-gIvana) hI sarvocca hai aura vyakti jaba bhI vairAgya bhAvanA se yukta ho jAye, use pravrajyA grahaNa kara lenI caahie| bauddha-paramparA meM bhI brahmacaryAzrama zikSaNa-kAla ke rUpa meM, gRhasthAzrama gRhastha-dharma ke rUpa meM, vAnaprastha mAtrama zrAmaNera ke rUpa meM aura saMnyAsa Azrama zramaNa-jIvana ke rUpa meM svIkRta hai| jaina, boTa aura vaidika paramparAoM kA Azrama-vicAra nimna tAlikA se spaSTa hai:vaidika-paramparA jaina-paramparA bauddha-paramparA 1. brahmacaryAzrama zikSaNa-kAla zikSaNa-kAla 2. gRhasthAzrama gRhastha-dharma gRhastha-dharma 3. vAnaprasthAzrama pratimAyukta gRhastha jIvana zrAmaNera dIkSA yA sAmAyikacAritra 4. saMnyAmAzrama chedopasthApanIyacAritra upasampadA sAmAnyataH Azrama-siddhAnta kA nirdeza yahI hai ki manuSya kramazaH naitika evaM AdhyAtmika pragati karatA huA tathA vAsanAmaya jIvana ke Upara vijaya prApta karatA hamA mokSa ke sarvocca sAdhya ko prApta kara sake /

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svadharma kI avadhAraNA gItA meM svadharma ____ gotA jaba yaha kahatI hai ki svadharma kA pAlana karate hue maranA bhI zreyaskara hai. kyoMki paradharma bhayAvaha hai, to hamAre sAmane yaha prazna AtA hai ki isa svadharma aura paradharma kA artha kyA hai ? yadi naitikatA kI dRSTi se svadharma meM honA hI kartavya hai to hameM yaha jAna lenA hogA ki yaha svadharma kyA hai / __ yadi gItA ke dRSTikoNa se vicAra kiyA jAya to yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki gItA ke anusAra svadharma kA artha vyakti ke varNAzrama ke kartavyoM ke paripAlana se hai / gItA ke dUsare adhyAya meM hI yaha spaSTa kara diyA gayA hai ki svadharma vyakti kA varNa-dharma hai| lokamAnya tilaka svadharma kA artha varNAzrama dharma hI karate haiN| ve likhate hai ki "gvadharma vaha vyavasAya hai ki jo smRtikAroM kI cAturvarNya-vyavasthA ke anusAra pratyeka manuSya ke lie usake svabhAva ke AdhAra para niyata kara diyA gayA hai, svadharma kA artha mokSa dharma nahIM hai| gItA ke aThArahaveM adhyAya meM yaha bAta adhika spaSTa kara dI gaI hai ki pratyeka varNa ke svabhAvika kartavya kyA haiM / gItA yaha mAnatI hai ki vyakti ke varNa kA nirdhAraNa usakI prakRti, guNa yA svabhAva ke AdhAra para hotA hai aura usa svabhAva ke angAra usake lie kucha kartavyoM kA nirdhAraNa kara diyA gayA hai, jisakA pArapAlana karanA usakA naitika kartavya hai / isa prakAra gItA vyakti ke svabhAva yA guga ke AdhAra para kartavyoM kA nirdeza karatI hai| una kartavyoM kA paripAlana karanA hI vyakti kA mvadharma hai| gItA kA yaha nizcita abhimata hai ki vyakti apane svadharma yA apane svabhAva ke AdhAra para niHsRta svakartavya kA paripAlana karate hue middhi yA mukti prApta kara letA hai / gItA kahatI hai ki vyakti apane svAbhAvika kartavyoM meM lagakara una mvakramoM ke dvArA hI usa paramatattva kI upAsanA karatA huA miti prApta karatA hai / isa prakAra gItA vyakti ke svasthAna ke AdhAra para kartavya karane kA nirdeza karatI hai / samAja meM vyakti ke svasthAna kA nirdhAraNa usake apane svabhAva (guNa, karma) ke AdhAra para hI hotA hai / vaiyaktika svabhAvoM kA vargIkaraNa aura tadanusAra kartavyoM kA AgepaNa gItA meM kisa prakAra kiyA gayA hai isakI vyavasthA varNa-dharma ke prasaMga meM kI gaI hai| 1. gItA, 3135 3. gItA 1841-48 5. vahI, 185 2. gItA rahasya, 10 673 4. vahI, 4113

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jaina, bauDa bora gItA kA samApana jainadharma meM svadharma jaina-darzana meM bhI svasthAna ke anumAra kartavya karane kA nirdeza hai / pratikramaNamUtra meM pratikramaNa kI vyAkhyA karate hue batalAyA gayA hai ki yadi sAdhaka pramAdavaza svasthAna ke kartavyoM meM vyata hokara para sthAna ke kartavyoM ko apanA letA hai to panaH AlocanApUrvaka parasthAna ke AvaraNa ko chor3akara svasthAna ke kartavyoM para sthita ho jAnA hI pratikramaNa (punaH mvasthAna yA mvadharma kI ora lauTa AnA) hai| isa prakAra jaina naitikatA kA spaSTa nirdeza hai ki mAdhaka ko svasthAna ke kartavyo kA hI AcaraNa karanA cAhie / bRhatkalpa bhANyapITikA meM ka. I gayA hai ki svasthAna meM svasthAna ke kataya kA AcaraNa hI zreyaskara aura gabara hai / isake viparIta mvasthAna meM parasthAna ke kartavya kA AcaraNa azreyaskara evaM niSphala hai| jana AcAra-darzana yahI kahatA hai ki mAdhaka ko apane balAbala kA nizcama ya.. svasthAna cunanA cAhie aura svasthAna ke kartavyoM kA pAlana karanA cAhie / jana mAdhanA kA Adarza yahI hai ki mAdhaka prathama apane deza, kAla, svabhAva aura zakti ke AdhAra para svasthAna kA nizcaya kare arthAt gRhastha dharma yA mAdhu dharma yA mAdhanA ke anya staroM meM vaha kimakA paripAlana kara makatA hai| svasthAna kA nizcaya karane ke bAda hI usa sthAna ke nirdiSTa kartavyoM ke anusAra naitika AcaraNa kare / dazavakAlika gUtra meM kahA hai ki mAdhaka apane bala, pagakrama, zraddhA evaM Arogya ko acchI prakAra dagvabhAla kara tathA deza aura kAla kA samyak parijJAna kara tadanurUpa kartaH patha meM apanaM ko niyojita kre|' bRhatvalpabhASpa pIThikA ke uparokta zloka ke saMdarbha meM TippaNI karate hue upAdhyAya amaramanijI kahate haiM, pratyeka jIvana-kSetra meM svasthAna kA bar3A mahatva hai, svasthAna meM jo gurutva hai vaha paramthAna meM kahAM / jala meM magara jitanA balazAlI hai. kyA utanA sthala meM bhI hai ? nhiiN| yadyapi svasthAna ke kartavya ke paripAlana kA gikSAnta jana aura gItA ke AcAra-darzana meM samAna rUpa meM svIkAra huA hai, lekina donoM meM thor3A antara bhI hai-gItA aura jana-darzana isa bAta meM to ekamata hai ki vyakti ke svasthAna kA nizcaya umakI prakRti arthAt guNa aura kSamatA ke AdhAra para karanA cAhie, lekina gItA isake AdhAra para vyakti ke sAmAjika sthAna kA nirdhAraNa kara usa sAmAjika sthAna ke kartavyoM ke paripAlana kA nidegA karatI hai, jabaki jana-dharma yaha batAtA hai vyakti ko sAdhanA ke uncatama meM nimnatara vibhinna staroM meM kisa sthAna para rahakara usa sthAna ke lie nizcita AcaraNa ke niyamo kA paripAlana karanA caahie| svasthAna aura parasthAna kA vicAra yaha kahatA hai ki sAdhanA ke vibhinna staroM meM se kiso sthAna para rahakara usa sthAna ke nizcita AcaraNa ke niyamoM kA paripAlana karanA cAhie / 1. uddhRta janadharma kA prANa, pR0 142 2. bRhadkalpabhASya pIThikA 323 3. dazavakAlika 8135 4. zrIamara bhAratI mArca 1965, 1030

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svadharma kI avadhAraNA tulanA-jaina vicAraNa, meM svasthAna aura parasthAna kA vicAra sAdhanA ke masaroM kI dRSTi se kiyA jAtA hai, jabaki gItA meM ravasthAna aura parasyAna yA madharma aura paradharma kA vicAra mAmAjika kartavyoM kI dRSTi se kiyA gayA hai| jaina-gAyanA ko daSTi pramukha rUpa se vaiyaktika hai, jabaki gItA kI dRSTi pramukha rUpa meM mAmagira padyapi donoM vicAradhArAeM dUsare pakSoM ko nitAnta avahelanA bhI nahIM krtii| isa sambandha meM jaina-vicAraNA yaha kahatI hai ki mAmAnya gRhastha mAdhaka, viziSTa gRhapa gAyakamAmAnya zramaNa athavA jinakalpI zramaNa ke athavA mAdhanA-kAla kI mAmAnAdA athavA vizeSa paristhitiyoM ke utAnna hone kI dazA ke AvaraNa ke AdazaMkA hai? yA AcaraNa ke niyama kyA hai aura gotA samAja ke brAhmaNa, kSatriya vaMzya aura ina cAroM vargoM ke kartavya kA nirdeza karatI hai| gItA Azrama-vyavasthA ko bokAra to karatI hai, phira bhI pratyeka Azrama ke vizeSa kartabya kyA hai, igakA macina vivacana gItA meM upalabdha nahIM hotaa| jaina paramparA meM Azrama dharma ke kartavyoM kA ho vizeSa vivecana upalabdha hotA hai / umame varNa-vyavasthA ko guNa, karma ke AdhAra para svIkAra kiyA to gayA hai, phira bhI brAhmaNa ke vizeSa kartavyoM ke nirdeza ke atirikta anya voM ke kartavyoM kA koI vivecana vistAra meM upalabdha nahIM hotaa| vastutaH gItA kI dRSTi pramukhataH pravRtti pradhAna hone meM ugama varNa-vyavasthA para jora diyA gayA hai jabaki jaina evaM bauddha dRSTi pramukhataH nivRttiparaka hone se unameM nivRtyAtmaka DhaMga para Azrama dharmoM kI vivecanA hI huI hai| janmanA varNa-vyavasthA kA to jainoM aura bauddhoM ne virodha kiyA hI thA, ataH apanI nivRttiparaka dRSTi ke anukUla mAtra brAhmaNa-varNa ke kartavyoM kA nirdeza karake saMtopa maanaa| yadyapi gItA aura jaina AcAra-darzana donoM yahI kahate hai ki gAdhaka ko apanI avasthA yA svabhAva ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue, umI kartavya-patha kA cayana karanA cAhie, jisakA paripAlana karane kI kSamatA umama hai / sva-kSamatA yA sthiti ke AdhAra para mAdhanA ke nimna stara kA cayana bhI adhika lAbhakArI hai apekSAkRta uga ucca starIya cayana ke, jo sva-svabhAva, samatA aura sthiti kA binA vicAra kiye kiyA jAtA hai| mamagra jaina-Agama gAhitya meM mahAvIra ke jIvana kA eka bhI emA pramaMga dekhane ko nahIM milatA jaba unhoMne mAdhaka kI zakti evaM svacchA ke viparIta ume mAdhanA ke uccatama staroM meM praviSTa hone ke lie kahA ho| mahAyora pratyeka gAdhaka se cAhe vaha mAdhanA ke uccastaroM ( zramaNa dharma ko mApanA ) meM praviSTa hone kA prastAva lekara unake sammukha upasthita huA ho yA mAdhanA ke nimna stara (gahantha dharma ko mAdhanA) meM praviSTa hone kA prastAva lekara upasthita huA ho, yahI kahanaM hai-he devAnapriya ! numheM jaimA mumba ho vamA kage, parantu pramAda mata kro|' vaM mAyanA meM isa bAta para jora 1. upAsakadagAMgamUtra, 112

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jaina, boDa aura samAja nahIM dete haiM ki tuma sAdhanA meM vikAsa ke kisa bindu para sthita ho rahe ho, sAdhanA ke rAja mArga para kima sthAna para khar3e ho, varan isa bAta para jora dete haiM ki sAdhanA ke kSetra meM jima sthAna para tuma khar3e ho usa sthAna ke kartavyoM ke paripAlana meM kitane satarka, niSThAvAn yA jAgarUka ho / jaina-vicAradhArA yaha mAnatI hai ki naitikatA ke kSetra meM yaha bAta prAthamika mahattva ko nahIM hai ki sAdhaka kitanI kaThora sAdhanA kara rahA hai, varan prAthamika mahattva isa bAta kA hai ki vaha jo kucha kara rahA hai usameM kitanI saccAI aura niSThA hai| yadi eka sAghu jo sAdhanA ko uccatama bhUmikA meM sthita hone hae bhI apane kartavyoM ke prati satarka nahIM hai, niSThAvAna nahIM hai, ImAnadAra nahIM hai, to vaha usa gRhastha sAdhaka kI apekSA, jo sAdhanA ko nimna bhUmikA meM sthita hote hue bhI apane sthAna ke kartavyoM ke prati niSThAvAn hai, jAgarUka hai aura ImAnadAra hai, nIcA hI hai| naitika zreSThatA isa bAta para nirbhara nahIM karato ki naitikasopAna meM kona kahAM para khar3A hai, varan isa bAta para nirbhara karatI hai ki vaha svasthAna ke kartavyoM ke prati kitanA niSThAvAn hai / AcArAMgamUtra meM spaSTa kahA hai ki sAdhaka jisa bhAvanA yA zraddhA se sAyanA patha para abhiniSkramaNa kara usakA prAmANikatApUrvaka pAlana kreN| gItA isI bAta ko atyanta saMkSepa meM isa prakAra prastuta karatI hai ki sva-kSamatA evaM sva-svabhAva ke pratikUla ese suAcarita* pratIta honevAle usa paradharma se, sva-svabhAva ke anukUla nimnastarIya hote hue bhI svadharma zreSTha hai / paradharma arthAt apane svasvabhAva evaM kSamatAoM ke pratikUla AcaraNa sadaiva hI bhayaprada hotA hai aura isalie svadharma kA paripAlana karate hue mRtyu kA varaNa kara lenA bhI kalyANakArI hai| svadharma kA bApyAtmika barSa-gItAkAra niSkarSa rUpa meM yaha kahatA hai ki he pArtha, tU saba dharmo kA parityAga kara merI zaraNa meM A, maiM tujhe saba pApoM se mukta kara dUMgA' 1. AcArAga, 101 / 1 / 3 / 20 2. gItA, 3135 3. vahI, 18066 sippaNI prastuta zloka meM 'paradharmAtsvanuSThitAt' kA sAmAnya artha susamAcarita paradharma se lagAyA jAtA hai, lekina paradharma vastutaH sumanuSThita yA susamAcarita hotA hI nahIM hai. kyoMki jo svaprakRti se nikalatA hai vahI subhAcarita ho sakatA hai| yahAM subAcarita kahane kA tAtparya yahI hai ki jo bAhara se dekhane para acchI taraha Acarita hotA dikhAI detA hai, yadyapi mUlataH vaisA nahIM hai| hRdaya meM vAsanAoM ke prabala Avega ke hone para bhI DoMgI sAdhu sAdhu-jIvana ko bAha kriyAoM kA ThIka rUpa se AcaraNa karatA hai, kabhI-kabhI to vaha acche sAdhu kI apekSA bhI dikhAve ke rUpa meM unakA adhika macche DhaMga se pAlana karatA hai, lekina usakA vaha AcaraNa mAtra bAe dikhAvA hotA hai usameM sAra nahIM hotA / usI prakAra susamAcarita para-dharma meM subAcaraNa mAtra disAvA yA DhoMga hotA hai / sumAvarita yA suanuSThita kA yahAM mAtra yahI barSa hai|

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to hamAre sAmane eka samasyA punaH upasthita hotI hai ki saba dharmoM ke parivAna kI dhAraNA kA svadharma ke paripAlana kI dhAraNA se kase mela baiThApA jAya ? pari vicAra pUrvaka dekheM to yahA~ gItAkAra kI dRSTi meM jina samasta dharmoM kA parityAga iSTa hai, ve vidhi-niSeSa rUpa sAmAjika kartavya tathA gahagAvaraNa rUpa dharmAdharma ke niyama hai / vastutaH kartavya ke kSetra meM kabhI-kabhI aisA avasara upasthita ho jAtA hai ki jahAM dharma-dharma kA nirNaya yA svadharma aura paradharma kA nirNaya karane meM manuSya apane ko asamartha pAtA hai| prazna upasthita hotA hai ki yadi vyakti apane svadharma yA paradharma kA nizcaya nahIM kara pAtA to vaha kyA kare? gItAkAra spaSTa rUpa se kahatA hai ki aisI bhanizcaya kI avasthA meM dharma-adharma ke vicAra se Upara uThakara apane-Apako bhagavAna ke sammula magna aura nizchala rUpa meM prastuta kara denA cAhie aura usakI icchA kA yantra banakara yA mAtra nimita banakara AcaraNa karanA cAhie / yahA~ gItA spaSTa hI Atma-samarpaNa para jora detI hai| lekina jaina-daSTi jo kimI aise kRpA karane vAle saMsAra ke niyantA Izvara para vizvAsa nahIM karatI, ima kartavyAkartavya yA svadharma aura paradharma ke anizcaya kI avasthA meM vyakti ko yahI sujhAva detI hai ki use rAga-dveSa ke bhAvoM se dUra hokara upasthita kartavya kA AcaraNa karanA cAhie / vastutaH isa zloka ke mAdhyama se gItAkAra sacce svadharma ke grahaNa kI bAta kahatA hai, paramAtmA ke prati saccA samarpaNa paradharma kA tyAga aura svadharma kA grahaNa hI hai, kyoMki hamArA vAstavika svarUpa rAga depa se rahita avasthA hai aura ume grahaNa karanA sacca AdhyAtmika svadharma kA grahaNa hai| vastutaH svadharma aura paradharma kA yaha vyAvahArika kartavya-patha naitika sAdhanA kI itizrI nahIM hai, vyakti ko imame upara uThanA hAtA hai| vidhi-niSa kA kartavya mArga naitika mAdhanA kA mAtra bAhya zarIra hai. usako AtmA nhiiN| vidhi-niSedha ke hama vyavahAra-mArga meM kartavyoM kA saMgharSa sambhAvya hai jo vyakti ko kartavya-vimRddhatA meM bAla detA hai| ataH gotAkAra ne sampUrNa vivecana ke pazcAt yahI zikSA dI ki manuSya mahaM ke riktikaraNa ke dvAga apane ko bhagavAn ke mammumba samarpita kara de aura isa prakAra sabhI dharmAdharmoM ke vyavahAra-mArga se Upara uThakara usa kSetra meM avasthita ho jAye, jahA~ kartavyoM ke madhya saMgharSa kI samasyA ho nahI rahe / jaina-vicArakoM ne bhI kartavyoM ke saMgharSa kI isa samasyA meM evaM kartavya ke nizcaya kara pAne meM utpanna kaThinAI se bacane ke lie svadharma aura paradharma kI eka AdhyAtmika vyAkhyA prastuta kI, jisameM vyakti kA kartavya hai svarUpa meM avasthita honaa| unake anusAra pratyeka tattva ke apane-apane svAbhAvika guNa-dharma hai / svAbhAvika guNa-dharma meM tAtparya una guNa-dho / hai jo binA kisI dUsare tattva kI apekSA ke hI usa tava meM rahate hai arthAt paratatva se nirapekSa rUpa meM rahanevAle svAbhAvika guNa-dharma svadharma hai / isake viparIta ve guNa-dharma, vo dUsare tanya kI apekSA

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48 cana, boDora gItA kA samApana rakhate hai yA usake kAraNa utpanna hote hai, vaibhAvika guNa-dharma hai, isalie paradharma hai / ekIbhAva se apane guNa-paryAyoM meM pariNapana karanA hI svasamaya hai, svadharma hai| jainadarzana ke anusAra vastu kA nija svabhAva ho usakA svadharma hai, vabhAvika guNa-dharma svadharma nahIM hai; kyoMki vaibhAvika guNadharma parApekSI hai. para ke kAraNa utpanna hote haiM, ataH nirapekSa nahIM hai / Asakti yA rAga caitanya kA svadharma nahIM hai| kyoMki Asakti yA rAga nija se bhinna paratattva kI bhI apekSA karatA hai| binA kisI dvaita ke Asakti sambhava hI nhiiN| jIva yA AtmA ke lie ajJAna paradharma hai, kyoMki AtmA to jJAnamaya hai| Asakti vaibhAvika dharma yA paradharma hai, kyoMki parApekSI hai / jainAcAra darzana ke anumAra vizuddha caitanya tantra ke lie rAga, dveSa, moha, kartRtva, bhoktRtva Adi paradharma hai, jabaki jJAna, darzana, cAritra Adi svadharma hai / jainadharma ke anumAra gItA ke 'svadharma nidhanaM zreyaH paradharmo bhayAvahaH' kA saccA artha yaha hai ki jJAna-darzana rUpa Atmika svaguNoM meM sthita rahakara maraNa bho vareNya hai| svAbhAvika svaguNoM kA parityAga evaM rAga-dveSa mohAdi se yukta vaibhAvika dazA (pagdharma) kA grahaNa AtmA ke lie sadaiva bhayaprada hai, kyoMki vaha usake patana kA yA baMdhana kA mArga hai| ___ AcArya kundakunda svadharma aura paradharma ko vivecanA atyanta mArmika rUpa meM prastuta karataM hae kahate haiM-'jo jIva svakIya guNa paryAya rUpa samyaka jJAna, darzana aura cAritra meM ramaNa kara rahA hai, use hI paramArtha-dRSTi meM sva-samaya yA svadharma meM sthita jAno aura jo jIva pudgala yA karma-pradezoM meM sthita hai arthAt para-padArthoM se prabhAvita hokara una para rAga-dveSa Adi bhAva karake, una para tatvoM ke Azraya se sva-svarUpa ko vikArI banga rahA hai, use para-samaya yA paradharma meM sthiti jAno / rAga, dvepa aura moha kA pariNamana para ke kAraNa hI hotA hai, ataH vaha para-svabhAva yA para-dharma hI hai| AcArya Age kahate haiM ki svasvarUpa yA svadharma se cyuta hokara para-dharma, para-svabhAva yA para-samaya meM sthita honA bandhana hai aura yaha dUsare ke sAtha bandhana meM hone kI avasthA visaMvAdinI athavA nindA kI pAtra hai / AtmA to svabhAva yA svadharma meM sthita hokara apane ekatva kI avasthA meM hI zobhA pAtA hai|' gotAkA dRSTikoNa-padyapi gItA ke zlokoM meM svadharma aura paradharma ke AdhyAtmika artha kI isa vivecanA kA abhAva hai, lekina AcArya zakara ne gItA bhASya meM AcArya kundakunda se milatI huI svadharma aura paradharma ko vyAkhyA prastuta kI hai| zaMkara kahate haiM ki jaba manuSya kI prakRti rAga-deSa kA anusaraNa kara use apane kAma meM niyojita karatI . hai. taba svadharma kA parityAga aura paradharma kA anuSThAna hotA hai arthAt AcArya zaMkara ke anumAra bhI rAga-dveSa ke vazIbhUta honA hI paradharma hai aura rAga-dvepa se vimukta honA hI svadharma hai| 1. samayasAra, 273 2. gItA (zAM0), 3134

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sparma kI savAraNA aMDalekA svasthAna mora usake kartavya kA siddhAnta tavA sparma-bhAratIya paramparA ke svadharma ke siddhAnta ke mamAna hI pAzcAtya paramparA meM Dale ne 'svasthAna aura usake kartavya' kA siddhAnta sthApita kiyA / beDale kA kahanA hai ki hama usa samaya apane ko prApta karate haiM jaba hama apane sthAna aura kartavyoM ko eka samAjarUpI zarIra ke aMga ke rUpa meM prAptakara lene hai / baDale ne apanI prasiddha pustaka ethikala sTaDIja meM isa sambandha meM paryApta prakAza DAlA hai| yahA~ to hama kevala usake siddhAnta kA sArAMza hI prastuta kara rahe hai| aMDale ke uparyukta kathana kA artha yaha hai ki hameM apanI yogyatAoM aura kSamatAoM ko parakha kara sAmAjika jIvana ke kSetra meM apane kartavya kA nirdhAraNa kara lenA caahie| vastutaH hamArA kartavya vahI ho makatA hai jo hamArI prakRti ho / apanI prakRti ke anurUpa sAmAjika jIvana meM apane sthAna kA nirdhAraNa evaM usake kartavyoM kA cayana aura unakA pAlana hI baMDale ke dRSTikoNa kA Agaya hai, yadyapi yaha dhyAna meM rakhanA cAhiye ki svasthAna ke anurUpa kartavya-pAlana naitikatA ko antima pariNati nahIM hai / hameM usase bhI Upara uThanA hogaa| 1. ethikala sTaDIja, pR0 163 2. epikala sTaDIja, adhyAya 5

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4 sAmAjika naitikatA ke kendrIya tatva : ahiMsA, anAgraha aura aparigraha vaiyaktika evaM gAmAjika mamatA ke vicalana ke do kAraNa hai-eka bhoha aura dUsarA kSobha / goha ( Amakti ) vicalana kA eka Antarika kAraNa hai jo rAga, dvepa, krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha (nANA) Adi ke rUpa meM prakaTa hotA hai| himA. gopaNa, tiraskAra yA anyAya-ya lobha ke kAraNa haiM jo annara mAnama ko pIDita karane haiM / yadyapi moha ora kSobha aise tantra nahIM hai jo eka-dumare me alaga aura aprabhAvita hoM, tathApi moha ke kAraNa Antarika aura usakA prakaTana vAhya hai, jabaki kSobha ke kAraNa bAhya hai aura umakA prakaTana Antarika hai| moha vaiyaktika gaI hai, jo mamAja-jIvana ko pita karatI hai, jabaki 'kSobha' mAmAjika bugaI hai, jo vaiyaktika jIvana ko dUSita karatI hai| moha kA kendrIya tanva Amavita ( gaga yA taNA) hai, jabaki kSobha kA kendrIya tattva himA hai| ima prakAra jaina-AcAra meM samyak cAritra kI dRSTi se ahiMgA aura anAsakti ye do nendrIya siddhAnna hai / eka bAhya jagat yA mAmAjika jIvana meM mamatva kA saMsthApana karatA hai tA dumarA catamika yA Antarika mamatva ko banAye rakhatA hai / vaicArika kSetra meM ahiMgA aura anAsakti milakara anAgraha yA anekAntavAra ko janma dete haiM / Agraha vaicArika Amanita hai aura ekAnta vaicArika himA / anAsakti kA siddhAnta ho ahiMmA se mamanvita ho mAmAjika jIvana meM aparigraha kA Adeza prastuta karatA hai| saMgraha vaiyaktika jIvana ke mandarbha meM Asakti aura mAmAjika jIvana ke sandarbha meM hiMsA hai / isa prakAra jaina-darzana mAmAjika naitikatA ke tIna kendrIya siddhAnta prastuta karatA hai:1. ahiMsA. 2. anAgraha (vaicArika mahiSNutA) ora 3. aparigraha (asNgrh)| ___ aba eka dUsaro dRSTi se vicAra kreN| manuSya ke pAsa mana, vANI aura zarIra aise tIna mAdhana haiM, jinake mAdhyama se vaha sadAcaraNa yA durAcaraNa meM pravRtta hotA hai / zarIra kA dugavaraNa hiMsA aura sadAcaraNa ahiMmA kahA jAtA hai| vANI kA durAcaraNa Agraha ( vaicArika asahiSNutA ) aura madAcaraNa anAgraha (vaicArika sahiSNutA ) hai / jabaki mana kA durAcaraNa Asakti (mamatva) aura sadAcaraNa anAsakti (aparigraha) hai / vaise yadi ahiMsA ko hI kendrIya tattva mAnA jAya to anekAnta ko vaicArika ahiMsA aura banAsakti ko mAnasika ahiMmA ( svadayA ) kahA jA sakatA hai / sApa ho anAsakti se

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sAmAjika naitikatA menopa taya : mohalA. manApaha aura mapariSaha pratiphalita hone vAlA aparigraha kA siddhAnta sAmAjika evaM Arthika ahiMsA kahA jA sakatA hai| yadi mAdhanA ke tIna aMga-samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna aura gamyakacAritra ke vyAvahArika pakSoM kI dRSTi meM vicAra kiyA jAya to anAsakti mamyagdarzana kA, anekAnta ( anAra / sampajJAna kA aura ahimA sampaka cAritra kA pratinidhitva karate hai| darzana kA sambandha pani meM hai, jJAna kA sambandha vicAra se hai aura cAritra kA kama se hai / ataH vRti meM anAmakti. vinAra meM anAgraha aura AcaraNa meM ahiMsA yahI jana AcAra darzana ke ratnatraya kA vyAvahArika svarUpa hai jinheM hama sAmAjika ke gandarbha meM kramazaH aparigraha. anekAnta ( anAgraha ) aura hisA ke nAma se jAnata hai / ahisA, anekAnta aura aparigraha jaba sAmAjika jIvana se sambandhita hote hai, taba vaM samyak AcaraNa ke hI aga kahaM jAna hai / dUmara, jaba AcaraNa se hamArA tAtparya kAyika. vAcika aura mAnasika tInoM prakAra ke kAma ho, to hisA, anekAnta aura aparigraha kA mamAvaMga nampaka AcaraNa meM ho jAtA hai| gamya AcaraNa eka prakAra se jIvana guddhi kA prayAsa hai, ataH mAnamika karmA ko zuddhi ke lie anAgakti (apagriha), vAnika kamoM kA zuddhi ke lie anekAnta (anAgraha) aura kAyika karmoM ko zuddhi ke lie ahiMsA ke pAlana kA nirdeza kiyA gayA hai| isa prakAra jana jIvana-darzana kA mAra inhI tIna middhAntoM meM nihita hai| jainadharma kI paribhASA karane vAlA yaha zloka sarvAdhika pracalita hI hai syAdvAdo vartate'smina pakSapAto na vidyate / nAstyanyaM pIr3ana kiMcit jainadharmaH sa ucyate // maccA jaima vahI hai jo pakSAta ( mamantra ) me rahita hai, anAgrahI aura ahiMmaka hai / yahA~ hameM isa sambandha meM bhI spaSTa rUpa meM jAna lenA cAhie ki jisa prakAra AtmA yA cenanA ke tIna pakSa jAna, darzana aura cAritra AdhyAtmika pUrNatA kI digA meM eka dUmase meM alaga-alaga nahIM rahane hai, umI prakAra ahiMmA, anAgraha ( anekAnta ) aura aparigraha bhI mAmAjika mamatA kI sthApanA ke prayAma ke rUpa meM eka dUsare se alaga nahIM rahataM / jaima-jaise ve pUrNatA kI ora bar3hanaM hai, vaise-vaime eka dUsare ke mAtha mamanvita hote jAne haiN| ahiMsA janadharma meM ahiMsA kA sthAna ahiMsA jaina AcAra-darzana kA prANa hai| ahiMmA vaha dharI hai jisa para mamagra jaina AcAra-vivi ghUmatI hai / jainAgamoM meM ahiMmA ko bhagavatI kahA gayA hai / praznavyAkaraNamUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki bhayabhItoM ko jaise zaraNa, pakSiyoM ko jaise gagana, tapitoM ko jaise

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bena, bora aura gotA kA samAva barmana jala, bhakhoM ko jaise bhojana, samudra ke madhya jaise jahAja, rogiyoM ko jaise auSadha aura vana meM jaise sArthavAha kA sApa mAghArabhUta hai, vaise hI ahiMsA prANiyoM ke lie AdhArabhUta hai| ahiMmA ghara evaM apara sabhI prANiyoM kA kalyANa karane vAlI hai|' vaha zAzvata dharma hai, jisakA upadeza tIrthakara karate haiM / AcArAMgasUtra meM kahA gayA hai-bhUta, bhaviSya aura vartamAna ke sabhI bahat yaha upadeza karate hai ki kisI bhI prANa, pUta, jIva aura satva ko kisI prakAra kA paritApa, udvega yA duHkha nahIM denA cAhie, na kimI kA hanana karanA cAhie / yahI zuddha, nitya aura zAzvata dharma hai| samasta loka kI pIr3A ko jAnakara bahatoM ne isakA pratipAdana kiyA hai| sUtrakRtAMgasatra ke anusAra jJAnI hone kA sAra yaha hai ki kisI bhI prANI kI hiMsA na kareM / ahiMsA hI samagra dharma kA sAra hai, ise sadaiva smaraNa rakhanA cAhie / dazavakAlikamUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki sabhI prANiyoM ke hita sAdhana meM ahiMsA ke sarvazreSTha hone se mahAvIra ne isako prathama sthAna diyA hai| ahiMsA ke samAna dUsarA dharma nahIM hai|" bhAcArya amRtacandrasUri ke anusAra to jaina AcAra-vidhi kA sampUrNa kSetra ahiMsA se vyApta hai, usake bAhara usameM kucha hai hI nhiiN| sabhI naitika niyama aura maryAdAeM isake antargata hai| AcAra-niyamoM ke dUsare rUpa jaise asatya bhASaNa nahIM karanA, corI nahIM karanA Adi to janasAdhAraNa ko sulabha rUpase samajhAne ke liye bhinna-bhinna nAmoM se kahe jAte haiM, vastutaH ve sabhI ahiMsA ke hI vibhinna pakSa haiN| jaina-darzana meM ahiMsA vaha AdhAra vAkya hai jisameM bAcAra ke sabhI niyama nirgamita hote haiN| bhagavatI ArAghanA meM kahA gayA hai-ahiMsA saba bAmamoM kA hRdaya hai, saba zAstroM kA garbha (utpatti sthAna) hai| bauddhadharma meM mahilA kA svAna-bIDa-darzana ke daza zIloM meM ahiMsA kA sthAna prathama hai| catuHzataka meM kahA hai ki tathAgata ne saMkSepa meM kevala 'ahiMsA' ina akSaroM meM dharma kA varNana kiyA hai| buddha ne hisA ko anArya karma kahA hai| ve kahate haiM, jo prANiyoM kI hiMsA karatA hai, vaha kArya nahIM hotA, sabhI prANiyoM ke prati ahiMsA kA pAlana karane vAlA hI mArya kahA jAtA hai| buddha hiMsA evaM yuddha ke nItizAstra ke ghora virodhI hai / dhammapada meM kahA gayA haivijaya se vaira utpanna hotA hai| parAjita duHkhI hotA hai| jo jaya-parAjaya ko chor3a 1. praznavyAkaraNasUtra, 2122122 2. AcArAMga, 1 / 4 / 1 / 127 3. sUtrakRtAMga, 1 / 4 / 10 4. dazavakAlika, 69 5. bhaktaparikSA, 91 6. puruSArthasiddhyupAya, 42 7. bhagavatI-ArAdhanA, 79. 8. catuHzataka, 298 9. dhammapada, 27.

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sAmAjika naitikatA ke kenIya tarasa : bahisA manApaha bAra maritraha pukA hai, use hI sukha hai, use hI zAnti hai|' aMgunaranikAya meM yaha bAta aura adhika spaSTa kara dI gayI hai| hiMsaka vyakti jagat meM nArakIya jIvana kA aura ahiMsaka vyakti svargIya jIvana kA sRjana karatA hai| ve kahate hai-"bhikSuoM, tIna dharmoM se yukta prANo aisA hotA hai jaise lAkara naraka meM DAla diyA gayA ho| kauna se tIna ? svayaM prANI hiMsA karatA hai, dUsare prANo kA hiMsA kI ora ghasITatA hai aura prANI-hiMsA kA samarthana karatA hai| bhikSuoM, tIna dharmA se yukta prANI aisA hI hotA hai, jaise lAkara naraka meM DAla diyA gayA ho|" ___ "bhikSaoM, tIna dharmoM se yukta prANI aisA hotA hai, jaise lAkara svarga meM DAla diyA gayA ho / kona se tIna ?" "svayaM prANI hiMsA se virata rahatA hai, dUsare ko prANI-hiMsA kI ora nahIM ghasITatA aura prANI-hiMsA kA samarthana nahIM krtaa|" baudadharma ke mahAyAna sampradAya meM karuNA aura maMtrI kI bhAvanA kA jo carama utkarSa dekhA jAtA hai, usakI pRSThabhUmi meM yahI ahiMsA kA siddhAnta rahA hai / hinadharma meM ahiMsA kA sthAna-gItA meM ahiMsA kA mahattva svIkRta karate hue use bhagavAn kA hI bhAva kahA gayA hai| use devI sampadA evaM sAtvika tapa bhI kahA hai|' mahAbhArata meM to jaina vicAraNA ke samAna ho ahiMsA meM sabhI dharmoM ko antarbhUta mAna liyA gayA hai| yahI nahIM, umameM dharma ke upadeza kA uddezya bhI prANiyoM ko hiMsA se virata karanA hai| mahimA hI dharma kA sAra hai| mahAbhAratakAra kA kathana hai ki'prANiyoM kI hiMsA na ho, isalie dharma kA upadeza diyA gayA hai, ataH jo ahiMsA se yukta hai, vahI dharma hai / lekina yaha prazna ho sakatA hai ki gItA meM bAra-bAra arjuna ko yuddha karane ke lie kahA gayA, umakA yuddha me uparata hone kA kArya nindanIya tathA kAyaratApUrNa mAnA gayA hai, phira gotA ko ahiMmA ko samarthaka kaise mAnA jAe? isa sambandha meM gItA ke vyAkhyAkAroM kI dRSTikoNoM ko samajha lenA Avazyaka hai| Adya TIkAkAra AcArya zaMkara 'yudhyasva (yuddha kara)' zabda ko TIkA meM likhate haiM yahAM (uparyukta kathana se) yuddha kI kartavyatA kA vidhAna nahIM hai| itanA hI nahIM, AcArya 'Atmopamyena sarvatra' ke AdhAra para gItA meM ahiMsA ke siddhAnta kI puSTi karate hai-'jaise mujhe mukha priya hai vaise ho mabhI prANiyoM ko mukha anukUla hai aura jaise duHkha mujhe apriya yA pratikUla 1. dhammapada, 201 2. aMguttaranikAya, 33153 3. gotA 1015-7, 16 / 2, 17 / 14 4. mahAbhArata, zAnti parva, 245 / 19 5. vahI, 109 / 12 6. gItA (zAMkara bhASya), 2018

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54 baina, bauddha aura gotA kA samAja darzana hai, vaise hI saba prANiyoM ko apriya, pratikUla hai, isa prakAra jo saba prANiyoM meM apane samAna hI sukha aura duHkhako tulya bhAva se anukUla aura pratikUla dekhatA hai, kisI ke bhI pratikUla AcaraNa nahIM karatA, vahI ahiMsaka hai| isa prakAra kA ahiMsaka puruSa pUrNa jJAna meM sthita hai, vaha saba yogiyoM meM parama utkRSTa mAnA jAtA hai / " mahAtmA gAMdhI bhI gItA ko ahimA kA pratipAdaka grantha mAnate haiN| unakA kathana hai - ' gItA kI mukhya zikSA himA nahIM, ahiMsA hai| himA binA kroSa, Amakti evaM ghRNA ke nahIM hotI aura gItA hameM matva, raja aura tamas guNoM ke rUpa meM ghRNA, kroSa Adi avasthAoM se Upara uThane ko kahatI hai / (phira vaha hiMsA kI samarthaka kaise ho makatI hai ) / DA0 rAdhAkRSNan bhI gItA ko ahiMsA kA pratipAdaka grantha mAnate haiM / ve likhate haiM- 'kRSNa arjuna ko yuddha karane kA parAmarza detA hai, to isakA artha yaha nahIM ki vaha yuddha kI vaidhatA kA samarthana kara rahA hai| yuddha to eka aisA avasara A par3A hai; jisakA upayoga guru usa bhAvanA kI ora saMketa karane ke lie karatA hai, jima bhAvanA ke sAtha saba kArya, jinameM yuddha bhI sammilita hai, kiye jAne cAhie / yaha himA yA ahiMsA kA prazna nahIM hai, apitu apane una mitroM ke viruddha hiMsA ke prayoga kA prazna hai, jo aba zatru bana gaye haiM / yuddha ke prati usakI hicaka AdhyAtmika vikAsa yA satvaguNa kI pradhAnatA kA pariNAma nahIM hai, apitu ajJAna aura vAsanA kI upaja hai / arjuna ima bAta ko svIkAra karatA hai ki vaha durbalatA aura ajJAna ke vazIbhUta ho gayA haiN| gItA hamAre sammukha jo Adarza upasthita karatI hai, vaha ahiMsA kA hai, aura yaha bAta sAtaveM adhyAya meM mana, vacana aura karma kI pUrNa dazA ke aura bArahaveM adhyAya meM bhakta kI manodazA ke varNana spaSTa ho jAtI hai| kRSNa arjuna ko Avega yA durbhAvanA ke binA, rAga yA dveSa ke binA yuddha karane ko kahatA hai aura yadi hama apane mana ko aisI sthiti meM le jA sakeM, to hiMsA asambhava ho jAtI hai / 3 se isa prakAra spaSTa hUM gItA himA kI samarthaka nahIM hai / mAtra anyAya ke pratikAra ke lie adveSabuddhipUrvaka vivazatA meM hiMsA karane kA jo samarthana gItA meM dikhAI par3atA hai, usase yaha nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki gItA hiMsA kI samarthaka hai / apavAda ke rUpa meM hiMsA kA samarthana niyama nahIM bana jaataa| aisA samarthana to hameM jaina aura bauddha AgamoM meM bhI upalabdha ho jAtA hai / ahiMsA kA AdhAra - ahiMsA kI bhAvanA ke mUlAdhAra ke sambandha meM vicArakoM meM kucha bhrAnta dhAraNAoM ko prazraya milA hai, ataH usa para samyakrUpeNa vicAra kara lenA Avazyaka hai / mekenjI ne apane grantha hindUethiksa' meM isa bhrAnta vicAraNA ko prastuta 1. gItA, 6 / 32 3. bhagavadgItA ( rA 0 ), pu074-75 2. di bhagavadgItA eNDa ceMjiMga varlDa, 10 122 4. hindU ethiksa, mekenjI

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sAmAjika naitikatA ke kendrIya tasya : ahiMsA, anAgraha aura aparigraha 55 kiyA hai ki hiMsA kI avadhAraNA kA vikAsa bhaya ke AdhAra para huA hai / ve likhate haiM- 'asabhya manuSya jIva ke vibhinna rUpoM ko bhaya kI dRSTi se dekhate the aura bhaya kI yaha dhAraNA hI ahiMsA kA mUla haiN|' lekina koI bhI prabuddha vicAraka makenz2I kI isa dhAraNA se sahamata nahIM hogA / AcArAMga meM ahiMsA ke siddhAnta ko manovaijJAnika AdhAra para sthApita karane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai / usameM ahiMsA ko Arhata pravacana kA sAra aura zuddha evaM zAzvata dharma batAyA gayA hai / sarvaprathama hameM yaha vicAra karanA hai ki ahiMsA ko hI dharma kyoM mAnA jAya ? sUtrakAra isakA bar3A manovaijJAnika uttara prastuta karatA hai; vaha kahatA hai ki sabhI prANiyoM meM jijIviSA pradhAna hai, punaH sabhI ko sukha anukUla aura duHkha pratikUla hai / " ahiMsA kA adhiSThAna yahI manovaijJAnika satya hai / astitva aura mugva kI cAha prANIya svabhAva hai, jaina vicArakoM ne imI manovaijJAnika tathya ke AdhAra para ahiMsA ko sthApita kiyA hai / ahiMsA kA AdhAra 'bhaya' mAnanA galata hai kyoMki bhaya ke siddhAnta ko yadi ahiMsA kA AdhAra banAyA jAyegA to vyakti kevala gabala kI hiMsA se virata hogA, nirbala kI himA meM nahIM / jisameM bhaya hogA usI ke prati ahiMsaka buddhi banegI / jabaki jainadharma to sabhI prANiyoM ke prati yahAM taka ki vanaspati, jala aura pRthvIkAyika jIvoM ke prati bhI ahiMsaka hone kI bAta kahatA hai, ataH ahimA ko bhaya ke AdhAra para nahIM apitu jijIviSA aura sukhAkAMkSA ke manovaijJAnika matyoM ke AdhAra para adhiSThita kiyA jA sakatA hai / puna: jainadharma ne ina manovaijJAnika satyoM ke sAtha hI ahimA ko tulyatA bodha kA bauddhika AdhAra bhI diyA gayA hai / vahA~ kahA gayA hai ki jo apanI pIr3A ko jAna pAtA hai vahI tulyatA bAMdha ke AdhAra para dUsaroM kI pIr3A ko bhI samajha sakatA hai| prANIya pIr3A kI tulyatA ke bodha ke AdhAra para hone vAlA AtmasaMvedana ho ahimA kI nIMva hai / vastuta: ahiMsA kA mUlAdhAra jIvana ke prati sammAna, mamatyabhAvanA evaM advaitabhAvanA hai / mamatvabhAva me mahAnubhUti tathA advaitabhAva me AtmIyatA utpanna hotI hai aura inhIM meM ahiMsA kA vikAsa hotA hai | ahimA jIvana ke prati bhaya se nahIM, jIvana ke prati sammAna meM vikasita hotI hai| dAvaikAlikasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki sabhI prANI jIvita rahanA cAhate haiM, koI maranA nahIM cAhatA ataH nirgrantha prANavaca (himA) kA niSedha karate haiM / vastutaH prANiyoM ke jIvita rahane kA naitika adhikAra hI ahiMsA ke kartavya ko janma denA hai| jIvana ke adhikAra kA sammAna hI ahiMsA hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM mamatva ke AdhAra para ahimA ke middhAnta kI sthApanA karate hue kahA gayA 1. ajjhatya jANai se bahiyA jANaI eyaM tullamannami 1 / 1 / 7 2. savve pANA pilAuyA suhasAyA duHkhapaDikalA. 10213 3. dazavekAlika 6 / 11 ,

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56 jana, boDa aura gItA kA samApana hai ki bhaya aura vaira se mukta sAdhaka, jIvana ke prati prema rakhane vAle sabhI prANiyoM ko sarvatra apanI AtmA ke mamAna jAna kara unakI kabhI bhI hiMsA na kre|' yaha mekenjI kI isa dhAraNA kA, ki ahiMsA bhaya para adhiSThita hai, sacoTa uttara hai / AcArAMgasUtra meM to AtmIyatA kI bhAvanA ke AdhAra para hI hiMsA-siddhAnta kI pratiSThApanA kI gayI hai| usameM likhA hai-jo lola (anya jIva samUha) kA apalApa karatA hai vaha svayaM apanI AtmA kA bhI apalApa karatA hai| Age pUrNAtmIyatA kI bhAvanA ko paripuSTa karate hue mahAvIra kahate haiM-jisa tU mAranA cAhatA hai, vaha tU hI hai| jise tU zAmita karanA cAhatA hai vaha tU hI hai / jise tU paritApa denA cAhatA hai, vaha tU hI hai| bhaktaparijJA meM bhI likhA hai-kisI bhI anya prANI ko hatyA vastutaH apanI hI hatyA hai aura anya jIvoM kI dayA apanI hI dayA hai| isa prakAra jainadharma meM ahiMsA kA AdhAra Atmavat dRSTi hI hai| Dadharma meM ahiMsA kA mApAra-bhagavAn buddha ne bhI ahiMsA ke AdhAra ke rUpa meM imI 'Atmavat marvabhUteSu' kI bhAvanA ko grahaNa kiyA hai / suttanipAta meM buddha kahate haiM-'jaimA maiM hai vaise hI ye maba prANI hai. aura jaise ye saba prANI haiM vaisA hI meM hai-- isa prakAra apane mamAna mana prANiyoM ko samajhakara na svayaM kisI kA vadha kare aura na dUsaroM se kraae| gotA meM hiMsA ke AdhAra-gotAkAra bhI ahiMmA ke siddhAMta ke AdhAra ke rUpa meM 'Atmavat marvabhUteSu' ko udAtta bhAvanA ko lekara calatA hai| yadi hama gItA ko advaitavAda kI samarthaka mAneM to ahiMsA ke AdhAra ko dRSTi se jaina darzana aura advaitavAda meM yaha antara hai ki jahA~ jaina paramparA meM mabhI AtmAoM ko tAttvika samAnatA ke AdhAra para ahiMmA kI pratiSThA kI gaI hai. vahAM atibAda meM tAsthika babheva ke AdhAra para ahiMmA kI sthApanA kI gaI hai / vAda koI bhI ho, para ahiMmA kI dRSTi se mahattva kI bAta eka hI hai ki anya jIvoM ke sAtha samAnatA, jIvana ke adhikAra kA sammAna aura abheda kI vAstavika saMvaMdanA yA AtmIyatA kI anubhUti ho ahiMsA kI bhAvanA kA udgama hai| jaba manuSya meM isa savedana-zIlatA kA sacce rUpa meM udaya ho jAtA hai, taba hiMsA kA vicAra eka asaMbhAvanA bana jAtA hai| hiMsA kA saMkalpa sadaiva 'para' ke prati hotA hai, 'sva' yA AtmIya ke prati kabhI nhiiN| ataH Atmavat dRSTi kA vikAsa hI ahiMsA kA AdhAra hai| 1. uttarASpayana, 67 3. vahI, 115 / 5 5. suttanipAta, 3 // 3727 2. AcArAMga, 123 4. bhaktaparijJA-93 6. darzana aura cintana, sanma 2, pR0 125

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O sAmAvika naitikatA ke nipala : ahiMsA, manAmaha aura aparigraha jainAgamoM meM hiMsA ko vyApakatA jaina-vicAraNA meM ahiMsA kA kSetra kitanA vyApaka hai, isakA bodha hameM praznavyAkaraNasUtra se ho sakatA hai| usameM ahiMsA ke sATha paryAyavAcI nAma varNita hai'-1. nirvANa, 2. nivRtti, 3. samAdhi, 4. zAnti, 5. kIrti, 6. kAnti, 7. prema, 8. vairAgya, 9. zrutAMga, 10. tRpti, 11. dayA, 12. vimukti, 13. kSAnti, 14. samyaka ArAdhanA, 15. mahatI, 16. bodhi, 17. buddhi, 18. dhRti, 19. samRddhi, 20. Rddhi, 21. vRddhi, 22. sthiti (dhAraka), 23. puSTi (poSaka), 24. nanda (Ananda), 5. bhadrA, 26. vizuddhi, 27. labdhi, 8. vizeSa dRSTi, 29. kalyANa, 30. maMgala, 31. pramoda, 32. vibhUti, 33. rakSA, 34. siddhAvAsa, 35. anAsrava, 36. kaivalyasthAna, 37. ziva, 38. samiti, 39. zIla, 40. saMyama, 41. zIla parigraha, 42. saMvara, 43. gupti, 44. vyavasAya, 45. utsava, 46. yajJa, 47. Ayatana, 48. yatana, 49. apramAda, 50. AzvAsana, 51. vizvAsa, 52. abhaya, 53. sarva amAghAta (kisI ko na mAranA), 54. cokSa (svaccha), 55. pavitra, 56. zuci, 57. pUtA yA pUjA, 58. vimala, 59. prabhAta aura 60. nirmalatara / isa prakAra jaina AcAra-darzana meM ahiMsA zabda eka vyApaka dRSTi ko lekara upasthita hotA hai| usake anusAra sabhI sadguNa ahiMsA meM nihita haiM aura ahiMsA hI ekamAtra sadguNa hai / ahiMsA sadguNa-samUha kI mUcaka hai| ahiMsA kyA hai ? himA kA pratipakSa ahiMmA hai / yaha ahiMsA kI eka niSedhAtmaka paribhASA hai / lekina hiMmA kA tyAga mAtra ahiMmA nahIM hai| niSedhAtmaka ahiMsA jIvana ke samagra pakSoM ko sparza nahIM krtii| vaha AdhyAtmika upalabdhi nahIM kahI jA sakatI / niSedhAsmaka ahiMsA mAtra bAhya hiMsA nahIM karanA hai, yaha ahiMsA kA zarIra ho sakatA hai, ahiMsA ko AtmA nhiiN| kisI ko nahIM mAranA yaha ahiMsA ke sambandha meM mAtra sthUla dRSTi hai| lekina yaha mAnanA bhrAntipUrNa hogA ki jaina dharma ahiMsA kI isa sthUla evaM bahimuMkhI dRSTi taba sImita rahI hai / jaina-darzana kA kendrIya siddhAnta ahiMsA zAbdika dRSTi se cAhe nakArAtmaka hai, lekina usakI anubhUti nakArAtmaka nahIM hai| usakI anubhUti sadaiva hI vidhAyaka rahI hai| sarvatra AtmabhAva mUlaka karuNA aura maMtrI kI vidhAyaka anubhUtiyoM se ahiMsA kI dhArA pravAhita huI hai| ahiMsA kriyA nahIM, sattA hai, vaha AtmA kI eka avasthA hai / AtmA kI pramatta avasthA hI hiMsA hai aura apramatta avasthA ho ahiMsA hai| AcArya bhadrabAhu opaniyukti meM likhate haiM ki pAramArthika dRSTi se 1. praznavyAkaraNasUtra, 1121 2. dazavakAlika-niyukti, 60

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58 jaina, bauDa aura gItA kA samAna darzana AtmA hI hiMsA hai aura AtmA ahimA hai / pramatta AtmA hiMsaka hai aura apramatta AtmA ahiMsaka hai| AtmA kI pramatta dazA hiMmA ko avasthA hai aura apramatta dazA ahiMsA ko avasthA hai| jya evaM bhAva ahiMsA-ahiMsA ko samyak rUpa se samajhane ke lie pahale yaha jAna lenA Avazyaka hai ki jana-vicAraNA ke anumAra hiMmA kyA hai ? jaina-vicAraNA himA kA do pakSoM se vicAra karatI hai| eka hiMsA kA bAhya pakSa hai, jise jaina pAribhASika zabdAvalI meM dravya himA kahA gayA hai| dravya hiMmA sthUla evaM bAhya ghaTanA hai| yaha eka kriyA hai jise prANAtipAta, prANavadha, prANahanana Adi nAmoM se jAnA jAtA hai / jaina-vicAraNA AtmA ko mApekSa rUpa meM nitya mAnatI hai| ataH himA ke dvArA jisakA hanana hotA hai vaha AtmA nahIM, varan prANa hai-prANa jaivika zakti hai| jana vicAraNA meM prANa dasa mAne gaye haiM / pA~ca indriyoM kI zakti, mana, vANI aura garIra kA trividha bala, zvasana-kriyA evaM AyuSya ye dama prANa hai| ina prANa-zaktiyoM kA viyojIkaraNa hI dravya-dRSTi se himA hai| yaha hiMsA kI yaha paribhASA usake vAhya pakSa para bala denI hai / dravya-hiMsA kA tAtparya prANa-zaktiyoM kA kuNThana, hanana tathA vilagAva karanA hai| __ bhAva-hiMsA himA kA vicAra hai, yaha mAnasika avasthA hai, jo pramAdajanya hai| AcArya amRtacandra himA ke bhAvAtmaka pakSa para bala dete hue himA-ahiMsA kI paribhASA karane haiM / unakA kathana hai ki rAgAdi kapAyoM kA abhAva ahiMsA hai aura unakA utpanna honA hI himA hai| yahI jaina-AgamoM ko vicAra dRSTi kA mAra hai|' hiMmA kI pUrNa paribhASA tattvArthamUtra meM milatI hai| tanvArthamUtra ke anusAra gaga, dvepa Adi pramAdoM se yukta hokara kiyA jAne vAlA prANa-vadha himA hai| hiMsA ke prakAra jaina vicArakoM ne dravya aura bhAva ina do rUpoM ke AdhAra para hiMmA ke cAra vibhAga kiye hai-1. mAtra zArIrika hiMmA, 2. mAtra vaicArika hiMmA, 3. zArIrika evaM vaicArika hiMsA, aura 4. zAbdika hiMsA / mAtra zArIrika hiMsA yA dravya hiMmA vaha hai jimameM hiMsaka kriyA to sampanna huI ho, lekina hiMsaka vicAra kA abhAva ho / udAharaNamvarUpa, sAvadhAnIpUrvaka calate hue bhI dRSTidoSa yA jantu kI mUkSmatA ke kAraNa umaka nahIM dikhAI dene para hiMsA ho jaanaa| mAtra vaicArika hiMsA yA bhAva hiMsA vaha hai jisameM hiMsA kI kriyA to anupasthita ho, lekina hiMsA kA saMkalpa upasthita ho| isameM kartA hiMsA ke saMkalpa se yukta hotA hai, lekina bAhya paristhitivaza use kriyAnvita karane meM saphala nahIM ho pAtA hai, jaise kaidI kA nyAyAdhIza kI hatyA karane kA vicAra (jana 1. oSanikti , 754 2. abhidhAna rAjendra , khaNa 7, pR0 1228

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sAmavika naitikatA ke kenoya tasva : ahiMsA, manAmaha aura aparigraha paramparA meM isa sambandha meM taMdulamaccha evaM kAlasaukarika kasAI ke udAharaNa prastuta kiye jAte haiM) vaicArika evaM zArIrika hiMsA-jisameM hiMsA kA vicAra aura hiMsA kI kriyA donoM hI upasthita ho, jaise saMkalpapUrvaka kI gaI hatyA / zAnika hiMsA-jimameM na to hiMsA kA vicAra ho, na hiMsA kI kriyA / mAtra hiMsaka zabdoM kA uccAraNa ho, jaise sudhAra ko bhAvanA se mAtA pitA kA bAlakoM para yA guru kA ziSya para kRtrima rUpa se kupita honA / ' naitikatA kI yA bandhana kI tIvratA kI dRSTi se hiMsA ke ina cAra rUpoM meM kramazaH zAbdika hiMsA kI apekSA saMkalpa rahita zArIrika hiMsA, saMkalpa rahita zArIrika hiMsA kI apekSA mAtra vaicArika hiMsA aura mAtra vaicArika hiMsA kI apekSA saMkalpayukta zArIrika hiMsA adhika nikRSTa mAnI gayI hai| hisA ko vibhinna sthitiyAM-vastutaH hiMsakakarma kI tIna avasthA ho gakatI hai-1. hiMsA kI gayI ho, 2. hiMsA karanI par3I ho aura 3. hiMmA ho gayI ho / pahalI sthiti meM yadi himA cetana rUpa meM kI gaI hai to vaha saMkalpayukta hai, yadi acetanarUpa meM kI gaI hai to vaha pramAdayukta hai / himaka kriyA, cAhe saMkalpa me utpanna ha ho yA pramAda ke kAraNa huI ho. kartA doSI mAnA jAtA hai| dUsarI sthiti meM hiMmA cetana rUpa se kintu vivazatAvaza karanI par3atI hai, yaha bAdhyatA zArIrika ho sakatI hai athavA bAhya paristhitigata, yahA~ bhI kartA dopI hai| vaha karma kA bandhana bhI karatA hai. lekina pazcAnApa yA glAni ke dvAga vaha umase zuddha ho jAtA hai| bAdhyatA kA avasthA meM kI gaI hiMsA ke lie kartA ko doSI mAnane kA AdhAra yaha hai ki samagra bAdhyatAeM svayaM ke dvArA Aropita haiM / bAdhyatA yA bandhana ke lie kartA svayaM uttaradAyI hai| bAdhyatAoM kI svIkRti kAyaratA kA pratIka hai| bandhana meM honA aura bandhana ko mAnanA donoM hI kartA ko vikRtiyAM haiM-kartA svayaM doSI hai hii| naitika jIvana kA sAya no inase Upara uThane ma hI hai| tImarI sthiti meM hiMmA na to pramAda ke kAraNa hotI hai aura na vivazatAvaza hI, varan sampUrNa mAvadhAnI ke bAvajUda bhI ho jAtI hai| jaina vicAraNA ke anumAra hiMmA ko yaha tomarI sthiti kartA kI dRSTi se niopa mAnI jA sakatI hai. kyoMki isameM himA kA saMkalpa pUrI taraha anupasthita rahatA hai; mAtra yahI nahIM, himA me bacane kI pUrI mAvadhAnI bhI rakhI jAtI hai| himA ke maMkalpa ke abhAva meM evaM mampUrNa mAvadhAnI ke bAvajUda bhI yadi hiMmA ho jAtI hai to vaha himA ke mImAkSetra meM nahIM AtI hai| hameM yaha bhI mamama lenA hogA ki kimI anya maMkalpa kI pUrti ke lie kI jAnevAlI kriyA ke daurAna yadi mAvadhAnI ke bAvajUda koI himA kI ghaTanA ghaTita ho jAtI hai, jaise-gRhastha upAmaka dvArA bhUmi jotane hue. kimI prama-prANI ko hiMmA ho jAnA athavA kisI muni ke dvArA padayAtrA karate hue pramaprANI kI hiMmA ho jAnA, to 1. puruSArthasiddhAra, 4 2. tattvArthasUtra, 78

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jana, goDa aura gItA kA samAja bana kartA ko usa hiMsA ke prati uttaradAyI nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai kyoMki usake mana meM usa hiMsA kA koI saMkalpa ho nahIM hai| ataH aisI hisA hiMsA nahIM hai| hiMsA ko una sthitiyoM meM, jinameM hiMsA kI jAtI ho yA hiMsA karanI par3atI ho, hiMsA kA saMkalpa yA irAdA avazya hotA hai, yaha bAta alaga hai ki eka avasthA meM hama binA kisI paristhitigata dabAva ke svataMtrarUpa meM hiMsA kA saMkalpa karate hai aura dUsare meM hameM vivazatA meM maMkalpa karanA hotA hai| phira bhI pahalI adhika nikRSTa koTi kI hai kyoMki AkramaNAnmaka hai| himA ke vibhinna rUpa-hiMsaka karma kI upayukta tIna avasthAoM meM yadi hiMsA ho jAne kI tomarI avasthA ko chor3a diyA jAye to hamAre samakSa hiMmA ke do rUpa bacate hai-1. himA ko gayI ho aura 2. hiMsA karanI par3o ho| va dazAeM jinameM hiMsA karanI par3atI hai, do prakAra kI haiM-1. rakSaNAtmaka aura 2. AjovikAtmaka, isameM do bAta gammilita hai-jIvana jIne ke sAdhanoM kA arjana aura unakA upabhoga / jaina darzana meM isI AdhAra para hiMsA ke cAra rUpa mAne gaye hai 1. saMkalpanA (saMkalpI hisA)-saMkalpa yA vicArapUrvaka hiMsA krnaa| yaha AkramaNAtmaka hiMsA hai| 2. viroSanA--svayaM aura dUsare logoM ke jIvana evaM svatvoM (adhikAroM) ke rakSaNa ke lie vivazatAvaza hiMsA karanA / yaha murakSAtmaka hiMsA hai / 3. udyogamA-AjIvikA upArjana arthAt udyoga evaM vyavasAya ke nimitta honebAlI hiMmA / yaha upArjanAtmaka hiMsA hai / 4 mArambhamA-jIvana-nirvAha ke nimitta hone vAlI hiMsA-jaise bhojana kA pakAnA / yaha nirvAhAtmaka hiMsA hai| hiMsA ke kAraNa jaina AcAryoM ne hiMsA ke cAra kAraNa mAne haiM / 1. rAga, 2. dveSa, 3. kaSAya arthAt krodha, ahaMkAra, kapaTa evaM lobhavRtti aura 4. pramAda / hiMsA ke sAdhana ___jahA~ taka hiMsA ke mUla sAdhanoM kA prazna hai, ve tIna hai-mana, vacana aura zarIra / sabhI prakAra ko hiMsA inhoM tIna sAdhanoM dvArA hotI yA kI jAtI hai / hiMsA aura ahiMsA manodazA para nirbhara jaina vicAradhArA ke anusAra na kevala pRthvI, pAnI, vAyu, agni evaM vanaspatijagat hI jIvanayukta hai, varan samagra loka sUkSma jIvoM se vyApta hai / ataH prazna hotA hai 1. abhidhAna rAjendra, khaNa 7, pR0 1231

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sAmAjika naitikatA ke lie tata: bahisA, banAvaha baura aparigraha 61 ki kyA aisI sthiti meM koI pUrNa ahiMsaka ho sakatA hai ? mahAbhArata meM bhI jagat ko sUkSma jIvoM se vyApta mAnakara yahI prazna uThAyA hai| jala meM bahatere jIva hai, pRthvI para tathA vRkSoM ke phaloM meM bhI aneka jIva (prANa) hote haiN| aisA koI bhI manuSya nahIM hai jo inameM se kisI ko kabhI nahIM mAratA ho, phira kitane hI aise sUkSma prANI haiM, jo indriyoM se nahIM, mAtra anumAna se hI jAne jAte haiM-manuSya kI palakoM ke girane mAtra se hI jinake kaMdhe TUTa jAte haiM, arthAt mara jAte haiN| tAtparya yaha hai ki jIvoM kI hiMgA se nahIM bacA jA sakatA hai|' prAcIna yuga se hI jaina-vicArakoM kI dRSTi bhI isa prazna kI ora hai / AcArya bhadrabAha isa sandarbha meM jaina dRSTikoNa ko spaSTa karate hue likhate haiM-trikAladarzI jinezvara bhagavAn kA kathana hai ki anekAneka jIva-samUhoM meM parivyApta vizva meM gAdhaka kA ahiMsakatva antara meM adhyAtma vizuddhi kI dRSTi se hI hai, bAhya hiMsA yA ahiMsA kI dRSTi se nahIM hai / jaina-vicAradhArA ke anusAra bhI bAhya hiMsA se pUrNatayA baca pAnA sambhava nhiiN| hiMsA aura ahiMsA kA pratyaya bAhya ghaTanAoM para utanA nirbhara nahIM hai jitanA vaha sAdhaka kI manodazA para AdhArita hai / hiMsA aura ahiMsA ke viveka kA AdhAra pramukha rUpa se Antarika hai| hiMsA meM saMkalpa ko pramukhatA hai| bhagavatI sUtra meM eka saMvAda ke dvArA ise spaSTa kiyA gayA hai / gaNadhara gautama mahAvIra se prazna karate hai-he bhagavan, kisI zramaNopAsaka ne kisI trasa prANI kA vadha na karane kI pratijJA lI ho, lekina pRthvIkAya kI hiMsA kI pratijJA nahIM grahaNa ko ho, yadi bhUmi khodate hae usase kisI prANI kA vadha ho jAya to kyA usakI pratijJA bhaMga huI ? mahAvIra kahate haiM ki yaha mAnanA ucita nahIM-usako pratijJA bhaMga nahIM huii| isa prakAra saMkalpa ko upasthiti athavA sAdhaka ko mAnasika sthiti ho hiMsA-ahiMsA ke vicAra meM pramukha tattva hai| paravartI jaina sAhitya meM yahI dhAraNA puSTa hotI rahI hai / AcArya bhadrabAhu kA kathana hai ki sAvadhAnI pUrvaka calane vAle sAdhu ke paira ke nIce bhI kabhI-kabhI koTa, pataMga Adi kSudra prANI A jAte haiM aura daba kara mara bhI jAte haiM, lekina ukta himA ke nimitta se use sUkSma karma baMdha bhI nahIM batAyA gayA hai, kyoMki yaha antara meM sarvatobhAvena usa hiMsA vyApAra se nilipta hone ke kAraNa niSpApa hai| jo viveka sampanna apramatta sAdhaka Antarika vizuddhi se yukta hai aura Agamavidhi ke anumAra AcaraNa karatA hai, usake dvArA ho jAne vAlI hiMmA bhI karma-nirjaga kA kAraNa hai| lekina jo vyakti pramatta hai| 1. mahAbhArata, zAnti parva 15 / 25-26 3. bhagavatImUtra, 71 / 6-7 / 5. bopaniyukti, 759 2. opaniyukti, 747 4. opaniyukti 748-49

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jaina, bauDa aura gotA kA samAna darzana usakI kisI bhI ceSTA se jo bhI prANI mara jAte hai, vaha nizcita rUpa se una sabakA hiMsaka hotA hai / itanA hI nahIM, varan jo prANI nahIM mAre gaye haiM, pramatta manuSya unakA bhI hiMmaka hai, kyoMki vaha antara me sarvatobhAvana pApAtmA hai' isa prakAra AcArya kA niSkarSa yahI hai ki kevala dRzyamAn pApampa himA se hI koI hiMsaka nahIM ho jaataa| __ AcArya kundakanda pravacanamAra meM kahate hai ki bAhara me prANI mare yA jie asaMyatAcArga pramatta) kA himA kA dopa nizcita rUpa meM lagatA hai| parantu jo ahiMsA kI mAdhanA ke lie prayatnazIla hai, mamitivAna yA saMyatAcArI hai, usako bAhara se hone vAlI hiMsA ke kAraNa karma bandhana nahIM hotA / AcArya amRtacandra mUri likhate haiM ki rAgAdi kapAyoM meM upara uThakara niyamapUrvaka AcaraNa karate hue bhI yadi prANaghAta ho jAye to vaha himA nahIM hai / nizIthacUNi meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki prANAtipAta (hiMsA) hone para bhI apramatta mAdhaka ahiMsaka hai aura prANAtipAta na hone para bhI pramatta vyakti hiMsaka hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaina AcAryoM kI dRSTi meM hiMsA ahiMsA kA prazna mukhya rUpa meM Antarika rahA hai| iga dRSTikoNa ke pIcha pramukha vicAra yaha hai ki eka ora vyAvahArika rUpa meM pUrNa ahiMsA kA pAlana aura dUsarI aura AdhyAtmika sAdhanA ke lie jIvana ko banAye rakhane kA prayAsa, yaha do aisI sthitiyAM haiM jinako sAtha-sAtha calAnA sambhava nahIM hotA hai| ataH jaina-vicArakoM ko anta meM yahI svIkAra karanA par3A ki himA-ahiMsA kA sambandha bAharI ghaTanAoM kI apekSA Antarika vRttiyoM se hai| isa dRSTikoNa kA samarthana hameM gItA aura dhammapada meM bhI milatA hai| gItA kahatI hai, jo ahaMkAra kI bhAvanA se mukta hai, jisakI buddhi malina nahIM hai, vaha ina saba manuSyoM ko mAratA huA bhI nahIM mAratA hai aura vaha ( apane isa karma ke kAraNa ) bandhana meM nahIM pdd'taa| dhammapada meM bhI kahA hai ki (naSkarmya-sthiti ko prApta) brAhmaNa mAtA-pitA ko, do kSatriya rAjAoM ko evaM prajA-sahita rASTra ko mArakara bhI, niSpApa hokara jAtA hai (kyoMki vaha pApa-puNya se Upara uTha jAtA hai)| yahAM gItA aura dhammapada meM prayukta 'mAra kara' zabda para Apatti ho sakatI hai| jainaparamparA meM sAmAnyatayA isa prakAra ke prayoga nahIM haiM, phira bhI jainAgamoM me aise apavAda sthAnoM kA vivecana upalabdha hai jabaki hiMsA anivArya ho jAtI hai| aise avasaroM para agara kI jAne vAlI hiMsA se Dara kara koI usakA AcaraNa nahIM karatA (vaha hiMsA1. oSaniyukti 752-53 2. vahI, 758 [3. pravacanasAra, 3117 4. puruSArthasiddhiyukti, 45 5. nizIpacUNi 92 6. dekhie-darzana aura cintana, khaNDa 2, pR0 414 7. gItA, 18-17 8. dhammapada, 294 -- ---- - - --..

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sAmANika gaitikatA ke kendrIya jala : ahiMsA, amAgraha aura aparigraha nahIM karatA) to ulaTe doSa kA bhAgI banatA hai yadi gItA meM varNita yuddha ke avasara ko eka apavAdAtmaka sthiti ke rUpa meM dekheM to sambhavataH jaina-vicAraNA gItA se adhika dUra nahIM raha jAtI hai| donoM hI aisI sthiti me vyakti ke citta-sAmya (kRtayogitva) aura pariNata zAstrajJAna (gItArtha) para bala detI hai| ahiMsA ke bAhya pakSa kI avahelanA ucita nahIM-hiMsA-ahiMsA ke vicAra meM jima bhAvAtmaka Antarika pakSa para jaina-AcArya itanA adhika bala dete rahe hai, usakA hattva nirvivAda rUpa se sabhI ko svIkArya hai| yahI nahIM, isa sandarbha meM janadarzana, gItA aura bauddha-darzana meM vicAra mAmya hai, jisa para hama vicAra kara cuke haiM / yaha nizcita hai ki himA-ahiMsA kI vivakSA meM bhAvAtmaka yA Antarika pahalU hI mUla kendra hai, lekina dUmare bAhya pakSa kI avahelanA bhI kathamapi sambhava nahI hai / yadyapi vaiyaktika sAdhanA kI dRSTi ne AdhyAtmika evaM Antarika pakSa kA hI sarvAdhika mUlya hai; lekina jahA~ sAmAjika evaM vyAvahArika jIvana kA prazna hai, hiMsA-ahiMsA kI vivakSA meM bAhya pahalU ko bhI jhuThalAyA nahIM jA sakatA, kyoMki vyAvahArika jIvana aura sAmAjika vyavasthA kI dRSTi meM jisa para vicAra kiyA jA sakatA hai, vaha to AcaraNa kA bAhya pakSa hI hai| __ gItA aura bauddha AcAra-darzana kI apekSA bhI jaina-darzana ne isa bAhya pakSa para gahanatApUrvaka samucita vicAra kiyA hai| jaina-paramparA yaha mAnatI hai ki kinhIM apavAda kI avasthAoM ko chor3a kara sAmAnyatayA jo vicAra meM hai, vahI vyavahAra meM prakaTa hotA hai| antaraMga aura bAhya athavA vicAra aura AcAra ke sambandha meM daMta dRSTi use svIkArya nahIM hai| usakI dRSTi meM antaraMga meM ahiMsaka vRtti ke hote hue bAhya himaka AcaraNa kara pAnA, yaha eka prakAra kI bhrAnti hai, chalanA hai, AtmapravaMcanA hai| sUtrakRtAMgasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki yadi hRdaya pApamukta ho to (hiMsAdi) kriyA karane para bhI nirvANa avazya milatA hai, yaha eka mithyA dhAraNA hai| yadi gItA kA yaha mantavya ho ki antara meM ahiMsaka vRtti ke hote hue bhI hiMsAtmaka kriyA kI jA sakatI hai, to jaina darzana kA usase spaSTa virodha hai / jainadharma kahatA hai ki antara meM ahiMsaka vRtti ke hote hue hiMsA kI nahIM jA sakatI, yadyapi hiMmA ho sakatI hai / hiMsA karanA sadaiva hI saMkalpAtmaka hogA aura Antarika vizuddhi ke hote hue hiMsAtmaka karma kA saMkalpa sambhava hI nhiiN| vastutaH hiMmA-ahiMmA kI vivakSA meM jaina-dRSTi kA sAra yaha hai ki hiMmA cAhe vaha bAhya ho yA Antarika, vaha AcAra kA niyama nahIM ho sktii| dUmare, himA-ahiMsA ko vivakSA meM bAhya pakSa kI avahelanA bhI mAtra katipaya apavAdAtmaka avasthAoM meM hI kSamya hai / hiMsA kA hetu mAnasika pravRttiyA~, kaSAyeM hai, 1. dekhie-darzana aura cintana, khaNDa 2, pR0 416 2. sUtrakRtAMga, 2 / 6335

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jaina, bola bora gItA kA samAyavarzana yaha mAnanA to ThIka hai, lekina yaha mAnanA ki mAnasika vRtti yA kaSAyoM ke abhAva meM hone vAlI dravyahiMsA hiMsA nahIM hai, ucita nahIM / yaha ThIka hai ki saMkalpajanya hiMsA adhika nikRSTa aura nikAzcita karma-baMdha karatI hai, lekina saMkalpa ke abhAva meM hone vAlI himA, hiMsA nahIM hai yA usase karma-Asrava nahIM hotA hai, yaha jainakarma-siddhAnta ke anukUla nahIM hai| vyAvahArika jIvana meM hameM isako hiMmA mAnanA hogaa| isa prakAra ke dRSTikoNa ko nimna kAraNoM meM ucita nahIM mAnA jA sakatA (1) jaina-darzana meM Asrava kA kAraNa tIna yoga hai-(a) manayoga (ba) vacanayoga aura (sa) kaayyog| inameM se kisI bhI yoga ke kAraNa karmoM kA Agamana (Asrava) hotA avazya hai dayahiMsA meM kAyA kI pravRtti hai ataH usake kAraNa Asrava hotA hai| jahA~ mAnava hai, vahAM himA hai| praznavyAkaraNamatra meM Arava ke pAMca dvAra (1. hiMsA, 2. asatya, 3. steya, 4. abrahmacarya 5. parigraha) mAne gaye haiM jisameM prathama AsravadvAra hiMsA hai| aimA kRtya jisameM prANa viyojana hotA hai, hiMmA hai aura dUpita hai| yaha ThIka hai ki kaSAyoM ke abhAva meM usame nikAzcita kama-baMdha nahIM hotA hai, lekina kriyA doSa to lagatA hai| (2) jaina-zAstroM meM varNita paccIsa kriyAoM meM 'pipika' kriyA bhI hai| jainatIrthakara rAga dveSa Adi kapAyoM se mukta hote haiM, lekina kAyayoga ke kAraNa unheM IryApathika kriyA lagatI hai aura IryApayika baMdha bhI hotA hai| yadi dravya-hiMsA mAnasika kaSAyoM ke abhAva meM hiMsA nahA hai to kAyika vyApAra ke kAraNa unheM IryApaSika kriyA kyoM lagatI ? isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki hiMsA hiMsA hai| (3) dravya hiMsA yadi mAnasika pravRttiyoM ke abhAva meM hiMsA hI nahIM hai to phira yaha do bheda-bhAva hiMsA aura dravyAhiMsA nahIM raha sakate / (4) vRtti aura AcaraNa kA antara koI sAmAnya niyama nahIM hai / sAmAnya rUpa se vyakti ko jaisI vRttiyAM hotI haiM, vaisA hI usakA AcaraNa hotA hai| ataH yaha mAnanA ki AcaraNa kA bAhya pakSa vRttiyoM se alaga hokara kArya kara sakatA hai, eka bhrAnta dhAraNA hai| pUrNa mAhisA ke mArza kI vizA meM yadyapi Antarika aura bAhya rUpa se pUrNa ahiMsA ke Adarza ko upalabdhi jaina darzana kA sAdhya hai, lekina vyavahAra ke kSetra meM isa Adarza ko upalabdhi sahana nahIM hai| ahiMsA eka AdhyAtmika Adarza hai aura AdhyAtmika stara para hI isako pUrNa upalagni sambhava hai. lekina vyakti kA vartamAna jIvana adhyAtma aura bhotikatA kA eka sammizraga hai / jovana ke AdhyAtmika stara para pUrNa ahiMsA sambhava hai, lekina bhautika stara para pUrNa ahiMsA kI kalpanA samIcIna nahIM hai| ahiMsaka jIvana kI sambhAvanAeM bhautika stara se Upara uThane para vikasita

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sAmAjika naitikatA ke kendrIya tatva : ahiMsA, anAgraha aura aparigraha 65 hotI hai - vyakti jaise-jaise bhautikatA ke stara se Upara uThatA jAtA hai, vaise-vaise ahiMsaka ' jIvana ko pUrNatA kI dizA meM bar3hatA jAtA hai| isI AdhAra para jaina dharma meM ahiMsA kI dizA meM bar3hane ke lie kucha stara nirdhArita haiM / hiMsA kA vaha rUpa jise saMkalpajA hiMsA kahA jAtA hai, sabhI ke lie tyAjya hai / saMkalpajA hiMsA hamAre vaicArika yA mAnasika jagat para nirbhara hai| mAnasika saMkalpa ke kartA ke rUpa meM vyakti meM svatantratA kI sambhAvanAeM sarvAdhika vikasita haiM | apane manojagat meM vyakti apekSAkRta adhika svatantra hai| isa stara para pUrI taraha se ahiMsA kA pAlana adhika sahaja evaM sambhava hai / bAhya sthitiyA~ isa stara para hameM prabhAvita kara sakatI haiM, lekina zAsita nahIM kara sakatIM / vyakti svayaM apane vicAroM kA svAmI hotA hai, ata: isa stara para ahiMsaka honA sabhI ke lie Avazyaka hai| vyAvahArika dRSTi se saMkalpajA hiMsA AkramaNakArI himA hai / yaha na to jIvana ke rakSaNa ke lie hai aura na jIvana nirvAha ke lie hai, ataH yaha sabhI ke lie tyAjya hai / hiMsA kA dUsarA rUpa 'varodhajA hai / yaha pratyAkramaNa yA surakSAtmaka hai / sva evaM para ke jIvana evaM svatvoM ke rakSaNa ke lie yaha hiMsA karanI par3atI hai| isameM bAhya paristhitigata tattvoM kA prabhAva pramukha hotA hai / bAhya sthitiyA~ vyakti ko bAdhya karatI haiM ki vaha apane eva apane sAthiyoM ke jIvana evaM svatvoM ke rakSaNa ke lie pratyAkramaNa ke rUpa meM hiMsA kare / jo bhI manuSya zarIra evaM anya bhautika saMsthAnoM para apanA svatva rakhanA cAhate haiM athavA jo apane aura apane sAthiyoM ke adhikAroM meM AsthA rakhate haiM, ve isa virotrajA himA ko chor3a nahIM sakate / gRhastha yA zrAvaka hiMsA ke isa rUpa ko pUrI taraha chor3a pAne meM asamartha hote haiM, kyoMki ve zarIra evaM anya bhautika vastuoM para apanA svatva rakhanA cAhate haiM / isI prakAra zAsaka varga evaM rAjanaitika netA jo mAnavIya adhikAroM meM evaM rASTrIya hitoM meM AsthA rakhate haiM, ise pUrI taraha chor3ane meM asamartha haiM / yadyapi Adhunika yuga meM gAMdhI eka aise vicAraka avazya hue haiM jinhoMne virodha kA amika tarIkA prastuta kiyA aura usameM saphalatA bhI prApta kI, tathApi ahiMsaka rUpa se virodha karanA aura usameM saphalatA prApta karanA hara kisI ke lie sambhava nahIM hai | ahisaka prakriyA se adhikAroM kA saMrakSaNa karane meM vahI saphala ho sakatA hai jise zarIra kA moha na ho, padArthoM meM Asakti na ho aura vidveSa bhAva na ho| itanA hI nahIM, ahiMsaka tarIke me adhikAroM ke saMrakSaNa kI kalpanA eka sabhya evaM susaMskRta mAnava samAja meM hI sambhava ho sakatI hai| yadi virodhI pakSa mAnavIya stara para ho, taba to ahiMsaka virodha saphala ho jAtA hai, lekina yadi virodhI pakSa pAzavika stara para ho to ahiMsaka virodha kI saphalatA sandehAspada bana jAtI hai / mAnava meM mAnavIya.. guNoM kI sambhAvanA ko AsthA hI ahiMsaka virodha kA kendrIya tattva hai / mAnavIya guNoM 13

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jana, bauddha aura gItA kA samAna darzana meM hamArI AsthA jitanI bagazAlI hogI aura virodhI meM mAnavIya guNoM kA jitanA adhika prakaTana hogA, ahiMsaka virodha kI saphalatA bhI utanI hI adhika hogI / jahAM taka udyogajA aura ArambhajA hiMmA kI bAta hai, eka gRhastha usase nahIM baca makatA, kyoMki jaba taka zarIra kA moha hai, taba taka AjIvikA kA arjana aura zArIrika AvazyakatA kI pUrti donoM hI Avazyaka hai / yadyapi isa stara para manuSya apane ko trasa prANiyoM kI hiMsA meM bacA sakatA hai| jaina dharma meM udyoga-vyavasAya evaM bharaNapopaNa ke lie bhI trasa jIvoM kI himA karane kA niSedha hai| lekina, jaba vyakti zarIra aura mampatti ke moha se Upara uTha jAtA hai to vaha pUrNa ahimA ko dizA meM aura Age bar3ha jAtA hai| jahAM taka zramaNa mAdhaka yA saMnyAsI kI bAta hai, vaha aparigrahI hotA hai. use apane zarIra para bhI mamatva nahIM hotA, ataH vaha sarvatobhAvena himA meM virata hone kA vrata letA hai / garIra dhAraNa mAtra ke lie kucha apavAdoM ko chor3akara vaha maMkalpapUrvaka aura vivazanAvaza donoM hI paristhitiyoM meM asa aura sthAvara himA ge virata ho jAtA hai| muni nathamalajI ke zabdoM meM koI bhI vyakti eka hI Daga meM coTI taka nahIM pahuMca sakatA / vaha dhIme-dhIme Age bar3hatA hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne ahimA kI pahu~ca ke kucha stara nirdhArita kiye the jo vastusthiti para AdhArita haiN| unhoMne himA ko tIna bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA-(1) saMkalpajA (2) virodhajA aura ( 3 ) aarmbhjaa| saMkalpajA hiMmA AkramaNAtmaka hiMmA hai / vaha mabake lie sarvathA parihArya hai / virodhajA hiMmA pratyAkramaNAtmaka himA hai / use chor3ane meM vaha asamartha hotA hai, jo bhautika saMsthAnoM para apanA astitva rakhanA cAhatA hai / ArambhajA hiMsA AjIvikAtmaka hiMsA hai / use chor3ane meM ve saba asamartha hote haiM jo bhautika sAdhanoM ke arjana saMrakSaNa dvArA apanA jIvana calAnA cAhate haiN|' prathama stara para hama Asakti, tRSNA Adi ke vazIbhUta hokara kI jAne vAlI anAvazyaka AkramaNAtmaka hiMsA se baceM, phira dUsare stara para jIvanayApana evaM AjIvi. kopArjana ke nimitta honevAlI bama himA se virata hoM, tIsare stara para virodha ke ahiMsaka tarIke ko apanAkara pratyAkramaNAtmaka hiMsA se virata hoN| isa prakAra jIvana ke lie Avazyaka jaisI hiMsA se bhI kramazaH Upara uThate hue cauthe stara para zarIra aura parigraha kI Asakti kA parityAga kara sarvatobhAvena pUrNa ahiMsA kI dizA meM Age bddh'eN| isa prakAra pUrNa ahiMsA kA Adarza pUrNatayA avyAvahArika bhI nahIM rahatA hai / manuSya jaise-jaise sampatti aura zarIra ke moha se Upara uThatA jAtA hai, ahiMsA kA bAdarza usake lie vyavahArya banatA jAtA hai| pUrNa anAsakta jIvana meM pUrNa ahiMsA vyavahArya bana jAtI hai| 1. taTa do pravAha eka, pR.4.

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sAmAjika naitikatA ke kenIya tatva : bahisA, anAmaha aura aparivaha yadyapi zarIradhArI rahate hue pUrNa ahiMsA eka Adarza hI rahegI, vaha yathArtha nahIM bana pAvegI / jaba zarIra ke saMrakSaNa kA moha samApta hogA tabhI vaha Adarza yathArtha kI bhUmi para avatarita hogaa| phira bhI eka bAta dhyAna meM rakhanI hogI, vaha yaha ki jaba taka zarIra hai aura zarIra ke saMrakSaNa kI vRtti hai, cAhe vaha sAdhanA ke lie hI kyoM na ho, yaha kathamapi sambhava nahI hai ki vyakti pUrNa ahiMsA ke Adarza ko pUrNarUpeNa sAkAra kara sake / zarIra ke lie AhAra Avazyaka hai, koI bhI AhAra binA hiMmA ke sambhava nahIM hogA / cAhe hamArA munivarga yaha kahatA bhI ho ki hama audezika AhAra nahIM lete haiM kintu kyA unakI vihAra-yAtrA meM sAtha calanevAlA pUrA lavAjimA, sevA meM rahane ke nAma para laganevAle cauke auddezika nahIM haiM ? jaba samAja meM rAtribhojana sAmAnya ho gayA ho, kyA sandhyAkAlIna gocarI meM anauddezika AhAra mila pAnA sambhava hai, kyA kazmIra se kanyAkumArI taka aura bambaI se kalakattA taka kI sArI yAtrAe~ audezika AhAra ke abhAva meM nirvighna sambhava ho sakatI haiM ? kyA Aheta-pravacana ko prabhAvanA ke lie mandiroM kA nirmANa, pUjA aura pratiSThA ke samAroha, saMsthAoM kA saMcAlana, munijanoM ke svAgata aura vidAI samAroha tathA saMsthAoM ke adhivezana paTakAya kI navakoTiyukta ahiMsA ke paripAlana ke sAtha koI saMgati rakha sakate haiM ? hameM apanI antarAtmA se yaha saba pUchanA hogA / ho sakatA hai ki kucha virala santa aura sAdhaka hoM jo ina kasauTiyoM para khare utarate hoM, maiM unakI bAta nahIM kahatA, ve zatazaH vandanIya hai, kintu sAmAnya sthiti kyA hai ? phira bhikSAcaryA, pAda-vihAra, zarIra saMcAlana, zvAsochvAsa kisameM hiMsA nahIM hai| pRthvI, agni, vAyu, vanaspati adi sabhI meM jIva hai, aisA koI manuSya nahIM jo inheM nahIM mAratA ho, punaH kitane hI aise sUkSma prANI hai jo indriyoM meM nahIM, anumAna se jAne jAte haiM, manuSya kI palakoM ke sapakane mAtra se hI jinake kaMdhe TUTa jAte haiM ataH jIva-himA se bacA nahIM jA mktaa| eka ora SaTjIvanikAya kI avadhAraNA aura dUsarI ora navakoTiyukta pUrNa ahiMsA kA Adarza, jIvita rahakara ina donoM meM maMgati biThA pAnA azakya hai| ataH jaina AcAryoM ko bhI yaha kahanA par3A ki 'anekAneka jIva-mamUhoM se parivyApta vizva meM sAdhaka kA ahiMsakatva antara meM AdhyAtmika vizuddhi kI dRSTi se hI hai' (opaniyukti, 747) / lekina isakA yaha artha bhI nahIM hai ki hama ahiMmA ko avyavahArya mAnakara tilAMjali de deveM / yadyapi eka zarIradhArI ke nAte yaha hamArI vivazatA hai ki hama dravya aura bhAva donoM apekSA se pUrNa ahiMsA ke Adarza ko upalabdha nahIM kara sakate hai kiMtu usa dizA meM kramazaH Age bar3ha sakate hai aura jIvana kI pUrNatA ke sAtha hI pUrNa ahiMsA ke Adarza ko bhI upalabdha kara sakate haiN| kama se kama hiMsA kI dizA meM Age bar3hate hue sAdhaka ke lie jIvana kA antima kSaNa avazya hI aisA hai, jaba vaha pUrNa ahiMsA ke Adarza ko sAkAra kara sakatA hai| jainadharma kI pAribhASika zabdAvalI meM kaheM to pAdopagamana

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jaina, bauDa mora gotA na samAva darzana saMthArA evaM caudahaveM ayogI kevalI guNasthAna kI avasthAeM aisI hai jinameM pUrNa ahiMsA kA bAdarza sAkAra ho jAtA hai| pUrNa bahisA sAmAjika sandarbha meM punaH ahiMsA kI sambhAvanA para hameM na kevala vaiyaktika dRSTi se vicAra karanA hai apitu sAmAjika dRSTi se bhI vicAra karanA hai / cAhe yaha sambhava bhI ho, vyakti zarIra, sampatti, saMgha aura samAja se nirapekSa hokara pUrNa ahiMsA ke Adarza ko upalabdha kara sakatA hai| phira bhI aisI nirapekSatA kinhIM virala sApakoM ke lie hI sambhava hogI, sarva sAmAnya ke lie to sambhava nahIM kahI jA sakatI hai| ataH mUla prazna yaha hai ki kyA sAmAjika jIvana pUrNa ahiMsA ke bAdarza para khar3A kiyA jA sakatA hai ? kyA pUrNa ahiMsaka samAja kI racanA sambhava hai ? isa prazna kA uttara dene ke pUrva meM Apase samAjaracanA ke svarUpa para kucha bAteM kahanA caahuuNgaa| eka to yaha ki ahiMsaka cetanA arthAt saMvedanazIlatA ke abhAva meM samAja kI kalpanA hI sambhava nahIM hai| samAja jaba bhI khar3A hotA hai AtmIyatA, prema aura sahayoga ke AdhAra para khar3A hotA hai arthAt ahiMsA ke bhASAra para khar3A hotA hai| kyoMki hiMsA kA artha hai-ghRNA, vidveSa, AkrAmakatA; aura jahA~ bhI ye vRttiyA~ balavatI hoMgI sAmAjikatA kI bhAvanA hI samApta ho jAvegI, samAja Dhaha jaavegaa| ataH samAja aura ahiMsA sahagAmI hai| dUsare zabdoM meM yadi hama manuSya ko eka sAmAjika prANI mAnate haiM to hameM yaha mAnanA hogA ki ahiMsA usake lie svAbhAvika hI hai| jaba bhI koI samAja khar3A hogA aura TikegA to vaha ahiMsA kI bhitti para hI khar3A hogA aura ttipegaa| kiMtu eka dUsarA pahalU bhI hai, vaha yaha ki samAja ke lie bhI apane astitva aura apane sadasyoM ke hitoM ke saMrakSaNa kA prazna mukhya hai aura jahAM astitva kI surakSA bora hitoM ke saMrakSaNa kA prazna hai, vahA~ hiMsA aparihArya hai| hitoM meM TakarAva svAbhAvika hai, aneka bAra to eka kA hita dUsare ke ahita para, eka kA astitva dUsare ke dinAza para khar3A hotA hai, aisI sthiti meM samAja-jIvana meM bhI hiMsA aparihArya hogii| punaH samAja kA hita aura sadasya-vyakti kA hita bhI paraspara virodha meM ho sakatA hai| jaba vaiyaktika aura sAmAjika hitoM ke saMgharSa kI sthiti ho to bahajana hitArya hiMsA aparihArya bhI ho sakatI hai| jaba samAja yA rASTra kA koI sadasya yA varga athavA dUsarA rASTra apane hitoM ke liye hiMsA para athavA anyAya para utArU ho jAye to nizcaya hI ahiMsA kI duhAI dene se kAma na clegaa| jaba taka jaina AcAryoM dvArA udghoSita 'mAnava jAti eka hai' kI kalpanA sAkAra nahIM ho pAtI, jaba taka sampUrNa mAnava samAja ImAnadArI ke sAtha ahiMsA ke pAlana ke lie pratibaddha nahIM hotA, taba taka ahiMsaka samAja kI bAta karanA kapolakalpanA hI kahA jaayegaa| jainAgama jisa pUrNa ahiMsA ke bAdarza ko prastuta karate haiM usameM bhI jaba saMgha kI yA saMgha ke kisI sadasya kI surakSA yA nyAya kA prazna bAyA to hiMsA ko svIkAra karanA par3A / gaNASi

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sAmAjika naitikatA ke gopa tasya : mahilA, banAmaha aura aparigraha pati ceTaka aura AcArya kAlaka ke udAharaNa isake pramANa hai| yahI nahIM, nizotharNi meM to yahAM taka svIkAra kara liyA gayA hai ki saMgha ko surakSA ke lie muni bhI hiMsA kA sahArA le sakatA hai| aise prasaMgoM meM pazu-hiMsA to kyA manuSya ko hiMsA bhI ucita mAna lI gayI hai| jaba taka mAnava samAja kA eka bhI sadasya pAzavika pravRttiyoM meM mAsthA rakhatA hai yaha socanA vyartha ho hai ki sAmudAyika jIvana meM pUrNa ahiMsA kA mAdarza vyavahArya bana skegaa| nizIthacUNi meM ahiMsA ke apavAdoM ko lekara jo kucha kahA gayA hai, use cAhe kucha loga sAdhvAcAra ke rUpa meM sIdhe mAnya karanA na cAhate hoM; kiMtu kyA yaha napuMsakatA nahIM hogI jaba kisI muni saMgha ke sAmane kiso taruNI sAdhvI kA apaharaNa ho rahA ho yA usa para balAtkAra ho rahA ho aura ve ahiMsA ko duhAI dete hue mauna darzaka bane raheM ? kyA unakA koI dAyitva nahIM hai ? yaha bAta cAhe hAsyAspada lagatI ho ki ahiMsA kI rakSA ke lie hiMsA Avazyaka hai kintu vyAvahArika jIvana meM aneka bAra aisI paristhitiyAM A sakatI hai jinameM ahiMsaka saMskRti ko rakSA ke lie hiMsaka vRtti apanAnI par3e / yadi hiMsA meM AsthA rakhanevAlA koI samAja kisI ahiMsaka samAja ko pUrI taraha miTA dene ko tatpara ho jAve, kyA usa ahiMsaka gamAja ko apane astitva ke lie koI saMgharSa nahIM karanA cAhie ? hiMsA-ahiMsA kA prazna nirA vaiyaktika prazna nahIM hai / jaba taka sampUrNa mAnava samAja eka sAtha hiMsA ko sAdhanA ke lie tatpara nahIM hotA hai, kisI eka samAja yA rASTra dvArA kahI jAnevAlI ahiMsA ke Adarza kI bAta koI artha nahIM rakhatI hai| saMrakSaNAtmaka aura surakSAtmaka hiMsA samAjajIvana ke lie aparihArya hai| samAja-jIvana meM ise mAnya bhI karanA hI hogaa| isI prakAra udyoga-vyavasAya aura kRSi kAryoM meM honevAlI hiMsA bhI samAja-jAvana meM bano ho rhegii| mAnava samAja meM mAMsAhAra evaM tajjanya hiMsA ko samApta karane kI dizA meM socA to jA sakatA hai kintu usake lie kRSi ke kSetra meM evaM ahiMsaka AhAra ko pracura upalabdhi ke sambandha meM vyApaka anusaMdhAna evaM takanoko vikAsa ko AvazyakatA hogii| yadyapi hameM yaha samana bhI lenA hogA ki jaba taka manuSya ko saMvedanazIlatA ko pazujagat taka vikamita nahIM kiyA jAvegA ora mAnavIya AhAra ko sAtvika nahIM banAyA jAvegA manuSya kI AparAdhika pravRttiyoM para pUrA niyantraNa nahIM hogaa| Adarza ahiMsaka samAja kI racanA hetu hameM samAja se AparAdhika pravRttiyoM ko samApta karanA hogA aura AparAdhika pravRttiyoM ke niyamana ke lie hameM mAnava jAti meM saMvedanazIlatA, saMyama evaM viveka ke tattvoM ko vikasita karanA hogaa| ahiMsA ke siddhAnta para tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra-ahiMmA ke Adarza ko jaina, bauddha aura vaidika paramparAeM samAna rUpa se svIkAra karatI hai / lekina jahA~ taka ahiMsA ke pUrNa Adarza ko vyAvahArika jIvana meM utArane kI bAta hai, tInoM hI paramparAeM kucha apavAdoM ko svIkAra kara jIvana ke dhAraNa aura rakSaNa ke nimita ho jAne vAle jIva

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baina, boDa mora gotA kA samAva darzana ghAta ( hiMsA) ko himA ke rUpa meM nahIM mAnatI haiN| yadyapi ina apavAdAtmaka sthitiyoM meM bhI mAdhaka kA rAga-dveSa kI vRttiyoM se Upara uTha kara apramatta cetA honA Avazyaka hai| isa prakAra tInoM paramparAeM isa sambandha meM bhI ekamata ho jAtI haiM ki hiMsA-ahiMsA kA prazna mukhya rUpa se Antarika hai; bAhya rUpa meM hiMsA ke hone para bhI rAga-dvepa vRttiyoM se Upara uThA huA apramatta manuSya ahiMsaka hai, jabaki bAhya rUpa meM hiMsA nahIM hone para bhI pramatta manuSya hiMsaka hai| tInoM paramparAeM isa sambandha meM bhI ekamata hai ki apane-apane zAstroM ko AjJAnusAra AcaraNa karane para hone vAlI hiMsA hiMsA nahIM hai|' ___ ataH ahiMsA sambandhI saiddhAntika mAnyatAoM meM sabhI AcAradarzana ekadUsare ke paryApta nikaTa A jAte hai, lekina ina AdhAroM para yaha mAna lenA bhrAMti hai ki vyAvahArika jIvana meM ahiMsA ke pratyaya kA vikAsa sabhI AcAgdarzanoM meM samAna rUpa se huA hai| ___ahiMsA ke siddhAnta ko sArvabhauma svIkRti ke bAvajUda bhI ahiMsA ke artha ko lekara saba dharmoM meM ekarUpatA nahIM hai| hiMsA aura ahiMsA ke bIca khIMcI gaI bheda-rekhA sabhI meM alaga-alaga hai / kahIM pazuvadha ko hI nahIM, narabali ko bhI hiMsA kI koTi meM nahIM mAnA gayA hai to kahIM vAnaspatika hiMsA arthAt per3a-paudha ko pIr3A denA bhI hiMsA mAnA jAtA hai / cAhe ahiMsA kI avadhAraNA una sabameM samAnarUpa se upasthita ho kintu ahiMsaka cetanA kA vikAsa una sabameM samAnarUpa se nahIM huA hai / kyA masA ke Thou shalt not kill ke Adeza kA vahI artha hai jo mahAvIra kI 'sambesatA na haMtA ' kI zikSA kA hai ! yadyapi hameM yaha dhyAna rakhanA hogA ki ahiMsA ke arthavikAsa kI yaha yAtrA kisI kAlakrama meM na hokara mAnava jAti kI sAmAjika cetanA tathA mAnavIya viveka evaM saMvedanazIlatA ke vikAsa ke pariNAmasvarUpa huI hai| jo vyakti yA samAja jIvana ke prati jitanA adhika saMvedanazIla banA usane ahiMsA ke pratyaya ko utanA hI adhika vyApaka artha pradAna kiyaa| ahiMsA ke artha kA yaha vistAra bhI tInoM rUpoM meM huA hai-eka ora ahisA ke artha ko vyApakatA dI gaI, to dUsarI ora ahiMsA kA vicAra adhika gahana hotA calA gayA hai| eka ora svajAti aura svadharmI manuSya kI hatyA ke niSedha se prAraMbha hokara SaTjIvanikAya kI hisA ke niSedha taka isane arthavistAra pAyA hai to dUsarI ora prAviyojana ke bAhya rUpa se dveSa, durbhAvanA aura asAvadhAnI (pramAda ) ke Antarika rUpa taka, isane gaharAIyoM meM praveza kiyA hai / punaH ahiMsA ne "himA mata karo' ke niSedhAtmaka artha se lekara dayA, karuNA, dAna, sevA aura sahayoga ke vidhAyaka ataka bhI apanI yAtrA kI hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki ahiMsA kA arthavikAsa tri-AyAmI (thrI DAImensanala) hai / ataH jaba bhI hama ahiMsA kI avadhAraNA ko lekara koI carcA karanA cAhate haiM to hameM usake sabhI pahaluoM kI ora dhyAna denA hogaa| 1. darzana aura cintana, pR0 410-411.

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sAmAjika naitikatA ke kendrIya tasya : ahiMsA, anAgraha aura maparigraha 71 jainAgamoM ke saMdarbha meM ahiMsA ke artha ko vyApti ko lekara koI carcA karane ke pUrva hameM yaha dekha lenA hogA ki ahiMmA kI isa avadhAraNA ne kahAM kitanA artha pAyA hai| yahUdI, IsAI aura islAma dharma meM ahiMsA kA arthavistAra __ mUmA ne dhArmika jIvana ke lie jo dasa Adeza pramArita kiye the unameM eka hai 'tuma hatyA mata karo' kintu isa Adeza kA artha yahUdI samAja ke lie vyaktigata svArtha ke lie apanI jAtIya bhAI kI hiMsA nahIM karane se adhika nahIM rhaa| dharma ke nAma para to hama svayaM pitA ko apane putra kI bali detA huA dekhate haiN| islAma ne cAhe allAha ko 'rahamAnurrahIma'-karuNAzIla kaha kara sambodhita kiyA ho, Ara cAhe yaha bhI mAna liyA ho ki sabhI jIvadhAriyoM ko jIvana utanA hI priya hai, jitanA tumheM apanA hai, kintu usameM allAha kI isa karuNA kA artha svAmiyoM taka hI sImita rhaa| itara manuSyoM ke prati islAma Aja taka saMvedanazIla nahIM bana makA hai| punaH yahUdI aura islAma donoM hI dhamoM meM dharma ke nAma para pazubali ko mAmAnya rUpa meM Aja taka svIkRta kiyA jAtA hai / isa prakAra ina dharmoM meM manuSya kI saMvedanagIlatA svajAti aura svadharmI arthAt apanoM me avika arthavistAra nahIM pA makI hai| isa gaMvedanazIlatA kA adhika vikAsa hameM ImAI dharma meM dikhAI detA hai| ImA zatru ke prati bhI karuNAzIla hone kI bAta kahate haiM / ve ahiMsA, karuNA aura sevA ke kSetra meM apane aura pagaye, svadharmo aura vidharmI, zatra aura mitra ke bheda se Upara uTha jAte haiM / isa prakAra unakI kamNA mampUrNa mAnavatA ke prati barasI hai / yaha bAta alaga hai ki madhyayuga meM IsAiyoM ne dharma ke nAma para khUna kI holI khelI ho aura Izvara-patra ke AdazoM kI avahelanA kI ho kintu aimA to hama sabhI karate haiM / dharma ke nAma para pazubali kI svIkRti bhI IsAI dharma meM nahIM dekhI jAtI hai| isa prakAra umameM ahiMmA kI avadhAraNA adhika vyApaka banI hai| umakI sabase bar3I vizeSatA yaha hai ki umameM sevA tathA mahayoga ke mUlyoM ke mAdhyama meM ahiMsA ko eka vidhAyaka dizA bhI pradAna kI hai| phira bhI mAmAnya jIvana meM pazuvadha aura mAMsAhAra ke nipeya kI bAta vahAM nahIM uThAI gaI hai / ataH umakI mahimA kI avadhAraNA mAnavatA taka hI sImita mAnI jA sakatI hai, vaha bhI mamasta prANI jagat kI pIr3A ke prati saMvedanazIla nahIM bana skaa| bhAratIya cintana meM ahiMsA kA artha-vistAra cAhe vedoM meM 'pumAn pumAMmaM paripAtu vizvataH' (Rgveda, 6.75.18) ke rUpa meM eka dUsare kI surakSA kI bAta kahI gaI ho athavA 'mitrAmyAhaM cakSuSA sarvANi bhUtAni samone' (yajurveda, 36.18) ke rUpa meM sarvaprANiyoM ke prati mitra-bhAva kI kAmanA kI gaI ho kiMtU vedoM kI yaha ahiMsaka cetanA bhI mAnavajAti taka hI sImita rahI hai / mAtra itanA hI nahIM, vedoM meM aneka aise prasaMga haiM jinameM zatru-varga ke vinAza ke lie prArthanAeM bhI kI gaI hai / yajJoM meM pazubali svIkRta rahI, veda vihita himA ko hiMsA kI koTi meM nahIM

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72 jana, boDa aura gItA kA samAva barmana mAnA gayA / isa prakAra unameM dharma ke nAma para kI jAne vAlI hiMsA ko samarthana hI diyA gayA / vedoM meM ahiMsA kI avadhAraNA kA arthavistAra utanA hI hai jitanA ki yahUdI aura islAma dharma meM / vaidika dharmakI pUrva-paramparA meM bhI ahiMsA kA sambandha mAnava jAti taka hI sImita rahA / 'mA hiMsyAt sarvabhUtAni' kA udghoSa to huA, lekina vyAvahArika jIvana meM vaha mAnava-prANI meM adhika Upara nahIM uTha skaa| itanA hI nahIM, eka ora pUrNa ahiMsA ke bauddhika Adarza kI vAta aura dUsarI aura mAMsAhAra kI lAlamA evaM rUr3ha paramparAoM ke prati aMdha AsthA ne apavAda kA eka nayA AyAma khar3A kiyA aura kahA gayA ki 'vedavihita hiMmA himA nahIM hai|" zramaNa paramparAeM isa digA meM aura Age AyIM aura unhoMne ahimA kI vyAvahArikatA kA vikAsa samaya prANI-jagat taka karane kA prayAma kiyA aura isI AdhAra para vaidika hiMsA kI khula kara mAlocanA kI gii| kahA gayA ki ryAda yUpa ke chedana karane se aura pazuoM kI hatyA karane meM aura svana kA kIcar3a macAne se hI svagaM milatA ho to phira narka meM kaise jAyA jaavNgaa| yadi hanana kiyA gayA pazu svarga ko jAtA hai to phira yajamAna apane mAtApitA ko bali hI kyoM nahIM de detA ?' ahiMsaka cetanA kA sarvAdhika vikAsa huA hai zramaNa paramparA meM / isakA mukhya kAraNa yaha thA ki gRhastha jIvana meM rahakara pUrNa ziMsA ke Adarza ko sAkAra kara pAnA sambhava nahIM thA / jIvanayApana arthAt AhAra, surakSA Adi ke lie himA Avazyaka to hai hI, ataH una sabhI dharma paramparAgoM meM jo mUlataH nivRtiparaka yA saMnyAsamArgIya nahIM thI, ahiMsA ko utanA arthavistAra prApta nahIM ho sakA jitanA zramaNadhArA yA saMnyAsamArgIya paraMparA meM sambhava thaa| yadyapi zramaNa paraMparAoM ke dvArA himAparaka yajJa-yAgoM ko AlocanA aura mAnavIya viveka evaM saMvedanazIlatA ke vikAsa kA eka pariNAma yaha huA ki vaidika paramparA meM bhI eka ora vedoM ke pazuhiMsAparaka padoM kA artha ahiMsaka rIti se kiyA jAne lagA (mahAbhArata ke zAntiparva meM rAjA vasu kA AkhyAna-adhyAya 337-338 -isakA pramANa hai) to dUsarI aura dhArmika jIvana ke lie karmakANDa ko anupayukta mAnakara aupaniSadika dhArA ke rUpa meM jJAna-mArga kA aura bhAgavata dharma ke rUpa meM bhakti-mArga kA vikAsa huaa| isameM ahiMsA kA avistAra sampUrNa prANIjagat arthAt ma cIjoM kI hiMsA ke niSedha taka huA hai / vaidika paramparA meM saMnyAsI ko kandamUla evaM phala kA upabhoga karane kI svatantratA hai. isa prakAra vahAM vAnaspatika himA kA vicAra upasthita nahIM hai| phira bhI yaha to satya hai ki ahiMsaka cetanA ko sarvAdhika vikasita karane kA zreya zramaNa paramparAoM ko hI hai| bhArata meM I0 pU0 6ThauM zatAbdI kA jo bhI itivRtta hameM prApta hotA hai usase aisA lagatA hai ki usa yuga meM pUrNa ahiMsA ke Adarza ko sAkAra banAne meM zramaNa sampradAyoM meM hor3a lagI 1. "vaidikI hiMsA hiMsA na bhavati". 2. abhidhAna rAjendrakoza, khaNDa 7, pR0 1229. 3. bhAratIya darzana (datta evaM caTarjI), pR0 43 para uddhRta.

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sAmAjika naitikatA ke kenIya tatva : mahilA, manAsaha bora apariha huI thI / kama se kama hiMsA hI zrAmaNya-jIvana kI zreSThatA kA pratimAna thaa| sUtrahatAMga meM AIka kumAra ko vibhinna matoM ke zramaNoM se jo carcA hai usameM mUla prazna yahI hai ki 'kauna sabase adhika ahiMsaka hai (dekhiye sUtrakRtAMga, 26) / trasa prANiyoM (pazu, pakSI, kITa-pataMga Adi) kI hiMsA to hiMsA thI hI, kintu vAnaspatika aura sUkSma prANiyoM kI hiMsA ko bhI hiMsA mAnA jAne lagA thaa| mAtra itanA hI nahIM, manasA, vAcA, karmaNA, aura kRta, kArita aura anumodita ke prakArabhedoM se navakoTika ahiMsA kA vicAra praviSTa huA, arthAt mana, vacana aura zarIra se hiMsA karanA nahIM, karavAnA nahIM aura karanevAle kA anumodana bhI nahIM karanA / boddha aura AjIvaka paramparA ke zramaNoM ne bhI isa navakoTika ahiMsA ke Adarza ko svIkAra kara usake artha ko gahanatA aura vyApakatA pradAna kii| phira bhI bauddha paramparA meM SaTjIvanikAya kA vicAra upasthita nahIM thaa| bauddha bhikSu nadI-nAloM ke jala ko chAnakara upayoga karate the| dUsare unake yahA~ navakoTi ahiMsA kI yaha avadhAraNA bhI svayaM kI apekSA se thI dUsarA hamAre nimitta kyA karatA hai isakA vicAra nahIM kiyA gayA, jaba ki jaina paramparA meM zramaNa ke nimitta se kI jAne vAlI hiMsA kA bhI vicAra kiyA gayA / nirgrantha parampaga kA kahanA pA ki kevala itanA hI paryApta nahIM hai ki hama manasA, vAcA, karmaNA hiMsA na kareM, na karAveM aura na use anumodana deM apitu yaha bhI Avazyaka hai ki dUsaroM ko hamAre nimitta hiMsA karane kA avasara bhI nahIM dekheM aura unake dvArA kI gaI hiMsA meM bhAgIdAra na baneM / yahI kAraNa thA ki jahAM buddha aura bauddha bhikSu nimantrita bhojana ko svIkAra karate the vahA~ nirgrantha paramparA meM auddezika AhAra bhI agrAhya mAnA gayA thA, kyoMki usameM naimittika hiMsA ke doSa kI sambhAvanA thii| yadyapi piTakagranthoM meM bauddha bhikSa ke lie aisA bhojana nipiddha mAnA gayA hai jisameM usake lie prANIhimA kI gayI ho aura vaha isa bAta ko jAnatA ho yA usane aisA sunA ho| phira bhI yaha atizayokti nahIM hai ki ahimA ko jitanA vyApaka artha jaina paramparA meM diyA gayA hai, utanA anyatra anu. palabdha hI hai| jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM meM ahiMsA sambandhI jo khaNana-maNDana huA, usake pIche saidAntika matabheda na hokara usakI vyAvahArikatA kA prazna hI pramukha rahA hai / paM0 mumbalAlajI likhate haiM, donoM kI ahiMsA sambandhI vyAkhyA meM koI tAttvika matabheda nahIM-jaina paramparA ne navakoTika ahiMsA kI sUkSma vyavasthA ko amala meM lAne ke lie jo bAhya pravRtti ko vizeSa niyantrita kiyA, vaha bauddha parampaga ne nahIM kiyaa| jIvana sambandhI bAhya pravRttiyoM ke ati niyantraNa aura madhyavargIya zaithilya ke prabala bheda meM se hI bauddha aura jaina paramparAeM Apasa meM khaNDana-maNDana meM pravRtta huI / jaba hama donoM paramparAmoM ke khaNDana-maNDana ko taTastha bhAva se dekhate haiM taba niHsaMkoca kahanA par3atA hai ki bahudhA donoM ne eka-dUsare ko galata rUpa se hI samajhA hai| isakA eka

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or jana, boDa aura gotA kA samAna darzana udAharaNa majiAmanikAya kA upAlisutta aura dUsarA mUtrakRtAMga kA hai|' yadyapi jaina paramparA ne navakoTipUrNa ahiMsA ke pAlana para bala diyA, lekina navakoTika ahiMsA ke pAlana meM jaba sAdhu-jIvana ke vyavahAroM kA sampAdana evaM saMyamI jIvana kA rakSaNa bhI asambhava pratIta huA to yaha svIkAra kiyA gayA ki zAstravihita pravRttiyoM meM hiMsA-doSa kA abhAva hotA hai| isI prakAra mandira nirmANa, pratimApUjana, toSayAtrA Adi ke prasaMga para honevAlI hiMsA vihita mAna lI gayo / pariNAma yaha huA ki vaidika hiMsA hiMsA nahIM hai, isa siddhAnta ke prati kI gayI unakI AlocanA svayaM nirbala raha gyii| vaidika pakSa kI ora se kahA jAne lagA ki yadi tuma kahate ho ki zAstravihita himA hiMsA nahIM hai to phira hamArI AlocanA kaise kara sakate ho ?' isa prakAra AlAcanAoM aura pratyAlocanAoM kA eka vizAla sAhitya nirmita ho gayA, jisakA samucita mUlyAMkana yahA~ sambhava nahIM hai| phira bhI itanA to kahA jA sakatA hai ki ima samagra vAda-vivAda meM jaina, bauddha aura vaidika paramparAoM meM maulika rUpa se sadAntika matabheda alpa hI hai / pramukha prazna vyavahAra kA hai| vyAvahArika dRSTi me jaina aura vaidika paramparAoM meM nimna antara khojA jA makatA hai (1) jaina paramparA pUrNa ahiMmA ke pAlana sambandhI vicAra ko kevala unhIM sthitiyoM meM zithila karatI hai jinameM mAtra saMyamamUlaka mani-jIvana kA anurakSaNa ho sake, jabaki vaidika paramparA meM ahiMmA ke pAlana meM una sabhI sthitiyoM meM zithilatA kI gayI hai jinameM sabhI Azrama aura sabhI prakAra ke logoM ke jIvana jIne aura apane kartavyoM ke pAlana kA anurakSaNa ho ske| (2) yadyapi jaina AcAryoM ne saMyamamUlaka jIvA ke anurakSaNa ke lie kI gayI hiMsA ko hiMsA nahIM mAnA hai, tathApi paramparA ke AgrahI aneka jana AcAryoM ne uma hiMsA ko hiMsA ke rUpa meM svIkAra karate hue kevala apavAda rUpa meM usakA sevana karane kI chUTa dI aura usake prAyazcitta kA vidhAna bhI kiyaa| unakI dRSTi meM hiMsA, cAhe vaha kisI bhI sthiti meM ho, hiMsA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki Aja bhI jaina sampradAyoM meM saMyama evaM zarIra-rakSaNa ke nimitta bhikSAcaryA Adi dainika vyavahAra meM honevAlI mUkSma hiMsA ke lie bhI prAyazcitta kA vidhAna hai / (3) vaidika paramparA meM hiMsA dhArmika anuSThAnoM kA eka aMga mAna lI gayI aura unameM honevAlI hiMsA hiMsA nahIM mAnI gayI / yadyapi jaina-paramparA meM kucha AcAryoM ne dhArmika anuSThAnoM, mandira nirmANa Adi kAryoM meM honevAlI hiMsA kA samarthana alpa-hiMsA aura bahu-nirjarA ke nAma para kiyA, lekina jaina-paramparA meM sadaiva hI aisI mAnyatA kA 1. darzana aura cintana, khaNDa 2, 50 415. 2. abhidhAna rAjendrakoza, khaNDa 7, pR. 1229.

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sAmAjika naitikatA ke kendrIya tatva : ahiMsA, anAgraha aura aparigraha 75 virodha kiyA jAtA rahA aura jisakI tIvra pratikriyAoM ke rUpa meM digambara sampradAya meM terApaMtha aura tAraNapaMtha tathA zvetAmbara sampradAya meM lokAgaccha, sthAnakavAsI evaM terApaMtha (zvetAmbara AmnAya) Adi avAntara sampradAyoM kA janma huA, jinhoMne dharma ke nAma para honevAlI hiMsA kA tIvra virodha kiyA / (4) vaidika paramparA meM jisa dhArmika hiMsA ko hiMsA nahIM mAnA gayA usakA bahuta kucha sambandha pazuoM kI hiMsA se hai, jabaki jaina - paramparA meM mandira nirmANa Adi ke nimitta se bhI jisa hiMsA kA samarthana kiyA gayA, usakA sambandha mAtra ekendriya athavA sthAvara jIvoM se haiM / (5) jaina paramparA meM hiMsA ke kisI bhI rUpa ko apavAda mAnakara hI svIkAra kiyA gayA, jabaki vaidika paramparA meM hiMsA AcaraNa kA niyama hI bana gayo / jIvana ke sAmAnya kartavyoM jaise yajJa, zrAddha, deva, guru, atithi pUjana Adi ke nimitta me bhI himA kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai / yadyapi paravartI vaiSNava sampradAyoM ne isakA virodha kiyA / (6) prAcIna jaina mUla AgamoM meM saMyamI jIvana ke anuraNa ke lie hI mAtra atyalpa sthAvara hiMsA kA samarthana apavAda rUpa meM upalabdha hai| jabaki vaidika paramparA meM himA kA samarthana sAMsArika jIvana kI pUrti taka ke lie kiyA gayA hai / jaina - paramparA bhikSu ke jIvana-nirvAha kI dRSTi se apavAdoM kA vicAra karatI hai, jabaki vaidika paramparA sAmAnya gRhastha ke jIvana ke nirvAha kI dRSTi se bhI apavAda kA vicAra karatI hai / ahiMsA kA vidhAyaka rUpa - jaina dharma nivRttAnulakSI hone se usameM ahiMsA kA niSedhAtmaka svarUpa hI adhika milatA hai| zvetAmbara terApaMthI jaina samAja to kevala ahiMgA ke niSedha rUpa ko ho mAnatA hai / ahiMsA ke vidhAyaka pakSa meM usakI AsthA nahIM hai / pUrvakAla ke jaina santa ahimA ke isa niSedha pakSa ko hI adhika prastuta karate the, isa tathya se inakAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| phira bhI jaina sUtroM meM ahiMsA kA vidhAyaka pakSa milatA hai / ahiMsA kA vidhAyaka pakSa prANiyoM ke hita-sAdhana meM hI nihita hai| jaina dharma kI ahiMmA isa rUpa meM vidhAyaka hai / AcArAMgasUtra meM tIrthasthApanA kA uddezya mamasta jagat ke prANiyoM kA kalyANa batAyA gayA hai / " isa prakAra ahiMsA meM jIvoM ke kalyANasAghana kA tathya nihita haiM, jo vidhAyaka ahiMsA kA mUla hai| itanA hI nahIM, AcAgaMgasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki samasta tIrthaMkaroM ne 'ahiMsA - dharma' kA pravartana samasta loka ke kheda ko jAnakara hI kiyA hai / " 'kheyannehi' zabda ke mUla meM ahiMsA kA vidhAyaka rUpa 1. AcArAMga, 2 / 15 / 658. 2. vahI, 1/4/1/27.

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kana, bIDa boragatAkA samApana spaSTa bola rahA hai| isameM ahiMsA kA uddezya manuSya kA apanA kalyANa na hokara lokakalyANa hI spaSTa hotA hai / itanA hI nahIM, tIrthakara ariSTanemi kA vivAhaprasaMga tathA zAntinApa ke pUrva-bhava meM kabUtara kI rakSA kA prasaMga, aise aneka prasaMga jaina kapAsAhitya meM haiM jinameM ahiMsA kA vidhAyaka svarUpa spaSTa rUpa se dekhA jA sakatA hai| jaina-saMghoM dvArA saMcAlita auSadhAlaya, gozAlAeM pAMjarApola (pazu-rakSA gaha) Adi saMsthAeM bhI isa bAta ke pramANa hai ki jaina-vicAraka ahiMsA ke vidhAyaka pakSa ko bhUle nahIM haiM / puNya ke no bhedoM meM annadAna, vastravAna, sthAna (Azraya) dAna Adi isI vidhAyaka pakSa kI puSTi karate haiM / vidhAyaka pakSa kA eka aura pramANa jaina tIthaMkaroM kI gRhasthAvasthA meM milatA hai| sabhI tIrthakara saMnyAsa lene ke pUrva eka varSa taka pratidina svarNamudrAeM yAcakoM ko dAna karate haiN|' isa prakAra jaina dharma ahiMsA ke donoM pakSa svIkAra karatA hai| boDa evaM vaidika paramparA meM hiMsA kA vidhAyaka pala yaha nissandeha satya hai ki boTa aura vaidika paramparAoM ne ahiMsA ko adhika vidhAyaka svarUpa pradAna kiyA / sAdhanA ke sAtha sevA kA samanvaya karane meM bhAratIya dharmoM meM boTa dharma aura vizeSa rUpa se unakI mahAyAna zAkhA agraNI rahI hai| yadyapi bana dharma me bhI glAna, vRddha, rogI, zakya Adi kI sevA kA nirdeza hai, mAtra yahI nahIM muniyoM kI sevA ko gRhastha dharma kA anivArya aMga mAna liyA gayA hai phira bhI mAnavatA ke lie sevA aura karuNA kA jo visphoTa jaina dharma meM honA cAhie thA vaha na ho sakA / ahiMsA aura anAsakti ko jo sUkSma vyAkhyAeM ko gaI, ve hI isa mArga meM sabase bAdhaka bana gaI / asaMyatI kI sevA ko aura rAgAtmaka sevA ko anaitika mAnA gayA / yahI kAraNa thA ki jahA~ hama bauddha bhikSuSoM aura IsAI pAdariyoM ko sevA ke prati jitanA tatpara pAte haiM, utanA jaina bhikSu saMgha ko nhiiN| jaina bhikSu apane sahavargI ke atirikta anya kI sevA nahIM kara sktaa| jabaki bauddha bhikSu prAcIna kAla se hI pIr3ita evaM duHkhita varga kI sevA karatA rahA hai| hindU paramparA meM sevA, atithisatkAra, devaRNa, pitaRNa, guruRNa tathA lokasaMgraha kI avadhAraNAeM ahiMsA ke vidhAyaka pakSa ko spaSTa kara detI haiN| tulanAtmaka dRSTi se hameM yaha svIkAra karane meM koI Apatti nahIM honA cAhie ki saiddhAntika rUpa meM jaina manivarga kI ahiMsA niSedhAtmaka adhika rhii| kintu jahA~ taka vyAvahArika jIvana kA prazna hai-jaina gRhastha samAja evaM lokasevA ke kAryoM se kisI bhI yuga meM pIche nahIM rahA hai| Aja bhI bhArata meM jaina samAja dvArA jitanI loka kalyANakArI pravRtiyAM cala 1. AcArAMga, dvitIya zrutaskaMdha, a0 15 / 179 mUla evaM TIkA.

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sAmAjika maitikatA ke kanIya tatva : mahiMsA, manAmaha aura saparivaha 77 rahI haiM, ve bAnupAtika dRSTi se kisI bhI anya samAja se kama nahIM hai| yahI usakI ahiMsA kI vidhAyaka dRSTi kA pramANa hai| hiMsA ke malpa-hatyakA vicAra-hiMsA aura ahiMsA kA vicAra hamAre sAmane eka samasyA yaha bhI prastuta karatA hai ki kisI vizeSa paristhiti meM jaba eka kI rakSA ke lie dUsare ko hiMsA anivArya ho-athavA do anivArya hiMsAoM meM se eka kA cayana Avazyaka ho, to manuSya kyA kare ? isa prazna ko lekara terApaMthI jaina sampradAya kA janoM ke dUsare sampradAyoM se matabheda hai / unakA mAnanA hai ki aisI sthiti meM manuSya ko taTastha rahanA cAhie / dUsare sampradAya aisI sthiti meM hiMsA ke alpa-bahatva kA vicAra karate haiN| mAna lIjie, eka AdamI pyAsA hai, yadi use pAnI nahIM pilAyA jAya to usakA prANAMta ho jAyegA; dUsarI ora, use pAnI pilAne meM pAnI ke jIvoM (apakAyajIboM) kI hiMmA hotI hai| isI prakAra, eka vyakti ke zarIra meM kIr3e par3a gaye hai, aba yadi DAkTara use bacAtA hai to kIr3oM kI hiMsA hotI hai aura kIr3oM ko bacAtA hai to AdamI kI mRtyu hotI hai / athavA prasUti kI avasthA meM mAM aura zizu meM se kisI eka ke jIvana kI hI rakSA kI jA sakatI ho to aisI sthitiyoM meM kyA kiyA jAya ? ahiMsA kA siddhAnta aisI sthiti meM kyA nirdeza karatA hai ? paMDita sukhalAlajI ne yaha mAnA hai ki vaSya jIvoM kA kada, unakI saMkhyA tathA unakI indriya Adi ke tAratamya para hiMsA ke doSa kA tAratamya avalambita nahIM hai| kintu hiMsaka ke pariNAma yA vRtti kI tIvratA-maMdatA, sajJAnatA-ajJAnatA yA balaprayoga ko nyUnAdhikatA para avalaMbita hai|' yadyapi himA ke doSa kI tIvratA yA maMdatA hiMsaka kI mAnasika vRtti para nirbhara hai, tathApi isa AdhAra para ina praznoM kA ThIka samAdhAna nahIM miltaa| ina praznoM ke hala ke lie hameM hiMsA ke alpa-bahutva kA koI bAdha gadhAra DhUMDhanA hogaa| jaina paramparA meM paramparAgata rUpa se yaha vicAra svIkRta rahA hai ki aisI sthitiyoM meM hameM prANa-zaktiyoM yA indriyoM kI saMkhyA evaM AdhyAtmika vikAsa ke AdhAra para hI hiMsA ke alpa-bahutva kA nirNaya karanA cAhie / isa sArI vivakSA meM jIvoM kI saMkhyA ko sadaiva hI gauNa mAnA gayA hai / mahattva jIvoM kI saMkhyA kA nahIM, unakI aindrika evaM AdhyAtmika vikAsa-kSamatA kA hai| sUtrakRtAMga meM hastitApasoM kA varNana hai, jo eka hAthI kI hatyA karake usake mAMsa se eka varSa taka nirvAha karate the| unakA dRSTikoNa yaha thA ki aneka sthAvara jIvoM kI hiMsA kI apekSA eka trama jIva kI hiMsA se nirvAha kara lenA alpa pApa hai, lekina jaina vicArakoM ne isa dhAraNA ko anucita hI mAnA / bhagavatIsUtra meM spaSTa hI kahA gayA hai ki yadyapi sabhI jIvoM meM AtmAeM samAna 1. darzana aura cintana, khaNDa 2, pR0 60. 2. sUtrakRtAMga, 20653-54.

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78 mena, boDa aura gotA kA samAna darzana haiM, tathApi prANiyoM kI aindrika kSamatA evaM AdhyAtmika vikAsa ke AdhAra para hiMsAdopa kI tIvratA AdhArita hotI hai| eka trama jIva kI hiMsA karatA huA manuSya tatsambandhita aneka jIvoM kI hiMsA karatA hai| eka ahiMsaka RSi kI hatyA karane vAlA eka prakAra se ananta jIvoM kI himA karane vAlA hotA hai / isa prakAra yaha siddha hotA hai ki sthAvara jIvoM kI apekSA asa jIvoM kI aura usa jIvoM meM paMcendriya kI, paMcandriyoM meM bhI manuSya ko aura manuSyoM meM bhI Rpi kI hiMmA adhika nikRSTa hai| itanA hI nahIM, ama jIva kI hiMsA karanevAle ko aneka jIvoM kI hiMsA kA aura RSi kI hiMsA karanavAle ko ananta jIvoM kI hiMsA kA karanevAlA batA kara zAstrakAra ne yaha spaSTa nirdeza kiyA hai ki hiMsA-ahiMsA ke vicAra meM saMkhyA kA prazna adhika mahattvapUrNa nahIM hai, mahattvapUrNa hai prANI kI aindrika evaM AdhyAtmika vikAsa kSamatA / jaba aparihArya bana gaI do hiMsAoM meM kisI eka ko cananA anivArya ho to hameM alpa-himA ko cunanA hogaa| kintu kauna-sI hiMmA alpa-hiMsA hogI yaha nirNaya deza, kAla, paristhiti Adi aneka bAtoM para nirbhara karegA / yahA~ hameM jIvana kI mUlyavattA ko bhI AMkanA hogaa| jIvana kI yaha mUlyavattA do bAtoM para nirbhara karatI hai(1) prANI kA aindrika evaM AdhyAtmika vikAsa aura (2) usakI sAmAjika upyogitaa| sAmAnyatayA manuSya kA jIvana adhika mUlyavAna hai aura manuSyoM meM bhI eka manta kA, kintu kimI paristhiti meM kisI manuSya kI apekSA kisI pazu kA jIvana bhI adhika mUlyavAna ho sakatA hai / saMbhavataH hiMsA-ahiMsA ke viveka meM jIvana kI mUlyavattA kA yaha vicAra hamArI dRSTi meM upekSita hI rahA, yahI kAraNa thA ki hama cITiyoM ke prati to saMvedanazIla bana sake kintu manuSya ke prati nirmama hI bane rhe| Aja hameM apanI saMvedanazIlatA ko mor3anA hai aura mAnavatA ke prati ahiMsA ko sakArAtmaka banAnA hai| yaha Avazyaka hai ki hama aparihArya hiMsA ko hiMsA ke rUpa meM samajhate raheM, anyathA hamArA karuNA kA srota sUkha jaavegaa| vivazatA meM cAhe hameM hiMsA karanI par3e, kintu usake prati AtmaglAni aura hisita ke prati karuNA kI dhArA sUkhane nahIM pAve, anyathA vaha hiMsA hamAre svabhAva kA aMga bana jAvegI jaise-kasAI bAlaka meM / hiMsA-ahiMsA ke viveka kA mukhya AdhAra mAtra yahI nahIM hai ki hamArA hRdaya kaSAya se mukta ho, kintu yaha bhI hai ki hamArI saMvedanazIlatA jAgRta rahe, hRdaya meM dayA aura karuNA kI dhArA pravAhita hotI rhe| hameM ahiMsA ko hRdaya-zUnya nahIM banAnA hai| kyoMki yadi hamArI saMvedanazIlatA jAgRta banI rahI to nizcaya hI hama jIvana meM hiMsA 1. bhagavatIsUtra, 78.102. 3. vahI, 934 / 107. 2. vahI, 9 // 34 / 106.

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sAmAjika naitikatA ke kendrIya tasva : ahiMsA, anAgraha aura aparigraha 79 kI mAtrA ko alpatama karate hue pUrNa ahiMsA ke Adarza ko upalabdha kareMge, sAtha hI vaha hamArI ahiMsA vidhAyaka banakara mAnava samAja meM sevA kI gaMgA bhI bahA sakegI / anAgraha (vaicArika sahiSNutA ) jaina dharma meM anAgraha prakAzita hai| jo bhI jaina darzana ke anekAMtavAda kA pariNAma sAmAjika naitikatA ke kSetra meM vaicArika sahiSNutA hai / anAgraha kA siddhAnta sAmAjika dRSTi se vaicArika ahiMsA hai| anAgraha apane vicAroM kI taraha dUsare ke vicAroM kA sammAna karanA sikhAtA hai| vaha usa bhrAnti kA nirAkaraNa karatA hai ki satya mere hI pAsa hai, dUsare ke pAsa nahIM ho sakatA / vaha hameM yaha batAtA hai ki satya hamAre pAsa bhI ho sakatA hai aura dUsare ke pAsa bhI / satya kA bodha hameM hI ho sakatA hai, kintu dUsaroM ko satya kA bodha nh| ho sakatA - yaha kahane kA hameM adhikAra nahIM haiM / satya kA sUrya na kevala hamAre ghara ko prakAzita karatA hai varan dUsaroM ke gharoM ko bhI prakAzita karatA hai / vastutaH vaha sarvatra unmukta dRSTi se use dekha pAtA hai, vaha use pA jAtA hai| satya kevala satya hai, vaha na merA hai aura na dUsare kA hai / jisa prakAra ahiMsA kA siddhAnta kahatA hai ki jIvana jahA~ kahIM ho, usakA sammAna karanA cAhie, usI prakAra anAgraha kA middhAnta kahatA hai ki satya jahA~ bhI ho, usakA sammAna karanA caahie| jainAcArya haribhadra kahate haiM ki jo svArtha vRtti se Upara uTha gayA hai, jo lokahita meM nirata hai jo vizva svarUpa kA jJAtA hai aura jisakA caritra nirmala aura advitIya hai, vaha cAhe brahmA ho, viSNu ho, hari ho, zaMkara ho, maiM use praNAma karatA huuN| mujhe na jina ke vacanoM kA pakSAgraha hai aura na kapila Adi ke vacanoM ke prati dveSa, yuktipUrNa vacana jo bhI ho, vaha mujhe grAhya hai / " vastutaH pakSAgraha kI dhAraNA se vivAda kA janma hotA hai / vyakti jaba sva-mata kI prazaMsA aura dUsaroM kI nindA karatA hai, to pariNAmasvarUpa sAmAjika jIvana meM saMgharSa kA prAdurbhAva ho jAtA hai| vaicArika Agraha na kevala vaiyaktika naitika vikAsa ko kuNThita karatA hai, varan sAmAjika jIvana meM vigraha, vipAda aura vaimanasya ke bIja bo detA hai / sUtrakRtAMga meM kahA gayA hai ki jo apane-apane mata kI prazaMsA aura dUsare mata kI nindA karane meM hI apanA pANDitya dikhAne haiM aura loka ko satya se bhaTakAne hai ve ekAntavAdI svayaM saMsAracakra meM bhaTakate rahate haiM / " vaicArika Agraha matavAda yA pakSa ko janma detA hai 1. lokatattva nirNaya 1 / 37, 38. 2 sayaM sayaM pasaM saMtA garahaMtA paraM vayaM / je u tattha viussanti saMsAre te viussiyA || sUtrakRtAMga 1 / 1 / 2 / 23.

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maMga, bora pora potA kA samAva parzana aura usase rAga-dveSa kI vRddhi hotI hai| AcArAMgacUNi meM kahA gayA hai ki pratyeka 'vAda' rAga-dveSa kI vRddhi karanevAlA hai aura jaba taka rAga-dveSa hai, taba taka mukti bhI sambhava nhiiN| isaprakAra jainAcAryoM kI dRSTi meM naitika pUrNatA ko prApta karane ke lie vaicArika Agraha kA parityAga kara jIvanadRSTi ko anAgrahamaya banAnA Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra ekAnta aura Agraha mithyAtva haiM kyoMki ve satya ke ananta pakSoM kA apalApa karate haiN| jaina tattvajJAna meM pratyeka sattA ananta guNoM kA samUha mAnI gayI hai-anantadharmAtmakaM vastuH / ekAnta umameM se eka kA hI grahaNa karatA hai / itanA hI nahIM, vaha eka ke grahaNa ke sAtha anya kA niSedha bhI karatA hai, usakI bhASA meM satya 'itanA' hI hai. mAtra yahI satya hai| isa prakAra eka ora vaha ananta satya ke anekAneka pakSoM kA apalApa karatA hai| dUsarI ora vaha manuSya ke jJAna ko kuNThita evaM mImita karatA hai| Agraha ko upasthiti meM ananta satya ko jAnane kI jijJAsA hI nahIM hotI, to phira satya yA paramArtha kA sAkSAtkAra to bahuta dUra kI bAta hai / yadi kueM kA meMr3haka kueM ko hI samudra samajhane laga jAya to na to koI use usake mithyAjJAna se ubAra sakatA hai aura na use athAha jalarAzi kA darzana karA sakatA hai / yahI sthiti ekAnta yA AgrahavRddhi kI hai jimameM na to tatva kA yathAryazAna hotA hai aura na tattva-sAkSAtkAra hI hotA hai| jaina vicAradhArA ke anusAra midhyAjJAna kisI asat yA anastitvavAn tattva kA zAna nahIM hai, kyoMki jo asat hai, mithyA hai, usakA jJAna kaise hogA? jaina darzana ke anusAra sArA jJAna satya hai, zarta yahI hai ki usameM ekAntavAditA yA Agraha na ho / ekAnta satya ke ananta pahaluoM ko AvRtta kara aMza ko hI pUrNa ke rUpa meM prakaTa karatA hai aura isa prakAra aMza ko pUrNa batAkara vyakti ke jJAna ko mithyA banA detA hai| sAtha. hI Agraha apane meM nihita chapa rAga se satya ko raMgIna kara detA hai / isa prakAra ekAnta yA Agraha tattva-sAkSAtkAra yA Atma-sAkSAtkAra meM bAdhaka hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra tattva, paramArtha yA AtmA pakSAtikrAnta hai, ataH pakSa yA Agraha ke mAdhyama se use nahIM pAyA jA sktaa| vaha to paramasatya hai, Agrahabuddhi use nahIM dekha sktii| vicAra yA dRSTi jaba taka pakSa, mata yA vAdoM se anAvarita nahIM hotI, satya bhI umake lie anAvRta nahIM hotaa| jaba taka AMkhoM para rAga-dveSa, Asakti yA Agraha kA raMgIna cazmA hai, anAvRta satya kA sAkSAtkAra sambhava nhiiN| dUsare, Agraha svayaM eka bandhana hai / vaha vaicArika Asakti hai / vicAroM kA parigraha hai| Asakti yA parigraha cAhe padArthoM kA ho yA vicAroM kA, vaha nizcita hI bandhana 1. AcArAMgacUNi, 171

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sAmAjika naitikatA ke kanIya tatva : ahiMsA, anAgraha aura aparigraha hai / Agraha vicAroM kA bandhana hai aura anAgraha vaicArika mukti / vicAra meM jaba taka bhAgraha hai, taba taka pakSa rhegaa| yadi pakSa rahegA, to usakA pratipakSa bhI hogA / pakSapratipakSa, yahI vicAroM kA saMsAra hai, isameM hI vaicArika saMgharSa, sAmpradAyikatA aura vaicArika manomAlinya panapate haiN| jainAcAryoM ne kahA hai ki vacana ke jitane vikalpa haiM utane hI nayavAda (dRSTikoNa) hai aura jitane nayavAda, dRSTikoNa yA abhivyakti ke DhaMga haiM utane hI mata-matAntara (para-samaya) hai| vyakti jaba taka para-samaya (mata-matAntaroM) meM hotA hai taba taka sva-samaya (pakSAtikAnta vizuddha Atmatattva) kI prApti nahIM hotI hai| tAtparya yaha hai ki binA Agraha kA parityAga kiye mukti nahIM hotI / mukti pakSa kA Azraya lene meM nahIM. vagna pakSAtikAnta avasthA ko prApta karane meM hai / vastutaH jahA~ bhI Agrahabuddhi hogI, vipakSa meM nihita matA kA darzana sambhava nahIM hogA aura jo vipakSa meM nihita satya nahIM dekhegA vaha sampUrNa satya kA dRSTA nahIM hogA / bhagavAn mahAvIra ne batAyA ki Agraha hI satya kA bAdhaka tattva hai / Agraha rAga hai aura jahA~ rAga hai vahAM sampUrNa satya kA darzana saMbhava nhiiN| sampUrNa satya kA jJAna yA kevalajJAna kevala anAgrahI ko hI ho makatA hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ke prathama ziSya evaM antavAsI gautama ke jIvana kI ghaTanA imako pratyakSa sAkSya hai| gautama ko mahAvIra ke jIvanakAla meM kaivalya kI upalabdhi nahIM ho skii| gautama ke kaMvalajJAna meM Akhira kauna sA tathya bAdhaka bana rahA thA? mahAvIra ne svayaM isakA mamAdhAna diyA thaa| unhoMne gautama meM kahA thA, "gautama ! terA mere prati jo mamatva hai, rAgAtmakatA hai, vahI tare kevalajJAna (pUrNajJAna) kA bAdhaka hai|" mahAvIra ko spaSTa ghopaNA thI ki satya kA sampUrNa darzana Agraha ke ghere meM khar3e hokara nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| matya to marvatra upasthita hai kevala hamArI Agrahayukta yA matAMghadRSTi ume dekha nahIM pAtI hai aura yadi dekhatI hai to use apane dRSTigaga me dapita karake hii| Agraha yA dRSTirAga se vahI satya asatya bana jAtA hai| anAgraha yA samadRSTi tva meM vahI matya ke rUpa meM prakaTa ho jAtA hai| ataH mahAvIra ne kahA, yadi matya ko pAnA hai to anAgrahoM yA matAvAdoM ke ghare ge Upara uTho, doSadarzana kI dRSTi ko chor3akara matyAnveSI bano / manya kabhI mega yA parAyA nahIM hotA hai| matya to svayaM bhagavAn hai (saccaM khalu bhgvN)| vaha to marvatra hai / dUsaroM ke satyoM ko jhuThalAkara hama matya ko nahIM pA sakate hai / manya vivAda meM nahIM, mamanvaya meM prakaTa hotA hai| satya kA darzana kevala anAgrahI ko hI ho sakatA hai / jaina dharma ke anusAra manya kA prakaTana Agraha meM nahIM, anAgraha me hotA hai| matya kA mAdhaka vItarAga aura anAgrahI hotA hai / jaina dharma apane anekAnta ke siddhAnta ke dvArA eka anAgrahI evaM mamanyayAtmaka dRSTi prastuta karatA hai, tAki vaicArika asahiSNutA ko mamApta kiyA jA sake / 14

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kana, bIDa aura gItA kA samAja darzana bauddha AcAra-darzana meM vaicArika anAgraha bauddha AcAradarzana meM madhyama mArga kI dhAraNA anekAntavAda kI vicArasaraNI kA hI eka mapa hai / hamI madhyama mArga se vaicArika kSetra meM anAgraha kI dhAraNA kA vikAsa huA hai / bauddha vicArakoM ne bhI satya ko aneka pahalaoM meM yukta dekhA aura yaha mAnA ki manya ko aneka pahaluoM ke mAya dagbanA hI vidvatA hai / dheragAthA meM kahA gayA hai ki jo matya kA eka hI pahalU devatA hai, vaha mUkha hai|' paNDita to satya ko so (anaka) pahaluoM meM devatA hai / vaicArika Agraha aura vivAda kA janma ekAMgI dRSTikoNa meM hotA hai, ekAMgI hI Apasa meM jhagar3ate haiM aura vivAda meM ulajhate haiM / bauddha vicAradhArA ke anumAra Agraha, pakSa yA ekAMgI dRSTi rAga ke hI rUpa haiN| jo isa prakAra ke dRSTi-rAga meM rata hotA hai vaha jagat meM kalaha aura vivAda kA sRjana karatA hai aura svayaM bhI Amakti ke kAraNa bandhana me par3A rahatA hai / isake viparIta jo manuSya dRSTi, pakSa yA Agraha se Upara uTha jAtA hai, vaha na to vivAda meM par3atA hai aura na bandhana meM / buddha ke nimna zabda bar3e marmasparzI haiM, "jo apanI dRSTi se dRr3hAgrahI ho dUsare ko marca batAtA hai, dUsare dharma ko mUrva aura azuddha batAnevAlA vaha svayaM kalaha kA mAhvAna karatA hai / kimI dhAraNA para sthita ho, usake dvAga vaha saMmAra meM vivAda utpanna karatA hai / jo sabhI dhAraNAoM ko tyAga detA hai, vaha manuSya saMmAra meM kalaha nahIM krtaa| maiM vivAda ke do phala batAtA hU~ / eka, yaha apUrNa yA ekAMgo hotA hai| dUsare, vaha vigraha yA azAnti kA kAraNa hotA hai| nirvANa ko nirvivAda bhUmi samajhanevAle yaha bhI dekhakara vivAda na kreN| mAdhAraNa manuSyoM kI jo kucha dRSTiyA~ haiM, paNDita ina saba meM nahIM pdd'taa| dRSTi aura zruti ko grahaNa na karanevAlA, Asaktirahita vaha kyA grahaNa kre| (loga) apane dharma ko paripUrNa batAte haiM aura dUsare ke dharma ko hIna batAte haiM / isa prakAra bhinna mata vAle hI vivAda karate haiM aura apanI dhAraNA ko satya batAte haiM / yadi koI dUsare kI avajJA (nindA) se hIna ho jAya to dharmoM meM zreSTha nahIM hotA / jo kisI vAda meM Asakta hai, vaha zuddhi ko prApta nahIM hotA, kyoMki vaha kisI dRSTi ko mAnatA hai / viveko brAhmaNa tRSNA-dRSTi meM nahIM pdd'taa| vaha tRSNA-dRSTi kA anusaraNa nahIM karatA / muni isa saMsAra meM yanthiyoM ko chor3akara vAdiyoM meM pakSapAtI nahIM hotaa| azAntoM meM zAnta vaha jise anya loga grahaNa karate haiM usakI upekSA karatA hai| bAda meM anAsakta, dRSTiyoM se pUrNa rUpa se mukta vaha dhIra saMsAra meM lipta nahIM hotaa| jo kucha dRSTi, zruti yA vicAra hai, una saba para vaha vijayI hai / pUrNa rUpa se mukta, mAra-tyakta 2. udAna, 64. 1. peragAthA, 11106. ...muttanipAta, 50116-17.

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sAmAjika naitikatA ke doSa tarasa : bahisA, asAha mora mArivaha vaha saMskAra, uparati tathA tRSNA rahita hai / " itanA hI nahI, buddha madAcaraNa ora mAdhyAtmika vikAsa ke kSetra meM isa prakAra ke vAda-vivAda yA vAgvilAsa yA Agraha-vRtti ko anupayukta samajhate haiM / unako dRSTi meM yaha pakSAgraha yA vAda-vivAda nirvANa-mArga ke pathika kA kArya nahIM hai / yaha to mallavidyA hai-rAjabhojana meM puSTa pahalavAna kI taraha (prativAdo ke lie) lalakArane vAle vAdI kA uma jaise vAdI ke pAsa bhejanA cAhie kyoMki mukta puruSoM ke pAsa vivAdarUpI yuddha ke lie koI kAraNa ho zeSa naho rahA / jo kisI dRSTi ko grahaNa kara vivAda karate hai aura apane mata ko ho satya batAte haiM unase kahanA cAhie ki vivAda utpanna hone para tumhAre mAtha bahama karane kA yahAM koI nahIM hai / isa prakAra hama dekhate hai ki boTa darzana vaicArika anAgraha para jaina darzana ke samAna ho jora detA hai buddha ne bhI mahAvIra ke mamAna hI dRSTigaga ko anupayukta mAnA hai aura batAyA ki satya kA mabhUrNa prakaTana vahIM hotA hai, jahA~ mArI dRSTiyAM munna ho jAtI haiM / yaha bhI eka vicitra gaMyoga hai ki mahAvIra ke annevAsI indrabhUti ke mamAna ho buddha ke annevAsI Ananda kA bhI buDa ke jIvana kAla meM ahaMta pada prApta nahIM hA mkaa| sambhavataH yahA~ bhI gahI mAnanA hogA ki zAstra ke prati Ananda kA jo dRSTirAga thA, vahI usake ahaMta hone meM bAga thaa| ima ganbandha meM dAnoM dharmoM ke niSkarSa mamAna pratIta hote haiN| gotA meM anAgraha vaidika paramparA meM bhI anAgraha kA macina mahatva aura sthAna hai| gItA ke anusAra Agraha kI vRti Amuge pani hai| zrIkRSNa kahate hai ki Amuro svabhAva ke loga dambha, mAna aura mada me yukta hokara kimI prakAra bho pUrNa na hone vAlI kAmanAoM kA Azraya le ajJAna meM mithyA middhAntoM ko grahaNa karake bhraSTa AcaraNoM meM yukta ho saMgAra meM pravRtti karane rahate haiN| itanA hI nahI, Agraha kA pratyaya tapa, jJAna aura dhAraNA nabhI ko vikRta kara detA hai / gItA meM Agrahayukta tapa ko tAmama tapa ora Agrahayukta dhAraNA ko tAmasa dhAraNA kahA hai| AcArya zaMkara to jaina paramparA ke mamAna vaicArika Agraha ko makti meM bASaka mAnate haiN| vivekacUr3AmaNi meM ve kahate haiM ki vidvAnoM ko vANI ko kuzalatA, zabdoM ko dhArAvAhitA, zAstra-vyAkhyAna kI paTutA aura vidvattA yaha maba bhoga kA hI kAraNa ho makane haiM, mokSa kA nhiiN|' zabdajAla citta ko bhaTakAne vAlA eka mahAna vana hai / vaha citabhrAnti kA ho kAraNa hai| AcArya vibhinna mata-matAntaroM se yukta zAstrAdhyayana ko bhI nirarthaka mAnate hai / ve kahate haiM ki yadi paramatatva kA anubhava nahIM kiyA to zAstrA. dhyayana niSphala hai aura yadi paramatattva kA jJAna ho gayA to zAstrAdhyayana anAvazyaka 1. muttanipAta, 5112, 3, 10, 11, 16-20. 2. vahI, 4618-1. 3. gItA, 16-10. 4. vahI, 17 / 19, 18 / 35. 5 vivekacUr3AmaNi, 60. 6. vahI, 62.

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84 mena, poTa aura gItA kA samAja darzana hai|' isa prakAra hama dekhate hai ki bhAcArya zaMkara kI dRSTi meM vaicArika Agraha yA dArzanika mAnyatAeM AdhyAtmika sAdhanA kI dRSTi se adhika mUlya nahIM rkhtii| vaidika nIti-vattA zukrAcArya bAgraha ko anucita aura mUrkhatA kA kAraNa mAnate hue kahate haiM ki atyanta Agraha nahIM karanA cAhie kyoMki ati saba jagaha nAza kA kAraNa hai / atyanta dAna se daridratA, atyanta lobha se tiraskAra aura atyanta Agraha me manuSya kI markhatA parilakSita hotI hai| vartamAna yuga meM mahAtmA gAMdhI ne bhI vaicArika Agraha ko anaitika mAnA aura sarvadharma samabhAva ke rUpa meM vaicArika anAgraha para jora diyA / vastutaH Agraha satya kA honA cAhie, vicAroM kA nhiiN| satya kA Agraha tabhI ho sakatA hai jaba hama apane vaicArika AgrahoM se Upara utthe| mahAtmAjI ne matya ke Agraha ko to svIkAra kiyA, lekina vaicArika AgrahoM ko kabhI svIkAra nahIM kiyaa| unakA sarvadharma samabhAva kA siddhAnta isakA jvalanta pramANa hai / isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaina, bauddha aura vaidika tInoM hI paramparAgoM meM anAgraha ko mAmAjika jIvana kI dRSTi se sadeva mahattva diyA jAtA rahA hai, kyoMki vaicArika saMgharSoM meM samAja ko bacAne kA ekamAtra mArga anAgraha hI hai| baicArika sahiSNutA kA bApAra-banAmaha (anekAnta dRSTi) jisa prakAra bhagavAn mahAvIra aura bhagavAna buddha ke kAla meM vaicArika saMgharSa upasthita the aura pratyeka matavAdI apane ko samyakpTI aura dUsare ko mithyAdapTI kaha rahA thA, usI prakAra vartamAna yuga meM bhI paMcArika saMgharSa apanI carama sImA para hai| siddhAntoM ke nAma para manuSya-manuSya ke bIca bheda kI dIvAreM khIMcI jA rahI haiN| kahIM dharma ke nAma para, to kahIM rAjanaitika vAda ke nAma para ekadUsare ke viruddha viSavamana kiyA jA rahA hai / dhArmika evaM rAjanaitika sAmpradAyikatA janatA ke mAnasa ko unmAdI banA rahI hai| pratyeka dharmavAda yA rAjanaitika vAda apanI satyatA kA dAvA kara rahA hai aura dUsare ko bhrAnta batA rahA hai / isa pArmika evaM rAjanaitika unmAda evaM asahiSNutA ke kAraNa mAnava mAnava ke rakta kA pyAsA banA huA hai| Aja pratyeka rASTra kA evaM vizva kA vAtAvaraNa tanAvapUrNa evaM vikSubdha hai| eka ora pratyeka rASTra kI rAjanaitika pATiyA yA dhArmika sampradAya usake Antarika vAtAvaraNa ko vikSubdha evaM janatA ke pArasparika sambandhoM ko tanAvapUrNa banAye hue haiM, to dUsarI ora rASTra svayaM bhI apane ko kisI eka niSThA se sambandhita kara guTa banA rahe haiN| aura isa prakAra vizva ke vAtAvaraNa ko tanAvapUrNa evaM vikSamya banA rahe hai / mAtra itanA hI nahIM yaha vaicArika asahiSNutA, sAmAjika evaM pArivArika jIvana ko viSAkta banA rahI hai| purAnI aura naI pIr3hI ke vaicArika virodha ke kAraNa Aja samAja aura parivAra kA vAtAvaraNa bhI azAnta aura kalahapUrNa ho rahA hai| baMcArika Agraha aura matAndhatA ke isa yuga meM eka 1. vivekacUr3AmaNi 61. 2. zukranIti, 31211-213.

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sAmAjika maitikatA ke kAlopa tasya : ahiMsA, banAvaha bora aparigraha 85 aise dRSTikoNa ko AvazyakatA hai jo logoM ko Agraha ora matAndhatA se Upara uThane ke lie dizA-nirdeza de make / bhagavAn buddha aura bhagavAn mahAvIra do aise mahApuruSa hai jinhoMne isa vaicArika asahiSNutA kI vidhvaMsakArI zakti ko samajhA thA aura usase bacane kA nirdeza diyA thaa| vartamAna meM bho dhArmika, rAjanaitika aura sAmAjika jIvana meM jo vaicArika saMgharSa aura tanAva upasthita hai unakA samyaka samAdhAna inhIM mahApuruSoM kI vicAra saraNo ke dvArA khojA jA sakatA hai| Aja hameM vicAra karanA hogA ki buddha aura mahAvIra ko anAgraha dRSTi ke dvArA kisa prakAra dhArmika, rAjanaitika aura sAmAjika sahiSNutA kA vikasita kiyA jA sakatA hai / dhArmika sahiSNutA mabhI dharma-mAdhanA paddhatiyoM kA mukhya lakSya rAga, Asakti, ahaM evaM tRSNA kI samApti rahA hai / jaina dharma ko mAvanA kA lakSya potarAgatA hai, to boddha dharma kA sAdhanAlakSya vItatRSNa honA mAnA gayA hai| vahIM vedAnta meM ahaM ora Asakti se Upara uThanA ho mAnava kA mAdhya batAyA gayA hai / lekina kyA Agraha vaicArika rAga, vaicArika Amani., vaicArika tRSNA athavA vaicArika ahaM kA hI rUpa nahIM hai ? aura jaba taka vaha upasthita hai dhArmika mAvanA ke kSetra meM lakSya kI siddhi kaise hogI ? punaH jina sAdhanA patiyoM meM ahiMsA ke Adarza ko svIkAra kiyA gayA unake lie bhAgraha yA ekAnta vaicArika hiMmA kA pratIka bhI bana jAtA hai| eka ora mAdhanA ke vaiyaktika pahalU kI dRSTi meM matAmaha vaicArika Amakti yA rAga kA ho rUpa hai to dUsarI ora sAdhanA ke sAmAjika pahalU ko dRSTi meM vaha vaicArika hiMsA hai / vaicArika Asakti aura vaicArika himA meM mukti ke lie dhArmika kSetra meM anAgraha aura anekAnta kI sAdhanA apekSita hai| vastutaH dharma kA AvirbhAva mAnava jAti meM zAnti ora amahayoga ke vistAra ke lie huA thaa| dharma manuSya ko manuSya meM jor3ane ke lie thA, lekina Aja vahI dharma manuSya manuSya meM vibheda kI dIvAreM gvIca rahA hai| dhArmika matAndhatA meM hiMsA, maMgharSa, chala, chadma, anyAya, atyAcAra kyA nahIM ho rahA hai ? kyA vastutaH isakA kAraNa dharma ho sakatA hai ? isakA uttara nizcita rUpa se 'hA~' meM nahIM diyA jA sktaa| yathArtha meM 'dharma' nahIM, kintu dharma kA Avaraga DAlakara mAnava kI mahatvAkAMkSA, usakA ahaMkAra, ho yaha maba karavAtA rahA hai / yaha dharma kA nakAba or3he avarma hai| pamaM eka yA aneka-mUla prazna yaha hai ki kyA dharma aneka haiM yA ho makate haiM ? isa prazna kA uttara anekAntika zailI se yaha hogA ki dharma eka bhI hai aura aneka bhI, sAdhyAtmaka dharma yA dharmoM kA mAdhya eka hai jaba ki mAvanAtmaka dharma aneka hai| sAdhya rUpa meM dharmoM kI ekatA aura mAvana rUpa meM anekatA ko hI yathArtha dRSTikoNa kahA jA sakatA hai / sabhI dharmoM kA mAdhya hai mamatva-lAma (samAdhi) arthAt Antarika tathA bAe

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cana, boDa aura gItA kA samAja darzana zAnti kI sthApanA tathA usake lie vikSobha ke janaka rAga-dveSa aura asmitA (ahaMkAra) kA nirAkaraNa / lekina rAga-dveSa aura asmitA ke nirAkaraNa ke upAya kyoM ho? yahIM vicArabheda prArambha hotA hai, lekina yaha vicAra bheda virodha kA AdhAra nahIM bana sktaa| eka hI sAdhya kI ora smukha hone se paraspara virodhI nahIM kahe jA sakate / eka hI kendra se yojita hone vAlI paridhi se khicI haI vibhinna rekhAoM meM pArasparika virodha pratIta avazya hotA hai kintu vaha yathArtha meM hotA nahIM hai| kyoMki kendra se saMyukta pratyeka rekhA meM eka-dUsare ko kATane kI kSamatA nahIM hotI hai kintu jaise hI vaha kendra kA parityAga karatI hai vaha imarI khAoM ko avazya hI kATatI hai| sAdhya rUpI ekatA meM hI mAghanarUpI dharmoM kI anekatA sthita hai / ataH yadi dharmoM kA sAdhya eka hai to unameM virodha kaimA ? anekAnta yA anAgraha dharmoM kI sAdhyaparaka mUlabhUta ekatA aura sAdhanaparaka anekatA ko iMgita karatA hai| vizva ke vibhinna dharmAcAryoM ne apane yuga kI tAtkAlika paristhitiyoM se prabhAvita hokara apane siddhAntoM evaM sAdhanA ke bAhya niyamoM kA pratipAdana kiyA / deza-kAlagata paristhitiyoM aura sAdhaka kI sAdhanA kI kSamatA kI vibhinnatA ke kAraNa dharma sAdhanA ke bAhya rUpoM meM bhinnatAoM kA A jAnA svAbhAvika hI thA aura aimA huA bhI / kintu manuSya kI apane dharmAcAryoM ke prati mamatA (gagAtmakatA) aura usake mana meM apane vyApta Agraha aura ahaMkAra ne use apane dharma yA sAdhanA-paddhati ko hI eka mAtra evaM antima satya mAnane ko bAdhya kiyA / phalasvarUpa vibhinna dhArmika mampradAyoM aura unake bIca sAmpradAyika vaimanasya kA prArambha huaa| manuSya-svabhAva bar3A vicitra hai| usake ahaM ko jarA sI coTa lagate hI vaha apanA akhAr3A alaga banAne ko taiyAra ho jAtA hai / yadyapi vaiyaktika ahaM sampradAyoM ke nirmANa kA eka kAraNa avazya hai lekina vahI ekamAtra kAraNa nahIM hai / bauddhika bhinnatA aura deza-kAlagata tathya bhI isake kAraNa rahe haiM aura isake atirikta pUrvapracalita paramparAoM meM AI huI vikRtiyoM ke sazodhana ke lie bhI sampradAya bane / dhArmika sampradAya banane ke kAraNoM ko do vargoM meM vibhAjita kiyA jA sakatA hai ?. anacita vAraNa aura 2. ucita kAraNa / 1. anucita kAraNa-(1) IrSyA ke kAraNa, (2) kisI vyakti kI prasiddhi kI lipsA ke kAraNa, (3) pUrvasampradAya me anabana ke kAraNa; 2. ucita kAraNa-(4) kisI AcAra sambandhI niyamopaniyama meM bheda ke kAraNa, (5) kisI vizeSa satya ko prApta karane kI dRSTi se evaM (6) kimI sAmpradAyika paramparA yA kriyA meM dravya, kSetra evaM kAla ke anusAra saMzodhana yA parivartana karane kI dRSTi se / uparokta kAraNoM meM antima tIna ko chor3akara zeSa sabhI kAraNoM se utpanna mampradAya bhAgraha, dhArmika asahiSNutA aura sAmpradAyika kaTutA ko janma dete haiN| vizva itihAsa kA adhyetA ise bhalIbhAMti mAnatA hai ki dhArmika asahiSNutA ne vizva meM jaghanya dRSkRtya karAye haiN| Azcarya to yaha hai ki isa damana, atyAcAra, nRzaM

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sAmANika naitikatA ke kendropa tattva : ahiMsA, anAha mora aparigraha satA aura raktaplAvana ko dharma kA bAnA pahanAyA gyaa| zAnti-pradAtA dharma hI azAnti kA kAraNa bnaa| Aja ke vaijJAnika yaga meM dhArmika anAsthA kA eka mukhya kAraNa yaha bhI hai / yadyapi vibhinna matoM, paMyoM aura vAdoM meM bAhya bhinnatA parilakSita hotI hai kintu yadi hamArI dRSTi vyApaka aura anAgrahI ho to imameM bhI ekatA aura samanvaya ke mUtra parilakSita ho sakate hai / anekAnta vicAra-dRSTi vibhinna dharma sampradAyoM kI samApti ke dvArA katA kA prayAsa nahIM karatI hai kyoMki vaiyaktika rucibheda evaM kSamatAbheda tathA dezakAlagata bhinnatAoM ke hote hue vibhinna dharma evaM vicAra sampradAyoM ko upasthiti aparihArya hai| eka dharma yA eka sampradAya kA nArA asaMgata evaM avyAvahArika hI nahIM apitu agAnti aura maMgharSa kA kAraNa bhI hai| anekAnta, vibhinna dharma mampradAnoM kI samApti kA prayAsa nahIM hokara unheM eka vyApaka pUrNatA meM mumaMgata kapa ge saMyojita karane kA prayAsa ho sakatA hai| lekina isake lie prAthamika AvazyakatA hai dhAmina gahiSNatA aura sarvadharma samabhAva kii| anekAnta ke mamarthaka jainAcAryoM ne madeva dhArmika mahiSNatA kA paricaya diyA hai| AcArya haribhadra kI dhArmika mahinA to gavidita hI hai| apane grantha zAstravArtA samuccaya meM unhoMne buddha ke anAtmavAda aura nyAyasana ke Izvarakana vavAda, vedAnta ke marvAtmavAda (brahmavAda) meM bhI maMgati dikhAne kA prayAsa kiyaa| unakI gamanvayavAdI dRSTi kA saMketa hama pUrva meM kara cuke haiN| imaprakAra AcArya hemacandra ne bho ziva-pratimA ko praNAma karate samaya garva devamamabhAva kA paricaya dete hue kahA thA bhavabIjAMkura jananA, gagAdyAzayamupAgatA yamya / brahmA vA viSNurvA hage, jino vA namastamma / saMmAra paribhramaNa ke kAraNa rAgAdi jimake kSaya ho cuke hai, uma meM praNAma karatA hU~ cAhe vaha brahmA ho, viSNu ho, giva ho yA jina ho / upAdhyAya yagovijaya jI likhate hai "maccA anekAntavAdI kimI darzana meM Dhepa nahIM krtaa| vaha sampUrNa dRSTikoNa (darzanoM) ko isa prakAra vAngalya dRSTi meM dekhatA hai jaise koI pitA apane putroM ko / kyoMki anakAntabAdI kI nyUnAdhika buddhi nahIM ho sakatI / vAstava meM maccA zAstraja kahe jAne kA adhikArI vahI hai jo syAdvAda kA Alambana lekara mampUrNa darzanoM meM mamAna bhAva rakhatA hai / mAdhyastha bhAva hI zAstroM kA gUr3ha rahasya hai, yahI dharmavAda hai / mAdhyamya bhAva rahane para zAstra ke eka pada kA jJAna bhI saphala hai, anyathA karor3oM zAstroM kA jJAna bhI

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aMga, boDa aura gotA kA samAdhAna vRthA hai|'' eka saccA jaina sabhI dharmoM evaM darzanoM ke prati sahiSNu hotA hai / vaha sabhI meM satya kA darzana karatA hai / paramayogI jaina santa AnandaghanajI likhate haiM SaT daramaNa jina aMga bhaNIje, nyAya paDaMga jo mAghe re, nami jinavaranA caraNa upAsaka, paTadarzana ArAdhe re| rAjanaitika sahiSNutA Aja kA rAjanaitika jagat bhI vaicArika saMkulatA se paripUrNa hai / pUMjIvAda, samAjavAda, mAmyavAda, phAmisTavAda, nAjIvAda Adi aneka gajanaitika vicAradhArAeM tathA rAjatantra, prajAtantra, kulatantra, adhinAyakatantra Adi anekAneka zAsana praNAliyA~ vartamAna meM pracalita hai / mAtra itanA hI nahIM, unameM se pratyeka ekadUsare kI samApti ke lie prayatnazIla hai / vizva ke gaSTra khemoM meM ba~Te hue haiM aura pratyeka kheme kA agraNI rASTra apanA prabhAva kSetra bar3hAne ke hetu dUsare ke vinAza meM tatpara hai| mukhya bAta yaha hai ki Aja kA gajanaitika saMgharSa Arthika hitoM kA maMgharSa na hokara vaicArikatA kA saMgharSa hai| Aja amerikA aura rUsa apanI vaicArika pramukhatA ke prabhAva-kSetra ko bar3hAne ke lie hI pratimpardhA meM lage hue haiM / ekadUsare ko nAma,Sa karane kI unakI yaha mahattvAkAMkSA kahIM mAnava-jAti ko ho nAmazeSa na kara de / Aja ke rAjanaitika jIvana meM anekAnta ke do vyAvahArika phalita-vaicArika sahiSNutA aura samanvaya-atyanta upAdeya haiM / mAnava-jAti ne rAjanaitika jagat meM rAjatantra se prajAtantra taka kI jo lambI yAtrA taya kI hai usako sArthakatA anekAnta dRSTi ko apanAne meM hI hai / virodhI pakSa ke dvArA kI jAne vAlI AlocanA ke prati sahiSNu hokara, unake dvArA apane doSoM ko mamajhanA aura unheM dUra karane kA prayAma karanA, Aja ke rAjanaitika jIvana kI mabase bar3I AvazyakatA hai| vipakSa kI dhAraNAoM meM bhI satyatA ho sakatI hai aura sabala virodhI dala ko upasthiti se hameM apane doSoM ke nirAkaraNa kA acchA avasara milatA hai-isa vicAra-dRSTi aura mahiSNu bhAvanA meM ho prajAtantra kA bhaviSya ujjvala raha sakatA hai| rAjanaitika kSetra meM saMmadIya prajAtantra (pAliyAmenTarI DemokresI) vastutaH rAjanaitika anekAntavAda hai / isa paramparA meM bahumata dala dvAga gaThita sarakAra alpamata dala ko apane vicAra prastuta karane kA adhikAra mAnya karatI hai aura yathAsambhava umame lAbha bhI uThAtI hai| dArzanika kSetra meM jahAM bhArata anekAntavAda kA sarjaka hai, vahIM vaha rAjanaitika kSetra meM saMsadIya prajAtantra kA samarthaka bhI hai / ataH Aja anekAnta kA vyAvahArika kSetra meM upayoga karane kA dAyitva bhAratIya rAjanItijJoM para hai| 1. adhyAtmasAra, 69-73. 2. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 32 / 8.

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sAmAvika naitikatA ke kanIya tatva : mahilA, manApaha aura aparivaha 89 sAmAjika evaM pArivArika sahiSNutA kauTumbika kSetra meM isa paddhati kA upayoga paraspara kuTumboM meM aura kuTumba ke sadasyoM meM saMgharSa ko TAlakara zAntipUrNa vAtAvaraNa kA nirmANa karegA / sAmAnyatayA pArivArika jIvana meM saMgharSa ke do kendra hote haiM-pitA-putra tathA sAsa-bahU / ina donoM ke vivAdoM meM mUla kAraNa donoM kA dRSTi-bheda hai| pitA jisa pariveza meM palA hai unhIM saMskAroM ke AdhAra para putra kA jIvana DhAlanA cAhatA hai| jisa mAnyatA ko svayaM mAnakara baiThA hai, unhIM mAnyatAoM ko dUsare se manavAnA cAhatA hai| pitA kI dRSTi anubhavapradhAna hotI hai jabaki putra kI dRSTi tarkapradhAna / eka prAcIna saMskAroM se grasta hotA hai to dUsarA unheM samApta kara denA cAhatA hai / yahI sthiti sAsa-bahU meM hotI hai| sAsa yaha apekSA karatI hai ki bahU aisA jIvana jiye jaisA usane svayaM bahU ke rUpa meM jiyA thA, jabaki bahu apane yuga ke anurUpa aura apane mAtRpakSa ke saMskAroM se prabhAvita jIvana jInA cAhatI hai / mAtra itanA hI nahIM, usakI apekSA yaha bhI hotI hai ki vaha utanA hI svatantra jIvana jIye jaisA vaha apane mAtA-pitA ke pAsa jItI thI / isake viparIta zvasura pakSa usase eka anuzAsita jIvana kI apekSA karatA hai / yahI saba vivAda ke kAraNa banane hai / isameM jaba taka sahiSNu dRSTi aura dUsare kI sthiti ko samajhane kA prayAsa nahIM kiyA jAtA taba taka saMgharSa samApta nahIM ho sktaa| vastutaH isake mUla meM jo dRSTi bheda hai use anekAnta paddhati se samyak prakAra jAnA jA sakatA hai| vAstavikatA yaha hai ki hama jaba dUsare ke sambandha meM koI vicAra kareM, koI nirNaya leM to hameM svayaM apane ko uma sthiti meM khar3A kara mocanA caahie| dUsare kI bhUmikA meM svayaM ko khar3A karake ho use mamyak prakAra meM jAnA jA sakatA hai| pitA putra se jima bAta kI apekSA karatA hai, usake pahale apane ko putra kI bhUmikA meM khar3A kara vicAra kara le / adhikArI karmacArI se jima naMga meM kAma lenA cAhatA hai usake pahale svayaM ko uma sthiti meM khar3A kare, phira nirNaya le / yahI eka dRSTi hai jisake dvArA eka sahiSNu mAnama kA nirmANa kiyA jA sakatA hai aura mAnava-jAti ko vaicArika saMgharSoM se bacAyA jA makatA hai| anAgraha ko avadhAraNA ke phalita-mat ananta pahalaoM se yukta hai tathA mAnavIya jJAna ke mAdhana sImita evaM sApekSa hai, ataH sAmAnya vyakti kA jJAna sImita (AMzika) aura sApekSa hotA hai| dUsare Agraha, jo vastutaH vaicArika rAga hI hai, satya ko raMgIna banA detA hai| rAgAtmikA buddhi bhI satya ko vikRta kara detI hai| pariNAmasvarUpa sAmAnya vyakti ko jo bhI jJAna hotA hai vaha apUrNa to hotA hI hai, azuddha bhI hotA hai / ataH satyAnvepaNa evaM vicArazuddhi kI Avazyaka zarte nimna hai 1. sampUrNa satya kA jJAna sAmAnya mAnava ke lie sambhava nahIM hai, satya ke aneka

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jaina, baura aura gotA kA samAja darzana pahalU hamAre lie AvRta bane rahate haiM / ataH dUsaroM ke vicAra evaM jJAna meM bhI satyatA sambhava hai, yaha bAta svIkAra karanI hogii| 2. satyAnveSaNa Agrahabuddhi ke dvArA sambhava nahIM hai / anAgrahI dRSTi hI satya ko pradAna kara sakatI hai| 3. rAga-dveSajanya saMskAroM se Upara uThakara 'merA mo saccA' ke sthAna para 'saccA so merA' yaha dRSTi rakhanA caahie| satya cAhe apane pAsa ho yA virodhI ke pAsa, use svIkAra karane ke lie sadaiva tayAra rahanA cAhie / 4. jaba taka hama rAga-dveSa ke saMskAroM se apane ko Upara nahIM uThA sakeM aura pUrNatA ko nahIM prApta kara sakeM taba taka kevala satya ke prati jijJAsA rakhanA cAhie / satya apanA yA parAyA nahIM hotA hai| 5. apane vicAra pakSa ke prati bhI vipakSa ke samAna totra samAlocaka dRSTi rakhanA caahie| 6. vipakSa ke satya ko umI ke dRSTikoNa ke AdhAra para samajhane kA prayAsa karanA caahie| 7. anubhava yA jJAna kI vRddhi ke sAtha yadi naye satyoM kA prakaTana ho tathA pUrva prahIta vicAra asatya pratIta hoM to Agrahabuddhi kA tyAga kara naye vicAroM ko svIkAra karanA cAhie aura purAnI mAnyatAoM ko tadanurUpa saMgodhita karanA caahie| 8. virodha ko sthiti meM prajJApUrvaka samanvaya ke mUtra khojane kA prayAsa karanA caahie| 9. dUsaroM ke vicAroM ke prati mahiSNu dRSTikoNa rakhanA cAhie, kyoMki unake vicAroM meM bhI satyatA kI sambhAvanA nihita hai / anAsakti (aparigraha) ahiMsA aura anAgraha ke bAda jaina AcAradarzana kA tIsarA pramukha siddhAnta anAsakti hai| ahiMsA, anAgraha aura anAsakti ina tIna tattvoM ke AdhAra para hI jaina AcAradarzana kA bhavya mahala khar3A hai| yahI anAsakti sAmAjika naitikatA ke kSetra meM aparigraha bana jAtI hai| jaina dharma meM banAsakti jana AcAradarzana meM jina pAMca mahAvatoM kA vivecana hai, unameM se tIna mahAvrata asteya, brahmacarya aura aparigraha anAsakti ke hI vyAvahArika rUpa haiM / vyakti ke andara nihita Asakti do rUpoM meM prakaTa hotI hai-1. saMgraha-bhAvanA aura 2. bhoga-bhAvanA / saMgraha-bhAvanA aura bhoga-bhAvanA se prerita hokara hI manuSya dUsaroM ke adhikAra kI

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sAmANika maitikatA ke kenIya tava : ahiMsA, anAgraha aura aparivaha vastuoM kA apaharaNa karatA hai| isa prakAra Asakti bAhyataH tIna rUpoM meM hotI hai1. apaharaNa (zopaNa), 2. bhoga aura 3. sNgrh| Asakti ke tIna rUpoM kA nigraha karane ke lie jaina AcAradarzana meM asteya, brahmacarya aura aparigraha mahAvratoM kA vidhAna hai / saMgraha-vRtti kA aparigraha se, bhogavRtti kA brahmacarya se aura apaharaNavRtti kA asteya mahAvrata se nigraha hotA hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra ke anusAra samagra jAgatika duHkhoM kA mUla kAraNa tRSNA hai| kahA gayA hai-jisakI taSNA samApta ho jAtI hai usakA moha samApta ho jAtA hai aura jisakA moha miTa jAtA hai usake duHkha bhI samApta ho jAte hai / ' Asakti kA hI dUsarA nAma lobha hai aura lobha samagra sadguNoM kA vinAzaka hai / jaina vicAraNA ke anumAra tRSNA eka aisI khAI hai jo kabhI bhI pATI nahI jA sakatI / duSpUra tRSNA kA kabhI anta nahIM aataa| uttarAdhyayanamUtra meM ise spaSTa karate hue kahA gayA hai ki yadi mone aura cAMdI ke kailAza parvata ke mamAna asaMkhya parvata bhI khar3e kara diye jAyeM to bhI yaha duHpUrya tRSNA zAnta nahI ho sakatI, kyoMki dhana cAhe kitanA bhI ho, vaha sImita hai aura naSNA ananta (amIma) hai, ataH sImita mAdhanoM se hama amIma tRSNA kI pUrti nahIM kI jA sakatI / kintu jaba taka tRSNA zAnta nahIM hotI, taba taka dukhoM se mukti bhI nahIM hotii| mUtrakRtAMga ke anumAra manuSya jaba taka kisI bhI prakAra kI Asakti svatA hai vaha duHkha se mukta nahIM ho sktaa| yadi hama adhika spaSTa zabdoM meM kaheM to jaina dArzanikoM kI dRSTi meM tapNA yA Ama kti duHkha kA paryAyavAcI hI bana gayI hai| yaha tRSNA yA Asakti hI parigraha (maMgrahavRtti) kA mUla hai / Amakti hI parigraha hai| jaina AcAryoM ne jima aparigraha ke siddhAnta kA pratipAdana kiyA umake bhUla me yahI anAktipradhAna dRSTi kArya kara rahI hai| yadyapi Amakti eka mAnamika tapya hai, mana ko hI eka vRtti hai, tathApi umakA prakaTana bAgha hai aura usakA sIdhA sambandha bAhya vastuoM se hai| vaha mAmAjika jIvana ko dUpita karatI hai / ataH Amakti ke prahANa ke lie vyAvahArika rUpa meM parigraha kA tyAga bhI Avazyaka hai| parigraha yA saMgrahavRtti sAmAjika himA hai / jaina AcAryoM kI dRSTi meM mamagra parigraha hiMsA se pratyutpanna hai / kyoMki binA himA (zopaNa) ke saMgraha amambhava hai| vyakti saMgraha ke dvArA dUmaroM ke hitoM kA hanana karatA hai aura hama pa meM maMgraha yA parigraha himA kA hI eka rUpa hai / vaha hiMmA yA goSaNa kA janaka hai / anAsakti ko jIvana meM utArane ke lie jaina AcAryoM ne yaha Avazyaka mAnA ki manuSya bAhya-parigraha kA bhI tyAga 1. uttarAdhyayana, 318. 3. unarAdhyayana, 9 / 48. 5. dazavakAlika, 6 / 21. 2. dagarvakAlika, 8 / 38. 4. sUtrakRtAMga, 11112.

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92 jaina, bauddha aura gotA kA samAja darzana kare / parigraha- tyAga anAsakta dRSTi kA bAhya jIvana meM pramANa hai| eka ora vipula saMgraha aura dUsarI ora anAsakti, ina donoM meM koI mela nahIM hai / yadi mana meM anAsakti kI bhAvanA kA udaya hai to use bAhya vyavahAra meM anivArya rUpa se prakaTa honA caahie| anAsakti kI dhAraNA ko vyAvahArika rUpa dene ke lie gRhastha jIvana meM parigraha - maryAdA aura zramaNa jIvana meM samagra parigraha ke tyAga kA nirdeza hai / digambara jaina muni kA Atyantika aparigrahI jIvana anAsakta dRSTi kA sajIva pramANa hU~ / aparigrahI hote hue bhI vyakti ke mana meM Asakti kA tattva raha sakatA hai, lekina isa AdhAra para yaha mAnanA ki vipula maMgraha ko rakhate hue bhI anAsakta vRtti kA pUrI taraha nirvAha ho sakatA hai, samucita nahIM hai / jaina AcAradarzana meM yaha Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai ki sAdhaka cAhe gRhastha ho yA zramaNa, use aparigraha kI dizA meM Age bar3hanA cAhie / hama dekhate haiM ki rASTroM evaM vargoM kI saMgraha evaM zoSaNa - vRtti ne mAnava jAti ko kitane kaSToM meM DAlA hai| jaina AcAradarzana ke anumAra samavibhAga aura samavitaraNa sAdhanA kA Avazyaka aMga hai / jaina vicAradhArA meM spaSTa rUpa se yaha kahA gayA hai ki jo samavibhAga aura samavitaraNa nahIM karatA usako mukti saMbhava nahIM hai / aisA vyakti pApI hI hai / " samavibhAga aura samavitaraNa sAmAjika evaM AdhyAtmika vikAsa ke anivArya aMga haiN| isake binA AdhyAtmika upalabdhi bhI saMbhava nahIM / ataH jaina AcAryoM ne naitika sAdhanA kI dRSTi se anAsakti ko anivArya mAnA hai / bauddha dharma meM anAsakti - bauddhaparamparA meM bhI anAsakti ko samagra bandhanoM evaM duHkhoM kA mUla mAnA gayA hai / buddha kahate haiM ki tRSNA ke naSTa ho jAne para sabhI bandhana svataH naSTa ho jAte haiM / tRSNA duSpUrya hai / ve kahate haiM ki cAhe svarNa mudrAoM kI varSA hone lage, lekina usase bhI tRSNAyukta manuSya kI tRpti nahIM hotI / bhagavAn buddha kI dRSTi meM tRSNA hI duHkha hai aura jise yaha viSailI nIca tRSNA ghera letI hai usake duHkha vaise hI bar3hate rahate haiM, jaise khetoM meM vIraNa ghAsa bar3hatI rahatI hai| bauddhadarzana meM tRSNA tIna prakAra kI mAnI gayI hai - 1. bhavatRSNA, 2. bhavatRSNA astitva yA bane rahane kI tRSNA hai, yaha yA naSTa ho jAne kI tRSNA hai / yaha dveSasthAnIya hai tRSNA hai / rUpAdi chaha viSayoM kI bhava vibhava aura kAmatRSNA ke AdhAra para bauddha paramparA meM tRSNA ke 18 bheda bhI mAne gaye haiM / tRSNA hI bandhana hai / buddha ne ThIka hI kahA hai ki buddhimAn loga usa bandhana ko bandhana nahIM kahate jo lohe kA banA ho, vibhavatRSNA aura 3. kAmatRSNA / rAgasthAnIya hai / vibhavatRSNA samApta / kAmatRSNA bhogoM kI upalabdhi kI 1. uttarAdhyanana, 17 / 11; praznavyAkaraNa, 213. 3. saMyuttanikAya, 2 / 12 / 66, 1 / 1 / 65. 2. dhammapada, 186. 4. ghammapada, 335.

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sAmAjika naitikatA ke kendrIya tasya : ahiMsA, anAgraha aura aparigraha lakar3I kA banA ho athavA rassI kA banA ho, apitu dRr3hatara bandhana to sonA, cAMdI, putra, strI Adi meM rahI huI Asakti hI hai / ' suttanipAta meM bhI buddha ne kahA hai ki Asakti hI bandhana hai jo bhI duHkha hotA hai vaha saba tRSNA ke kAraNa hI hotA hai / Asakta manuSya Amakti ke kAraNa nAnA prakAra ke duHkha uThAte haiM / Asakti kA kSaya hI duHkhoM kA kSaya hai / jo vyakti isa tRSNA ko vaza meM kara letA hai usake duHkha usI prakAra samApta ho jAte haiM jaise kamalapatra para rahA huA jala-bindu zIghra hI samApta ho jAtA hai / " tRSNA se hI zoka aura bhaya utpanna hote haiM / sRSNA-mukta manuSya ko na to bhaya hotA hai aura na zoka / isa prakAra buddha kI dRSTi meM Asakti hI vAstavika dukha hai aura anAsakti hI saccA mukha hai / buddha ne jisa anAtmavAda kA pratipAdana kiyA, usake pIche bhI unakI mUla dRSTi Asakti nAza hI thI / buddha kI dRSTi meM Asakti, cAhe vaha padArthoM kI ho, cAhe vaha kisI atIndriya AtmA ke astitva kI ho, bandhana hI hai / astitva kI cAha tRSNA hI hai / mukti to virAgatA yA anAsakti hI pratiphalita hotI hai / tRSNA kA prahANa honA hI nirvANa hai / buddha kI dRSTi meM parigraha yA saMgrahavRtti kA mUla yahI Amakti yA tRSNA hai| kahA gayA hai ki parigraha kA mUla icchA ( Asakti ) hai / " ataH buddha kI dRSTi meM bhI anAsakti kI vRtti ke udaya ke lie parigraha kA visarjana Avazyaka hai / gItA meM anAsaki gItA ke AcAradarzana kA bhI kendrIya tattva anAsakti hai| mahAtmA gAMdhI ne to gItA ko 'anAsakti-yoga' ho kahA hai| gItAkAra ne bhI yaha spaSTa kiyA hai ki Asana kA tattva hI vyakti ko saMgraha aura bhogavAmanA ke lie prerita karatA hai / kahA gayA hai ki Ama ke bandhana meM baMdhA huA vyakti kAmabhoga kI pUrti ke lie anyAya - pUrvaka artha saMgraha karatA hai / " isa prakAra gItAkAra kI spaSTa mAnyatA hai ki Arthika kSetra meM apaharaNa, zoSaNa aura saMgraha kI jo burAiyoM panapatI haiM ve saba mUlataH Amati se pratyutpanna haiM / gItA ke anusAra Asakti aura lobha naraka ke kAraNa haiM / kAmabhogoM meM Asakta manuSya hI naraka aura azubha yoniyoM meM janma letA hai / sampUrNa jagat isI Asakti ke pAza meM baMdhA huA hai aura icchA aura dveSa se sammohita hokara paribhramaNa karatA rahatA hai / vastutaH Asakti ke kAraNa vaiyaktika aura sAmAjika jIvana nArakIya bana jAtA hai / gItA ke naitika darzana kA sArA jora phalAsakti ko samApta karane para hai / zrIkRSNa kahate haiM ki he arjuna, tU karmoM ke phala meM rahI huI Asakti kA tyAga kara 50 1. dhammapada, 345. 3. vahI, 38 / 17. 5. dhammapada, 336. 7. majjhimanikAya, 3 / 20. 9. gItA, 16 / 12. 2. muttanipAta, 68 / 5 4. theragAthA, 16 / 734. 6. vahI, 216. 8. mahAniddemapAli 1 / 11 / 107. 10. vahI, 16 / 16.

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jena, boDa aura gotA.kA samAna darzana niSkAma bhAva se karma kara / ' gItAkAra ne Asakti ke prahANa kA jo upAya batAyA hai vaha yaha hai ki sabhI kucha bhagavAn ke caraNoM meM samarpita kara aura kartRtva bhAva se mukta hokara jIvana jInA caahie| ima prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzana anAsakti ke udaya aura Amakti ke prahANa ko apane naitikadarzana kA mahattvapUrNa aMga mAnate haiN| Amakti ke prahANa ke do hI upAya hai / AdhyAtmika rUpa meM Amakti ke prahANa ke lie hRdaya meM mantoSavRtti kA udaya honA cAhie, jabaki vyAvahArika rUpa meM Asakti ke prahANa ke lie jaina AcAradarzana meM mujhAyI gayo parigraha kI mImA-rekhA kA nirdhAraNa bhI Avazyaka hai| jaba taka hRdaya meM santopavRtti kA udaya nahIM hotA, taba taka yaha duSpUrya tRSNA evaM Asakti mamApta nahIM hotii| uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM jo yaha kahA gayA hai ki 'lAbha se lobha bar3hatA jAtA hai', umI kA manta mundaradAsajI ne eka sundara citra khIMcA hai / ve kahate haiM ki jo dasa bIsa pacAsa bhaye, zata hoI hajAra tu lAkha mgegii| koTi arabba kharabba asaMkhya, dharApati hone kI cAha jagegI / / svarga patAla ko rAja kage. timanA adhikI ati Aga lgegii| sundara eka saMtoSa binA, zaTha terI to bhUkha kabahU~ na bhagegI // pAzcAtya vicAraka mahAtmA TAlasTAya ne bhI How Much Land Does A Man Rcquire nAmaka kahAnI meM eka aisA hI sundara citra khIMcA hai| kahAnI kA sArAMza yaha hai ki kathAnAyaka bhUmi kI asIma tRSNA ke pIche apane jIvana kI bAjI bhI lagA detA hai, kintu anta meM usake dvArA upalabdha kiye gaye vistRta bhU-bhAga meM kevala usake zava ko daphanAne jitanA bhU-bhAga hI usake upayoga meM AtA hai| vastutaH tRSNA kI samApti kA eka hI upAya hai-hRdaya meM santoSavRtti yA tyAga bhAvanA kA udaya / mahAbhArata ke Adiparva meM yayAti ne kahA hai ki jisa prakAra agni meM ghRta DAlane se agni zAnta nahIM hotI, usI prakAra kAmabhogoM se tRSNA zAnta nahIM hotI, varan bar3hatI hI jAtI hai| tRSNA kI agni kevala tyAga ke dvArA hI zAnta ho sakatI hai / ataH manuSya ko tRSNA kA tyAga kara sacce sukha ko zodha karanA cAhie aura vaha sukha use saMtoSamaya jIvana jIne se hI upalabdha ho sakatA hai / banAsakti ke prazna para tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra jaina, bauddha aura vaidika paramparAeM anAsakti ke saiddhAntika pakSa para samAnarUpa se bala detI haiM, kintu usake vyAvahArika phalita aparigraha ke siddhAnta ko lekara unameM mata 1. gItA, 16 / 16.

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sAmAjika naitikatA ke koSa tatva : ahiMsA, anAmaha aura aparigraha 95 bheda bhI hai / jahA~ jaina-darzana ke anusAra anAsakta hone ke lie aparigrahI honA Avazyaka hai, vahAM gItA aura bauddha darzana yaha nahIM mAnate hai ki anAsakta hone ke lie aparigrahI honA Avazyaka nahIM hai / jaina darzana ke anusAra anAsakta jIvana dRSTi kA pramANa yahI hai ki vyakti kA bAhyajIvana marvathA aparigrahI ho / parigraha kA honA spaSTatayA isa bAta kA sUcaka hai ki vyakti meM abhI anAsakti kA pUrNa vikAsa nahI huA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki jainadharma kI digambara paramparA mukti ke lie bAhya parigraha kA pUrNatayA syAga Avazyaka mAnatI hai| yadyapi zvetAmbara paramparA yaha mAnatI hai ki pUrNa anAsakta vRtti kA udaya to binA parigraha kA pUrNa tyAga kiye bhI ho sakatA hai, kintu vaha bhI itanA to avazya mAnatI hI hai ki anAsakti kA pUrNa prakaTana hone para vyakti bAhya parigraha meM ulajhA huA nahIM rahatA hai, vaha usakA parityAga kara muni bana jAtA hai| donoM meM antara mAtra yahI hai ki prathama ke anusAra bAhya parigraha kA tyAga hone para hI kaivalya kI prApti hotI hai to dUsare ke anusAra bAhya parigraha kA tyAga hone ke pUrva bhI kaivalya ho makatA hai| yadyapi kaivalyalAbha ke bAda donoM ke hI anumAra vyakti garvathA aparigrahI ho hI jAtA hai| gItA ke anumAra, anAsakta vati ke lie parigrahatyAga Avazyaka nahIM hai / vaidika parampaga ke janaka pUrNa anAmakta hote hue bhI rAjakAja kA saMcAlana karate rahate haiM, jabaki jaina parampaga kA bharata pUrNa anAmakti ke Ane hI gajakAja chor3akara muni bana jAtA hai / anAmakti aura aparigraha ke maMdarbha meM jaina parampaga vicArapakSa aura AcArapakSa ko ekarUpatA para jitanA bala detI hai utanA vaidika paramparA nahI / vaidika paramparA ke anusAra antas meM anAmakti aura bAhya jIvana meM parigraha donoM eka mAtha sambhava hai| isa mambandha meM bauddha dharma kA daSTikoNa bhI jaina parampaga ke adhika nikaTa hai| phira bhI use jaina aura vaidika parampagaoM ke madhya rakhanA hI ucita hogaa| jaina dharma ne jahAM munijIvana ke lie parigraha ke pUrNa tyAga aura gRhastha jIvana meM parigraha-parisImana kI avadhAraNA prastuta kI, vahAM boddha dharma na kevala bhikSu ke lie svarNa-gjatarUpa parigraha tyAga kI avadhAraNA prastuta kii| usameM gRhasya ke lie parigraha parimomana kA prazna nahIM uThAyA gayA hai / gItA aura vaidika paramparA yadyapi saMcaya aura parigraha kI nindA karatI hai phira bhI vaM parigrahanyAga ko anivArya nahI batAtI haiN| anAmakti aura aparigraha ko lekara tonoM paramparAoM meM yahI mUlabhUta antara hai| vastutaH anAsakti kA artha hai-mamatva kA vimarjana / samatva-cAhe vaha vaiyaktika ho yA sAmAjika-ke garjana ke lie mamatva kA visarjana Avazyaka hai / anAsakti aura aparigraha meM eka hI antara hai, vaha yaha ki aparigraha meM mamatva ke visarjana ke sAtha hI sampadA kA visarjana bhI Avazyaka hai| anAsakti, amULa yA aloma kA prazna nirA

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jaina, baura mAra gItA kA samAna darzana vaiyaktika hai kintu aparigraha kA prazna kevala vaiyaktika nahIM, sAmAjika bhI hai| parigraha (sampadA) ke arjana, saMgraha aura visarjana sabhI sIdhe-sIdhe samAja jIvana ko prabhAvita karate haiM / arjana sAmAjika Arthika pragati ko prabhAvita karatA hai to saMgraha artha ke samavitaraNa ko prabhAvita karatA hai / mAtra yahI nahIM artha kA visarjana bhI lokakalyANakArI pravRttiyoM ko prabhAvita karatA hai / ataH parigraha ke arjana, upabhoga, saMgraha aura visarjana ke prazna pUrI taraha sAmAjika prazna haiN| __ samAja kI Arthika pragati umake sadasyoM kI sampadA ke arjana kI AkAMkSA aura zrama niSThA para nirbhara karatI hai / naitika dRSTi se arthopArjana kI pravRtti aura zramaniSThA Alocya nahIM rahI hai| yaha bhaya nirarthaka hai ki anAmakti aura aparigraha se Arthika pragati avaruddha hogii| aparigraha kA siddhAnta artha ke arjana kA vahA~ taka virodhI nahIM hai jahA~ taka usake sAtha zoSaNa kI duSpravRtti nahIM jur3atI hai| sampadA ke arjana ke sAtha jaba himA zoSaNa aura saMgraha kI burAiyAM jur3atI haiM tabhI vaha anaitika banatA hai anyathA nahIM / bhAratIya Arthika Adarza rahA hai 'zata hasta samAhara sahasra hasta vikIrNa' arthAt sau hAthoM se ikaTThA karo aura mahatra hAthoM meM bAMTa do| Arthika saMgharSoM kA janma taba hotA hai jaba sampadA kA vitaraNa viSama aura upabhoga aniyantrita hotA hai / saMgraha aura zoSaNa ko duSpravRttiyoM ke pariNAmasvarUpa jaba eka ora mAnavatA roTI ke Tukar3oM ke abhAva kI pIr3A meM sisakatI ho aura dUsarI ora aizo-ArAma ko raMgareliyAM calatI hoM taba hI varga-saMgharSa kA janma hotA hai aura sAmAjika zAnti bhaMga hotI hai| samAja-jIvana meM zAnti tabhI sambhava hai, jaba sampadA kA upabhoga, saMgraha aura vitaraNa niyantrita ho| aparigraha kA siddhAnta isI prazna ko lekara hamAre sAmane upasthita hotA hai| jahAM taka sampadA ke aniyantrita upabhoga aura saMgraha kA prazna hai, jaina dharma gRhastha upAsaka ke upabhoga-paribhogaparisImana aura anarthadaNDaviramaNavrata ke dvArA una para niyantraNa lagAtA hai| kintu parigraha ke viSama vitaraNa ke lie jo parigrahaparisImana kA vrata prastuta kiyA gayA hai usako lekara kucha prazna ubharate haiM-prathama to yaha ki kisI vyakti ke parigraha kI parisImA yA maryAdA kyA hogI? kitanA parigraha rakhanA ucita mAnA jAyagA aura kitanA anucita / dUsare parigraha kI isa parisImA kA nirdhAraNa kauna karegA-vyakti yA samAja / ina praznoM ko lekara DaoN. kamalacanda sogANI ne apane eka lekha meM vicAra kiyA hai / ' jaina AcAryoM ne ina praznoM ko khulA chor3a diyA thA, unhoMne yaha mAna liyA thA ki vyakti kitanA parigraha rakhe aura kitanA tyAga de yaha usakI AvazyakatA aura usake svaviveka para nirbhara kregaa| kyoMki pratyeka kI AvazyakatAeM bhinnabhinna hai| eka udyogapati ko AvazyakatAeM aura eka prophesara kI AvazyakatAeM nizcita 1. dekheM-tIrthakara, maI 1977, pR0 7-9.

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sAmAjika maitikatA ke kaMgoya tattva : ahiMsA, manAmaha aura parigraha hI bhinna-bhinna hogii| yahI nahIM, eka deza ke nAgarika kI AvazyakatAe~ dUsare deza ke nAgarika kI AvazyakatAoM se bhinna hogI / yuga ye. AdhAra para bhI AvazyakatAeM badalatI haiM / ataH parigraha kI mImA kA nirdhAraNa deza, kAla, vyakti aura paristhiti para nirbhara hogaa| Aja arthazAstrI bhI isa bAta ko mAnakara calane hai ki jo vastu eka vyakti ke lie Avazyaka hai ve hI dUsare ke lie vilAsitA ho sakatI haiN| eka kAra DAkTara ke lie Avazyaka aura vizvavidyAlaga ke kempama meM rahane vAle prophesara ke lie vinAmitA kI vastu hogii| ataH parigraha-maryAdA kA koI sArvabhauma mAnadaNDa sambhava nahI hai / to kyA isa prazna ko vyakti ke svaviveka para khulA chor3a diyA jAye ? yadi vyakti vivekazIla aura saMyamI hai taba to nizcaya hI isa sambandha meM nirNaya lene kA adhikAra use hai, kintu sthiti isame bhinna bhI hai| yadi vyakti svArthI aura vAganApradhAna hai to nizcaya hI nirNaya kA yaha adhikAra vyakti ke hAtha se chInakara samAja ke hAthoM meM gauMganA hogA, jaisA ki Aja samAjavAdI vyavasthA mAnatI hai / yadyapi isa sthiti meM cAhe gampadA kA samavitaraNa evaM mAmAjika zAnti mambhava bhI ho kinnu mAnaka gAnti gambhava nahIM hogii| vaha to tabhI mambhava hogI jaba vyakti kI tRSNA zAnta hogI aura jIvana meM anAsakta dRSTi kA udaya hogA / jaba aparigraha anAkti se phalita hogA tabhI vyakti aura samAja meM maccI gAnti aaegii|

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sAmAjika dharma evaM dAyitva sAmAjika dharma jaina AcAradarzana meM na kevala AdhyAtmika dRSTi se dharma kI vivecanA kI gayI hai, varan dharma ke sAmAjika pahalU para bhI paryApta prakAza DAlA gayA hai| jaina vicArakoM ne saMgha yA mAmAjika jIvana kI pramukhatA sadaiva svIkAra kI hai| sthAnAMgasUtra meM sAmAjika jIvana ke sandarbha meM dama dharmoM kA vivecana upalabdha hai - 1. prAmadharma, 2. nagaradharma, 3. rASTradharma, 4. pAkhaNDadharma, 5. kuladharma, 6. gaNadharma, 7. saMghadharma, 8. siddhAntadharma ( zrutadharma), 9. cAritradharma aura 10. astikAyadharma / inameM se prathama sAta to pUrI taraha se sAmAjika jIvana se sambandhita haiM / 1. grAma dharma - grAma ke vikAsa, vyavasthA tathA zAnti ke lie jina niyamoM ko grAmavAmiyoM ne milakara banAyA hai. unakA pAlana karanA grAmadharma hai / grAmagha kA artha hai jisa grAma meM hama nivAsa karate haiM, usa grAma ko vyavasthAoM, maryAdAoM evaM niyamoM ke anurUpa kArya krnaa| grAma kA artha vyaktiyoM ke kuloM kA samUha hai / ataH sAmUhika rUpa meM ekadUmare ke sahayoga ke AdhAra para grAma kA vikAsa karanA, grAma ke andara pUrI taraha vyavasthA aura zAnti banAye rakhanA aura Apasa meM vaimanasya aura kleza utpanna na ho usake lie prayatnazIla rahanA hI grAmadharma ke pramukha tattva haiN| grAma meM zAnti evaM vyavasthA nahIM hai, to vahA~ ke logoM ke jIvana meM bhI zAnti nahIM rahatI / jisa pariveza meM hama jIte haiM, usameM zAnti aura vyavasthA ke lie Avazyaka rUpa se prayatna karanA hamArA kartavya hai / pratyeka grAmavAsI sadaiva isa bAta ke lie jAgRta rahe ki usake kisI AcaraNa se grAma ke hitoM ko coTa na pahu~ce / grAmadharma kI vyavasthA ke lie jaina AcAryoM ne grAmasthavira kI vyavasthA bhI kI haiN| grAmasthavira grAma kA mukhiyA yA netA hotA hai / grAmasthavira kA prayatna rahatA hai ki grAma kI vyavasthA, zAnti evaM vikAsa ke lie, grAmajanoM me pArasparika sneha aura sahayoga banA rahe / 2. nagarathamaM - grAmoM ke madhya meM sthita eka kendrIya grAma ko jo unakA vyAvasAyika kendra hotA hai, nagara kahA jAtA hai| sAmAnyataH grAma dharma aura nagaradharma meM vizeSa antara nahIM hai / nagaradharma ke antargata nagara kI vyavasthA evaM zAnti, nAgarikaniyamoM kA pAlana evaM nAgarikoM ke pArasparika hitoM kA saMrakSaNa-saMvardhana AtA hai / 1. sthAnAMga 10 / 760 vizeSa vivecanA ke lie dekhie - (a) dharma vyAkhyA (zrI javAharalAlajI ma0 ) (ba) dharma darzana ( zrI zuklacandajI ma0 )

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sAmAjika parva evaM gAyitva lekina nAgarikoM kA uttaradAyitva kevala nagara ke hitoM taka hI sImita nahIM hai / yugIna sandarbha meM nagaradharma yaha bhI hai ki nAgarikoM ke dvArA grAmavAsiyoM kA zoSaNa na ho| nagarajanoM kA uttaradAyitva grAmINajanoM kI apekSA adhika hai| unheM na kevala apane nagara ke vikAsa evaM vyavasthA kA dhyAna rakhanA cAhie varan una samagra grAmavAsiyoM ke hita kI bhI cintA karanI cAhie; jinake AdhAra para nagara kI vyAvasAyika tathA Arthika sthitiyAM nirbhara hai| nagara meM eka yogya nAgarika ke rUpa meM jInA, nAgarika kartavyoM evaM niyamoM kA pUrI taraha pAlana karanA hI manuSya kA nagaradharma hai| jaina satroM meM nagara kI vyavasthA Adi ke lie nagarasthavira kI yojanA kA ullekha hai / Adhunika yuga meM jo sthAna evaM kArya nagarapAlikA athavA nagaranigama ke adhyakSa ke hai, jaina paramparA meM vahI sthAna evaM kArya nagarasthavira ke haiN| 3. rASTradharma-jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra pratyeka grAma evaM nagara kisI rASTra kA aMga hotA hai aura pratyeka rASTra ko apanI eka viziSTa sAMskRtika cetanA hotI hai jo grAmINoM evaM nAgarikoM ko eka rASTra ke sadasyoM ke rUpa meM Apasa meM bAMdhakara rakhatI hai| rASTradharma kA tAtparya hai rASTra kI sAMskRtika cetanA athavA jIvana kI viziSTa praNAlI ko sajIva banAye rakhanA / rASTrIya vidhi-vidhAna, niyamoM evaM maryAdAoM kA pAlana karanA hI rASTradharma hai / Adhunika sandarbha meM rASTradharma kA tAtparya hai rASTrIya ekatA evaM niSThA ko banAye rakhanA tathA rASTra ke nAgarikoM ke hitoM kA paraspara ghAta na karate hue, rASTra ke vikAsa meM prayatnazIla rahanA, rASTrIya zAsana ke niyamoM ke viruddha kArya na karanA, rASTrIya vidhi-vidhAnoM kA Adara karate hue unakA samucita rUpa se pAlana karanA / upAsakadazAMgasUtra meM rAjya ke niyamoM ke viparIta AcaraNa karanA doSapUrNa mAnA gayA hai / jainAgamoM meM rASTrasyavira kA vivecana bhI upalabdha hai / prajAtaMtra meM jo sthAna rASTrapati kA hai vahI prAcIna bhAratIya paramparA meM rASTrasthavira kA hogA, yaha mAnA jA sakatA hai| 4. pAlamaparma-jaina AcAryoM ne pAkhaNDa kI apanI vyAkhyA kI hai| jisake dvArA pApa kA khaNDana hotA ho vaha pAkhaNDa hai|' dazavakAlikaniyukti ke anusAra pAkhaNDa eka vrata kA nAma hai / jisakA vrata nirmala ho, vaha pAkhaNDI / sAmAnya naitika niyamoM kA pAlana karanA hI pAkhaNDadharma hai / samprati pAkhaNDa kA artha DhoMga ho gayA hai, vaha artha yahA~ abhipreta nahIM hai| pAkhaNDadharma kA tAtparya anuzAsita, niyamita evaM saMyamita jIvana hai| pAkhaNDadharma ke lie vyavasthApaka ke rUpa meM prazAstA-sthavira kA nirdeza hai| prazAstAsthavira zabda kI dRSTi se vicAra karane para yaha spaSTa lagatA hai ki vaha janatA ko dharmopadeza ke mAdhyama se niyaMtrita karanevAlA adhikArI hai| prazAstA-sthavira kA kArya logoM ko 1. dharma-darzana, pR0 86 3. dazavakAlikaniyukti, 158.

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100 jana, boDa bora gItA kA samAna darzana dhArmika niSThA, saMyama evaM vrata-pAlana ke lie prerita karate rahanA hai / hamAre vicAra meM prazAstA-sthavira rAjakIya dharmAdhikArI ke samAna hotA hogA jisakA kArya janatA ko sAmAnya naitika jIvana kI zikSA denA hotA hogaa| 5.kuladharma-parivAra athavA vaMza-paramparA ke AcAra-niyamoM evaM maryAdAoM kA pAlana karanA kuladharma hai| parivAra kA anubhavI, vRddha evaM yogya vyakti kulasthavira hotA hai| parivAra ke madasya kulasthavira kI AjJAoM kA pAlana karate haiM aura kulasthavira kA kartavya hai parivAra kA maMvardhana evaM vikAsa karanA tathA use galata pravRttiyoM se bacAnA / jaina paramparA meM gRhastha evaM muni donoM ke lie kuladharma kA pAlana Avazyaka hai, yadyapi muni kA kula usake pitA ke AdhAra para nahIM varan guru ke AdhAra para banatA hai| 6. gaNadharma-gaNa kA artha mamAna AcAra evaM vicAra ke vyaktiyoM kA samUha hai| mahAvIra ke samaya meM hameM gaNarAjyoM kA ullekha milatA hai| gaNarAjya eka prakAra ke prajAsattAtmaka rAjya hote hai| gaNa dharma kA tAtparya hai gaNa ke niyamoM aura maryAdAoM kA pAlana krnaa| gaNa do mAne gaye hai-1. lokika ( sAmAjika ) aura 2. lokottara (dhArmika) / jaina paramparA meM vartamAna yuga meM bhI sAdhuno ke gaNa hote hai jinheM gaccha kahA jAtA hai| pratyeka gaNa (gaccha) ke AcAra-niyamoM meM por3A-bahata antara bhI rahatA hai / gaNa ke niyamoM ke anusAra AcaraNa karanA gaNadharma hai| paraspara sahayoga tathA maitrI rakhanA gaNa ke pratyeka sadasya kA kartavya hai| gaNa kA eka gaNasthavira hotA hai / gaNa kI dezakAlagata paristhitiyoM ke AdhAra para vyavasthAeM denA, niyamoM ko banAnA aura pAlana karavAnA gaNasthavira kA kArya hai| jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra bAra-bAra gaNa ko badalane vAlA sAdhaka hona dRSTi se dekhA gayA hai| buddha ne bhI gaNa kI unnati ke niyamoM kA pratipAdana kiyA hai| 7. saMghaSarma-vibhinna gaNoM se milakara saMgha banatA hai / jaina AcAryoM ke saMghadharma kI vyAkhyA saMgha yA sabhA ke niyamoM ke paripAlana ke rUpa meM kI hai| saMgha eka prakAra kI rASTrIya saMsthA hai jisameM vibhinna kula yA gaNa milakara sAmUhika vikAma evaM vyavasthA kA nizcaya karate haiM / saMgha ke niyamoM kA pAlana karanA saMgha ke pratyeka sadasya kA kartavya hai| jaina paramparA meM maMgha ke do rUpa hai 1. laukika saMgha aura 2. lokottara saMtra / laukika saMgha kA kArya jIvana ke bhautika pakSa kI vyavasthAoM ko dekhanA hai, jabaki lokottara saMgha kA kArya AdhyAtmika vikAsa karanA hai| laukika saMgha ho yA lokottara saMgha ho, saMgha ke pratyeka sadasya kA yaha anivArya kartavya mAnA gayA hai ki vaha saMgha ke niyamoM kA pUrI taraha pAlana kreN| saMgha meM kisI bhI prakAra ke manamuTAva athavA saMgharSa ke lie koI bhI kArya nahIM kreN| ekatA ko akSaNNa banAye rakhane ke lie sadaiva hI

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sAmAjika parma evaM dAyitva 101 prayatnazIla rhe| jaina paramparA ke anusAra sAdhu, sAdhvI, zrAvaka aura zrAvikA ina cAroM se milakara saMgha kA nirmANa hotA hai| nandIsUtra meM saMgha ke mahattva kA vistArapUrvaka sundara vivecana huA hai, jisase spaSTa hai ki jaina meM naitika sAdhanA meM saMghIya jIvana kA kitanA adhika mahattva hai| 8batadharma-sAmAjika dRSTi se zrutadharma kA tAtparya hai zikSaNa vyavasthA sambandhI niyamoM kA pAlana krnaa| ziSya kA guru ke prati, guru kA ziSya ke prati kaisA vyavahAra ho yaha zrutadharma kA hI viSaya hai| sAmAjika saMdarbha meM zrutadharma se tAtparya zikSaNa kI sAmAjika yA saMghIya vyavasthA hai / gurU aura ziSya ke kartavyoM tathA pArasparika sambandhoM kA bodha aura unakA pAlana zrutadharma yA jJAnArjana kA anivArya aMga hai| yogya ziSya ko jJAna denA guru kA kartavya hai, jabaki ziSya kA kartavya guru kI AjJAoM kA zraddhApUrvaka pAlana karanA hai| cAritradharma-cAritradharma kA tAtparya hai zramaNa evaM gRhastha dharma ke AcAraniyamoM kA paripAlana karanA / yadyapi caritradharma kA bahuta kucha-ndha vaiyaktika sAdhanA se hai, tathApi unakA sAmAjika pahalU bhI hai| jaina AcAra nayamoM evaM upaniyamoM ke pIche mAmAjika dRSTi bhI hai| ahiMsA sambandhI mabhI li. aura upaniyama sAmAjika zAnti ke saMsthApana ke lie haiN| anAgraha sAmAjika jIvana se vaicArika vivepa evaM vaicArika saMgharSa ko samApta karatA hai| isI prakAra aparigraha sAmAjika jIvana se saMgraha vRtti, asteya aura zoSaNa ko samApta karatA hai / ahiMsA, anAgraha aura aparigraha para AdhArita jaina AcAra ke niyama-upaniyama pratyakSa aura parokSa rUpa meM sAmAjika dRSTi se yukta haiM yaha mAnA jA sakatA hai / 10. astikAyadharma-astikAyadharma kA bahuta kucha mambandha tattvamImAMmA se hai, ataH usakA vivecana yahA~ aprAsaMgika hai / ____ isa prakAra jaina AcAryoM ne na kevala vaiyaktika evaM AdhyAtmika pakSoM ke mambandha meM vicAra kiyA varan sAmAjika jIvana para bhI vicAra kiyA hai| jaina sUtroM meM upalabdha nagaradharma, prAmadharma, rASTradharma Adi kA varNana isa bAta kA spaSTa pramANa hai ki jaina AcAradarzana sAmAjika pakSa kA yathocita mUlyAMkana karate hue usake vikAsa kA bhI prayAma karatA hai| jainadharma aura sAmAjika dAyitva yadyapi prAcIna jaina Agama sAhitya meM sAmAjika dAyitva kA vistRta vivecana upalabdha nahIM hai kintu usameM yatra-tatra kucha bikhare hue aise mUtra hai, jo vyakti ke sAmAjika dAyitvoM ko spaSTa karate hai| jaina AgamoM ko apekSA paravartI sAhitya meM muni aura 1. nandIsUtra-pIThikA, 4-17

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102 noDa mora gItA kA samAna darzana gRhastha upAsaka donoM ke hI sAmAjika dAyitvoM kI vistRta carcA hai| sarva prathama hama muni ke sAmAjika dAyitvoM kI carcA kreNge| jaina muni ke sAmAjika gAyitva-yadyapi muni kA mUla lakSya Atma-sAdhanA hai phira bhI prAcIna jaina AgamoM meM usake lie nimna sAmAjika dAyitva nirdiSTa hai: 1. nIti aura dharma kA prakAzana-muni kA sarva prathama sAmAjika dAyitva yaha hai ki vaha nagaroM yA grAmoM meM jAkara janasAdhAraNa ko sanmArga kA upadeza deMve / AcArAMga meM spaSTa rUpa se nirdeza hai ki muni grAma evaM nagara kI pUrva, pazcima, uttara aura dakSiNa dizAoM meM jAkara dhanI-nirdhana yA UMca-nIca kA bheda kiye binA sabhI ko dharmamArga kA upadeza deN| isa prakAra jana sAdhAraNa ko naitika jIvana evaM sadAcAra kI ora pravRtta karanA yaha muni kA prathama sAmAjika dAyitva hai| vaha samAja meM naitikatA evaM sadAcAra kA praharI hai / samAja anaitikatA kI ora agrasara na ho yaha dekhanA usakA dAyitva hai / cUMki muni bhikSA mAdi ke rUpa meM jIvana nirvAha ke sAdhana samAja se upalabdha karatA hai, isalie samAja kA pratyupakAra karanA usakA kartavya hai| 2. dharma ko prabhAvanA evaM saMgha kI pratiSThA kI rakSA-sAmAnya rUpa se saMgha kA aura vizeSa rUpa se AcArya, gaNI evaM gaccha nAyaka kA yaha anivArya kartavya hai ki ve saMgha kI pratiSThA evaM garimA ko akSuNNa banAye rkheN| unheM isa bAta kA dhyAna rakhanA hotA hai ki saMgha kI pratiSThA kA rakSaNa ho, saMgha kA pagabhava na ho, jainadharma ke prati upAsaka varga kI AsthA banI rahe aura usake prati logoM meM azratA kA bhAva utpanna na ho / nizISacUrNI Adi meM ullekha hai ki saMgha kI pratiSThA ke rakSaNa nimitta apavAda mArga kA bhI sahArA liyA jA sakatA hai-udAharaNArtha muni ke lie maMtra-taMtra karanA, camatAra batAnA yA tapa-Rddhi kA pradarzana karanA varjita hai kintu saMghahita aura dharma prabhAvanA ke lie vaha yaha saba kara sakatA hai| isa prakAra saMgha kA saMrakSaNa Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai kyoki vaha sAdhanA kI mAghAra bhUmi hai| ___3. minu-bhiNiyoM ko sevA evaM paricaryA-jana muni kA tIsarA sAmAjika dAyitva saMgha-sevA hai / mahAvIra evaM buddha kI yaha vizeSatA hai ki unhoMne sAmUhika sAdhanA paddhati kA vikAsa kiyA aura bhikSu saMgha evaM bhikSuNI saMgha jaisI sAmAjika saMsthAnoM kA nirmANa kiyA / jainAgamoM meM pratyeka mina aura bhikSaNI kA yaha anivArya kartavya mAnA gayA hai ki ve anya bhikSuoM aura bhikSuNiyoM kI sevA evaM paricaryA kreN| yadi ve kisI aise grAma yA nagara meM pahuMcate haiM ki jahA~ koI rogI yA vRddha bhikSa pahale se nivAsa kara rahA ho to unakA prathama dAyitva hotA hai ki ve usakI yathocita paricaryA kareM aura yaha dhyAna rakheM ki unake kAraNa use asuvidhA na ho| saMgha vyavasthA meM AcArya, upAdhyAya, 1. AcArAMga 1 / 2 / 5 2. nizISarNI 17433. nizISa 1037

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sAmAvikapa evaM gAyitva 103 spavira (pRTa-muni), rogI (glAna), adhyayanarata navadolita muni, kula, saMgha aura sAdharmI ko sevA paricaryA ke vizeSa nirdeza diye gaye the| 4. minI saMghakA rakSaNa-nizISacUNi ke anusAra munisaMgha kA eka anya dAyitva yaha bhI thA ki vaha asAmAjika evaM durAcArI logoM se bhikSuNI saMgha kI rakSA kreN| aise prasaMgoM para yadi muni maryAdA bhaMga karake bhI koI AcaraNa karanA par3atA to vaha kSamya mAnA jAtA thaa| 5. saMgha ke bAdezoM kA paripAlana-pratyeka sthiti meM saMgha (mamAja) sarvopari thaa| bhAcArya jo sagha kA nAyaka hotA thA, use bhI saMgha ke Adeza kA pAlana karanA hotA paa| vaiyaktika sAdhanA kI apekSA bhI saMgha kA hita pradhAna mAnA gayA thaa| saMgha ke hitoM aura AdezoM kI avamAnanA karane para daNDa dene kI vyavasthA thii| zvetAmbara sAhitya meM yahA~ taka ullekha hai ki pATalIputra vAcanA ke samaya saMgha ke Adeza kI avamAnanA karane para AcArya bhadravAha ko saMgha se bahiSkRta kara dene taka ke nirdeza de diye the| gRhastha varga ke sAmAjika dAyitva 1. bhilu-bhiNiyoM kI sevA-upAsaka varga kA prathama sAmAjika dAyitva thA AhAra, auSadhi Adi ke dvArA zramaNa saMgha kI sevA karanA / apanI daihika AvazyakatAoM ke sandarbha meM munivarga pUrNatayA gRhasthoM para avalambita thA ataH gRhasthoM kA prAthamika kartavya pA ki ve unakI ina AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti kareM / atithi maMvibhAga ko gRhasthoM kA dharma mAnA gayA thaa| isa dRSTi se unheM bhikSu-bhikSuNI saMgha kA 'mAtA-pitA' kahA gayA thaa| yadyapi sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ke lie bhI yaha spaSTa nirdeza thA ki ve gRhasthoM para bhAra svarUpa na bne| 2. parivAra kI sevA-gRhastha kA dUmaga sAmAjika dAyitva apane vRddha mAtA-pitA, patnI, putra-putrI Adi parijanoM kI mevA evaM paricaryA karanA hai| zvetAmbara sAhitya meM ullekha hai ki mahAvora ne mAtA kA apane prati atyadhika sneha devakara yaha nirNaya le liyA thA ki jaba taka unake mAtA-pitA jIvita raheMge ve saMnyAsa nahIM leNge| yaha mAtApitA ke prati bhakti bhAvanA kA sUcaka hI hai / yadyapi ima sambandha meM digambara paramparA kA dRSTikoNa bhinna hai / jainadharma meM saMnyAsa lena ke pahale pArivArika uttaradAyitvoM se mukti pAnA Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| mujhe jaina AgamoM meM eka bhI ullekha aisA dekhane ko nahIM milA ki jahAM binA parijanoM kI anumati se kisI vyakti ne saMnyAsa grahaNa kiyA ho / jainadharma meM Aja bhI yaha parampaga akSuNNarUpa se kAyama hai / koI bhI vyakti binA parijanoM evaM samAja (saMgha) kI anumati ke saMnyAsa grahaNa nahIM kara sakatA hai / 1. nizIthacUrNI 289 2. upAsakadazAMgasUtra 1

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104 ana, boDa bora pItA kA samAdhAna mAtA, pitA, putra, putrI, pati yA patnI kI anumati prApta karanA Avazyaka hotA hai| isake pIche mUla bhAvanA yahI hai ki vyakti sAmAjika uttaradAyitvoM se nivRtta hokara hI saMnyAsa grahaNa kreN| hama bAta kI puSTi antakRtadazA ke nimna udAharaNa se hotI haijaba zrIkRSNa ko yaha jJAta ho gayA ki dvArikA kA zIghra hI vinAza hone vAlA hai, to unhoMne spaSTa dhoSaNA karavA dI ki yadi koI vyakti saMnyAsa lenA cAhatA hai kintu isa kAraNa se nahIM le pA rahA ho ki usake mAtA-pitA, putra-putrI evaM patnI kA pAlanapopaNa kauna karegA to unake pAlana-poSaNa kA uttaradAyitva meM vahana karUMgA' / yadyapi dukha ne prArambha meM saMnyAsa ke lie parijanoM kI anumati ko Avazyaka nahIM mAnA thA ataH aneka yuvakoM ne parijanoM kI anumati ke binA hI saMgha meM praveza le liyA thA kintu Age calakara unhoMne bhI yaha niyama banA diyA thA ki binA parijanoM kI anumati ke upasampadA pradAna nahIM kI jaaye| mAtra yahI nahIM unhoMne yaha bhI ghoSita kara diyA hai ka RNI, rAjakIya sevaka yA mainika ko bhI, jo sAmAjika uttaradAyitvoM se bhAga kara bhikSu bananA cAhate hai, binA pUrva anumati ke upamampadA pradAna nahIM kI jAvaM / hindUdharma bhI pitR-RNa arthAt sAmAjika dAyitva ko cukAye binA-saMnyAma ko anumati nahIM detA hai| cAhe saMnyAsa lene kA prazna ho yA gRhastha jIvana meM hI AtmasAdhanA kI bAta ho-sAmAjika uttaradAyitvoM ko pUrNa karanA Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai / 3. vivAha evaM santAna prApti-jainadharma mUlataH nivRttipradhAna hai ataH bAgama granthoM meM vivAha evaM pati-patnI ke pAramparika dAyitvoM kI carcA nahIM milatI hai| jainadharma hindUdharma ke samAna na to vibAha ko anivArya kartavya mAnatA hai aura na santAna prApti ko / kintu IsA ko 5vIM zatI evaM paravartI kathA sAhitya meM ina dAyitvoM kA ullekha hai| jaina paurANika sAhitya to bhagavAna RSabhadeva ko vivAha saMsthA kA saMsthApaka hI batAtA hai / AdipurANa meM vivAha evaM pati-patnI ke pArasparika evaM sAmAjika dAyitvoM kI carcA hai usameM vivAha ke do uddezya batAe gaye haiM :-1. kAmavAsanA kI tRpti aura 2. santAnotpatti / jainAcAryoM ne vivAha saMsthA ko yauna sambandhoM ke niyaMtraNa evaM vaidhIkaraNa ke lie Avazyaka mAnA thaa| gRhastha kA svapatnI saMtoSavrata na kevala vyakti kI kAmavAsanA ko niyaMtrita karatA hai apitu sAmAjika jIvana meM yauna vyavahAra ko pariSkRta bhI banAtA hai| avivAhita strI se yaunasambandha sthApita karane, vezyAgamana karane Adi kA niSedha isI bAta kA sUcaka hai / jainadharma sAmAjika jIvana meM yauna sambandhoM ko zuddhi ko Avazyaka mAnatA hai| vivAha ke uddezya para prakAza DAlate hue AdipurANa meM batAyA gayA hai ki jisa prakAra jvara se pIr3ita vyakti usake upazamanAthaM kaTu-auSadhi kA sevana karatA hai, usI prakAra kAma-jvara se santapta huA prANI usake upazamanArtha strIrUpI .1 antkRtdshaaNg5|1|21.

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sAmAjika parma evaM pApita 105 auSaSi kA sevana karatA hai / yahA~ jainadharma kI nivRttipradhAna dRSTi koakSuNNa rakhate hue vaivAhika jIvana kI AvazyakatA kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| vaivAhika jIvana kI AvazyakatA na kevala yauna-vAsanA kI saMtuSTi ke lie apitu kula jAti evaM dharma kA saMvarddhana karane ke lie bhI hai / AdipurANa meM yaha bhI ullekha hai ki vivAha na karane se santati kA uccheda ho jAtA hai, santati ke uccheda se dharma kA ucchaMda ho jAtA hai ataH vivAha gRhasthoM kA dhArmika kartavya hai| vaivAhika jIvana meM paraspara prIti ko Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai, yadyapi jainadharma kA mukhya bala vAsanAtmaka prema ko apekSA samarpaNa bhAvanA yA vizuddha prema kI ora adhika hai / nemi aura rAjula tathA vijayaseTha aura vijayA seThAnI ke vAsanArahita prema kI carcA se jaina kathA sAhitya paripUrNa hai| ina donoM yugaloM kI gauravagAthA Aja bhI jaina samAja meM zraddhA ke sAtha gAI jAtI hai / vijaya seTha aura vijayA seThAnI kA jIvana-vRtta gRhastha jIvana meM rahakara brahmacarya ke pAlana kA sarvocca Adarza mAnA jAtA hai / vaivAhika jIvana se sambandhita anya samasyAoM jaise vivAha-viccheda, vidhavA-vivAha, punarvivAha Adi ke vidhi-niSedha ke sambandha meM hameM spaSTa ullekha to prApta nahIM hote hai ki jaina kathAsAhitya meM ina pravRttiyoM ko sadaiva hI anaitika mAnA jAtA rahA hai| apavAdarUpa se kucha udAharaNoM ko chor3akara jaina samAja meM abhI taka ina pravRttiyoM kA pracalana nahIM hai aura na aisI pravRttiyoM ko acchI nigAha se dekhA jAtA hai / yapi vidhavA vivAha aura punarvivAha ke samarthaka RSabhadeva ke jIvana kA udAharaNa dete hai| jaina kathA mAhitya ke anusAra RSabhadeva ne eka yugaliye kI akAla mRtyu ho jAne para usakI bahana/patnI se vivAha kiyA thA / jaina kathA sAhitya ke anusAra RSabhadeva ke pUrva bahana hI yauvanAvasthA meM patnI banatI thI, unhoMne hI isa prathA ko samApta kara vivAha saMsthA kI sthApanA kI thI ataH yaha mAnanA ucita nahIM hai ki unhoMne vidhavA vivAha kiyA thaa| samAja meM bahupatnI prathA kI upasthiti ke aneka udAharaNa jaina Agama sAhitya aura kathA sAhi-ya meM milate haiM, yadyapi bahupati prathA kA eka mAtra draupadI kA udAharaNa ho upalabdha hai-kintu inakA kahIM samarthana kiyA gayA ho yA inheM naitika aura dhArmika dRSTi meM ucita mAnA gayA ho aisA koI bhI ullekha mere dekhane meM nahIM aayaa| Adarza ke rUpa meM sadaiva hI eka patnI vrata yA eka-pativrata kI prazaMsA kI gaI hai / vastutaH jainadharma vaiyaktika naitikatA para bala dekara sAmAjika sambandhoM ko zuddha aura madhura banAtA hai / usake sAmAjika Adeza nimna haiM: 1. AdipurANa 111166-167. 2. vahI 15 / 61-64.

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106 na, bora aura gItA kA samApana naparma meM sAmAjika jIvana ke niSThA sUtra 1. sabhI mAtmAeM svarUpataH samAna hai, ataH sAmAjika jIvana meM UMca-nIca ke varga-bheda .khar3e mata kro| -uttarAdhyayana 12 // 37. 2. sabhI AtmAeM samAna rUpa se sukhAbhilASI hai, ataH dUsare ke hitoM kA hanana, zoSaNa yA apaharaNa karane kA adhikAra kisI ko nahIM hai| AcArAMga 1 / 2 / 3 / 3. 3. sabake sAtha vaisA vyavahAra karo, jaisA tuma unase svayaM ke prati cAhate ho / -samaNasuttaM 24. 4. saMsAra ke sabhI prANiyoM ke sAtha maitrI bhAva rakho, kisI se bhI ghuNA evaM vidveSa mata rkho| -samaNasutaM 86 5. gRNIjanoM ke prati Adara-bhAva aura duSTajanoM ke prati upekSA-bhAva (taTastha-vRtti) -sAmAyika pATha 1 6. saMsAra meM jo duHkhI evaM pIr3ita jana haiM, unake prati karuNA aura vAtsalyabhAva rakho aura apanI sthiti ke anurUpa unheM sevA-sahayoga pradAna kro| banadharma meM sAmAjika jIvana ke vyavahAra sUtra upAsakadazAMgasUtra, yogazAstra evaM ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra meM varNita zrAvaka ke guNoM, bAraha vratoM evaM unake aticAroM se nimna sAmAjika AcAraniyama phalita hote haiM:1. kisI nirdoSa prANI ko bandI mata banAo arthAt sAmAnya janoM kI svatantratA meM bAdhaka mata bno| 2. kisI kA vadha yA aMgacheda mata karo, kisI se bhI maryAdA se adhika kAma mata lo, kisI para zakti se adhika bojha mata laado| 3. kisI kI AjIvikA meM bAdhaka mata bano / 4. pArasparika vizvAsa ko bhaMga mata karo / na to kisI kI amAnata har3apa jAo aura na kisI ke gupta rahasya ko prakaTa kro| 5. sAmAjika jIvana meM galata salAha mata do, aphavAheM mata phailAo aura dUsaroM ke caritra-hanana kA prayAsa mata kro| 6. apane svArtha kI siddhi-hetu asatya ghoSaNA mata kro| 7. na to svayaM corI karo, na cora ko sahayoga do mora na corI kA mAla khriido| 8. vyavasAya ke kSetra meM nApa-taula meM prAmANikatA rakho aura vastuoM meM milAvaTa mata kro| 9. rAjakIya niyamoM kA ullaMghana aura rAjya ke karoM kA apavaMcana mata kro| 10. apane yauna sambandhoM meM anaitika AcaraNa mata kro| vezyA-saMsarga, vezyA-vRtti evaM usake dvArA dhana kA parjana mata kro|

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sAmAjika evaM gAyitva 11. apanI sampatti kA parisImana karo aura use loka hitArtha vyaya kro| 12. apane vyavasAya ke kSetra ko sImita karo aura vajita vyavasAya mata kro| 13. apanI upabhoga sAmagrI kI maryAdA karo aura usakA ati saMgraha mata kro| 14. ye sabhI kArya mata karo, jisase tumhArA koI hita nahIM hotA hai / 15. yathA sambhava atithiyoM kI, santajanoM ko, pIr3ita evaM asahAya vyaktiyoM ko sevA kro| anna, vastra, AvAsa, auSadhi Adi ke dvArA unakI AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti kro| 16. kroSa mata karo, sabase premapUrNa vyavahAra kro| 17. dUsaroM kI avamAnanA mata karo, vinIta bano, dUsaroM kA Adara-sammAna kro| 18. kapaTapUrNa vyavahAra mata kro| dUsaroM ke prati vyavahAra meM nizchala evaM prAmANika rho| 19. tRSNA mata rakho, Asakti mata bddh'aao| 20. nyAya-nIti se dhana upArjana karo / 21. ziSTa puruSoM ke AcAra kI prazaMsA kro| 22. prasiddha dezAcAra kA pAlana kro| 23. sadAcArI puruSoM kI saMgati karo / 24. mAtA-pitA ko sevA-bhakti karo / 21. ragar3e-magar3e aura bakher3e paidA karane vAlI jagaha se dUra raho, arthAt citta meM lobha utpanna karane vAle sthAna meM na rho| 26. Aya ke anusAra vyaya kro| 27. apanI Arthika sthiti ke anusAra vastra pahanI / 28. dharma ke sAtha artha-puruSArtha, kAma-puruSArtha aura mokSa-puruSArtha kA isa prakAra sevana karo ki koI kisI kA bAdhaka na ho| 29. atithi aura sAdhu janoM kA yathAyogya satkAra kro| 30. kabhI durAgraha ke vazIbhUna na hoo| 31. deza aura kAla ke pratikUla AcaraNa na kro| 32. jinake pAlana-popaNa karane kA uttaradAyitva apane Upara ho, unakA pAlana-poSaNa kro| 33. apane prati kiye hue upakAra ko namratA pUrvaka svIkAra kro| 34. apane sadAcAra evaM sevA kArya ke dvArA janatA kA prema sampAdita kro| 35. lajjAzIla bano / anucita kArya karane meM lajjA kA anubhava kro| 36. paropakAra karane meM udyata rho| dUsaroM kI sevA karane kA avasara Ane para pIche mata htto|

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108 jana, boDa aura mAtA kA samAva varzana uparyukta aura anya kitane hI AcAra niyama aise hai, jo jana-nIti kI sAmAjika sArthakatA ko spaSTa karate hai / AvazyakatA isa bAta kI hai ki hama Adhunika sandarbha meM unakI vyAkhyA evaM samIkSA kareM tathA unheM yugAnukUla banAkara prastuta kreN| boDa-paramparA meM sAmAjika dharma-bauddha paramparA meM bhI dharma ke sAmAjika pahalU para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| buddha ne svayaM hI sAmAjika pragati ke kucha niyamoM kA nirdeza kiyA hai| buddha ke anusAra sAmAjika pragati ke sAta niyama hai:-1. bArabAra ekatra honA, 2. sabhI kA ekatra honA, 3. nizcita niyamoM kA pAlana karanA tathA jina niyamoM kA vidhAna nahIM kiyA gayA hai, unake sambandha meM yaha nahIM kahanA ki ye vidhAna kiye gaye hai, arthAt niyamoM kA nirmANa kara una niyamoM ke anusAra hA mAcaraNa karanA, 4. apane yahAM ke vRddha rAjanItijJoM kA mAna rakhanA aura unase yathAvasara parAmarza prApta karate rahanA, 5. vivAhita aura avivAhita striyoM para atyAcAra nahIM karanA aura unheM ucita mAna danA, 6. nagara ke aura bAhara ke devasthAnoM kA samucita rUpa se saMrakSaNa karanA aura 7. apane rAjya meM Aye hue arhantoM (vItarAga puruSoM) ko kisI prakAra kA kaSTa na ho tathA na Aye hue ahaMntoM ko rAjya meM Ane ke lie protsAhana mile aisI sAvadhAnI rakhanA / buddha ne uparyukta sAta abhyudaya ke niyamoM kA pratipAdana kiyA thA aura yaha batAyA thA ki yadi (vajjI) gaNa ina niyamoM kA pAlana karatA rahegA to usako unnati hogI, avanati nhiiN| buddha ne jaise gRhastha varga kI unnati ke niyama batAye, vaise hI bhikSu saMgha ke sAmAjika niyamoM kA bhI vidhAna kiyA jisase saMgha meM vivAda utpanna na ho aura saMgaThana banA rahe / buddha ke anumAra ina niyamoM kA pAlana karane se saMgha meM saMgaThana aura ekatA banI rahatI hai-1. maitrIpUrNa kAyika karma, 2. maitrIpUrNa vAcika karma, 3 maitrIpUrNa mAnasika karma, 4. upAsakoM se prApta dAna kA sAre saMgha ke sAtha sama-vibhAjana, 5. apane zIla meM kiMcit bhI truTi na rahane denA aura 6. Arya zrAvaka ko zobhA dene vAlI samyak dRSTi rakhanA / isa prakAra buddha ne bhikSu saMca aura gRhastha saMgha donoM ke hI sAmAjika jIvana ke vikAsa evaM pragati ke sambandha meM dizA-nirdeza kiyA hai| itivRttaka meM sAmAjika vighaTana yA sagha kI phUTa aura sAmAjika saMgaThana yA saMgha ke mela (ekatA) ke duSpariNAmoM evaM supariNAmoM kI bhI buddha ne carcA ko hai| buddha kI dRSTi meM jIvana ke sAmAjika pakSa kA mahattva atyanta spaSTa thaa| aMguttara. nikAya me buddha ne sAmAjika jIvana ke cAra sUtra prastuta kiye hai, jo isa prakAra hai:1. dAnazIlatA, 2. snehapUrNa vacana, 3. binA pratiphala ke kiyA gayA kArya aura 1. uddhRta-bhagavAna buddha, pR0 313-18 3. itivRttaka, 228-9 2. uddhRta bhagavAna buddha, pR. 166

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sAmAjika dharma evaM dAyitva 109 4. sabhI ko eka samAna samajhanA' / vastutaH buddha kI dRSTi meM yaha spaSTa thA ki ye cAroM hI sUtra aise haiM jo sAmAjika jIvana ke saphala saMcAlana meM sahAyaka haiN| sabhI ko eka samAna samajhanA sAmAjika nyAya kA pratIka hai aura binA pratiphala kI AkAMkSA ke kArya karanA niSkAma sevA-bhAva kA pratIka hai| isI prakAra dAnazIlatA sAmAjika adhikAra evaM dAyitvoM kI aura snehapUrNa vANI sAmAjika sahayoga bhAvanA kI paricAyaka hai / buddha sAmAjika dAyitvoM ko pUrI taraha svIkAra karate haiM aura yaha spaSTa kara dete haiM ki asaMyama aura durAcAramaya jIvana jIte hue deza kA anna khAnA vastutaH anaitika hai / asaMyamI aura durAcArI banakara deza kA anna khAne kI apekSA agnizikhA ke samAna tapta lohe kA golA khAnA uttama hUM (itivRttaka 3 / 5/50) / 1 buddha ne sAmAjika jIvana ke lie sahayoga ko Avazyaka kahA hai / unakI dRSTi meM sevA kI vRtti zraddhA aura bhakti se bhI adhika mahatvapUrNa hai / ve kahate haiM, bhikSuoM, tumhAre mA~ nahIM, tumhAre pitA nahIM haiM jo tumhArI paricaryA kareMge / yadi tuma eka dUsare kI paricaryA nahIM karate to kauna hai jo tumhArI paricaryA karegA ? jo merI paricaryA karatA hai use rogI kI paricaryA karanA cAhie / buddha kA yaha kathana mahAvIra ke isa kathana ke samAna hI hai ki rogI kI paricaryA karane vAlA hI sacce artho meM merI sevA karanevAlA / buddha kI dRSTi meM jo vyakti apane mAtA, pitA, patnI evaM bahana Adi ko pIr3A pahu~cAtA hai, unakI mevA nahIM karatA hai, vaha vastutaH adhama hI hai ( suttanipAta 7 / 9-10 ) / suttanipAta ke parAbhavasutta meM kucha aise kAraNa varNita haiM jinase vyakti kA patana hotA hai / una kAraNoM meM se kucha sAmAjika jIvana se sambandhita haiM hama yahA~ unhIM kI carcA kareMge - 1. jo samartha hone para bhI dubale aura bUr3he mAtA-pitA kA poSaNa nahI karatA, 2. jo puruSa akelA hI svAdiSTa bhojana karatA hai, 3. jo jAti, dharma tathA gotra kA garva karatA hai aura apane bandhuoM kA apamAna karatA hai, 4. jo apanI strI se asantuSTa ho vaMzyAoM tathA parastriyoM ke sAtha rahatA hai, 5. jo lAlacI aura sampatti ko barabAda karane vAle kisI strI yA puruSa ko mukhya sthAna para niyukta karatA hai ye sabhI bAteM manuSya ke patana kA kAraNa haiM (suttanipAta 68, 12, 14, 18, 22) / isa prakAra buddha ne sAmAjika jIvana ko bar3A mahatva diyA hai / boddha dharma meM sAmAjika dAyitva bhagavAn buddha pArivArika evaM sAmAjika jIvana meM gRhastha upAsaka ke kartavyoM kA nirdeza karate hue dIghanikAya ke sigAlovAda-sutta meM kahane haiM ki gRhapati ko mAtA-pitA AcArya, strI, putra, mitra, dAma ( karmakara) aura zramaNa-brAhmaNa kA pratyupasthAna (sevA) 1. aMguttaranikAya, II, 32 udghRta 2. ( ba ) vinayapiTaka I, 302 uddhRta gautama buddha, pR0 132 / gautama buddha pR0 135 /

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110 noDa aura gItA kA samAvana karanA cAhie / uparyukta suta meM unhoMne isa bAta para prakAza DAlA hai ki inameM se pratyeka ke prati gRhasthopAsaka ke kyA kartavya hai| putra ke mAtA-pitA ke prati kartapa-(1) inhoMne merA bharaNa-poSaNa kiyA hai ataH mujhe inakA bharaNa-poSaNa karanA caahie| (2) inhoMne merA kArya (sevA) kiyA hai ataH mujhe inakA kArya (sevA) karanA caahie| (3) inhoMne kula-vaMza ko kAyama rakhA hai, usakI rakSA kI hai ata: mujhe bhI kula-vaMza ko kAyama rakhanA cAhie, usakI rakSA karanI cAhie / (4) inhoMne mujhe uttarAdhikAra (dAyajja) pradAna kiyA hai ataH mujhe bhI uttarAdhikAra (dAyajja) pratipAdana karanA cAhie (5) mRta-pretoMke nimitta zrAddhadAna denA caahie| mAtA-pitA kA putra para pratyupakAra-(1) pApa kArmoM se bacAte hai (2) puNya karma meM yojita karate hai (3) zilpa kI zikSA pradAna karate haiM (4) yogya strI se vivAha karAte haiM aura (5) uttarAdhikAra pradAna karate haiM / mAcArya (zikSaka) ke prati kartavya-(1) utthAna-unako Adara pradAna karanA caahie| (2) upasthAna-unakI sevA meM upasthita rahanA cAhie / (3) suzruSA-unakI suzruSA karanI caahie| (4) paricaryA-unako paricaryA karanI cAhie / (5) vinaya pUrvaka zilpa sIkhanA cAhie / ziSya ke prati prAcArya kA pratyupakAra-(1) vinIta banAte haiM / (2) sundara zikSA pradAna karate haiM / (3) hamArI vidyA paripUrNa hogI yaha socakara sabhI zilpa aura sabhI zruta sikhalAte haiM / (4) mitra-amAtyoM ko supratipAdana karate haiM / (5) dizA (vidyA) ko surakSA karate haiN| patnI ke prati pati ke kartavya-(1) patnI kA sammAna karanA cAhie / (2) usakA tiraskAra yA avahelanA nahI karanI caahie| (3) parastrI gamana nahIM karanA cAhie (isase patnI kA vizvAsa banA rahatA hai)| (4) aizvarya (sampatti) pradAna karanA cAhie / (5) vastra-alaMkAra pradAna karanA cAhie / pati ke prati patnI kA pratyupakAra-(1) ghara ke sabhI kAryoM ko samyak prakAra se sampAdita karatI hai / (2) parijana (nokara-cAkara) ko vaza meM rakhatI hai| (3) durAcaraNa nahIM karatI hai / (4) (pati dvArA) ajita sampadA kI rakSA karatI hai / (5) gRhakAryoM meM nirAlasa aura dakSa hotI haiM / mitra ke prati kartapa-(1) unheM upahAra (dAna) pradAna karanA cAhie / (2) unase priya-vacana bolanA cAhie / (3) varSa-varyA varSAta unake kAryoM meM sahayoga pradAna

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111 sAmAjika parma evaM gapitya karanA cAhie / (4) unake prati samAnatA kA vyavahAra karanA cAhie / (5) unheM vizvAsa pradAna karanA cAhie / mitra kA pratyupakAra-(1) usakI bhUloM se rakSA karate hai (arthAt sahI dizA nirdeza karate haiN)| (2) usakI sampatti kI rakSA karate hai| (3) vipatti ke samaya zaraNa pradAna karate haiM / (4) ApatkAla meM sAtha nahIM chor3ate haiM / (5) anya loga bhI aise (mitra yukta) puruSa kA satkAra karate haiN| sevaka ke prati hAmI ke parampa-(1) usakI yogyatA aura kSamatA ke anusAra kArya lenA cAhie / (2) use ucita bhojana aura vetana pradAna karanA cAhie / (6) rogI hone para umako sevA-suzruSA karanI cAhie / (4) use uttama rasoM vAle padArtha pradAna karanA cAhie / (5) samaya-samaya para use avakAza pradAna karanA cAhie / sevaka kA svAmI ke prati pratyupakAra-(1) svAmI ke uThane ke pUrva apane kArya karane laga jAte haiM / (2) svAmI ke sone ke pazcAt hI sote haiN| (3) svAmI dvArA pradatta vastu kA hI upayoga karate haiM / (4) svAmI ke kAryoM ko samyak prakAra se sampAdita karate hai / (5) svAmo ko koti aura prazaMsA kA prasAra karate haiN| zramaNa sAhmaNoM ke prati kartavya-(1) maMtrI bhAvayukta kAyika karmoM se unakA pratyupasthAna (sevA-sammAna) karanA cAhie / (2) maitrIbhAva yukta vAcika karma se unakA pratyupasthAna karanA caahie| (3) maitrIbhAva yukta mAnasika karmoM se unakA pratyupasthAna karanA caahie| (4) unako dAna-pradAna karane hetu sadaiva dvAra khulA rakhanA cAhie arthAt dAna dene hetu sadaiva tatpara rahanA cAhie / (5) unheM bhojana Adi pradAna karanA caahie| zramaNa brAhmaNoM kA pratyupakAra-(1) pApa karmoM se nivRtta karate haiM / (2) kalyANakAro kAryoM meM lagAte haiM / (3) kalyANa (anukampA) karate haiM / (4) azruta (navIna) jJAna sunAte haiM / (5) zruta (ajita) jJAna ko dRr3ha karate haiN| (6) svarga kA rAstA dikhAte haiN| vaidika paramparA meM sAmAjika dharma-jisa prakAra jaina paramparA meM dasa dhamoM kA varNana hai usI prakAra vaidika paramparA meM manu ne bhI kucha sAmAjika dharmoM kA vidhAna kiyA hai, jaise 1. dezadharma 2. jAtidharma 3. kuladharma 4. pAkhaNDadharma 5. gaNadharma / manusmRti meM vaNita ye pAMcoM hI sAmAjika dharma jaina paramparA ke dasa sAmAjika dharmoM meM samAhita haiM / itanA hI nahIM, donoM meM na kevala nAma-sAmya hai, varan artha-sAmya bhI hai| gItA meM bhI kuladharma kI carcA hai / arjuna kuladharma ko rakSA ke lie hI yuddha se bacane 1. doghanikAya-sigAlopAda, sutta 375 / 2. manusmRti 1 / 198 /

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112 jaina, bauddha aura gItA kA samAja darzana kA prastAva karatA hai / jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM ke samAna vaidika paramparA bhI sAmAjika jIvana ke lie aneka vidhi-niSedhoM ko prastuta karatI hai / vaidika paramparA ke anusAra mAtA-pitA kI sevA evaM sAmAjika dAyitvoM ko pUrA karanA vyakti kA kartavya hai / devaRNa, pitRRNa aura guruRRNa kA vicAra tathA atithisatkAra kA mahattva ye bAteM spaSTa rUpa se yaha batAtI haiM ki vaidika paramparA samAjaparaka rahI hai aura usameM sAmAjika dAyitvoM kA nirvahana vyakti ke lie Avazyaka mAnA yayA hai /

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