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mainly canonical works and perhaps the old Niryuktis and some other works of which we know very little. It is definite that he has used for the description of the Kalpa or the Kālacakra the following works : Bhagavati Sūtra S. 287, Jambūdvīpaprajñapti second vaksaskara sutras 18, wherein the Avasarpins and Utsarpinī of Bharata are described. However, it may be noted here that the T. does not follow Jambū. (Sutra 28) with regard to the number of Kulakaras and their Nīti. T. follows here Sthānāganga (556) and Samavāyānga (157). This question of number is discussed by Jinabhadra in his Visesanavati and by Santicandra in his Cam. (p. 132). On Jamp. (also see my note on this, SthānāngaSamavāyānga p. 692-695). For life of Bharata vide Jambū P. Vaks. III. As regards the description of Tirthankaras and Kulakaras etc. which is found here, it is to be noted that we are not sure if it is from Āvaśyakaniryukti, we may consult the Āvan 150 ff. for finding out the common source. Paumacariya (Uddesa-21) of Vimal gives the details as are found in T. We should also compare the Tiloyapannatti (41.313 ff) which is also useful in deciding the sources of T. Comparison and Date :
In the T. itself we find many times stated that T. was preached by Lord Mahāvīra or the Jinavara (5, 677, 875, 895, 1180, 1246, 1247 etc.). Original T. had one lac padas (5, 1246) but this T. is an abridgment of the 706, 875). The reference to Titthogaliya is found in Vyavahārabhāsya wherein it is stated :
तित्थोगाली एत्थं वत्तव्वा होद आणुपुव्वीए ।
तस्स उ अगस्स वुच्छेदो जहिं विणिट्ठिा ॥१०. ९०४॥ It is certain that according to Vyavahārbhāsya the progressive vicceheda of Añgas is described in T. The question was raised as to what was lost and what was not at the time of Jambū and the Vya. Bhāsya says that it is to be decided according to T. (110.695). Some said (Vya. 10-695) that there was no path for liberation after Jambu. But in T. the question is decided that up to the end of the Dusama there will be Samayika and Cheda Caritras (T. 863-867). Moreover Vya. B. favourably records the view that there is no Viccheda of four Vyavaharas (10.703) as accepted by some (10.696). And according to T. there will be the persons who will possess the Kalpa and Vyavahāra (10.702 : Kappavavaharadharino dhira). We find the same mentioned in T. : Taiyā vi Kappa-Vavaharadharo-676 'Manaparamohi' etc. (T. 695 and Vya. B. 10.699) is from same source i.e. Niryukti. So it is certain that T. was present before the author of Vya. B. Some of the gathas of Sangha Stuti occurring in Nandi are found in T. --(vide T. 844-848 and Nandi 4-8) but in Nandi the order of these
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