Outlines of Jainism

Author(s): J L Jaini, F W Thomas
Publisher: Cambridge University Press

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OUTLINES OF JAINISM
circumstance of the movement of a fish, i.e. it is indifferent or passive (udūsina) and not active or solicitous (preraka) cause. The water cannot compel a fish at rest to move; but, if the fish wants to move, water is then the necessary help to its motion. Dharmu cannot make soul or matter move; but, if they are to move, they cannot do so without the presence of
dharma. Hence it is that at the end of the loka or "universe, there being no dharma, the soul which, urged by its natural tendency to move upward, has risen to the siddha-silā, or the place of liberated souls, attains perfect rest. It cannot move, because there is not the necessary motion-element, dharma.
Dhurma is one only, like adharma and space, and unlike soul, matter, and time, which are innumerable.
Adharma (13) This is the opposite of dharma, equally coeval and conterminous with the universe. It is also an indifferent or passive cause of stationariness; like the earth to falling bodies. Its nature and substance are the same as those of dharma. It is immaterial, and one.
Space (14) This is what vives to all souls and to all other substances their places in the universe.
Like dharma and wilharma, space is one only.
Space includes our universe and beyond. The universe is loka, and the beyond is aloka. The five substances, dharmu, adharna, soul, matter, and time, are found in the universe only.