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JAINA LOGIC
115
3. kārya : this man is ill, because he has no appearance or sign of health ;
4. kāraṇa : this man is in pain, because he has not attained his desire.
5. saha-charu : false view by no true view.
The objects of pramāņa are sūmūnya, common qualities, i.e. generic attributes; or visesha, distinguishing attributes, i.e. differentia. This twofold distinction is applied to substances, attributes, and modifications.
Promāņābhāsa (Fallacy)
Modes of acquiring knowledge, which look like pramāna, but are not really so. They are :
1. a-sua-sumvidita : knowledge by which the self cannot be known, e.g. the Naiyāyika system;
2. grihītārtha : knowing what is already known : dhūrāvāhi-jnāna, e.g. it is a jug, it is a jug, it is a jug. This does not add to our knowledge: what is not known before (upūrvārthu) is what we must know;
3. nirvikalpa-darśana : intuitive perception. This cannot be true pramūna;
4. samsuya: doubtful or ambiguous knowledge cannot be pramāņa ; e.g. Is it a tree-trunk or a man ? :
5. viparyaya-jñāna : perverted knowledge cannot be true pramāņa ;
6. anadhyavasāya-jñūna: uncertainty : e.g. treading a twig under foot, and saying: let it be ;
7. pratyakshābhāsa: misleading appearance : e.g. something appears to the senses to be A, but really is not A; as a mirage ;
