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OUTLINES OF JAINISM
8. parokshābhāsu : by mistake supposing what is apparent to the senses to be something which can be known only by an inner mental process : e.g. the Mimāmsaka system of philosophy. It is of many kinds ;
9. samkhyābhūsu: believing in more or less than two promānas ;
10. vishayābhāsa: believing in more or less than two vishayas, or subjects;
11. phalābhāsa: the fallacy of believing the conclusion to be entirely distinct and separate from pramūna. It is a fallacy, because in the conclusion we get only what we put into the premises. There are many other ūbhasas (fallacies) in the details of the syllogism.
NAYAS Nayus are modes of expressing things. There are two mayus, each with several subdivisions : 1. dravyārthika, from the point of view of substance ;
2. paryāyārthika, from the point of view of modification or condition.
SYĀD-VĀDA The great and distinctive doctrine of Jaina logic is the syād-vādu. Its chief merit is the anekāntu, or many-sided view of logic. This, it would be seen at once, is most necessary in order to acquire full knowledge abont anything. It is a corrective of the fallacy into which fell the two knights who saw the different sides of the shield. Tom Smith, for example, may be a father with reference to his son Willy Smith; and he may be a son with reference to his father Jolm Smith. Now it is a fact that Tom Smith is a son and
