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APPENDIX I
JAINA LOGIC
Western logic is material or formal and inductive or deductive. Its chief topics are the term, the proposition, and the syllogism. Its aim is consistency in argument formal truth mostly.
Jaina logic has for its aim to remove ignorance; to acquire knowledge; to know what is harmful, what is beneficial and to be adopted, and to what it is fit to be indifferent. The whole of Jainism follows the maxim: Do not live to know, but know to live. Logic is not mental training merely; it is a necessary help in ascertaining the truth, as we move along.
How to achieve this aim? By proving things through prumāņa.
What is pramāņa? It is that by which is established the knowledge of the self and of that which was not known before.
It also means the way of knowing a thing without doubt, perversion, and indifference; e.g. I know a jar by myself. Conviction in this proves existence of the self and the jar both. [Compare the conclusion of Descartes: Cogito, ergo sum.]
Besides (i) pramāņas we have (ii) nayas and (iii) syad-rāda,
Pramanas are of two kinds: pratyaksha and paroksha.
