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JAINA PHILOSOPHY: AN INTRODUCTION
details are also known. In other words, darsana is indeterminate, while jñana is determinate; darśana is nirākāra, while jñāna is sākāra.
Jñāna-upayoga :
Jñana-upayoga is of two kinds : svabhāva-jñāna (natural knowledge) and vibhāva-jñāna (non-natural knowledge).' Natural knowledge is independent of the senses. It is direct as well as immediate. It is the innate attribute of soul. It is pure and perfect. The Jainas call it kevala-jñāna.
Non-natural knowledge is of two kinds : right knowledge and wrong knowledge. Right knowledge is further divided into four kinds :
1. Sensory knowledge (mati-jñāna).
2. Scriptural knowledge (śruta-jñāna).
3. Limited direct knowledge (avadhi-jñāna).
4. Direct knowledge of mind (manaḥ-paryāya-jñāna).
Wrong knowledge is of three kinds :
1. Sensory wrong knowledge (mati-ajñāna). 2. Scriptural wrong knowledge (śruta-ajñāna).
3. Limited direct wrong knowledge (vibhanga-jñāna).2 Knowledge is the innate attribute of soul. It is pure and perfect. But, on account of the operation on the worldly soul of knowledge-obscuring karma in varying degrees, it is manifested to a greater or less extent. When knowledgeobscuring karma is altogether destroyed, the pure and perfect knowledge shines forth. This type of knowledge is called svabhāva-jñāna.
So long as the soul is in its worldly condition and is not altogether free from knowledge-obscuring karma, its knowledge is impure and imperfect, and so it is called vibhāva-jñāna.
1. Nanuvaogo duviho sahāvanāṇaṁ vibhāvanāṇaṁ tti -- Niyama-sara, 10. 2. Matiśrutavadhayo viparyayāśca - Tattvärtha-sutra. I. 32.
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