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JAINA PHILOSOPHY: AN INTRODUCTION
is attained, the soul can undisturbedly make manifest its own innate nature, i.e., infinite knowledge etc.
Four Kinds of Bondage :
The atoms that have become karma can be contemplated from four points of view :
1. According to their nature (prakṛti).
2. According to their duration (sthiti).
3. According to their intensity (rasa or anubhāga). 4. According to their quantity (pradesas).'
Nature:
It has eight fundamental species (mūla-prakṛtis):2 1. Knowledge-obscuring (jñānāvaraṇīya) karma. 2. Intuition-obscuring (darśanāvaraṇīya) karma. 3. Feeling-producing (vedaniya) karma.
4. Deluding (mohaniya) karma.
5. Age-determining (ayus) karma.
6. Physique-making (nāman) karma.
7. Heredity-determining (gotra) karma. 8. Power-hindering (antarāya) karma.
Each of these eight species is divided into a number of sub-species (uttara-prakṛtis). The latter can be further classified into yet smaller sub-divisions, so that the entire number of karmas is exceedingly large. For our present purpose, only the eight chief species and the 158 sub-species are of importance. Knowledge-obscuring Karma :
That karma which obscures the knowing faculty of soul is known as knowledge-obscuring, i.e., jñānāvaraṇīya) karma. It is divided into five sub-species (uttara-prakṛtis) according to the five kinds of knowledge :3
1. Karma-grantha, I. 2.
2. Ibid., 1. 3.
3. Karma-grantha, 1.4; I. 9.
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