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JAINA PHILOSOPHY : AN INTRODUCTION
with regard to qualities, existence is not different from
redness, hardness etc. in the case of the pot. (3) Substratum (artha) - In the same substratum where the
characteristic of existence resides, the other qualities also reside. Hence, with reference to substratum, all other
qualities are identical with existence. (4) Relation (sambandha) - Just as the quality of existence is
related to the pot, so also the other qualities are related to it. Hence, from the view-point of relation, all other
qualities are not different from existence. (5) Contributory Part (upkāra)- The part which the quality
of existence plays in regard to the pot, is also played by the other qualities of the pot. Thus, so far as the contributory part is concerned, there is no difference
between existence and all other qualities. (6) Residence of Substance (guņi-deśa)- In that place where
the pot exists, the quality of existence resides. In the same place the other qualities also reside. Hence, with reference to the residence of substance, the quality of
existence is identical with all other qualities. (7) Association (sarisarga)- Just as the quality of existence
is associated with the pot inseparably, so are all other qualities. Hence, from the point of view of association, there is identity in all different qualities. This is the
identity of association. (8) Word (sabda)- Just as the quality of existence is signified
by the word 'is', so are the other qualities signified by it. Just as we propose the judgment 'relatively the pot is existent', so also we propose another judgment 'relatively the pot is red, hard etc.' Here, just as the quality of 'existence' is signified by the word 'is', so are other qualities signified by it. This is the identity from the stand-point of word.
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