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JUDGMENT
177
All these eight stand-points can be applied to the other qualities also in the same manner as they are applied to the quality of existence of the pot. This kind of judgment is called complete judgment. It is also known as 'pramāņa-saptabhangi', i. e., the seven-fold judgment of pramāņa.' Incomplete Judgment :
While describing the nature of complete judgment we saw that all qualities are identical with one quality of an object. In the case of incomplete judgment the order is reversed.? Every judgment presupposes some difference in every aspect or quality. In regard to a complete judgment time, quality etc. establish identity among various qualities, whereas with regard to an incomplete judgment time, quality etc. prepare the ground for difference among various qualities. This kind of judgment is called 'naya-saptabhangi'. Definition of Naya :
Pramāņa or complete judgment describes an object with all its qualities. Naya or incomplete judgment holds any one of the qualities of that object and leaves the rest untouched. This does not mean that it rejects all other qualities except one. The point is that a particular naya (view-point) selects one of the infinite qualities for its purpose, not rejecting the other ones but leaving them for the other view-points (nayas). A judgment which accepts only one quality and rejects the remaining ones is fallacious (nayābhāsa).
If we look at an object from infinite points of view, we can say that there are infinite kinds of naya, because the object is composed of infinite characteristics and one naya knows only one characteristic. Looking at it from a specific point of view, it is maintained that naya is of two kinds : dravyāstika (dealing with generality) and paryāyāstika (dealing with particularity). Dravyāstika is the view of looking at the identity
1. Ratnākarávatārikā, IV.44. 2. Tadviparitastu vikalādesah-Pramāna-naya-tattvāloka, IV.45. 3. Sannati-tarka-prakarana. 1.3.
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