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JAINA PHILOSOPHY : AN INTRODUCTION
of things (abheda), while paryāyāstika is the view which looks at the difference of things. Man speaks of something either from the stand-point of identity or from that of difference. Statements of things from the former point of view are put under the head of dravyāstika. Propositions of objects from the stand-point of difference fall under the category of paryāyāstika. Many minor classifications of things ranging between general (dravyāstika) and particular (paryāyāstika) view-points are also possible. But briefly speaking, there can be only two groups of statements. The view-point of identity, upon which are founded the statements of generalisation, is called dravyāstika naya, while the view-point of difference, upon which are founded the statements of particularisation, is called paryāyāstika naya. The dravyāstika naya is further divided into three categories : naigama, sangraha and vyavahära. The sub-divisions of the paryāyāstika naya are four : rjusūtra, śabda, samabhirūdha and evambhūta.' Naigama Naya :
It views an object as possessing both the general and particular properties, because no object is possessed of a general property unaccompanied with some particular property, nor even of a specific property unaccompanied with the general one common to its class. ? As for example, 'I am conscious' is a statement of the naigama naya. Here the property 'consciousness' is a general quality that exists in all living beings, whereas 'T' indicates my particular nature, i. e., individuality. Sangraha Naya :
It deals with the general property of an object. As for instance, 'reality is one because it exists' is a proposition of the sangraha naya. It does not look at the particular properties of reality but regards the general property as its subject-matter.
1. Pramāna-naya-tattvāloka, VII. 6; VII. 27. 2. Naya-karņikā, 5. 3. Ibid., 6.
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