________________
160
JAINA PHILOSOPHY : AN INTRODUCTION
Synchronous events are those which are the co-products of the same set of causal conditions such as colour and taste of a fruit and the like. Successive events are those which occur in succession, as for instance, the appearance of Krttikā and Sakața; or which are related as effect and cause, e.g., smoke and fire. The necessity of the simultaneity of synchronous events and the necessity of the succession of successive events, is what is meant by inseparable relationship or universal concomitance. The triple characteristic of the Buddhists and the quintuple characteristic of the Naiyāyikas are nothing but an elaboration of universal concomitance. Probans :
The probans (sādhana) is of five types : essential identity, cause, effect, co-inherent in the same substratum and opposite. Of these, the essential identity is illustrated by the attribute of 'being a product' or 'audible' with regard to the inference of impermanence in a word. Word is impermanent, because it is a product or because it is audible.
The cause is illustrated by the attention of a particular type of cloud with regard to the inference of shower of rain.
The effect is illustrated by such instances as the appearance of a particular type of flood serving as the probans of rainfall, smoke serving as the probans of fire, life serving as the probans of consciousness.
The co-inherent in the same substratum is illustrated by colour and taste belonging to one and the same fruit, by the emergence of Sakata and Kșttikā, by the moon-rise and the sea-tide.
As regards the opposite, it is what is opposed to the negatum or to the effect etc. As for example, there is no touch of cold herein, as fire is present; the causal conditions of cold with their powers unfrustrated cannot be present here,
1. Svabhāvah karanam karyamekārthasamavāyi virodhi ceti
pancadhă sādhanam - Ibid., 1. 2.12.
Jain Education International
For Private & Personal Use Only
www.jainelibrary.org
