Sramana 2014 01

Author(s): Ashokkumar Singh, Omprakash Singh
Publisher: Parshvanath Vidhyashram Varanasi
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/525087/1

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ISSN 0972-1002 zramaNa SRAMANA A Quarterly Research Journal of Jainology Vol. LXV No. I January-March 2014 prazAnta rasa bhagavAna mahAvIra pAravanAza vArANasI Parshwanath Vidyapeeth, Varanasi pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI Established : 1937

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STHUT SRAMANA (Since 1949) A Quarterly Research Journal of Jainology Vol. LXV No. I January-March 2014 Joint Editor Dr. Ashok Kumar Singh Assistant Editor Om Prakash Singh Parshwanath Vidyapeeth, Varanasi (Established: 1937) (Recognized by Banaras Hindu University as an External Research Centre)

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Dr. Shugan C. Jain Chairman, New Delhi ADVISORY BOARD Prof. Cromwell Crawford Univ. of Hawaii Prof. Anne Vallely Univ. of Ottawa, Canada Prof. Peter Flugel SOAS, London Prof. Christopher Key Chapple Univ. of Loyola, USA Prof. M.N.P. Tiwari B.H.U., Varanasi Prof. K. K. Jain B.H.U., Varanasi Dr. A.P. Singh, Ballia Prof. Ramjee Singh Bheekhampur, Bhagalpur Prof. Sagarmal Jain Prachya Vidyapeeth, Shajapur Prof. K.C. Sogani Chittaranjan Marg, Jaipur Prof. D.N. Bhargava Bani Park, Jaipur Prof. Prakash C. Jain JNU, Delh EDITORIAL BOARD Prof. Gary L. Francione New York, USA Prof. Viney Jain, Gurgaon Dr. S. P. Pandey PV, Varanasi ISSN: 0972-1002 SUBSCRIPTION Annual Membership Life Membership For Institutions: Rs. 500.00, $ 50 For Institutions: Rs. 5000.00, $ 250 For Individuals: Rs. 150.00, $ 30 For Individuals: Rs. 2000.00, $ 150 Per Issue Price: Rs. 50.00, $ 10 Membership fee & articles can be sent in favour of Parshwanath Vidyapeeth, I.T.I. Road, Karaundi, Varanasi-5 PUBLISHED BY Shri Indrabhooti Barar, for Parshwanath Vidyapeeth, I. T. I. Road, Karaundi, Varanasi 221005, Ph. 0542-2575890 Email: pvpvaranasi@gmail.com NOTE: The facts and views expressed in the Journal are those of authors only. (patrikA meM prakAzita tathya aura vicAra lekhaka ke apane haiM / ) Theme of the Cover : Bhagavana Mahavir Printed by- Mahaveer Press, Bhelupur, Varanasi

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Contents Our Contributors sampAdakIya 1. 1-13 jaina aMga sAhitya meM varNita udyoga-dhandhe DaoN0 anurAdhA siMha sudIpa kumAra raMjana jaina rasa bodha meM dharmIya bhAvAdarza DA0 azoka kumAra siMha jaina abhilekhoM kA vaiziSTaya DaoN0 aruNa pratApa siMha 14-22 23-31 jaina kalA evaM paramparA me bAhubalI: Adarza evaM yathArtha kI pRSThabhUmi DaoN0 zAnti svarUpa sinhA 32-39 dalitoddhAraka AcArya tulasI eka antarAvalokana oma prakAza siMha 40-43 44-52 Panegyric (Prasasti) literature Dr. Ashok Kumar Singh Jain Studies through Indian Antiquary Dr. Navin Kumar Srivastav 53-60 sthAyI stambha pArzvanAtha vidyApITha samAcAra samIkSA evaM sAbhAra prApti 61-64 65-71

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Our Contributors Dr. Anuradha Singh Associate Professor Department of History, BHU, Varanasi Sudip Kumar Ranjan Research Scholar, Department of History, BHU, Varanasi Dr. Ashok Kumar Singh Associate Professor & Joint Editor of Sramana Parshwanath Vidyapeeth, Varanasi Dr. Arun Pratap Singh Associate Professor Bajranj Mahavidyalaya, Sikandarpur, Ballia, U.P. Dr. Shanti Swaroop Sinha Assistant Professor, Visul Art History & Deging Faculty of Visul Art, BHU, Varanasi, U.P. Mr. Om Prakash Singh Librarian, Parshwanath Vidyapeeth, Varanasi Dr. Navin Kumar Srivastava Research Associate Parshwanath Vidyapeeth, Varanasi

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sampAdakIya isa aMka meM jaina aMga sAhitya meM varNita udyoga-dhandhe DaoN0 anurAdhA siMha evaM sudIpa kumAra raMjana, jaina abhilekhoM kA vaiziSTya DaoN0 aruNa pratApa siMha evaM paramparA meM bAhubali, DaoN0 zAnti svarUpa sinhA, dalitoddhAraka AcArya tulasI- eka antarAvalokana, oma prakAza siMha, Jain Studies through Indian Antiquary - Dr. Navin Kumar Srivastava aura jaina rasa bodha meM dharmIya bhAvAdarza tathA Jain Prasasti Literature mere dvArA likhita hai| mukha pRSTha para diyA gayA citra prazAnta rasa ke udAharaNa ke rUpa meM upapravartaka zrI amaramuni dvArA sampAdita sacitra anuyogadvArAsUtra (padmaprakAzana, dillI) se liyA gayA hai hama unake prati kRtajJatA jJApita karate haiM / zAnta rasa, jise ukta kRti meM prazAnta rasa kahA gayA hai, kA sarvaprathama lakSaNa, udAharaNa prarUpita karane kA zreya AryarakSita ko diyA jA sakatA hai| unake dvArA racita ardhamAgadhI Agama anuyogadvAra meM prazAnta kA lakSaNa evaM udAharaNa pAyA jAtA hai| isa samaya pUrA bhArata prajAtaMtra 2014 kA mahAparva manA rahA hai| isa pUre pariveza meM bhagavAna mahAvIra pravartita bhASA samiti - samyagbhASA, jisase abhiprAya satya, hitakArI, parimita aura sandeharahita bhASaNa se hai, sAtha hI vacana gupti - vAcika kriyA ke pratyeka prasaGga para yA to vacana kA pAlana - niyamana karanA yA mauna dhAraNa karanA ina donoM niyamoM kA pAlana karanA atyanta Avazyaka ho jAte hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra kI vacana gupti asatyacanoM meM pravRtti kA niSedha karatI hai to bhASA samiti meM sat vacanoM meM pravRtti apekSita hai| saMcAra ke mAdhyamoM kI vyApaka aura sahaja upalabdhatA kI sthiti meM vAk saMyama kA mahattva itanA adhika bar3ha gayA hai jitanA zAyada kabhI nahIM thaa| mahAvIra jayantI ke avasara para sabhI ko hArdika badhAiyA~ / DaoN0 azoka kumAra siMha

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jaina aMga sAhitya meM varNita udyoga-dhanye DaoN0 anurAdhA siMha sudIpa kumAra raMjana ardhamAgadhI meM upalabdha jaina aMga sAhitya jaina paramparA kA sarvAdhika prAcIna sAhitya hai| ye sAmAnya rUpa se bhagavAna mahAvIra ke upadeza mAne jAte haiN| ata: bhagavAna mahAvIrakAlIna saMskRti ke dharohara haiN| yadyapi inameM prakSipta aMza bhI pAye jAte haiN| upalabdha aMga sAhitya kI saMkhyA gyAraha hai| inameM ullikhita vastra udyoga, dhAtu udyoga, svarNa evaM ratna udyoga, prasAdhana udyoga, citra udyoga, raMga udyoga, madya udyoga, silAI udyoga, vastu udyoga Adi se sambandhita tathyoM kA vivecana isa lekha meM kiyA gayA hai| -sampAdaka prAcIna kAla se hI deza ke Arthika vikAsa meM udyoga-dhandhoM kI mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA rahI hai| jaina graMthoM meM bhI aMga-Agama kAla meM kRSi, khanija aura vanasampadA AdhArita vibhinna udyogoM kI unnata avasthA kA vivaraNa milatA hai| dazavaikAlivacUrNi meM udyogoM se arthopArjana karane kA ullekha hai| Avazyaka cUrNi meM varNita hai ki jaba bhogayuga ke pazcAt karmayuga kA Arambha huA to RSabhadeva ne apanI prajA ko sau prakAra ke zilpa sikhaae| praznavyAkaraNa se jJAta hotA hai ki usa samaya asi, masi, kRSi, vANijya aura zilpa AjIvikA ke pramukha sAdhana the| nagara udyoga kendra the, rAjA siddhArtha ke yahA~ nagara zilpiyoM dvArA nirmita sundara aura bahumUlya vastuoM kA bAhulya thaa| jaina paramparA anusAra manuSya kI upArjana paddhati usakI vRtti ko prabhAvita karatI hai| isalie isa bAta kA dhyAna rakhA jAtA thA ki manuSya kI utpAdana paddhati aisI ho jisase manuSya ke manuSyatva kA vikAsa ho| aneka vyavasAya Arthika dRSTi se lAbhadAyaka hone para bhI naitika dRSTi se heya hone ke kAraNa tyAjya the| upAsakadazAMga aura AvazyakacUrNi meM isa prakAra ke 15 varjita vyavasAyoM kA ullekha hai:

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2 : zramaNa, varSa 65, aMka 1 / janavarI-mArca 2014 iMgAlakamme (aMgAra karma), vaNakamme (vanakarma), bhADIkamme (bhATakarma), sADIkamme (zATakakarma), phoDakamme (sphoTakarma), daMtavANijje (daMtavANijya), lAkhavANijje (lAkha vANijya), kesavANijje (keza vANijya), rasavANijje ( rasa vANijya), visavANijje (viSa vANijya), jaMtapIlaNakamme (yaMtrapIr3ana karma), nilaMchaNakamme (napuMsakakarma), dAvAggidAvaNayA (dAvAgnidAvaNa) aura asaIjanaposaNA (durAcArI logoM kA sNrkssnn)| ina vyavasAyoM meM kisI na kisI prakAra kI hiMsA hotI thI ataH jainiyoM ke lie ye vyavasAya varjita the, parantu sAmAnya jana meM jIvikA ke sAdhana ke lie inakA pracalana thaa| zilpI unhIM vastuoM kA nirmANa karate the jinase unako lAbha hotA thaa| praznavyAkaraNa se jJAta hotA hai ki rAjA aura nagaravAsI zilpiyoM dvArA nirmita sundara vastuoM kA upayoga karate the| isa kAla meM zilpakAroM ko zikSA bhI dI jAtI thI, zilpa evaM udyoga meM pAraMgata hone ke lie vyakti kalAcArya ke samIpa jAte the|' zilpazAlAe~ vistRta bhUmi para banAyI jAtI thIM, zilpa zAlAoM meM kumbhakAra zAlA, lauhakAra zAlA, paNyazAlA Adi nAma prApta hote haiN| inhIM zAlAoM meM tIrthaMkara aura yAtrI Thaharate bhI the| zilpI apane vyavasAya ke saMrakSaNa evaM saMvardhana ke prati saceSTa rahate the| isI kAraNa ve nigama, saMgha, pUga, zreNI, nikAya Adi saMgaThanoM meM saMgaThita the / 9deg ye saMgaThana zilpiyoM ke sukha tathA duHkha meM sahayoga pradAna karate the| jJAtAdharmakathAMga se jJAta hotA hai ki jaba yuvarAja mallIkumAra ne krodhita hokara eka citrakAra ko mRtyudaNDa diyA to zreNI use samucita nyAya dilAne ke lie rAjasabhA meM gyii| phalataH rAjA ne mRtyudaNDa ke sthAna para citrakAra kA aMgUThA kATakara (saMDAsaka) use rAjya se nirvAsita kara diyA / 19 udyogoM ko deza kI vanasampadA, khanija sampadA, kRSi aura pazupAlana samRddhi se kaccA mAla niyamita rUpa se upalabdha hotA rahatA thaa| vastra udyoga, kASTha udyoga, carma udyoga tathA vAstu[-udyoga ke lie kacce mAla kI ApUrti vana se ho jAtI thI / kRSi se vastra, khAMDa, tela, madya Adi udyoga calate the| khanija sampadA se dhAtu udyoga meM unnati huI thii| yAtAyAta kI suvidhA ke kAraNa kacce mAla ko eka sthAna se dUsare sthAna taka pahu~cAne tathA udyoga se utpAdita vastuoM ke vitaraNa meM suvidhA thI /

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jaina aMga sAhitya meM varNita udyoga-dhandhe : 3 rAjA kI nijI udyogazAlAe~ bhI huA karatI thiiN| AcArAMga se jJAta hotA hai ki rAjA zreNika ne yAna, valkala, koyale aura muMjadarbha ke zalyAdhyakSoM ko bulAyA thaa|12 rAjAoM dvArA bar3e-bar3e udyoga calAne ke ullekha bhI jaina graMthoM meM prApta hote haiN| sthAnAMga se jJAta hotA hai ki rAjAoM kI bhautika sukha suvidhAoM ke lie nava nidhiyA~ hotI thiiN|13 jaina aMga granthoM meM upalabdha pramukha udyogoM ke vivaraNa ko isa prakAra prastuta kiyA jA sakatA haivastra udyoga- jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM bahattara prakAra kI kalAoM kA varNana milatA hai, inameM se eka kalA vastra banAnA bhI thii|14 vibhinna prakAra ke vastroM aura ina para kiye gaye citrAMkana se aMga-Agama kAla meM vastra udyoga kI unnata avasthA kA patA calatA hai| usa samaya sundara, sukomala aura pAradarzI vastroM kA nirmANa kiyA jAtA thaa| vastra itane halke hote the ki nAsikA ke ucchvAsa se bhI ur3a jAte the|5 vastroM para svarNa dvArA citra tathA kinAriyA~ bhI banAI jAtI thiiN| megha kumAra kI mAtA rAnI dhAraNI devI svarNatAroM se haMsa bane kinAriyoM vAle vastra pahanatI thiiN|16 vastroM ko banAne heta kapAsa, sana, rezama tathA Una paryApta mAtrA meM upalabdha thaa| AcArAMgasUtra meM pA~ca prakAra ke vastroM kA ullekha milatA hai- UnI vastra (vastra jaMgiya), rezamI vastra (bhaMgiya), sana athavA balkala se bane (saNiya), tAr3apatra ke rezoM se bane (potaga) tathA tulakaNa, kapAsa aura oka ke DoDoM se bane vastra (khomiy)|7 sUtIvastroM ko kapAsa, sana tathA bA~sa ke paudhoM ke rezoM se nirmita kiyA jAtA thaa| kapAsa se sUta banAne kI eka lambI prakriyA thii| bRhatkalpabhASya meM likhA hai ki sarvaprathama 'saDuga' (kapAsa) ko auTakara bIjarahita kiyA jAtA thaa| taduparAnta dhunakI se dhunakara 'pUnI' (rUI) taiyAra kI jAtI thii| nAlaba upakaraNa kI sahAyatA se sUta ko bhUmi para phailAkara Ar3A-tirachA karake tAnA bunA jAtA thaa| striyA~ bhI sUta kAtane kA kArya karatI thii| jaina sAhitya meM sAdhuoM ko kapAsa oTatI huI strI se bhikSA lenA niSedha kiyA gayA thaa| AcArAMgasUtra meM pazu ke bAla ke nirmita UnI vastra ko 'jaMgiya' kahA gayA hai, ye pA~ca prakAra ke hote the- 'mesANi' yA 'auNika' (bher3a, bakarI ke Una

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4: zramaNa, varSa 65, aMka 1 / janavarI-mArca 2014 se nirmita), 'uTANi' yA 'auSTrika' (U~Ta ke bAloM se nirmita), migAINANi yA mRgaromaja (mRga ke roma se banA ), 'kutapa yA pesaNi' (cUhe Adi ke roma se), pesalANi yA kiTaTU' (videzI pazuo yA azva ke roma se bane ) / 18 nizIthacUrNi se jJAta hotA hai ki 'rAlaga' uttama prakAra kA UnI vastra hotA thA jo mukhyataH or3hane ke kAma AtA thaa| 19 mRga, bher3a, gau, mahiSa aura bakare ke carma ke vastroM kA prayoga kiyA jAtA thaa| sindha deza ke carmavastra mUlyavAna hote the / 20 AcArAMgasUtra meM rezamI vastra ko 'bhaMgiya' kahA gayA hai| 21 yaha vastra vRkSa ke pattoM para pale vizeSa prakAra ke kIr3oM ke lAra se banatA thaa| anuyogadvAra meM aMDoM se nirmita rezamI vastroM ko 'aMDaja' aura kIr3oM kI lAra se bane vastroM ko 'kIDaja' kahA gayA hai| 22 AcArAMgasUtra meM pA~ca prakAra ke rezamI vastroM kA ullekha AyA hai23 paTTa (paTTa vRkSa para pale kIr3oM kI lAra se nirmita), malaya (malaya deza meM utpanna vRkSoM ke pattoM para pale kIr3oM kI lAra se nirmita), aMzuka (dukUla vRkSa kI bhItarI chAla ke rezoM se nirmita), cInAMzuka (cIna deza ke ) aura dezarAga ( raMge hue vastra ) / 24 jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM bhI rezamI vastra kA ullekha AyA hai| dhAriNI devI kI zaiyA para kasIdAkar3hA huA 'kSaumadukUla' (rezamI cAdara ) bichA huA thaa| 25 rAjA bahumUlya rezamI vastroM ko dhAraNa bhI karatA thA / AcArAMgasUtra meM varNita hai ki mahAvIra kI dIkSA ke samaya unheM eka lAkha mUlya vAlA kSaumavastra pahanAyA gayA thaa| 26 kAzI kA rezamI vastra adhika bahumUlya hotA thaa| - AcArAMgasUtra se jJAta hotA hai ki ukta vastroM ke atirikta sUkSma, komala aura bahumUlya vastroM kA nirmANa hotA thA, yathA- sahiNa (sUkSma va saundaryazAlI), Aya (bakare kI khAla se nirmita), gajjaphala (sphaTika ke samAna svaccha), koyava arthAt romadAra kambala, pAvAraNa ( labAdA meM lapeTane vAle vastra ) / vastroM ko kevala zarIra para dhAraNa karane ke lie hI nahIM prayoga kiyA jAtA thaa| vaha maccharadAnI, parade, tauliye Adi ke rUpa meM bhI prayoga kiyA jAtA thaa| jJAtAdharmakathAMga se jJAta hotA hai ki dhAriNI devI kI zaiyA malaka, navata, kuzakta, bimba aura siMhakesara nAmaka astaraNoM se AcchAdita thA

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jAtA thA jaina aMga sAhitya meM varNita udyoga-dhandhe : 5 tathA usa para masaharI (maccharadAnI) lagI huI thii|27 meghakumAra ne nahAkara royeMdAra aura atyanta komala gaMdhakaSAya (sugandhita kaSaile raMga se raMge) vastra se apane ko pochA thaa|28 vastra vyavasAya se jur3e raMgareja, dhobI aura darjiyoM kA ullekha huA hai| vastroM kI raMgAI-dhulAI kA kAma dhobI karate the| dhobI kI gaNanA aThAraha zreNiyoM meM hotI thii|29 raMgIna vastroM ko dezarAga kahA jAtA thaa|30 mUlya ke AdhAra para tIna prakAra ke vastra the| uttama vastra kA mUlya eka lAkha 'rUvaga' aura sAdhAraNa kA aThAraha 'rUvaga' thaa| inake madhya kA vastra madhyama mUlya kA thaa| deza ke nimnavarga ke logoM ke lie sastA aura sAdhAraNa vastra nirmita kiyA jAtA thA vahIM sampanna varga kI AvazyakatAnusAra mUlyavAna aura sundara vastroM kA nirmANa kiyA jAtA thaa|31 bhArata ke vastra ko videzoM meM bhI niryAta kiyA jAtA thaa|32 dhAtu udyoga : jJAtAdharmakathAMga kI bahattara kalAoM meM dhAtukalA kI bhI zikSA dI gaI hai|33 vipAkasUtra tathA uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM likhA hai dhAtukArya karane vAle jaba lohA, sIsA, tA~bA, rAMgA Adi ko pighalAte the to kalakala kI AvAja nikalatI thii|34 lohe kA kAma karane vAle ko lauhakAra kahA jAtA thaa| nagara aura gA~voM meM lauhakAroM kI zAlAe~ thI jinheM 'samara' athavA ayasa kahA jAtA thaa|25 mahAvIra ina lauhakAra zAlAoM meM kaI bAra vihAra kiye the|36 lohe ke choTe-choTe Tukar3e karake usake upakaraNa banAe jAte the| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM luhAroM kI bhaTThiyoM kA ullekha milatA hai|37 bhagavatIsUtra se jJAta hotA hai ki lohA tapAne kI bhaTThI meM lohe ko tapta kiyA jAtA thaa| bIca-bIca meM camar3e kI banI huI dhaukanI se agni prajjvalita kiyA jAtA thaa| isake bAda pratapta lohe ko lauha nirmita upakaraNa 'sa~r3asI' se AvazyakatAnusAra U~cA-nIcA kiyA jAtA thaa| phira pratapta lohe ko eraNa para rakhakara 'carmaSTha yA muSTika' (hathaur3e) se pITA jAtA thaa| pITe hue lohe ko ThaMDA karane ke lie kuNDa meM DAlA jAtA thA jise 'droNI' kahate the|38 lohAra lohe ko pITakara patalAkara usase aneka prakAra ke yuddha upakaraNa, mudgala, bhuzaMDi, karauMta, trizUla, hala, gadA, bhAlA, tomara, zUla, barcI, talavAra Adi nirmita karate the|39 AcArAMgasUtra se jJAta hotA hai ki dainika

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6 : zramaNa, varSa 65, aMka 1/janavarI-mArca 2014 jIvana meM kAma Ane vAle gharelU upakaraNa kaiMcI, churI, suI, naharanI Adi lohe se banAe gaye the| svarNa evaM ratna udyoga : prAcIna kAla meM svarNa udyoga caramotkarSa para thaa| sampanna hone ke kAraNa svarNakAroM ko samAja meM ucca sthAna bhI prApta thaa| aupapAtikasUtra meM varNita hai ki svarNa ko Aga meM tapA kara amla meM prakSAlita kiyA jAtA thaa| phira punaH agni meM DAlane para vaha raktavarNa kA ho jAtA thaa| rAjA ke lie svarNayAna, bhavana tathA AbhUSaNa banAe jAte the| rAniyA~ bhI svarNa ke AbhUSaNoM se alaMkRta rahatI thiiN| jJAtAdharmakathAMga ke anusAra dhAriNI devI ne hAra, karadhanI, bAjUbanda, kar3e, aMgUThiyA~ Adi pahana rakhA thaa|2 meghakumAra ne dIkSA lene se pUrva aThAraha lar3iyoM kA hAra, nau lar3iyoM kA arddhahAra, ekAvalI, muktAvalI, kanakAvalI, ratnAvalI, prAlamba (kaMDI), pAda prAlamba (pairoM taka laTakane vAlA AbhUSaNa) kar3e, TuTika (bhujA kA AbhUSaNa), keyUra, aMgada, dasoM aMguliyoM meM dasa mudrikAe~, kaMdorA kuNDala Adi pahane hue the|43 aupapAtikasUtra se jJAta hotA hai ki azvoM aura hAthiyoM ko sone ke AbhUSaNoM se suzobhita kiyA jAtA thaa| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM varNita hai ki svarNakAroM ne mallIkumArI kI eka svarNapratimA bhI banAyI thii|5 svarNakAroM ke sadRza ratnakAra bhI hote the| jJAtAdharmakathAMga se jJAta hotA hai ki rAjagRha meM eka nanda nAmaka maNikAra rahatA thaa| 6 rAjA dvArA ratnajaTita makaTa kA pahananA ratna udyoga ke vaibhava kA pratIka thaa|47 ratnoM kA prayoga prasAdhana maMjUSA tathA zRMgAradAna banAne meM kiyA jAtA thaa|48 meghakumAra ke bAla ko dhAriNI devI ne ratna kI 'DibiyA' meM rakhA thaa|49 ratna vibhinna prakAra ke hote the| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM solaha prakAra ke ratnoM kA ullekha huA haikarketana, vaidUrya, lauhitAkSara, masAra, hesagarga, pulaka, saugaMdhika, jyotirasa, aMka, aMjana, rajata, jAtarUpa, aMjanapulaka, sphaTika tathA risstt|50 sthAnAMga se vidita hotA hai ki maNiyoM ko khAna se nikAlakara zodhita kiyA jAtA thaa|51 AvazyakacUrNi se jJAta hotA hai ki 'rAjagiri' ke eka maNikAra ne maNiratna jaTita sundara bailoM kI jor3I banAI thii|52

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jaina aMga sAhitya meM varNita udyoga-dhandhe : 7 bhANDa udyoga : prAcIna yuga meM miTTI ke bartana kA sarvAdhika upayoga hotA thaa| jambUdvIpa prajJApti tathA prajJApanAsUtra se jJAta hotA hai ki 'mRNbhANDa' banAne vAle ko kumhAra tathA dhAtu ke bartana banAne vAle ko kolAlika kahate the|53 jJAtAdharmakayAMga meM kumhAroM kI dukAna (kamorazAlA) kA ullekha AyA hai jahA~ se nUtana ghar3e kharIde jAte the / 14 upAsakadazAMga meM bhI kumhAra ke karmasthAna ko 'kumArazAlA' kahA gayA hai, yahA~ para bhagavAna mahAbIra ne Azraya liyA thA / kumhAra jala dvArA miTTI ko gIlA karatA thA tathA usameM sAra aura karISa milAkara mizraNa taiyAra karatA thA tathA usa mizraNa ko cAka para rakhakara bartana kA AkAra detA thA tathA sUta aura daNDa kI sahAyatA se use bAhara nikAlatA thaa| 56 kASTha udyoga : purAtana yuga meM lakar3I ke upakaraNoM kA atyadhika mahattva thaa| lakar3I kATane vAle ko 'vaNakamma' kahate the aura lakar3I kATane ke lie kulhAr3I aura pharase kA prayoga hotA thaa|" lakar3I se okhala, mUsala, pIr3he, ratha, pAlakI, yAna, hala, juA, pATA Adi upakaraNoM kA nirmANa hotA thA / 58 prAcIna yuga meM bhavanoM ke dvAra, gavAkSa, sopAna, kaMgUre Adi kASTha se nirmita kiye jAte the / 19 jJAtAdharmakathAMga se yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki kASTha ke dvArA hI nAva kI mer3hI (moTA laTThA) jo saba paTTiyoM kA AdhAra hotA thA, mAla (vyakti ke baiThane kA UparI bhAga) Adi nirmita kiyA jAtA thaa|deg gozIrSa candana kI lakar3I tathA tiniza kI lakar3I ko bahumUlya mAnA jAtA thA / tiniza kI lakar3I kA prayoga yAna tathA ratha Adi vAhanoM meM kiyA jAtA thA / 61 tela udyoga : prAcIna kAla meM tila, arasI, sarasoM, eraNDa Adi se tela nikAlA jAtA thaa|62 bRhatkalpabhASya ke anusAra tela nikAlane kI kriyA ko 'jaMtapIlaNakamma' (yaMtra pIr3ana karma ) kahA jAtA thA / 63 mukhya rUpa se khAne ke atirikta teloM kA upayoga auSadhiyoM ke rUpa meM hotA thaa| vibhinna prakAra kI auSadhiyoM ko mizrita kara tela banAye jAte the| sau auSadhiyoM ke sAtha pakAe gaye tela ko 'zatApaka' tathA sahastra auSadhiyoM meM pakAe jAne vAle tela ko 'sahastrapAka' kahA jAtA thaa| zatapAka aura sahastrapAka tela hote the, inase usa yuga meM Ayurveda kI unnata mUlyavAna

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8 : zramaNa, varSa 65, aMka 1/janavarI-mArca 2014 avasthA kA bhI patA calatA hai| haMsa ko cIrakara sApha kara usake udara meM davAiyAM bharakara tela meM pakAne se prApta tela ko 'haMsatela' kahA jAtA thaa|64 isI prakAra maru pradeza ke parvatIya vRkSoM se prApta tela 'marutela' kahA jAtA thaa| jJAtAdharmakathAMga se jJAta hotA hai ki candana kA bhI tela banatA thA jise dardara miTTI ke ghar3e meM rakhakara agni meM pakAyA jAtA thaa|65 yaha tela atyanta sugaMdhita aura guNakArI hotA thaa| khANDa udyoga : jaina ullekha se khAMDa udyoga kI unnatatA kA patA calatA hai| AcArAMgasUtra se ganne kI khetI kA jJAna hotA hai|66 ganne kI khetI pracura mAtrA meM hotI thI jisase gur3a, khAMDa aura rAba kA nirmANa hotA thaa|67 gur3a aura zakkara kA nirmANa Arthika jIvana meM mahattvapUrNa aMga the| jahA~ ganne kA saMgraha kiyA jAtA thA use 'ucchaghara' athavA 'ikSugRha' kahA jAtA thaa|68 dazapura meM ikSugRha meM AcArya Thaharate the| gur3a banAne ke sthAna ko 'ikkhuvAr3e kahA gayA hai|69 ikSugRha meM gannoM ko kATa-chA~Ta kara 'ikSuyaMtra (ikkhujata)deg se perakara rasa nikAlA jAtA thaa| rasa ko ubAlakara gur3a nirmita kiyA jAtA thaa|71 gur3a ke atirikta khANDa; kAlpI (mizrI), cInI tathA cInI se aneka prakAra kI vastuoM kA nirmANa hotA thaa| bhArata se videzoM ko cInI niryAta bhI kiyA jAtA thaa| bhAratIya vyApArI kAlakA dvIpa meM anya vastuoM ke sAtha cInI bhI lekara gaye the|72 prasAdhana udyoga : zRMgArapriyatA tathA vilAsa priyatA hone ke kAraNa prasAdhana udyoga unnati para thaa| sAmAnyajana se lekara samRddha loga taka prasAdhana kA upayoga karate the| jJAtAdharmakathAMga aura praznavyAkaraNasUtra meM candana, kapUra, cammA, damakana, tagara, ilAicI, kuMkuma, jUhI, kastUrI, lavaMga, turuSka, agara, ketakI, kesara, meruA, snAna mAlikA, nava mAlikA, dhUpa Adi kA sugaMdhita dravyoM ke rUpa meM ullekha AyA hai|73 sUtrakRtAMgasUtra meM se striyoM ke aMgarAga, raMga, sUramA tathA saundarya bar3hAne hetu guTikA banAye jAne kA ullekha hai| citra udyoga : hamAre samAja meM citrakalA kA sadaiva se hI eka mahattvapUrNa sthAna rahA hai| prAcInakAla meM citrakAra apanI kalA kA pradarzana bhavanoM, rathoM, vastroM, bartana Adi para kiyA karate the| jJAtAdharmakathAMga se jJAta hotA hai ki

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__ jaina aMga sAhitya meM varNita udyoga-dhandhe : 9 dhAriNI devI ke zayanAgAra kI chata latAoM, puSpAvaliyoM tathA uttama citroM se alaMkRta thii| isI prakAra mallIkumAra ne apane citrakAra zreNI ko bulAkara citrasabhA banAne kA Adeza diyaa| citrakAra raMga aura tUlikAyeM lAkara citra-racanA meM pravRtta ho gye|76 bRhakalpabhASya se vidita hotA hai ki eka viduSI gaNikA ne apanI citrasabhA meM vibhinna udyogoM se saMbaMdhita citra banavA rakhe the| jaba koI Agantuka citra vizeSa kI ora AkarSita hotA thA to vaha usakI ruci kA anumAna lagA letI thii|77 raMga udyoga : jainagraMthoM meM kaSAya, haridra, rakta, nIla, pIta Adi raMgoM kA ullekha milatA hai| prAcIna kAla meM bhI citroM tathA vastroM ko raMga se nikhArA jAtA thaa| jJAtAdharmakathAMga se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki rAjA zreNika ne kaSAya (kesara) raMga se raMga hue vastra se zarIra ko pochaa|8 kRmirAga se raMge kambala, vINA, lAlaraMga ke haldI evaM cikura se raMge vastra pIta varNa ke, nIle se tathA kAlI syAhI se raMge padArtha kAle raMga ke hote the|79 madya udyoga : AcArAMgasUtra meM madirAlaya ko pAnasthala kahA gayA hai| bhikSuoM ko madya sevana kA niSedha thaa| sthAnAMgasUtra meM bhI madya ko bAra-bAra vikRti kI saMjJA dI gaI hai|81 madyapAna vilAsitA kI vastu thii| isake duSpariNAmoM ke kAraNa hI ise ghRNA kI dRSTi se dekhA gayA hai| parantu phira bhI parva aura utsavoM meM janatA bhI madyapAna karatI thii| auSadhi ke rUpa meM bhI madya kA prayoga kiyA jAtA thaa| jJAtAdharmakathAMga se vidita hotA hai ki zaunaka rAjarSi ko eka cikitsaka ne bhojana, auSadha ke sAtha-sAtha madyapAna kI bhI salAha dI thii|82 bRhatkalpabhASya meM vibhinna vastuoM se maMdira nirmANa kie jAne kA ullekha milatA hai| gur3a se banAI jAne vAlI madirA ko gaur3o, cAvala se banAI gaI maMdirA ko peSTI, bAMsa ke aMkuroM se banI madirA ko vaMzINa tathA phaloM se nirmita madirA ko 'phalasurANa' kahA jAtA thaa|3 silAI udyoga : vastroM ko banAne ke bAda unakI silAI bhI kI jAtI thii| silAI kI kalA bhI jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM varNita bahattara kalAoM meM se eka kalA thii| silAI karane meM dakSa puruSa, striyA~, janasAdhAraNa se lekara samRddha tathA sampanna vyaktiyoM ke vastra silA karate the| AcArAMgasUtra meM silAI meM upayoga meM Ane vAle upakaraNoM kA ullekha AyA hai jaise

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10 : zramaNa, varSa 65, aMka 1/janavarI-mArca 2014 suI, kaiMcI aadi| sUtrakRtAMga meM bhI suI aura dhAge (suI/suttaga) dvArA kapar3e silane kA ullekha AyA hai|5 ye suiyAM bAMsa (veNu), pazuoM ke sIMga tathA lohe dvArA nirmita kI jAtI thIM tathA silAI karane vAle darjI usakA upayoga karate the|86 vAstu udyoga : purAkAlIna bhArata meM vAstu udyoga apanI parAkASThA taka vikasita thaa| nagaroM kI saMracanA, durgIkaraNa, prAkAra, parikhA Adi vastu udyoga ke utkarSa ke dyotaka haiN| praznavyAkaraNasUtra meM vAstu vizeSajJoM kA varNana hai jo rAjamahala, bhavana, tRNakuTIra, sAdhAraNa gRha, guphA, bAjAra, devAlaya, sabhAmaNDapa, pyAU, Azrama, bhUmigRha, puSkariNI stUpa Adi banAte the|87 udyogoM kI unnata sthiti aMga Agama kAla meM Arthika vikAsa meM mahatvapUrNa thii| udyoga aura kRSi meM behatara samanvaya pAyA jAtA thaa| udyogoM ne grAmINa va nagarIya vyavasthA ke madhya bhI samanvaya kA kArya kiyaa| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaina aMga granthoM meM prApta ullekhoM se tatkAlIna udyogoM kI sthiti para paryApta prakAza par3atA hai| samAja ke vastra, dhAtu, svarNa evaM ratna, bhANDa, kASTha, tela, khANDa, prasAdhana, citra, raMga, madya, silAI Adi udyoga utyanta vikasita the| sandarbha - dazavaikAlikacUrNi, pR0 102 AvazyakacUrNi, 1/156 praznavyAkaraNa, 5/5 kalpasUtra, 63 kalpasUtra, 63 upAsakadazAMgasUtra 1/38; AvazyakacUrNi, bhAga-2, pR0 296 nizIthacUrNi, bhAga-2, gAthA, 4419 praznavyAkaraNa, 4/4 dazavaikAlikasUtra, 9/13, 14 ; aMtakRddazAMgasUtra, 3/2; jJAtAdharmakathAMga, 1/99 uttarAdhyayanasUtra- 19/66, 67; nizIthacUrNi bhAga-2, pR0 433;

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20. 2 23. jaina aMga sAhitya meM varNita udyoga-dhandhe : 11 bhagavatIsUtra, 15/22 jJAtAdharmakathAMga 8/118; vRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga-2, gAthA 1091 / jJAtAdharmakathAMga 8/129, 130 AcArAMga, 2/2/2/8; dazAzrutaskandhadazA-10 sthAnAMga, 9/22 jJAtAdharmakathAMga, 8/103, 104 vahI, 1/133; bhagavatI 9/33/57 vahI, acArAMga, 2/5/1/141 AcArAMgasUtra 2/5/1/144, 557 nizIthacUrNi bhAga-2, gAthA 645 AcArAMga, 2/5/1/145 vahI, 2/5/1/145 anuyogadvAra, 28/38 AcArAMga, 2/5/1/145 nizIthacUrNi, bhAga-2, pR0 399 jJAtAdharmakathAMga- 1/17 AcArAMga, 2/15 jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/42 vahI, 1/17 jambUdvIpaprajJapti, 3/10; prajJApanA, 1/105, 106 bRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga-2, gAthA 300 nizIthacUrNi bhAga-2, gAthA 957 jJAtAdharmakathAMga, 17/3 jJAtAdharmakathAMga, 1/17 vipAkasUtra, 6/5/71, uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 19/68 AcArAMga, 1/9/2/2 vRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga 4, gAthA 3943 jJAtAdharmakathAMga, 1/9/26 bhagavatIsUtra 16/9/7 24. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38.

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0 44. 46. 47. 49. 12 : zramaNa, varSa 65, aMka 1/janavarI-mArca 2014 39. praznavyAkaraNa , 315 AcArAMgasUtra, 2/7/611 aupapAtikasUtra, 33 jJAtAdharmakathAMga, 1/44 vahI, 1/142 aupapAtika sUtra 41 45. jJAtAdharmakathAMga, 3/35 vahI, 13/8 vahI, 1/142 rAjApraznIyasUtra, 132 jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/141 vahI, 1/69 sthAnAMga, 9/22 AvazyakacUrNi bhAga-1, pR0 272 53. jambUdvIpaprajJApti 3/10, prajJApanA, 1/105 jJAtAdharmakathAMga, 12/16 upAsakadazAMga, 7/19 vahI, 7/17 uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 19/66 . praznavyAkaraNasUtra, 17 59. vahI, pR0 17 60. jJAtAdharmakathAMga, 9/10 61. vRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga-1, gAthA 2/6 upAsakadazAMga 1/38 63. vRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga 1, gAthA 524 64. vahI, bhAga 5, 6031 65. jJAtAdharmakathAMga, 1/142 66. AcArAMgasUtra, 2/1/402, 350 67. anuyogadvAra, 1/66 68. vyavahAra, 8/242 54 56. pa . 58

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69. 70. 72. 74. 75. 76. 77. jaina aMga sAhitya meM varNita udyoga-dhandhe : 13 rAjapraznIyasUtra 42 praznavyAkaraNa, 2/13 rAjapraznIya, 1/2 jJAtAdharmakathAMga, 17/22 praznavyAkaraNa, 163, jJAtAdharmakathAMga-117/17, (prazna sUtra 41) sUtrakRtAMga, 114, vyAkhyAprajJApti, 2/8/5 jJAtAdharmakathAMga, 1/17 vahI, 8/96 vRhakalpabhASyaM, bhAga - 1, mAyA 262 jJAtAdharmakathAMrga, 1130 rAjapraznIyasUtra, 30-40 AcArAMgasUtra, 2/11340 sthAnAMgasUtra, 4/11/185 jJAtAdharmakathAMga, 5/65 vRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga-4, gAthA 34/2 AcArAMgasUtra, 2/7/6 sUtrakRtAMga, 4/2/12 nizocacUrNi, 2, pR0 3 praznavyAkaraNasUtra, 13 78. 79. 81. 85. 86. 87. *****

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jaina rasa bodha meM dharmIya bhAvAdarza DA0 azoka kumAra siMha AcArya bharata dvArA nATyazAstra meM nirUpita ATha rasoM ke vivecana ko hI prAmANika mAnA jAtA hai| ina ATha rasoM meM zAnta rasa ullikhita nahIM hai| yadyapi nATyazAstra ke eka saMskaraNa ke AdhAra para usakI TIkA meM abhinavagupta ne navama rasa zAnta kA vistRta vivecana kiyA hai| parantu nATyazAstra ke antaH sAkSyoM se bhI spaSTa hai ki bharata ne ATha rasoM kA hI nirUpaNa kiyA hai| ata: vidvAnoM ke anusAra nATyazAstra meM zAnta rasa vAlA vaha vivaraNa prakSipta hai| bharata kA anusaraNa karate hue mahAkavi kAlidAsa aura daNDI ne bhI rasoM kI sakhyA ATha mAnI hai| saMskRta sAhitya meM naveM rasa ke rUpa meM zAntarasa kA sarvaprathama pratipAdana udbhaTa dvArA mAnA jAtA hai| inakA samaya navIM zatI ke pUrvArddha ke lagabhaga svIkRta hai| isake viparIta jaina paramparA meM zAnta rasa kA vivecana isase zatAbdiyoM pUrva meM racita grantha aura usakI TIkAoM meM milanA Arambha ho jAtA hai| AryarakSita racita cUlikA Agama anuyogadvArasUtra aura usake kucha vyAkhyAkAroM kA samaya nizcita rUpa se udbhaTa ke pUrva hai| sAtha hI yaha bhI Azcaryajanaka hai ki jaina paramparA ke mahAna AcArya kalikAla sarvajJa hemacandra aura unake mahAna ziSyoM rAmacandra-guNacandra sUri ne tadviSayaka apane vivecana meM anuyogadvArasUtra pratipAdita tathyoM kA anusaraNa na karate hue saMskRtakAvya zAstra paramparA kA anusaraNa kiyA hai| rasa-svarUpa nirUpaNa aura rasoM ke krama-nirdhAraNa meM bhI paramparA kA prabhAva dikhAI par3atA hai| prastuta lekha meM inhIM tathyoM para vicAra kiyA gayA hai| -sampAdaka AcArya bharata ke nATyazAstra ke SaSTha 'rasAdhyAya' meM rasa-niSpatti ke sambandha meM kahA gayA hai- vibhAvAnubhAvavyabhicArisaMyogAdrasaniSpatti:1 arthAt vibhAva, anubhAva aura vyabhicAri bhAva ke saMyoga se rasa kI niSpatti hotI hai| AcArya bharata ke rasa-niSpatti sambandhI sUtra kI vyAkhyA karate hue bhaTTalollaTa, zaMkuka, bhaTTanAyaka tathA abhinavagupta ne kramaza: utpattivAda (AropavAda), anumitivAda, bhuktivAda (bhogavAda) aura abhivyaktivAda- ina cAra siddhAntoM

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jaina rasa bodha meM dharmIya bhAvAdarza : 15 kI sthApanA kI hai| ye ATha rasa mahAmanA druhiNa dvArA kahe gaye haiN| isa prakAra ATha rasa kI parikalpanA sarvaprathama druhiNa dvArA kI gayI hai para unakI aura unakI racanA kI pahacAna nahIM ho sakI hai| ataH sAmAnyatayA nATyazAstra hI rasa-vivecana kA AdizAstra mAnA jAtA hai| AcArya ke abhimata meM ina rasoM ke hetubhUta rasa cAra haiM - zRMgAra, raudra, vIra tathA biibhts|4 zRMgAra se hAsya, raudra se karuNa, vIra se adbhuta tathA bIbhatsa se bhayAnaka rasa kI utpatti hotI hai|' sAtha hI unhoMne yaha bhI nirUpita kiyA hai ki zRMgAra kA anukaraNa karane vAlI pravRtti hAsya, raudra kA karma karuNa, vIra kA kArya adbhuta tathA bIbhatsa vastu yA use dekhane kA kArya bhayAnaka rasa hai / 6 bharata ke ukta vivecana ko yahAM prastuta karane kA abhiprAya yaha batAnA hai ki AcArya bharata dvArA ATha rasoM kA hI nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai- evamete rasA seyAtvaSTau lakSaNalakSitaH / naveM rasa ke rUpa meM zAnta rasa ko kAlAntara meM sammilita kiye jAne kI sambhAvanA pratIta hotI hai| mahAkavi kAlidAsa aura daNDI (saptama zatI kA pUrvArddha) bhI bharata dvArA ATha rasoM kA hI nirUpaNa kiye jAne kI puSTi karate haiN| kAlidAsa ne vikramorvazIyam' meM ullekha kiyA hai- bharata muni ne tumhAre dvArA abhinaya karane ke liye ATha rasoM se yukta jo nATaka banAyA hai, usa sundara bhAvapUrNa nATaka ko kuberAdi lokapAloM ke sAtha indra mahArAja dekhanA cAhate haiN| daNDI ne bhI kAvyAdarza' meM ATha rasoM kA hI ullekha kiyA haigrAmyatA doSa ke abhAva tathA mAdhurya se kathana meM rasotpatti huii| isa prakAra ATha rasoM se yukta honA rasavat alaMkAra kA kAraNa hai| dazarUpakakAra dhanaMjaya (974-996I0) ne bhI yaha kathana kara ki kucha vidvAna 'zama' ko bhI sthAyI bhAva batAte haiM parantu nATaka meM isakI puSTi nahIM hotI, ATha rasa kI hI mAnyatA ko svIkAra kiyA hai / 10 parantu AcArya abhinavagupta ne nATyazAstra para apanI prasiddha TIkA abhinavabhAratI (1014 - 1015 I0) meM nATyazAstra ke kisI pATha ke AdhAra para jo TIkA prastuta kI hai usake anusAra bharata ne zAnta rasa kA bhI nirUpaNa kiyA hai| ullekhanIya hai ki abhinavabhAratI meM zAntarasa kA vistRta vivecana

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16 : zramaNa, varSa 65, aMka 1 / janavarI-mArca 2014 milatA hai| nATyazAstra ke chaTheM adhyAya meM 82 evaM 83 zlokoM ke madhya zAnta rasa se sambandhita pATha upalabdha hai| isake zlokoM para krama saMkhyA bhI nahIM dI gaI hai| isa aMza ko vidvAna prakSipta mAnate haiN| inhIM zlokoM para abhinavabhAratI meM vivecana huA hai| 12 abhinavagupta zAntarasa ke pakSadhara haiN| inake pUrva kAvyazAstriyoM meM zAntarasa kI mAnyatA ke sambandha meM matabheda thA aura yaha atyanta vivAdagrastaviSaya thA / bharata nATyazAstra ke zAntarasa ke aMza ko prakSipta mAnane kI sthiti meM saMskRta kAvyazAstra paramparA meM zAntarasa kA sarvaprathama sAhityika ullekha udbhaTa dvArA apanI kRti kAvyAlaMkArasArasaMgraha meM kiyA gayA mAnA jAsakatA hai| DA0 harmana yAkobI ke anusAra inakA samaya navama zatI kA uttarArddha mAnA jAtA hai| 13 abhinavagupta kA samaya bhI inake bAda AtA hai / jaina paramparA meM zAnta rasa kA nirUpaNa udbhaTa se pUrva AryarakSita racita cUlikA Agama anuyogadvArasUtra aura usakI TIkAoM meM upalabdha hotA hai| anuyogadvAra para racita do vyAkhyA udbhaTa se pUrvavartI haiM- jinadAsagaNi mahattara kI anuyogadvAracUrNi aura yAkinIsUnu AcArya haribhadra kI anuyogadvAra shissyhitaavRtti| anuyogadvAra ke karttA kA kAla IsA kI prathama zatAbdI hai / jinadAsagaNi mahattara pramukha cUrNikAra haiM aura inakA samaya chaThIM -sAtavIM zatAbdI mAnA jAtA hai| AcArya haribhadra kA samaya sAtavIM-AThavIM zatI mAnA jAtA hai| gyArahavIM-bArahavIM zatI meM utpanna maladhAri hemacandra ne bhI anuyogadvAra para TIkA kI racanA kI hai| ye kalikAla sarvajJa AcArya hemacandra se bhinna haiN| ina tInoM TIkAoM meM sambaddha aMza kI vyAkhyA meM zAntarasa kA vivecana AyA hai| zAntarasa kA vivecana kalikAla sarvajJa AcArya hemacandra kI kRti kAvyAnuzAsana aura unake ziSyadvaya rAmacandrasUri aura guNacandrasUri dvArA likhita nATyadarpaNa meM bhI milatA hai| AcArya hemacandra kA kAla 1088-1172 hai| isa prakAra udbhaTa se pUrva tIna jaina kRtiyoM anuyogadvArasUtra, anuyogadvAracUrNi aura anuyogadvAra - ziSyahitAvRtti meM zAntarasa kA vivecana milatA hai| maladhAri hemacandra racita anuyogadvAra TIkA, kAvyAnuzAsana aura nATyadarpaNa udbhaTa se paravartI kAla kI racanAyeM haiN|

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jaina rasa bodha meM dharmIya bhAvAdarza : 17 jaina paramparA kI ina kRtiyoM meM nirUpita rasa-prakaraNa para dRSTipAta karane se jJAta hotA hai ki kAvyAnuzAsana aura nATyadarpaNa meM yaha vivecana saMskRta kAvyazAstra paramparA ke anurUpa hai| kAvyAnuzAsana meM nau rasoM kA krama nATyazAstra ke hI anurUpa hai- zRMgArahAsyakaruNaraudravIrabhayAnakabIbhatsAdbhutazAntA nvrsaaH|14 isI prakAra nATyadarpaNa15 meM bhI rasa-parigaNanA meM saMskRta kAvya-zAstra kI paramparA ke anurUpa pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai ___ zRMgAra-hAsya-karuNAH, raudrviirbhyaankaaH| bIbhAtsAdbhutazAntAzca, rasA: sdbhiHrnvsmRtaaH| zloka 9 viveka 3 / jaina paramparA ke ina mahAna AcAryoM dvArA anuyogadvAra16 aura usake vyAkhyA sAhitya meM varNita rasa-prakaraNa kA saMjJAna na lenA vicAraNIya hai| jaina kRtiyoM meM prazAnta rasa ke svarUpa para vicAra kA Arambha anuyogadvAra se kiyA jAnA svAbhAvika hai| anuyogadvAra meM rasa-prakaraNa 18 gAthAoM meM nirUpita hai| do-do gAthAoM meM pratyeka rasa kA lakSaNa aura udAharaNa batAyA gayA hai| isameM nau rasoM kI gaNanA isa prakAra kI gaI hai1 vIro, 2 siMgAro, 3 abbhuo ya, 4 ruddo hoi bodhvvo| 5 vIlaNao 6 bIbhaccho 7 hAso, 8 kaluNo, 9 psnto| arthAt vIra, zRMgAra, adbhuta, raudra, vIDanaka, bIbhatsa, hAsya, karuNa tathA prazAnta rs| anuyogadvArasUtra meM varNita rasoM ke krama aura nAma se saMskRta kAvyazAstra paramparA se antara ko isa prakAra rekhAMkita kiyA jA sakatA hai- 1. zRMgAra ke sthAna para vIra rasa ko prathama sthAna, 2. bhayAnaka rasa ke sthAna para vIDanaka rasa, 3. hAsya (2) aura karuNa (3) ko kramazaH sAtavAM aura AThavAM sthAna, 4. zAnta kA prazAnta nAmakaraNa, 5. rasoM ke lakSaNa meM antr|

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18 : zramaNa, varSa 65, aMka 1/janavarI-mArca 2014 zrRMgAra ko rasoM kA rAjA yA rasarAja kahA gayA hai| bharata ise ujjvala, pavitra tathA uttama mAnakara isakA rasarAjatva siddha karate haiN| isakI vyApakatA, mahattA tathA prabhAvAnvitA hI isakI rasarAjatA kA kAraNa hai| zRgAMra rasa kA prabhAva jar3a-cetana, cara-acara sabhI para dekhA jAtA hai| anya rasoM kA kSetra utanA vyApaka nahIM hai jitanA zRgAMra kaa| isI liye rasa-nirdeza ke krama meM ise prathama sthAna diyA gayA hai| rasoM ke krama-nirdhAraNa meM vidvAnoM ne jaina AcAryoM rAmacandra-guNacandra kI kRti nATyadarpaNa kA mahattvapUrNa avadAna mAnA hai| inake anusAra sarvaprathama zrRMgAra kI gaNanA isalie kI jAtI hai ki kAmapradhAna hai aura sarvasulabha hone se sabhI prANiyoM meM pAyA jAtA hai| zRMgAra kA anugAmI hAsya hai ata: isake bAda use sthAna milatA hai| karuNa hAsya kA virodhI hai isalie use tRtIya sthAna prApta hai| raudra rasa, Adi ko bhI krama pradAna karane kA kAraNa batAyA gayA hai| zrRMgAra ke sthAna para vIra rasa ko prathama sthAna diye jAne kA AdhAra jaina paramparA kI apanI pRSThabhUmi hai| nivRttimArgI jaina paramparA kA pramukha lakSya mokSa hai| tapa aura sAdhanA isakA AdhAra hai| parityAga karane meM garva yA pazcAttApa na hone, tapazcaraNa meM dhairya aura zatruoM (antaH zatruoM) kA vinAza karane meM parAkrama rUpa lakSaNa vAle vIra rasa ko jaina paramparA meM zrRMgAra para varIyatA diyA jAnA svAbhAvika hai|18 nATyadarpaNa ke anusAra bhI vIra rasa ko dharmapradhAna mAnA gayA hai|19 ratisaMyoga arthAt surata krIr3A ke kAraNabhUta ramaNI Adi ke sAtha saMgama kI icchA ko utpanna karane vAlA, maNDanaalaMkAra, AbhUSaNoM Adi se zarIra ko alaMkRta karanA, sajAnA, vilAsakAmottejaka netrAdi kI ceSTAeM, vibboya-vikArottejaka zArIrika pravRtti, lIlAgamanAdirUpa ramaNIya ceSTA aura ramaNa-krIr3A karanA rUpa lakSaNa vAle zRMgAra rasa ko jaina paramparA meM kadApi prathama sthAna nahIM diyA jA sakatA thaa| vIra rasa kI apekSA zRMgAra rasa ko gauNa sthAna diyA jAnA aparihArya thaa| donoM paramparAoM ne zRMgAra rasa ke svarUpa kA varNana karane meM pRthak dRSTikoNa apanAyA haiN| vaidika paramparA meM yaha korI vilAsitA yA kAmukatA kA pradarzana na kara yathArtha ke AdhAra phalaka para adhiSThita hai aura usakA sambandha uttama prakRti ke strI-puruSoM se hai| AcAryoM ne isakA devatA viSNu ko mAnakara

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jaina rasa bodha meM dharmIya bhAvAdarza : 19 zRMgAra ke vizvakalyANaparaka svarUpa ko ujAgara kiyA hai| vastutaH sAhitya kA zrRMgAra tabhI upayogI evaM grAhya ho sakatA hai, jaba vaha sAmAjika dRSTi se mAnya ho| dharma aviruddha kAma hI zRMgAra rasa kA sahAyaka ho sakatA hai| jaba kAmodreka uttamatA ke zRMga para jAya arthAt kAma kA samAjopayogI evaM uttama rUpa prastuta kiyA jAya tabhI vaha zRMgAra kI bhAvanAoM ko pUrNakara skegaa| zRMgAra meM prema kA sahaja, svastha evaM udAtta rUpa citrita honA caahie| zRMgAra rasa meM udAttatA kA bhAva hai ata: zRMgAra yahA~ rasa rAja kahA gayA hai| isa pRSThabhUmi meM jaba hama jaina paramparA meM zrRMgAra ke lakSaNa para vicAra karate haiM to usameM zRMgAra rasa rati arthAt surata krIDA ke kAraNa bhUta sAdhanoM ke saMyoga kI abhilASA kA janaka kahA gayA hai tathA maNDana, vilAsa, hAsya, lIlA aura ramaNa ye zRMgAra rasa ke lakSaNa batAye gaye haiN| bhayAnaka rasa ke sthAna para vIDanaka rasa21 kA prarUpaNa bhI jaina paramparA kI apanI vizeSatA hai| vinaya karane yogya mAtA-pitA Adi gurujanoM kA vinaya na karane se, gupta rahasyoM ko prakaTa karane se tathA gurupatnI Adi ke sAtha maryAdA kA ullaMghana karane se vrIDanaka rasa utpanna hotA hai| lajjA aura zaMkA utpanna honA isa rasa ke lakSaNa haiN| isakA udAharaNa navor3hA vadhU ke kathana ke mAdhyama se prastuta kiyA gayA hai| vadhU kahatI hai- isa laukika vyavahAra se adhika lajjAspada bAta kyA ho sakatI hai- maiM to isase bahuta adhika lajAtI huuN| mujhe to isase bahuta adhika zarma AtI hai ki vara-vadhU ke prathama samAgama hone para gurujana-sAsa Adi vadhU dvArA pahane vastra kI prazaMsA karate haiN| isa prakAra lokamaryAdA aura AcAra maryAdA ke ullaMghana se vIDanaka rasa kI utpatti hotI hai| lajjA AnA aura AzaMkita honA isake jJApaka cihna haiN| lajjA arthAta kArya karane ke bAda mastaka kA namita hojAnA, zarIra kA saMkucita hojAnA aura doSa prakaTa na hojAya isa vicAra se mana kA dolAyamAna banA rhnaa| vIDanaka kA udAharaNa bhI spaSTa hai| kisI kSetra yA kisI kAla meM aisI loka paramparA rahI hogI ki navor3hA ko akSata yoni pradarzita karane ke liye suhAgarAta ke bAda usake raktaraMjita vastroM kA pradarzana kiyA jAtA thA parantu hai yaha atizaya ljjaajnk|

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20 : zramaNa, varSa 65, aMka 1/janavarI-mArca 2014 jaina TIkAkAroM22 ne bhayAnaka rasa ke ullekha na karane ke kAraNoM para bhI prakAza DAlA hai| unake anusAra bhayAnaka rasa kA antarbhAva raudrarasa meM ho jAtA hai| vIDanaka ke sthAna para bhayAnaka rasa ke svIkAra kiye jAne kA bhI jaina TIkAkAra ne ullekha kiyA hai| unake zabdoM meM logoM ne vrIDanaka ke sthAna para bhayotpAdaka saMgrAma Adi ke darzana se hone vAle bhayAnaka rasa ko svIkAra kiyA hai- asyasthAne bhayajanakasaMgrAmAdi-vastu-darzanAdiprabhavaH bhayAnako rasaH ptthyteanytr| sa ca raudrarasAntarbhAvavivakSaNAt pRthak noktaaH| hAsyarasa (2) ko sAtavAM sthAna23 dekara use gauNa sthAna denA bhI jaina paramparA ke anurUpa hai| bhASA samiti evaM vacana gupti ko AcAra meM pAlana karanA Avazyaka hai| bhASA samiti samyagbhASA-satya, hitakArI, parimita aura sandeha rahita bhASaNa tathA vacanagupti-vAcika kriyA ke pratyeka prasaMga para yA to vacana kA niyamana karanA yA mauna dhAraNa karanA vacana gupti hai| samiti meM satkriyA ke pravartana kI mukhyatA hai aura gupti meM asatkriyA ke niSedha kI mukhytaa| tAtparya yaha ki vAcika kriyA aura vAcya-viSaya para pUrNa niyantraNa jaina paramparA meM apekSita hai| jabaki hAsya rasa rUpa, vaya, veSa aura bhASA kI viparItatA se utpanna hotA hai| hAsya rasa mana ko harSita karane vAlA hai aura prakAza-mukha, netra, usakA lakSaNa hai| unmukta yA unmatta vyavahAra para AdhArita hAsya rasa ko jaina paramparA meM apekSAkRta gauNa sthAna prApta honA svAbhAvika hai| prazAnta rasa24 ko donoM paramparAoM meM antima navama krama pradAna kiyA gayA hai| kAraNa spaSTa hai ki ise rasa meM bAda meM sammilita kiyA gyaa| prazAnta yA zAnta rasa kI utpatti aura lakSaNa batAte hue kahA gayA hai- nirdoSa (hiMsAdi) doSoM se rahita, mana kI samAdhi (svasthatA) se aura prazAnta bhAva se jo utpanna hotA hai aura aviSkAra jisakA lakSaNa hai use prazAnta rasa jAnanA caahie| prazAnta rasa sUcaka udAharaNa isa prakAra hai- sadbhAva ke kAraNa nirvikAra, rUpAdi viSayoM ke avalokana kI utsukatA ke parityAga se upazAnta evaM krodhAdi doSoM ke parihAra se prazAnta, saumya dRSTi se yukta muni kA mukhakamala vAstava meM atIva zrIsampanna hokara suzobhita ho rahA hai|

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1. jaina rasa bodha meM dharmIya bhAvAdarza : 21 isa prakAra kahA jA sakatA hai ki prazAnta rasa kA sAhitya meM sarvaprathama nirUpaNa jaina paramparA meM huA hai| jaina paramparA kA bhAratIya kAvya zAstra ko yaha mahattvapUrNa avadAna mAnA jA sakatA hai| udbhaTa se lagabhaga ATha sau varSa pUrva prazAnta rasa kA lakSaNa aura udAharaNa anayogadvArasatra meM prApta hotA hai| rasoM ke krama-nirdhAraNa meM bhI jaina paramparA kA prabhAva parilakSita hotA hai aura paravartI hemacandra, rAmacandra guNacandra jaise mahAna jaina AcAryoM dvArA anuyogadvArasUtra kA anusaraNa na kiyA jAnA Azcarya kA viSaya hai| sandarbha : nATyazAstra, AcArya bharata, sampA0 ke0 esa0 rAmasvAmI zAstrI, gAyakavADa orieNTala sirIja bar3audA, dvitI0 parivarddhina evaM AlocanAtmaka saM0 1956, adhyAya 5, khaNDa 1, pR0 272 / sahAya, rAjavaMza 'hIrA', bhAratIya sAhitya zAstra koza, bihAra hindI grantha akAdamI, paTanA, 1973, pR0 905 / zRMgArahAsyakaruNA raudravIrabhayAnakA: bIbhatsAdbhutasaMjJau cetyaSTau nATye rsaaH|| 6/15, nATzAstra, pUrvokta, pR0 266 te hayaSTau rasAH proktA druhiNena mahAtmanA - 6/6/, vahI, pR0 267 teSAmutpatti hetavazcatvAro rsaaH| tadyathA zRMgAro raudro vIro bIbhatsa iti|- vahI, pR0 295 vahI, 6/40-42 vahI, 6/83, pR0 341 muninA bharatena tamadyabhartA masatA draSTumanAH slokpaalH|| 2 / 8, vikramorvazIyam, kAlidAsa, sampA0 paramezvarAnanda zAstrI, lavapura, 1962 / 9. iha tu tvaSTarasAyattA rasavattA smRtA giraat|| 1/292, kAvyAdarza, daNDI, anu0 brajaratnadAsa, vArANasI 1988 / / 10. zamamapi kecit prAhuH puSTirnATyeSu naitsy|| 4/44, dazarUpaka, dhanaMjaya, anu0 DA0 rAjabali pANDeya, urmilA prakAzana, dillI,tra 1992 / nATyazAstra, AcArya bharata, pUrvokta, adhyAya 6, khaNDa 1, pR0 332335 / vahI, pR0 332-335 / 13. shrRNgaarhaasykrunnraudrviirbhyaankaaH| 12.

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22 : zramaNa, varSa 65, aMka 1 / janavarI - mArca 2014 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. bIbhatsAdbhutazAntAzca nava nATye rasAH smRtA / / 4/4 kAvyAlaMkArasaMgraha, draSTavya-bhAratIya sAhitya zAstra koza, pUrvokta, paTanA, 1973, pR0 1012 / kAvyAnuzAsana, hemacandra, sampA0 Ara0 sI0 pArikha, mahAvIra jaina vidyAlaya, mumbaI 1938, khaNDa 1, adhyAya 2/27 nATyadarpaNam, rAmacandra - guNacandra, sampA0 ela0 bI0 gAMdhI, gAyakavADa orieNTala sirIja, bar3audA 1959, viveka 3, zloka 9 anuyogadvArasUtra, AryarakSita, sampA0 evaM anu0 madhukaramuni, Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara 1987, sUtra 262 (1) vahI, 262 (2) vahI, 262 (3) vahI, vahI 62 vahI, 262 anuyogadvArasUtraTIkA, maladhAri hemacandra, AgamasuttaNi (saTIka) sampA0 muni dIparatnasAgara, Agama zruta prakAzana, ahamadAbAda 1999, bhAga 30, pR0 124 / anuyogadvArasUtraTIkA, maladhAri hemacandra, AgamasuttaNi (saTIka) sampA0 muni dIparatnasAgara, Amaga prakAzana samiti, byAvara 1987, sUtra 262 vahI, 262 (9) *****

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jaina abhilekhoM kA vaiziSTaya DaoN0 aruNa pratApa siMha abhilekhoM kA itihAsa lekhana evaM punarnimANa meM viziSTa mahattva hai| prastara, dhAtu evaM mRNpAtroM para likhe hue lekhoM ko tor3anA-maror3anA, vikRta karanA yA prakSipta karanA sambhava nahIM hai| utkIrNa sAmagrI tatkAlIna sAmagrI kA yathArtha bodha karAtI hai| IsA pUrva caturtha zatI ke bAda se upalabdha hone vAle ye abhilekha bhArata ke itihAsa ke lie atyanta upayogI haiN| jaina abhilekhoM se bhI itihAsa sambandhI mahattvapUrNa sUcanAyeM prApta hotI haiN| prastuta lekha meM udAharaNoM ke mAdhyama se isake mahattva para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| -sampAdaka itihAsa lekhana evaM punarnirmANa meM abhilekhoM kA viziSTa mahattva hai| ye atIta ke aise amiTa srota haiM jinake prakSipta hone kI sambhAvanA atyalpa rahatI hai| prAcIna bhArata meM nAzavAna padArthoM yathA pattoM, camar3oM evaM kAgajoM para likhe hue lekha to naSTa ho gaye, parantu pattharoM, dhAtuoM evaM mRNpAtroM para utkIrNa abhilekha kAlajayI siddha hue| ye srota amiTa isalie haiM kyoMki eka bAra likhane ke pazcAt unheM punaH tor3anA-maror3anA yA vikRta karanA sarala evaM sugama nahIM thaa| ataH ye apane samaya kI yathArtha sthiti kA bodha karAte haiM aura tatkAlIna sAmAjika, Arthika evaM anya sAMskRtika sAmagrI kA yathArUpa pradarzana karate haiN| prAyaH caturtha zatAbdI I0 pUrva ke prArambha se lekara AgAmI kaI zatAbdiyoM taka sampUrNa bhArata meM abhilekha utkIrNa kiye gaye haiN| ye itihAsa ke jIvanta srota haiN| prAyaH sampUrNa bhArata meM brAhmaNa, bauddha evaM jaina dharmAnuyAyiyoM ke lekha prApta hue haiN| ina abhilekhoM ko dharma ke AdhAra para bA~TanA ucita nahIM pratIta hotA parantu lekha kI suvidhA ke lie una lekhoM ko jaina abhilekha kahA gayA hai jisakA prArambha jaina tIrthakaroM kI prArthanA yA namaskAra se tathA anta bhI isI taraha hotA hai; athavA ve abhilekha jo pUrNarUpeNa jaina paramparA ke vAhaka haiN| aitihAsika sUcanA ke mUla srota : jaina abhilekha aitihAsika ghaTanAoM ke mUla srota ke rUpa meM sthApita haiN| kucha aitihAsika rAjavaMzoM kI sUcanA hameM

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24 : zramaNa, varSa 65, aMka 1/janavarI-mArca 2014 sirpha jaina abhilekhoM se hI hotI hai| kaliMga nareza khAravela kA udAharaNa sarvaprasiddha hai| hAthI gumphA abhilekha ke nAma se prasiddha yaha abhilekha jaina tIrthaMkaroM evaM siddhoM kI prArthanA se prArambha hotA hai| 'namo arahatAnaM, namo sava sidhAnama" yahA~ yaha batAnA Avazyaka hai ki jaina dharmAvalambI isa nareza kI aitihAsika upalabdhiyoM ke bAre meM kisI bhI sAhityika srota se kucha bhI jJAta nahIM hotaa| yadi yaha lekha nahIM prApta hotA to isa prabhAvazAlI samrATa ke viSaya meM hama andhakAra meM hI rhte| hAthI gumphA ke isa abhilekha kA vahI mahattva hai jo samudragupta kI prayAga prazasti athavA yazodharma ke mandasaura abhilekha kaa| yadi ye donoM abhilekha nahIM prApta hote to samudragupta kI digvijayI bhUmikA kevala mudrAoM ke sahAre nahIM AMkI jA sakatI thii| kAlidAsa ke raghuvaMza ke AdhAra para raghu ke digvijaya kI jo tulanA samudragupta se kI jAtI hai, usakA mUla AdhAra prayAga prazasti hI hai| isI prakAra yadi mandasaura kA abhilekha nahIM milatA to hama yazodharma ke viSaya meM bilkula anjAna rahate aura yaha nahIM jAna pAte ki sadAziva ke caraNoM meM nata rahane vAle mihirakula ko kisane apane pairoM meM nata rahane ko vivaza kiyaa| jaina abhilekha kevala uttara bhArata ke itihAsa meM hI prAsaMgika nahIM haiM apitu sampUrNa dakSiNa bhArata ke rAjavaMzoM kA itihAsa jAnane meM bahuupayogI haiN| hama kevala do rAjavaMzoM kA udAharaNa dekara apanI bAta ko puSTa karanA cAheMge- gaMga vaMza evaM hoyasala vNsh| dakSiNa bhArata meM gaMga vaMza ati prasiddha rahA hai| isa vaMza kA udbhava hI jaina muni ke AzIrvAda evaM nirdeza ke phalasvarUpa huaa| isakI prArambhika sUcanA ke srota kevala jaina abhilekha haiN| abhilekhoM se jJAta hotA hai ki jaina AcArya siMhanandI ne isa rAjavaMza ke prathama nareza mAdhava ko ucca AdarzoM ko sthApita karane kA nirdeza diyA thaa| yaha ati mahattvapUrNa hai ki rAjavaMza kI sthApanA ke samaya hI jaina muni ne nirdeza diyA thA ki apanI pratijJAta bAta ko yadi tuma nahIM karoge, agara tuma dUsaroM kI striyoM ko balAt grahaNa karoge, agara mA~sa evaM madhu kA sevana karoge, agara AvazyakatA vAloM ko apanA dhana nahIM doge, agara yuddha bhUmi se bhAga jAoge to vaMza naSTa ho jaayegaa| karnATaka ke zimogA jile ke kallUra guDu se prApta saMskRta tathA kannar3a mizrita abhilekha ke uparyukta ghaTanA ke sAtha gaMga vaMza kI pUrI vaMzAvali dI gaI hai|

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jaina abhilekhoM kA vaiziSTya : 25 isI prakAra hoyasala vaMza dakSiNa bhArata kA eka prasiddha rAjavaMza thaa| isa vaMza kI sthApanA meM bhI jaina muni kA yogadAna thA aura unhIM ke ucca AdarzoM para rAjavaMza kI sthApanA huI thii| prArambhika abhilekhoM meM isakA savistAra varNana hai| abhilekhoM se jJAta hotA hai ki isa vaMza kA nAmakaraNa bhI jaina muni ke AzIrvAda se huaa| sAdhanA meM rata eka jaina muni para vyAghra dvArA AkramaNa karate hue dekhakara muni ke dvArA poya, sala (he sala, ise mAro) bolane para sala nAmaka vIra vyakti ne apanA nAma hI poyasala rakhA aura vyAghra ko apanA rAjacihna bnaayaa| isa vaMza ke nareza poyasala yA hoyasala kahalAe aura vyAghra unake lAJchana ke rUpa meM prasiddha ho gyaa| isI abhilekha meM viSNuvarddhana kI paTarAnI zAMtalAdevI ko pativrata, dharmaparAyaNatA evaM bhakti meM rukmiNI, satyabhAmA aura sItA jaisI deviyoM ke samAna batAyA gayA hai"anavarataparamakalyANAMbhyudayazatasahasraphalabhoga bhAginI dvitIya lakSmI saamneyuH| abhinavarukmiNI deviyu| ptihitstybhaameyu| vivekaka bRhsptiyu| ptivrtaaprbhaavprsiddhsiiteyu| prAcIna bhAratIya itihAsa kI kucha anasulajhI gutthiyoM ko sulajhAne meM jaina abhilekhoM kA prazaMsanIya yogadAna hai| isa sandarbha meM gupta samrATa rAmagupta kA dRSTAnta vicAraNIya hai| devIcandraguptam nATaka ke kucha aMzoM ko par3hakara prasiddha vidvAn silavAM levI ne rAmagupta kI aitihAsikatA kA eka kSINa anumAna lagAyA thaa| rAmagupta kA kathAnaka tatkAlIna sAkSyoM ke Aloka meM anaitihAsika pratIta hotA thA hAlA~ki kucha sAhityika granthoM meM isake saMdarbha milane prArambha ho gaye the| kAlAntara meM kucha mudrA sAkSya bhI prApta hue parantu usakI aitihAsikatA sandeha ke ghere meM thI aura itihAsakAra do paraspara virodhI guToM meM vibhAjita the| jaba tIrthaMkara mUrtiyoM se sambandhita AyAgapaToM para guptakAlIna lipi meM tIna lekha vidizA se prApta hue taba unakI aitihAsikatA para saMdeha sadA ke lie samApta ho gyaa| yaha svIkAra kara liyA gayA ki rAmagupta sambhavataH jaina dharmAvalambI thaa| vaha paristhitiyoM ke kAraNa vivaza thA aura vyartha ke raktapAta se bacanA cAhatA thaa| sAMskRtika sAmagrI kI pracuratA : jaina abhilekha sAMskRtika dRSTi se ati mahattvapUrNa haiN| jaina dharma ke vizeSa saMdarbha meM ye sAhityika srotoM kA samarthana to karate hI haiM usase jyAdA akATya evaM paripakva sAkSya prastuta karate haiN| udAharaNArtha- jaina

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26 : zramaNa, varSa 65, aMka 1/janavarI-mArca 2014 saMgha ke aitihAsika vibhAjana kI prAthamika jAnakArI hameM jaina abhilekha se hI prApta hotI hai| jaina saMgha kA vibhAjana zvetAmbara-digambara evaM yApanIya sampradAya meM huaa| zvetAmbara sampradAya meM saMgha vibhAjana kI prArambhika sUcanA tIsarI zatAbdI ke uttarAdhyayana niyukti aura granthoM se hI prApta hotI hai jabaki isa sambandha meM sUcanA dene vAlA digambara sampradAya kA prAcInatama srota dasavIM zatAbdI ke madhya kA hariSeNa kA bRhatkathAkoSa hai| isake pUrva hameM kisI bhI jaina sAhityika srota se isakI sUcanA nahIM miltii| yahA~ ullekhanIya hai ki saMgha vibhAjana kI Abhilekhika sUcanA hameM pA~cavIM zatAbdI ke uttarArddha meM hI mila jAtI hai| kadamba vaMza ke yazasvI nareza mayUrazarmana nirgata abhilekha meM zvetapaTa (zvetAmbara), nirgrantha (digambara) evaM yApanIya kA eka sAtha ullekha milanA aitihAsika dRSTi se ativiziSTa hai| isake atirikta digambara evaM zvetAmbara sampradAyoM ke granthoM meM eka dUsare ke prati bhrAmaka sUcanA dI gii| zvetAmbara sampradAya ke granthoM meM antima nihnava ke rUpa meM boTika yA boDiga sampradAya tathA digambara sampradAya ke granthoM meM ardhaphalaka sampradAya kI sUcanA dI gaI hai jisakA koI aitihAsika AdhAra nahIM hai| aisI kisI bhI bhrAmaka sUcanA kA jaina abhilekhoM meM nitAnta abhAva hai| ukta abhilekha "namaH jayati bhagavAjjinendro ke sAtha prArambha hotA hai tathA namo namaHSabhAma namaH ke sAtha anta hotA hai| jaina abhilekha sAhityika granthoM kI aitihAsikatA kI pRSTi ke lie sUcanA pradAna karate haiN| jaina saMgha ke aitihAsika vibhAjana ke pahale hameM gaNoM, kuloM evaM saMbhogoM kA vikAsa dikhAyI detA hai| kalpasUtra meM vibhinna AcAryoM se nissRta gaNoM, kuloM evaM zAkhAoM kA ullekha hai| isa grantha meM prasiddha AGga gaNa, uDuvADiya gaNa, uttarabalissaha gaNa evaM veSavATika gaNa kA ullekha hai| inameM se cAraNa yA vAraNa', koTTiyAra, uddehikIya gaNa tathA veSavATika gaNa ke mehiya kula 3 kA Abhilekhika sAkSya prApta hotA hai| kuSANakAlIna ye abhilekha grantha meM varNita saMdarbho kI aitihAsikatA ko puSTa karate haiN| isI grantha meM mahAvIra ke garbhApaharaNa evaM use punarsthApita karane kA saMdarbha prApta hotA hai| isakI puSTi mathurA se prApta mathurA ke abhilekhoM se hI hotI hai| mathurA se prApta IsA pUrva ke eka abhilekha meM hariNama jisane isa ghaTanA ko sampanna kiyA thA ko bhagavAnameso kahA gayA hai| yaha abhilekha burI taraha khaNDita hai|4 pattharoM para bhI isakA citraNa kiyA gayA hai jo mathurA ke myUjiyama meM surakSita hai|

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jaina abhilekhoM kA vaiziSTya : 27 kalA evaM vAstukalA ke sambandha meM bhI prAthamika sUcanA dene kA zreya jaina abhilekhoM ko hI hai| kaliMga jina arthAt kaliMga deza meM pUjita jaina tIrthaMkara kI pratimA kA jJAna hameM hAthI gumphA abhilekha se hotA hai| ataH caturtha zatAbdI IsApUrva meM jina mUrti kI aitihAsikatA kI sambhAvanA para vicAra kara sakate haiN| isI prakAra jaina stUpoM ke astitva ke prAcInatama sandarbha hameM jaina abhilekha se prApta hote haiN| mathurA se eka abhilekha meM vAdeva stUpa kA ullekha hai aura ise devanirmita kahA gayA hai / 15 yahA~ yaha ullekhanIya hai ki prathama zatAbdI IsvI meM nirmita yaha stUpa itanA prAcIna thA ki isake nirmAtA ko loga bhUla cuke the aura ise devanirmita mAnane lage the| mUrti evaM stUpa ke samAna maMdira ke astitva kI sUcanA hameM jaina abhilekhoM se hI prApta hotI hai| mathurA se prApta eka abhilekha meM zrAvaka uttaradAsa dvArA eka z2ina mandira ke toraNa (pAsAdotoraNa) dAna dene kA ullekha hai / 17 ahiMsA ko sarvopari mAnane vAle jaina dharmAvalambI rASTrarakSA meM kitane tatpara the isakA saMketa hameM jaina abhilekhoM se hI prApta hotA hai| hamane pUrvapRSThoM meM gaMga rAjavaMza ke saMdarbha meM dekhA thA ki svayaM jaina AcArya ne yuddha meM pITha na dikhAne kA nirdeza diyA hai arthAt yuddha bhUmi meM mAna-sammAna kI rakSA meM prANotsarga karanA isa ahiMsAvAdI dharma meM bhI puNya kA kArya thaa| jaina dharmAvalambI narezoM evaM vyaktiyoM ne utsAhapUrvaka isa kArya ko sampanna kiyaa| mahArAja khAravela ne damita yA dimita ko apanI rAjya sImA se mAra bhagAyA thaa| ise hinda-yavana nareza DimeTriyasa se samIkRta kiyA gayA hai| yadi yaha samIkaraNa nahIM hai to hameM yaha svIkAra karanA par3egA ki khAravela ne gArgI saMhitA meM varNita yavanoM ke bhayAvaha AkramaNa se mukti dilAyI thii| yahI nahIM, mathurA se prApta eka abhilekha meM gauptIputra indrapAla ko prostha ke sambhavataH pahalavI evaM zakoM ke lie kAlA nAga (poGgayazayaka kAlavAlasa) batAyA gayA hai| sambhavataH isa vIra sainika ne prosthakoM evaM zakoM se kar3A saMgharSa kiyA thA / 18 isI prakAra jaina abhilekha videziyoM ke bhAratIyakaraNa kI prakriyA ke jIvanta sAkSya haiN| yahA~ para zAsana karane vAlo videziyoM meM bhAratIya dharmoM ko svIkAra karane kI pravRtti dvitIya zatAbdI IsA pUrva se hI prArambha ho cukI thI jisake spaSTa sAkSya prApta hote haiN| garur3adhvaja abhilekha se spaSTa hai ki yavana heliyoDorasa ne bhAgavata dharma ke prati apanI abhiruci pradarzita kI thii| isI prakAra hinda- bhavana narezoM ke mudrA

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28 : zramaNa, varSa 65, aMka 1 / janavarI - mArca 2014 sAkSya evaM bauddha grantha milindaprazna se gaharI ruci rakhatA thA / ThIka isI taraha mathurA se prApta jaina abhilekhoM evaM zakoM evaM yavanoM dvArA jaina dharma svIkAra karane kI pravRtti kA patA calatA hai| eka AyAgapaTa para utkIrNa lekha se spaSTa hai ki isatikA, oravA, oTavArikA nAma kI striyoM ne jaina dharma ke prati bhakti-bhAva kA pradarzana kiyA thaa| ye nAma pracalita bhAratIya nAmoM se itara haiM jisake AdhAra para adhikAMza itihAsakAroM ne inheM sIthiyana mAnA hai / 19 jaina abhilekha pArasparika sauhArda evaM sadbhAva kA jvalanta udAharaNa peza karate haiN| muslima dharma ke prabhAvI hone arthAt 13vIM zatAbdI ke pahale prAyaH pratyeka bhAratIya nareza dhArmika sahiSNutA ke pratimAna para kharA utarA hai aura isakI puSTi jaina abhilekhoM se hotI hai| bhAratIya narezoM (unakA vyaktigata dharma yA vizvAsa kucha bhI rahA ho) kA sabhI dharmoM ke pracAra-prasAra meM ullekhanIya yogadAna thA ora ve kisI viziSTa dharma kI pragati meM bAdhaka nahIM bne| udAharaNArtha adhikAMza gupta samrATa bhAgavata dharmAvalambI the lekina unake kAla meM jaina dharma sadaiva pragati ke patha para agrasara rhaa| mahArAja harSa kI sattA - samApti ke pazcAt rAjapUta yuga prArambha hotA hai| hameM yaha dekhakara sukhada Azcarya hotA hai ki prAyaH pratyeka rAjapUta rAjA ne jaina dharma ke vikAsa meM apanA sakriya yogadAna diyaa| ina rAjavaMzoM meM cAhe uttara bhArata ke gurjara-pratihAra, paramAra, candela, gahar3avAla, cAhamAna, cApotkaTa, solaMkI yA caulukya raheM ho athavA dakSiNa bhArata ke pallava, rASTrakUTa, cola, cAlukya, hoyasala - sabhI ke adhikAMza abhilekhoM meM jaina basadi evaM maMdiroM ko dAna dene kA ullekha prApta hotA hai / cola rAjavaMza zaiva dharmAvalambI the unake saikar3oM abhilekhoM meM jaina dharma ke prati udAratA dikhAyI detI hai| jaina AcArya bhI apane ucca vicAra evaM Adarza jIvana ke kAraNa narezoM ke kRpA pAtra rhe| vAstava meM, jaina abhilekhoM meM bhArata kI sAMskRtika ekatA kA pratimAna dikhAyI detA hai| isa saMdarbha meM nADola zAkhA ke cAhamAna rAjavaMza ke rAjaputra kIrtipAla kA abhilekha atyanta prAsaMgika hai| kIrtipAla AlhaNadeva kA putra thaa| yuvarAja ne sUrya evaM ziva kI upAsanA ke uparAnta mahAvIra ke jina mandira ko 12 gA~va dAna meM diyA thaa| isI abhilekha meM brahmA, zrIdhara (viSNu) tathA ziva ke sAtha jina kI vandanA kI gaI hai kyoMki ye sabhI rAga se pare haiM

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jaina abhilekhoM kA vaiziSTya : 29 zriyai bhavantu vo devA, brahma zrIdharazaMkaraH / sadA vIrAgavanto ye jinA jagati vizrutAH / / 20 mahArAja AlhaNadeva bhI dharmasahiSNu nareza the| nADola se prApta eka abhilekha meM mahArAja dvArA sUrya evaM ISANa (ziva) kI pUjA ke uparAnta brAhmaNoM evaM guruoM ke eka jina mandira ko pratimAha pA~ca dramma dene kA Adeza hai / 21 spaSTataH jaina abhilekha bhAratIya dharma ke mUlaguNa sAhiSNutA ko pUrI niSThA ke sAtha vyakta karate haiM tathA sAmAjika kalyANa kI bhAvanA se ota-prota haiN| sarasvatI kI mUrti pratiSThApanA ke samaya kisI sampradAya vizeSa kA nAma lie binA saba logoM ke kalyANa kI kAmanA kI gaI hai| sabako kalyANa kI kAmanA se bar3hakara sAmAjika Adarza kI sthiti aura kyA ho sakatI hai| 22 prAcInatama abhilekha ke pratinidhi : jaina abhilekha sambhavataH prAcInatama bhAratIya abhilekha kA pratinidhitva karate haiN| rAjasthAna ke ajamera jile ke bAlagrAma ke bhiloTa mAtA maMdira se prApta abhilekha vicAraNIya haiM 23 vIra (1) ya bhagava (te) .caturAsiti va (se) ye sA (li) mAlini...... .. raM ni (vi), mAjhimike....... isa abhilekha ke prathama paMkti meM 'vIrAya bhagavate' hai jisakA samIkaraNa vIra bhagavAna arthAt mahAvIra se kiyA gayA hai| isake vyaMjanoM para lagI huI mAtrAoM ke AdhAra para purAvidoM ne ise kAphI prAcIna mAnA hai| prasiddha purAvida Ara0Ara0 haildara kA mAnanA hai ki bar3I I kI mAtrA na to azoka ke abhilekhoM meM hai aura na kAlAntara ke abhilekhoM meM prApta hotI hai| mahAvIra kI paramparAgata tithi 527 IsA pUrva hai, jabaki kucha Adhunika vidvAna vibhinna srotoM ke AdhAra para unakI nirvANa tithi 486 I0 pU0 siddha karate haiN| saMdarbhoM ke AdhAra para yadi isa abhilekha ko hama mahAvIra nirvANa ke 84 varSa anantara utkIrNa mAneM to isakA samaya pA~cavI zatAbdI I0pU0 kA antima kAla athavA caturtha zatAbdI I0 pU0 kA prArambhika kAla nirmita hotA hai| isase yaha prAcInatara siddha hogA / 24

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30 : zramaNa, varSa 65, aMka 1 / janavarI-mArca 2014 isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaina abhilekha bhAratIya itihAsa evaM saMskRti ke jIvanta srota haiN| ye na kevala mUlasrota ke rUpa meM aitihAsika satyoM ko udghATita karane meM samartha haiM, apitu sAhityika srotoM ke pUraka sAkSya ke rUpa meM itihAsa-lekhana meM atyanta sahAyaka haiN| saMdarbha : 1. Po 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. nh 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. epigrAphiyA iNDikA, bhAga 20, pR0 66 evaM Age "nuDidudanArolaM nuDidu tappidoDaM jinazAsanakkoDam / baDadaDamanya nArigeredaTTidaMDaM madhumAMsa seve geya / / daDamakulInarappavara kolakoDeyAdoDamarthigarthamam / kuDadoDamohavAGgaNadoloDidaMDa kiDuguM kurlAkramam / / " jaina zilAlekha saMgraha, sampA0 vijayamUrti, mANikacandra digambara jaina granthamAlA samiti, bAmbe, 1952, bhAga dvitIya, pR0 413 vahI bhAga prathama, sampA0 hIrAlAla jaina, mANikacandra digambara jaina granthamAlA samiti, mumbaI 1928, pR0 123 evaM Age - vahI bhAga prathama, pR0 123 " vahI bhAga paMcama, pR0 4 * vistAra ke lie deMkhe :- skijma ina jaina saMgha, aruNa pratApa siMha, bhAratI, prA0 bhA0 iti0 evaM purA0 vibhAga, bI0eca0yU0 vArANasI, bhAga 35, pR0 43-49 iNDiyana eNTikverI, bhAga 7, pR0 37-38 kalpasUtra, 6 prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI, rAjasthAna, dvitIya saMskaraNa, 1984 pR0 287 - 304; vistAra ke lie dekheM- jaina rilijana eNDa rAyala DAyanasTIja Apha nArtha iNDiyA, bhAga prathama, aruNa pratApa siMha, bI0 ela0 mIDiyA solyUsaMsa, naI dillI, 2010 pR0 70-73 e lisTa Apha brAhmI insikripzaMsa, barlina, eca0 lyUDarsa, iNDolojikala buka hAusa, vArANasI, 1973, saMkhyA 42, 58, 116 Adi / vahI, saM0 17, 20, 22 Adi vahI, saM0 21, 76 Adi vahI, saM0 24 vahI, saM0 101 epigrAphiyA iNDikA, bhAga- dvitIya, pR0 204, lyUDarsa, saM0 47 "This shows that by the middle of the second centruy A.D., this stupa has become so ancient that the facts about its origin were

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jaina abhilekhoM kA vaiziSTaya : 31 completely forgotten by the people and its construction came to be ascribed to the gods". - jaina ArTa eNDa ArkiTekcara (sampA0 amalAnanda ghoSa, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, naI dillI, 1974) epigrAphiyA iNDikA, bhAga dvitIya, pR0 195 "It is highly significant that, unlike most of the early Jaina devotees mentioned in the Mathura insciptions, this person was a kshatriya nobleman. Like Kharvela of Kaliga, he was a voliant soldier, but his martial zeal did not prevent him from falling in love with a religious system in which Non-violence is not cowardice and the example of gotiputra shows that a person believing in non violence could, for the sake of his mother land, convrnt himself into a much sterner stuff". - kAmprehesiva hisTrI Apha jainijma (e0ke0 caTarjI, pharmA ke ela0ema0 limiTeDa, kalakattA, 1984) bhAga prathama, pR050 uddhRta saMdarbha saM0 238, hisTrI oNpha jainijma vitha spezala riphareMsa, TU mathurA (vI0ke0 zarmA, DI0ke0 priMTa varlDa, naI dillI, 2001) pR0 149 epigrephiyA iNDikA, bhAga-navam, pR066-70 jaina rilijana eNDa rAyala DAyanisTIja oNpha nArtha iNDiyA, bhAga-prathama, pR0 69-70 iNDiyana eNTikverI, bhAga 58, pR0 229; jaina zilAlekha saMgraha, bhAga-caturtha, 20. pR0 1 From the paleographic point of view, the sign of e.g. in viraya is worthy of note. Its form is unique and it seems to belong to a period anterior to that of the inscriptions of Ashok. Infact such a form is neither found in the inscriptions of Ashok nor in the inscriptiions of later period." vahI pR0 229 * * ***

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jaina kalA evaM paramparA meM bAhubalI: Adarza evaM yathArtha kI pRSThabhUmi DaoN0 zAnti svarUpa sinhA jaina paramparA meM bAhubalI sAdhanA evaM tyAga ke pratIka ke rUpa meM pUjya haiN| tIrthaMkaroM ke pazcAt jaina paramparA evaM kalA meM bAhubalI ko hI sarvAdhika pratiSThA prApta hai| unakA caritra isa tathya ko pratiSThApita karatA hai ki tyAga, sAdhanA, aparigaha hI yaza kA mUla hai, sampatti kAlakrama meM naSTa ho jAne vAlI hai jabaki yaza sadaiva sthira rahane vAlA hai| isa lekha meM bAhubalI ke sAhityika ullekha aura aMkana meM zvetAmbara aura digambara paramparA meM sAmya aura bheda ko bhI rekhAGkita kiyA gayA hai| bAhubalI ke sAhityika vivaraNa aura kalAtmaka abhivyakti ke tulanAtmaka vivecana ke mAdhyama se bhAratIya saMskRti ke Adarza evaM yathArtha ko prastuta karanA isa lekha kA abhISTa hai| ___ -sampAdaka bhAratIya saMskRti kA mUla AdhAra Adarza evaM naitikatA rahI hai| maryAdA kI Dora se ba~dhA jIvana hI samAja dvArA mAnya kiyA jAtA hai aura vahI nIti hai| vastutaH naitikatA una sAmAjika niyamoM evaM AdarzoM ke samuccaya ko kahA jAtA hai jo manuSya ke vyavahAra evaM AcaraNa ko niyaMtrita evaM niyamita kare aura jisase samAja meM vyavasthA evaM santulana banA rhe| prAcIna bhAratIya kalA evaM paramparA meM AdarzoM ko sthApita karane ke nimitta aneka AkhyAnoM evaM svarUpoM kI kalpanA kI gayI, jo vartamAna meM yathArtha ke patha-pradarzaka pratimAna ke rUpa meM hamAre samAna upasthita hai| jaina paramparA bhI bhAratIya saMskRti kI abhinna aMga rahI hai aura isa paramparA meM bhI bhAratIya paramparA ke Adarza kI sthApanA ke aneka AkhyAna upalabdha haiN| jaina kalA evaM paramparA meM bAhubalI ko Adarza ke pratimAna ke rUpa meM kalA evaM sAhitya donoM staroM para pratiSThita kiyA gayA hai| prastuta lekha meM bAhubalI ke sAhityika ullekha aura kalAtmaka abhivyakti ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana ke mAdhyama se bhAratIya saMskRti ke Adarza evaM yathArtha ko rekhAMkita karanA hamArA abhISTa hai| jaina paramparA meM tIrthaMkaroM ko sarvAdhika pratiSThA prApta hai aura unheM devAdhideva mAnA gayA hai| tIrthaMkaroM ke pazcAt jaina paramparA evaM kalA meM bAhubalI ko hI

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jaina kalA evaM paramparA me bAhubalI: Adarza evaM yathArtha kI pRSThabhUmi : 33 sarvAdhika pratiSThA prApta hai| sAdhanA, aparigraha aura ahiMsA kA zreyasa mArga jaina paramparA evaM kalA meM sarvadA dRr3hatA se vyakta huA hai| isI kAraNa tIrthaMkara na hote hue bhI gahanatama sAdhanA aura tyAga ke pratIka ke rUpa meM bAhubalI pUjita hue tathA unheM tIrthaMkaroM ke samAna pratiSThA pradAna kI gyii| yaha bhI mahattvapUrNa hai ki vizAlatama prAcIna jaina mUrti bhI kisI tIrthaMkara ke sthAna para gommaTezvara bAhubalI (57 phITa) kI banI, jo zravaNabelagola (karnATaka, 983 I0) meM hai aura gommaTezvara bAhubalI ke nAma se vikhyAta hai| prathama tIrthaMkara RSabhanAtha evaM sunandA ke putra bAhubalI ko dakSiNa bhAratIya paramparA meM 'gommaTa yA gommaTezvara' nAma se jAnA jAtA hai| kArakala (karnATaka) kI bAhabalI ke marti-lekha meM inheM gommaTa jinapati taka kahA gayA hai| agraja bharata cakravartI para vijaya ke antima kSaNoM meM sarvasva tyAgane kA nirNaya lekara sAdhanA ke mArga para calane vAle bAhubalI ne jo Adarza sthApita kiyA usI kAraNa jaina kalA paramparA meM zraddhA ko zIrSastha sthAna pradAna kiyA gyaa| zvetAmbara tathA digambara paramparA ke vibhinna granthoM meM bAhubalI ke jIvana evaM tapazcaryA ke vistRta ullekha upalabdha haiN| yadyapi prArambhika ullekha tIsarI zatI I0 ke vimalasUri kRta paumacariyaM meM hai tathApi bAhubalI kI mUrtiyoM kA utkIrNana chaThI-sAtavIM zatI I0 meM prArambha huA, jisake udAharaNa karnATaka meM bAdAmI aura ayahola se mila haiN| paumacariyaM ke bAda vasudevahiNDI (chaThI zatI I0), padmapurANa (sAtavIM zatI I0), harivaMzapurANa (AThavIM zatI I0), caupannamahApuruSacariya (868 I0), AdipurANa (navIM zatI I0) evaM triSaSTizalAkApuruSacaritra (12vIM zatI I0) jaise granthoM meM bAhubalI se sambandhita vistRta ullekha prApta hote haiN| RSabhanAtha ke sau putroM aura do putriyoM meM bharata cakravartI sabase bar3e the| RSabhanAtha ke dIkSA grahaNa karane ke bAda rAjya para varcasva sthApita karane ke lie bharata aura bAhubalI ke madhya yuddha huaa| yuddha kI vibhISikA aura usameM hone vAle narasaMhAra kI pUrvakalpanA karate hue bAhubalI ne senAoM ke yuddha ke sthAna para bharata se zastravihIna dvandva yuddha kA prastAva kiyA, ise bharata ne bhI svIkAra kara liyaa| isa dvandva yuddha meM bharata hara sambhava yatna ke bAda bhI bAhubalI para niyantraNa nahIM kara ske| taba nirAzA meM unhoMne apane vacana se vimukha hokara devatAoM se prApta kAla-cakra se bAhubalI para prahAra kiyaa| bhArata kI

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34 : zramaNa, varSa 65, aMka 1/janavarI-mArca 2014 rAjya lipsA aura usake kAraNa vacana se vimukha hone kI isa ghaTanA se bAhubalI atyanta duHkhI hue| unhoMne tatkSaNa rAjya tyAgakara dIkSA grahaNa karane kA nirNaya kiyaa| apane isa nirNaya ke bAda bAhubalI ne vastrAbhUSaNoM kA tyAgakara kezoM kA luMcana kiyA aura jaina dharma meM dIkSA grahaNa kii| dIkSA grahaNa karane ke bAda bAhubalI ne kaThina tapasyA kI aura pUre eka varSa taka kAyotsarga mudrA meM khar3e rhe| jJAtavya hai ki kAyotsarga-mudrA sAdhanA kI kaThina mudrA hai aura sabhI jaina tIrthaMkaroM ne isI mudrA meM tapasyA kI thii| yahAM yaha ullekha bhI prAsaMgika hogA ki bAhubalI kI mUrtiyAM kevala kAyotsargamudrA meM hI nirUpita huI haiN| eka varSa kI tapasyA ke bAda bAhubalI ko kaivalya prApta huaa| zvetAmbara paramparA ke anusAra darpa ke kAraNa bAhubalI kucha samaya taka kaivalyaprApti se vaMcita rhe| RSabhanAtha bAhubalI ke darpa kI bAta ko jAnate the, isI kAraNa unhoMne bAhubalI kA darda dUra karane ke lie unakI donoM bahanoM brAhmI aura sundarI ko unake pAsa bhejaa| darpa se mukta hone ke bAda hI bAhubalI kevala jJAna prApta kara ske| zvetAmbara sthaloM kI mUrtiyoM meM paramparA ke anurUpa bAhubalI ke pArzva meM sAdhvI veza meM brAhmI aura sundarI kI AkRtiyoM kA aMkana aura darpa ke pratIka ke rUpa meM gaja kA aMkana dekhA jA sakatA hai| jabaki digambara paramparA ke anusAra dhyAnastha bAhubalI ke zarIra se lipaTI mAdhavI kI latAoM ko vidyApariyoM ne haTAyA thaa| digambara granthoM meM bAhubalI kI bahanoM brAhmI aura sundarI kI upasthiti kA sandarbha nahIM milatA hai| granthoM ke AdhAra para digambara sthaloM kI mUrtiyoM meM bAhubalI ke dono pArthoM kI sarvAgaMsundarI strI AkRtiyoM kI pahacAna brAhmI aura sundarI ke sthAna para vidyAdhariyoM se kI gayI hai| eka varSa kI kaThina tapasyA kI avadhi meM bAhubalI zIta sUrya, tApa, varSA, vAyu aura bijalI kI kar3aka ko zAMtabhAva se sahate rhe| AdipurANa ke anusAra nagnaveza meM bAhubalI eka varSa kI kaThina tapasyA meM parigraha rahita hokara atyanta zAnta the| digambara vrata ko dhAraNa karate hue bAhubalI kaSAya se bhedana nahIM kiye jA sakate the| Age ullekha hai ki bAhubalI ke isa prakAra tapa karma se pUre vana meM zAnti vyApta ho gayI aura hiMsaka pazu hiMsA kA tyAga kara zAMta ho gaye arthAt mahApuruSa ke samAgama se krUra se krUra jIva meM ahiMsA kA bhAva vyApta ho jAtA hai| isa prasaMga meM ullekha hai ki bAhubalI kA sampUrNa zarIra latA

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jaina kalA evaM paramparA me bAhubalI: Adarza evaM yathArtha kI pRSThabhUmi : 35 vallariyoM se ghira gayA, jisameM vibhinna pakSiyoM ne apane ghosale banA die the| unake caraNa varSA ke kIcar3a meM phaMsa gaye the| sarpa unake zarIra se laTaka rahe the, ye sarpa unake hajAra bhujAoM vAle hone kA AbhAsa dete the| vAlmIka se Upara uThate sarpa caraNa ke samIpa nUpura kI taraha ba~dhe the| zarIra para vRzcika evaM chipakalI jaise jantu nizcinta bhAva se vicaraNa kara rahe the| isa prakAra bAhubalI ke zarIra para latA-vallariyoM kA lipaTa jAnA aura zarIra ke vibhinna bhAgoM para sarpa, vRzcika, chipakalI Adi kA pradarzana tathA dhyAna-nimagna bAhubalI kA ina sabase aprabhAvita rahanA, unakI tapasyA kI gahanatA ko vyakta karatA hai| AdipurANa meM isa dRr3ha tapasyA ke mUla meM Adarza kI sthApanA ke rUpa meM jJAna kI prApti kA ullekha ise aura sAragarbhita banAtA hai| sAtha hI yaha sandarbha manuSya aura paryAvaraNa ke pArasparika astiva kA bhI pratIka hai| bAhubalI kI kaThina tapazcaryA ke kAraNa hI kalA meM unhe tIrthakAroM ke samAna pratiSTha pradAna kI gyii| isa sandarbha ko aura vyAkhyAyita karate hue AdipurANa meM ahiMsA bhAva kI vyAkhyA karate hue batAyA gayA hai ki ahiMsA kI zuddhi unase hI hotI hai jo parigraharahita aura dayAlu hote hai| tyAga, sAdhanA, aparigraha hI yaza kA mUla hai, sampatti kAlakrama meM naSTa ho jAne vAlI hai jabaki yaza sadaiva sthira rahane vAlA hai| uparyukta pAramparika pRSThabhUmi ke AdhAra para hI vibhinana kSetroM meM chaThI-sAtavIM zatI I0 se 19 vIM zatI I0 ke madhya bAhubalI kI aneka mUrtiyAM banIM, donoM hI paramparAoM kI mUrtiyoM meM bAhubalI ko kAyotsarga mudrA meM dikhAyA gayA hai| zvetAmbara sthaloM para bAhubalI adhovastra yukta hai jabaki digambara sthaloM para nirvastra haiN| zvetAmbara paramparA kI bAhubalI mUrtiyA~ digambara paramparA kI tulanA meM atyalpa haiN| 14 vIM zatI I0 kI eka zvetAmbara mUrti gujarAta kI pahAr3I para hai| 15vIM zatI I0 kI eka zvetAmbara mUrti gujarAta kI jaya pahAr3I para hai| 15vIM zatI I0 kI eka mUrti jaisalamera se bhI milI hai| RSabhanAtha ke jIvana dRzyoM ke aMkana ke prasaMga meM bhI kucha zvetAmbara sthaloM para bharata-bAhubalI yuddha aura bAhubalI kI kAyotsarga-mudrA meM khar3I mUrtiyAM bnii| inameM gujarAta meM kumbhAriyA sthita zAntinAtha evaM mahAvIra mandiroM (11vIM zatI I0) tathA rAjasthAna sthita vimalavasahI (lagabhaga 1150 I0) ke vitAnoM kI AkRtiyAM mukhya haiN| ina udAharaNoM meM zvetAmbara paramparA ke anurUpa hI bAhubalI ke donoM ora namaskAra mudrA meM brAhmI evaM sundarI kI AkRtiyAM bhI nirUpita haiN|

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36 : zramaNa, varSa 65, aMka 1/janavarI-mArca 2014 digambara sthaloM para chaThI-sAtavIM zatI I0 meM hI bAhubalI kA nirUpaNa prAraMbha ho gayA jisake udAharaNa bAdAmI aura ayahola meM hai| bAdAmI kI mUrti meM bAhubalI nirvastra aura kAryotsarga-mudrA meM padma para khar3e haiN| keza pIche kI ora saMvAre gaye haiN| hAthoM aura pairoM meM mAdhavI lipaTI hai| tapasyArata bAhubalI ke samIpa hI vAlmIka nirvastra aura kAyotsarga-madrA meM padma para khar3e haiN| keza pIche kI ora saMvAre gaye haiN| hAthoM aura pairoM meM mAdhavI lipaTI hai| tapasyArata bAhubalI ke samIpa hI vAlmIka se nikalate do sarpo ko dikhalAyA gayA hai| samIpa hI do puruSoM aura do upAsakoM kI AkRtiyA~ bhI banI haiN| ayahola ke udAharaNa meM bhI lagabhaga yahI lakSaNa draSTavya haiN| isameM bAhubalI ke donoM pArthoM meM sarvAbhUSita do strI AkRtiyA~ banIM haiM, jo vidyAriyoM kI AkRtiyAM haiN| digambara sthaloM para inakA niyamita aMkana huA hai| ayahola kI mUrti meM Upara kI ora vRkSa aura uDDIyamAna gandharva Adi kA aMkana huA hai| bAhubalI kI keza racanA jaTA ke rUpa meM pradarzita hai aura kucha laTeM kandhoM para bhI phailI haiN| bAhubalI kI mukhAkRti aura ardha-nimIlita netra unakI cintanazIla mudrA ko abhivyakta karate haiN| isa prakAra spaSTa hai ki digambara zilpa paramparA meM sAtavIM zatI I0 taka bAhubalI kI lAkSaNika vizeSatAeM niyata ho gayI thiiN| paravartI kAla kI mUrtiyoM meM inhIM meM kucha vikAsa dRSTigata hotA hai| inameM latA vallariyoM ke sAtha bAhubalI ke zarIra para sarpa, vRzcika, chipakalI Adi kA aMkana huA hai| bAhubalI kI digambara paramparA kI anya mUrtiyA~ elorA (lagabhaga 20 kI saMkhyA meM), karnATaka (prisaM oNpha velsa saMgrahAlaya, mumbaI, kAsya, navIM zatI I0), zravaNabelagola (983 I0), kArakala-veNUra (14vIM-16vIM zatI I0), prabhAsa (jUnAgar3ha saMgrAhalaya), devagar3ha khajurAho (pArzvanAtha mandira, 1950-70 I0), villaharI (jabalapura, ma0 pra0 11vIM zatI I0), mathurA (zAsakIya saMgrahAlaya, lakhanaU, kramAMka saM0 940, 10vIM zatI I0) sironakhurda (lalitapura, u0 pra0, 11vIM zatI I0), canderI (lalitapura, 16vIM zatI I0) evaM 14vIM-15vIM zatI I0 kI gvAliyara (u0pra0) sthita jaina guphA kI mUrtiyAM isakI udAharaNa haiN| elorA, zravaNabelagola, kArakala, veNUra kI mUrtiyoM meM samIpa hI vAlmIka se nikalate sarpo kA ukerana huA hai| ye vizeSatAeM bAhubalI kI gahana sAdhanA ke bhAva ko mUrtamAna karatI haiN| zravaNabelagola kI 57 phITa UMcI gommaTezvara bAhubalI kI mahApramANa zailotkIrNa mUrti gahana sAdhanA aura tyAga kI jIvanta pratIka hai| yaha mUrti jainakalA ke sAtha hI bhAratIya kalA kA apratima udAharaNa bhI hai|

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jaina kalA evaM paramparA me bAhubalI: Adarza evaM yathArtha kI pRSThabhUmi : 37 khajurAho evaM devagar3ha kI navIM se terahavIM zatI I0 ke madhya kI mUrtiyoM meM bAhubalI ke sAtha kaI navIna aura paramparA meM sarvathA avarNita vizeSatAeM dekhane ko milatI haiN| inameM bAhubalI ko tIrthaMkaroM ke samAna pratiSThA pradAna karane kA bhAva spaSTa dekhA jA sakatA hai| jJAtavya hai ki tIrthaMkaroM ko jaina devakula meM sarvAdhika mahattA prApta hai jinheM devAdhideva bhI kahA gayA hai| ataH jaba bhI jaina devaparivAra ke kisI devatA kI pratiSThA meM vRddhi kI gayI to unheM tIrthaMkaroM ke nikaTa lAne kA prayAsa kiyA gyaa| devagar3ha meM lagabhaga navIM zatI I0 se terahavIM zatI I0 ke madhya kI lagabhaga chaH bAhubalI mUrtiyAM prApta huI haiN| devagar3ha kI bAhubalI mUrtiyAM uttara bhArata kI bAhubalI mUrtiyoM meM saMkhyA aura lakSaNa donoM hI dRSTiyoM se viziSTa haiN| inameM bAhubalI kAyotsarga-mudrA meM khar3e haiM aura unake zarIra se latA-vallariyAM lipaTI huI haiN| devagar3ha se prApta mUrtiyoM meM bAhubalI ke sAtha cAmaradhArI sevakoM, siMhAsana, trichatra, prabhAmaNDala, devadundubhi jaise prAtihAryoM kA aMkana isa bAta kA saMketa detA hai ki tIrthakara na hote hue bhI gahana sAdhanA aura tyAga kI pratimUrti bAhubalI ko tIrthaMkaroM ke samAna pratiSThA milI, jisakI parAkASThA 12vIM-13vIM zatI I0 kI mandira saMkhyA 11 meM surakSita bAhabalI mUrti meM dekhane ko milatI hai| isameM sAmAnya prAtihAryoM ke sAtha hI bAhubalI ke sAtha tIrthaMkara mUrtiyoM ke samAna pIThikA para yakSa-yakSI kA bhI nirUpaNa huA hai| yakSa-yakSI se yukta bAhubalI mUrti kA eka anya udAharaNa (12vIM-13vIM zatI I0) khajurAho ke sAhU zAnti prasAda jaina saMgrahAlaya meM surakSita hai| isa prakAra bAhubalI kI mUrtiyoM ke sandarbha meM devagar3ha meM kaI abhinava prayoga hue jo zAstra samarthita na hote hue bhI zAstra viruddha nahIM the aura jinakA uddezya bAhubalI ke mAdhyama se manuSya mAtra ke samakSa sambhavataH eka Adarza prastuta karanA thaa| yaha sarvathA satya hai ki hara koI tIrthaMkara nahIM ho sakatA kyoMki vaha pUrva niyata hai, para bAhubalI jaisA sAdhaka hokara kaivalya aura nirvANa avazya prApta kara sakatA hai| jJAtavya hai ki bAhubalI jaina paramparA meM isa pRthvI ke pahale sAdhAraNa manuSya haiM, jinheM kaivalya prApta huA thaa| tyAga, sAdhanA aura ahiMsA jaise Adarza yukta kaThina mArga para calakara kevala jJAna prApta karane vAle bAhubalI ko janamAnasa meM tIrthaMkaroM ke samAna pratiSThita kiyA gyaa| devagar3ha ke mandira saMkhyA 2 kI eka mUrti meM bAhubalI kI do tIrthaMkaroM (zItalanAtha evaM

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38 : zramaNa, varSa 65, aMka 1/janavarI-mArca 2014 abhinandana) ke sAtha tritIrthI mUrti meM aMkana kiyA gayA hai, jo punaH bAhubalI kI tIrthaMkara ke samakakSa pratiSThA kA pratIka hai| sAtha hI elorA aura devagar3ha (mandira saMkhyA 2) kI mUrtiyoM meM bAhubalI ke caraNoM ke pAsa hAtha jor3e bharata cakravartI kA aMkana AdhyAtmika sattA ke caraNoM meM rAjasattA ke namana kA mArmika nirUpaNa hai| Aja ke jIvana aura vyavahAra meM bhI rAjasattA ke sAmane AdhyAtmika sattA kI zreSThatA ko dekhA jA sakatA hai| sandarbha : ema0 ena0 pI0 tivArI evaM esa0esa0sinhA, dhArmika sAmaMjasya kA darpaNa khajurAho kA pArzvanAtha mandira, jina-jJAna, (sampA0) dvivedI evaM jaina, mujaphpharapura 2007, pR0 214-20" paumacariyaM, 4/54-55, harivaMzapurANa, 11.98-102, AdipurANa, 36.106185 evaM triSaSTizalAkApuruSacaritra, 5.740-798. AdipurANa, 36.106 latAM vyavapanayantIbhyAM khecarIbhyAM namau muni| harivaMzapurANa, 11.101 vidyAdharyaH kadAcicca kriiddaahetoruupaagtaaH| vallIrUdhdeSTAmAsuH muneH srvaaNgsNginiiH|| AdipurANa, 36.183 ema0 ena0 pI0 tivArI, khajurAho kA jaina purAtattva, khajurAho, pR0 67-69. nAgnyaM nAma paraM tapaH // AdipurANa, 36.117 mahinmA zaminaH zAntamityabhattazca kaannm| dhatte hi mahatAM yogaH shmmpyshmaatmsu|| AdipurANa, 36.177 triSaSTizalAkApuruSacaritra, 5.740-98, AdipurANa 36.171-76 jJAnaM hi tapaso mUlaM yadvanmUlaM mahAtaroH, AdipurANa, 36.148 ema0ena0pI0 tivArI evaM esa0esa0 sinhA, jaina kalA tIrthaH devagar3ha vArANasI, 2002, pR0 105-109 ahiMsAzuddhireSAM syAd ye niHsaDgA dyaalvH| AdipurANa, 39.30 sthAyuka hi yazo loke gatvoM nanu smpdH| AdipurANa, 36.117 jaina kalA tIrtha devagar3ha, pR0 109 citra-sUcI 1. bAhubalI, guphA saM0 4, bAdAmI 600 I0 2. bAhubalI, jaina guphA, ayahola, sAtavIM zatI I0 kA prAraMbha 3. bAhubalI, mandira saM0 11, devagar3ha 12 vI zatI I0 12.

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ml jaina kalA evaM paramparA me bAhubalI: Adarza evaM yathArtha kI pRSThabhUmi : 39 bAhubalI, tritIrthI mUrti meM saM02, devagar3ha 11 vIM zatI I0 bAhubalI, (bharata aMjalI baddha-mudrA meM), jaina guphA saM0 32, elorA, navI zatI khh ii0| 56. Tritirthi Jina image with Bahubali, Temple no.2,Deogarh,10th-11th cent. A.D 55. Bahubali Temple no.11. Deogarh (U.P],10th 11th cent. A.D. *****

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dalitoddhAraka AcArya tulasI-eka antarAvalokana (pro0 samaNI kusuma prajJA, jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanUM 2014, pR. 172, AI0esa0bI0ena0 81-7195-245-3, mUlya sattara rupaye maatr|) oma prakAza siMha terApantha dharmasaMgha ke navama AcArya, aNuvrata Andolana ke pravartaka AcArya tulasI kA vyaktittva bahuAyAmI thaa| ve eka pragatizIla aura krAntikArI santa the| unakA vicAra thA ki aspRzyatA jaise kITANu kA samAja se samUla nAza kiye binA mAnava jAti kA utthAna sambhava nahIM hai| jAtivAda aura aspRzyatA kA viSa jitanA adhika prabhAvI hogA mAnava jAti kI ekatA ko utanA hI bar3A khatarA hogaa| unake vicAra meM dharma aura adhyAtma kA lakSya taba taka nahIM pUrA hogA jaba taka ki dalitoM ko rASTra kI mukhyadhArA meM samAhita nahIM kiyA jaaygaa| itanA hI nahIM jaba taka ve svayaM Age bar3hakara apane caritra-nirmANa kA prayAsa nahIM kareMge, unakI bhautika unnati sArthaka aura upayogI nahIM hogii| AcArya ke zabdoM meM, 'jIvana kA sarvatonmukhI vikAsa kevala sAmAjika aura rAjanItika adhikAroM kI upalabdhiyoM taka hI sImita nahIM ho sktaa| Aja harijana aneka sAmAjika aura rAjanItika uccapadoM para AsIna haiM, sarakAra kI ora se unheM aneka prakAra kI suvidhAyeM milatI hai, kintu jIvana-nirmANa ke kSetra meM unhoMne kitanI pragati kI hai, yaha unake lie socane kI bAta hai| kevala pada-prApti utthAna nahIM hai| spaSTa kahU~ to caritra-sampannatA ke binA uccapada jIvana ke lie bhArabhUta hai|' isa pustaka kI lekhikA Agama sAhitya vizeSataH Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya ke sampAdana evaM anuvAda ke kSetra meM mahAna yogadAna karane vAlI viduSI samaNI DaoN0 kusuma prajJA jI ne AcArya zrI tulasI dvArA dalitoM ke utthAna kI dizA meM kiye gaye prayAsoM evaM tadviSayaka vicAroM ko kRti meM vyavasthita rUpa se pAThakoM ke samakSa prastuta kiyA hai| cAlIsa zIrSakoM ke antargata varNavyavasthA, jAti

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dalitoddhAraka AcArya tulasI eka antarAvalokana : 41 vyavasthA, aspRzyatA aura dalita varga kI sAmAnya pRSThabhUmi para prakAza DAlate hue jAtivAda ke kAraNa, jAtivAda kI atatAttvikatA, dalitoM kI sAmAjika sthiti, aspRzyatA nivAraNa ke vividha Andolana, saMvidhAna meM aspRzyatA niSedha kA prAvadhAna jaise viSayoM kA vivecana kiyA hai| sAmAjika sudhAra para aNuvrata Andolana kA prabhAva, aNuvrata Andolana ke kAryakartAoM kA jAtivAda aura aspRzyatA nivAraNa hetu prayAsa para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| sAtha hI AcArya zrI ke upadeza aura preraNA se tathA svayaM unake dvArA isa dizA meM kiye gaye kAryoM kA vyavasthita vivaraNa isa pustaka meM upalabdha hai| AcArya zrI tulasI dvArA harijana mohalloM meM upadeza, harijana sabhA meM pravacana, sArvajanika pravacana, jAtivAda ke virodha meM pustikA lekhana, dalita varga ke makAnoM meM pravAsa, harijana skUla meM pravacana Adi kArya kiye gye| sAtha hI unake utthAna ke lie vyasana-mukti, jUThana na khAne kI preraNA, bhAratIya saMskAra-nirmANa samiti kA gaThana, harijana mahilA kA varSI tapa pAraNA, mandira meM harijanoM kA praveza jaise vyAvahArika prayAsa AcArya zrI dvArA kiye gye| AcArya zrI ke mata meM aspRzyatA aura jAtivAda se hone vAlI hAniyoM ko saMkSepa meM nimna binduoM meM prastuta kiyA jA sakatA hai1. jAti vyavasthA ke kAraNa zUdra aura dalita varga meM hone vAlI pratibhAoM kA tiraskAra aura upekSA ho jAtI thii| ucca kula vAle pratibhAhIna vyakti bhI paise ke bala para sammAna prApta kara lete the| 2. prajAtaMtra samAnatA, svataMtratA, nyAya Adi guNoM para AdhArita hai lekina jAtivAda meM zoSaNa, asamAnatA Adi burAiyA~ calatI haiM ataH jAtivAda prajAtaMtra ke lie bhI khatarA hai| 3. hindU samAja kA saMgaThana jAtiprathA ke kAraNa kamajora aura jarjarita huA hai| aneka harijana dharmAntaraNa karake muslima yA IsAI samAja ke aMga bana ge|

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42 : zramaNa, varSa 65, aMka 1 / janavarI-mArca 2014 4. jAtivAda se samAja meM sauhArda aura sadbhAvanA samApta ho jAtI hai| vibhinna jAtiyoM ke bIca dveSa, kaTutA, saMgharSa aura vaimanasya ke bhAva panapane se rASTrIya ekatA kamajora hotI hai| vartamAna meM jAti ke AdhAra para ArakSaNa ke mAdhyama se naukariyoM meM niyukti hone ke kAraNa ayogya vyakti prazAsanika sevA aura rAjyasattA meM A jAte haiN| isase yogya aura kuzala pratibhAoM ko kAma karane kA maukA nahIM miltaa| aspRzyatA aura jAtivAda ke kAraNa khokhalI hotI jA rahI samAja kI nIMva ko punaH sudRr3ha banAne ke lie sabameM jAgarUkatA kA saMcAra tathA sAmUhika prayAsa kI saghana apekSA hai| yadyapi prAcIna kAla se calI A rahI jAti-vyavasthA ko miTAnA itanA sarala kArya nahIM hai lekina phira bhI isako jar3amUla se ukhAr3ane ke lie nimna prayatna kie jA sakate haiM - * nAma ke Age kisI bhI jAti vizeSa kA prayoga na kiyA jaae| * kucha aise rASTrIya utsava Ayojita hoM, jise saba jAti ke loga milakara manAe~ aura Ananda kA anubhava kreN| * kucha aise sAMskRtika aura sAmAjika saMgaThana sAmane Ae~, jisameM sabhI jAti ke loga sadasya bana sakeM / jAti ke AdhAra para hone vAle saMgaThanoM ko prazraya na diyA jaae| * jAti ke AdhAra para voTa na dene kA janamata taiyAra kiyA jAe / AcArya tulasI kI dRSTi meM jAtivAda ko samUla naSTa karane ke nimna upAya the* zikSA kA vyApaka pracAra / * ghRNA ke saMskAroM ko nirasta kara mAnava-mAnava meM ekatva kI anubhUti karAnA / * mAnavIya mUlyoM kI pratiSThA karanA / * mAnava mAtra ke prati bhAtRbhAva aura sauhArda kA vAtAvaraNa nirmita krnaa|

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dalitoddhAraka AcArya tulasI eka antarAvalokana : 43 AcArya tulasI dalitavarga ko dayA kA pAtra nahIM mAnate the, ve unheM zaktisampanna banAnA cAhate the| AcArya tulasI kA dRr3ha vizvAsa thA ki jaba vyakti ke bhItara AdhyAtmika dRSTi aura bhAIcAre kA bhAva utpanna hogA to svataH yaha aMdha paramparA samApta ho jaaegii| tulasI zatAbdI ke avasara para aNuvrata Andolana ke mAdhyama se samAja meM samAnatA aura samatA kA vAtAvaraNa banAyA jA skegaa| aspRzyatA-unmUlana ke lie AcArya tulasI dvArA kie gae prayAsoM se hama preraNA pAkara usake prakAza meM eka svastha samAja kI parikalpanA kara sakate haiN| pustaka isa samAja evaM rASTra ke nirmANa ke lie Avazyaka dalita uddhAra ke lie kiye gaye kAryoM evaM AcArya ke sujhAvoM ko sundara rUpa se prastuta karatI hai| *****

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Panegyric (Prasasti) literature Dr. Ashok Kumar Singh Prasasti or Panegyric, written in poetic style, deals with the historical personages and is very useful for the reconstruction of history. In Brahmana texts and Upanisadas, songs in praise of men (gatha Narasimhi) are frequently mentioned, pertaining to the danastutis of Kgveda and kuntapa hymns of Atharvaveda. These are precursors of heroic episodes in the epics as they depict glorious deeds of the warriors and princes. M. Winternitz mentioned that these gathas developed into epic poems at considerable length, centering on any hero or great event. (History of Indian Literature, Vol. I. p. 314). Then, comes the prasastis inscribed in Gupta Age Inscriptions, belonging to Samudragupta, Skandagupta etc. The Samudragupta prasasti of Harisena on Allahabad Pillar (375-390 AD) and Girnar Inscriptions of Skandagupta (AD 456) etc. may be treated as the specimens of this stage. The specimens of the court poetry, cultivated under the patronage of kings or ministers are also available. This practice of composing prasastis continued up to the most recent times, to commemorate the buildings of monuments etc. Besides, these panegyrics, colophons of works- classified by Muni Jinavijaya into two sections: (1) colophons of texts (grantha prasasti), and (2) colophons of manuscripts (hastaprata prasasti) - are also available. The author of the text mentions in the concluding verses the tradition of their Guru, i.e. the mention of their sect, gaccha, lineage (kula), gana, sakha etc. These colophons also mention the year, date and place of composition. In some cases, it also incorporates the name of ruling king or some officer or some other historical fact. As regards the size of colophons of texts, it ranges from 2-3 to 100-125 verses. These colophons are of great historical importance and furnish details about the tradition of gurus, Acaryas and Jaina

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Panegyric (Prasasti) literature : 45 monks; about their period, work done by their inspiration for social upliftment as well as their literary works etc. In Gujarat and Rajasthan, especially in Jaina tradition, there existed a unique form of colophons of texts or the Panegyric at the end of Jaina works. Sometimes, also at the beginning or in the form of puspikas at the end of some or of all chapters of a work. Dr. Jyoti Prasad Jain observed that pre AD 600 works positively lacked colophons but from then onward Jaina scholars usually composed long colophons at the end of their compositions, supplying detailed account of themselves, their Gurus and their lineage. These colophons contain important genealogical lists of Jaina teachers, references to contemporary rulers, their ministers, generals, important officials, pious men and women. These colophons also contained the account of house-holders, managing the copying of books, purchasing religious books and donating these to deserving monks and nuns for attaining merits at the end of manuscripts. The extensive literary activities during the reigns of the kings of Paramara, Cahmana, Caulukya and Guhilota dynasties created a large mass of colophons. Their importance has inspired modern scholars to bring out certain separate collections of these in published form. The manuscript reports of Peterson and Bhandarkar contain large number of such Jaina colophons. The published manuscript catalogues of Jaina Bhandaras of Patan and Jesalmer and collections like Jaina Pustaka Prasasti -Sangraha ed. by Jinavijayamuni, Prasasti-Sangraha, (two parts), by A. M. Shah, Ahmedabad, Prasastisangraha by Bhujabala Sastri and Jaina Grantha Prasastisangraha by Kastoorcanda Kasaliwal contain large number of such colophons. These colophons are the treasure of yielding information on the history of a large number of aristocratic and middle class Jaina families of medieval period. As regards the genesis of colophons of texts (grantha) as well as manuscripts, Muni Punyavijayaji held that authors and manuscript writers took this idea from the inscriptions etc. on temples,

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46 : Sramana, Vol 65, No. 1, January-March 2014 monasteries. Jaina Acaryas equated this writing and copying of works as pious and sacred a work as the act of constructing temples etc. They treated it proper to praise the great deed of such persons, instrumental in implementation through monetary grant. These colophons generally begin with the name of dynasty or caste of donor; genealogy of dynasty begins with the prominent ancestor of dynasty, followed by the name of grandfather, parents, brother, sister, wife, son, daughter etc. In case, the work is done at the inspiration of some Acarya, his name along with that of his Guru also is given. At the end, the year month and date is incorporated and sometimes also date and place. Finally, the name of the writer. These types of colophons of texts are very common in the manuscripts written during the dawn of 124 century in Gujarat. These contain the information regarding Siddharaja, Kumarapala etc. Caulukya kings, their officers and various Jaina laities along with other historical and cultural material. The colophons, of Kuvalayamala of Udyotanasuri, Harivarsapurana of Jinasena, Uttarapurana of Gunasena, Munisvamicariya (AD1136 AD) of Candrasuri, of Suparsvanatha cariya (AD 1142) of Laksamanagani, of Nemicariu (AD1159) of Haribhadra in 23 Apabhrarsa verses and colophon of Amamasvamicarita in 34 verses in Sanskrit, are a few specimens of this genre. The structure of colophons is very simple. After a benediction, it proceeds to describe the donor or builder of the monument. After furnishing genealogical information, it describes the donation and enumerates the privileges or conditions accompanying it or describes in poetic style the structure built by the patron. The name of the constructing architect, consecrating priest is also given. It also contained the name of the poet composing prasasti, the scriber and the artisan. There are slight variations in the form accordingly as the it is inscribed on a temple, an image, a public building and a

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Panegyric (Prasasti) literature : 47 copper plate or is appended to a manuscript. The portion important from the historical point of view is genealogy and the heroic or pious deeds mentioned therein. In size, some are very short only of a few lines while others contain more than a hundred lines or verses. Some are written in prose, some in verse while others in a mixture of prose and verse. A brief description of Jaina panegyric (prasastis) is as follows: 1. The Abu Prasasti (AD 1231) of Somesvara, a contemporary and close friend of Vastupala, who was the son of Kumar and Laksmi, to commemorate the building of Neminatha Temple on Abu, in 74 verses in different meters. After benediction to Sarasvati and chief deity that is Neminatha, it describes, in brief, Anhilavada. It contained genealogy of the builders and admiring references to their parents, brothers and sisters. After mentioning Arnoraja, his son Lavanaprasad and grandson Viradhavala, it narrates the genealogy of the Paramara kings, ruling there. The poet again praises Vastupala and his family members- wife Lilavati and son Jayantasimha, brother Tejapala and his wife Anupama. It narrated good deeds of Vastupala and Acaryas of Nagendragaccha. It concludes with the benediction of Neminatha and Goddess Ambika. 2. Prose portion in Giranar Inscriptions, six long Girnar Inscriptions of Vastupala may be treated as independent prasastis. The prose portion in all these inscriptions occurred at the beginning and are almost identical hence presumably composition of information and important dates regarding the history of Vastu pal's family. 3. Sukrtakirtikallolini (AD 1221) a long panegyric, containing 179 Sanskrit verses by Udayaprabhasuri, composed on the occasion of journey of Jaina pilgrimages (sanghayatra), is inscribed on a slab in the Indramandapa, built by Vastupala on Satrunjaya. Its title suggests depicting the good deeds of Vastupala but in fact major portion of it, about 100 verses, is devoted to the kings of Cavada

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48 : Sramana, Vol 65, No. 1, January-March 2014 and Caulukya dynasty. Afterwards, follows the praise of Viradhavala and his ancestors, genealogy of Vastupala and the praise of the minister and his family members. It narrates his acts of bravery and refers to his pilgrimages, religious buildings built by him with the inspiration of Jaina saint Vijayasenasuri of Nagendra Gaccha. Historically, this furnishes no new information. However, it refers to many facts that might prove very useful corroborative evidence. 4. Vastupala- Prasasti, composed by Udayaprabhasuri, pupil of Vajrasenasuri of Nagendragaccha, is a prasasti of a monastery built by Vastupala at Stambhatirtha in 19 Sanskrit verses and a few lines in prose. It praises Vastupala and his religious teachers. 5. Vastupala. Prasasti, (AD 1221) composed by Udayaprabhasuri, pupil of Vajrasenasuri of Nagendragaccha, highlighting devotion of Vastupala, towards Ksabhadeva, Neminatha and Giranar, is in 5 Sanskrit verses. It also praises his act of charity, religiousness. Pub. In: Mahavira Jaina Vidyalaya Suvarna Mahotsava Grantha, Part 1, Mahavira Jaina Vidyalaya, Mumbai. p.326. 6. Vastupala Prasasti (Sanskrit) (AD 1221) by Narendraprabhasuri, in 104 verses, in praise of Vastupala. After saluting the first Jina and Mahadeva in a punning verse, the poet extols the king of Caulukya dynasty and then those of the Vaghela dynasty. It also narrates the ancestors of Vastupala and his personal merits. The major portion of this is devoted to the description of Vastupala's pilgrimages, after which follows a long list of temples, public places, etc. built and renovated by him at different places. The concluding verses refer to the Acaryas of Nagendragaccha of which Vastupala was a follower and to the author and his Guru. 7. Vastupala-Prasasti (AD 1221) by Narendraprabhasuri, in 37 Sanskrit verses in praise of Vastupala, is entirely devoted to two brothers and king Viradhavala. It does not refer to any historical event in particular.

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Panegyric (Prasasti) literature : 49 8. Vastupala -Tejapala Prasasti by Jaisimhasuri, pupil of Virasuri, the author of Hammiramadamardana, dramatizing Vastupala strategy in repulsing a Muslim attack on Gujarat. This prasasti, in 77 verses, contained genealogy, of the Caulukya and Vaghela dynasty, of the donor Vastupala and a list of his virtuous deeds. Once Tejapala, while on way to pilgrimage to the Muni Suvrat temple, Bhtgukaccha, was requested by the composer, the head of the Caitya to provide 25 small shrines (devakulikas) in the temple Sakunavihara, built by minister Ambada, with golden flag - staffs. Tejapala agreed to it with the consent of Vastupala and erected the staffs. The remaining verses of poem bestow conventional blessings, on the temple and the two ministers. Pub. Appendix to the Gaekwad Oriental Series, In: Hammiramadamardananataka. 9. Darbhavati Prasasti, it is virtually lost but its content is available in Vastupalacarita (III, 363-369) after return to Darbhavati from his successful operation over Ghughula of Godhra, Tejapala built the fort of Darbhavats and constructed some temples in that city. According to Vastupalacarita, Tejapala had installed two slabs of a prasasti or an inscription in the walls of a Jaina temple, built by him there. 10. Vastupala - Prasasti by Balacandrakavi, pupil of Haribhadrasuri of Candragaccha.Mss. Vimalagaccha Upasraya Collection, Flausha's Pole Ahmedabad No. 15 (50). 11. Vastupala - Prasasti (Sanskrit) in 4 verses in praise of Vastupala by Yasovira, a friend of the former. Yasovira was the minister of Udayasimha of Cauhana dynasty, a king of Jabalipur (modern Jalore). As mentioned in Hammiramadamardana, Vastupala honoured him as his elder brother. His father's name was also Udayasimha. 12. Vastupala Prasasti (Sanskrit) in 12 verses by Arisimha Thakkur, the son of Thakkur Lunasimha, the author of Sukrtasarnkirtana, praises the noble character, various deeds and

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50 Sramana, Vol 65, No. 1, January-March 2014 charity of Vastupala. Pub. The text In: Mahavira Jaina Vidyalaya Suvarna Mahotsava Grantha, Part 1, pp. 320-321. 13. Vastupala Prasasti (Sanskrit) by Harihara, a contemporary of Vastupala in 16 verses, describes the charity of Vastupala, his victory over Sangramsimha and Sankha. Pub. The text In: Mahavira Jaina Vidyalaya Suvarna Mahotsava Grantha, Part 1, and pp. 320321. 14. Vastupala Prasasti (Sanskrit) by Dodara, brother of Ama, in 13 verses, describes the charity of Vastupala, depicts him as endowed with all round genius, bravery, generosity and scholarship. Pub. The text In: Mahavira Jaina Vidyalaya Suvarna Mahotsava Grantha, Part 1, pp. 324-325. 15. Vastupala Prasasti by Jagasimha in single Sanskrit verse describes the greatness of Vastupala, his victory over Sangramsimha and Sankha. Pub. The text In: Mahavira Jaina Vidyalaya Suvarna Mahotsava Grantha, Part 1, pp. 325. 16. Vastupala Prasasti (Sanskrit) by Thakkura Vairisimha, son of Dhruva of Bhrgukaccha in 3 Sanskrit verses, describes the greatness of Vastupala. Pub. The text In: Mahavira Jaina Vidyalaya Suvarna Mahotsava Grantha, Part 1, pp. 325. 17. Vastupala Prasasti by anonymous. Mss. Catalogue of manuscripts in Jesalmer Bhandar. Pub. In: Gaekwad Oriental Series, Baroda, 1923, p. 23, Jaina Granthavali, p.218. 18. Prasasti by Caritrasundaragani, on Mahavira temple at Citrakuta. Mss. List of Manuscripts contained in the report of Kathavate (Collection of 1895-1902), No. 1332 (1451 AD). 19. Prasasti by Vijayanandasuri (Granthagra 2000), Mss. VB 23 (28). 20. Prasasti by Vijayadana (Granthagra 1700). Mss. Vimalagaccha Upasraya Collection, Hajipet, Ahmedabad No. 10 (1).

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Panegyric (Prasasti) literature : 51 21. Sambhavajinalaya Prasasti (1440 AD) by Somakunjar, pupil of Jaisagarsuri of the Kharataragaccha. Pub. In: Gaekwad Oriental Series, Baroda, 1923, pp.68-69, Mss. Catalogue of Manuscripts in the Jaisalmer Bhandar, 22. Vijayaprasastikavya by Jinadevasuri, Mss. Vimalagaccha Upasraya Collection, Hajipet, Ahmedabad No. 31 (30). 23. Vijayaprasastikavya by Caritravijaya, Mss. Vimalagaccha Upasraya Collection, Hajipet, Ahmedabad No. 32 (13). 24. Vijayaprasastikavya (1624 AD) by Hemavijaya, pupil of Kantivijayagani of Tapagaccha. It is in 21 cantos, the last 5 of it were added by commentator Gunavijaya. It contains information about Hiravijaya, Vijayasena and Vijayadevasuri of Tapagaccha. Pub. The text and comm. Yasovijaya Jaina Granthamala No. 23, Bhavnagar 1910. Mss. The Text with the comm. by Gunavijaya, pupil of Kanakavijaya. Baroda No. 2924, Buhler. VI No. 767. Jainagranthavali, p. 333. 25. Laksmanaviharaprasasti (AD1416) by Kirtirajasadhu of the Kharatargaccha, to commemorate a Vihara, the construction started in 1402 at the advice of Jinarajasuri. Pub. In: Gaekwad Oriental Series, Baroda 1923, pp. 63-64. Mss. Catalogue of Manuscripts in Jaisalmer Bhandar. 26. Mandapiyasanghaprasasti, vide. Jaina Granthavali, p.217. 27. Kirtikallolini by Hemavijayagani is a prasasti of Vijayaenasuri of Tapagaccha. Mss. Buhler IV No. 240, VB. (36). The Colophon of works. The titles, pertaining to Colophon of works, are available, mainly, in form of collections. The details regarding these are as follows: 28. Sriprasasti Sangraha, ed. Amrtlal Maganlal Shah, contains the colophon of about 1300 manuscripts: palm-leaf as well as paper. It has index of names of Acaryas, nuns, kings, laities, villages,

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52 : Sramana, Vol 65, No. 1, January-March 2014 countries etc. contained in those colophons. Pub. Jaina Vidyashala Doshivada Pole, Ahmedabad 1993. P.28, 119,326,56, 29. Jaina Pustakaprasastisangraha Part 1 ed. Jinavijayamuni, contains colophons of 111 manuscripts and puspikas of 423 palmleaf manuscripts available in the manuscript collection of Patan, Cambay (Stambhatirtha), Jaisalmer etc. various places. It has nine * appendices with the index of proper names, of authors, scribers, kings, sects, sub-sects, Acaryas, yatis, munis, nuns, countries, cities, prominent laymen and laywomen. Pub. Singhi Jaina Text Series No.18, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavana, Bombay 1942. Part One 20,180. * ****

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Jain Studies through Indian Antiquary Dr. Navin Kumar Srivastav [The Indian Antiquary, a Journal of Oriental Research was started in 1872 by Burgess, about 140 years ago. It was started to fulfill the need, strongly felt for bringing out a journal devoted exclusively to the study and advancement of Indian Culture in all its aspects. In fact the Indian Antiquity formed a culture bridge as it were between the East and the West. At a time when each society had its own medium of propagation of its researches, deliberation etc., in the form of Transactions, Proceedings, Journals etc., Indology lacked it. The scope was enunciated by its founder editor was, in his own words 'as wide as possible' incorporating Manners and Customs, Arts, Mythology, Feasts, Festivals and Rites, Antiquities and History of India. The Journal carried also a correspondence column to elicit the information and initiate discussion on matters of interest. Another laudable aim was to present the readers abstract of the most recent researchers of scholars in India and the West by translating them from German, French and another foreign tongues, besides drawing the attention of researchers by publication of articles, notes etc. of interest from the other Asiatic Society which would not have been otherwise published in this journal. Indian Antiquity also dealt with local legends, folklore, proverb etc. In short Indian Antiquity, as envisaged by the visionary Burgess was journal to the study of MANthe Indian - in all the spheres of activities of his day to day life, past and present. In fact it covered the broad spectrum of subjects what we today study in archeology, anthropology, ethnology, epigraphy numismatics, linguistic etc. The articles on Jainism, mostly by foreign scholars, presented the early phase of progress of Jain studies.] This is an attempt to present the articles appeared in different volumes of THE INDIAN ANTIQUARY from 1872-1933. The artcles are presented in alphabetical order

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54 Sramana, Vol 65, No. 1, January-March 2014 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. t A Passage in the Jain Harivamsa Relatiing to the Guptas, K.V. Pathak, Vol. XV, p. 141 A Medieval Jaina Image of Ajitnatha, NC, Mehta, ICS, Vol. LVII, p. 56, p.72 -74 A Note on the Svetambar and Digambar Sects, Puran Chand Nahar, IA, Vol. LVIII, 58, 1929, p. 167-168 A Note on Ajivikas, Alkondavilli Govindacharya Swamin, Vol. XLI, p. 296 A Jain Account of the End of the Vaghelas of Gujarat, G. J. Buhler, Vol. XXVI, p. 194 A Jain Vaishanao Compact, B. Lewis Rice, Vol. XIV, p. 233, 292 A legend of the Jain Stupas at Mathura, G. J. Buhler, Vol. XXVII, p. 49 Account of the Jainas, C. Lassen, Vol. II, p. 193, 258 An Old Collections of Disciplinary Rules for Jain Monks, Walther Schubring, Vol. XXXIX, p. 257 A Further Notice of the Ancient Buddhist Structure at Nagapatam, Walter Elliot, Vol. VII, p. 224; Vol. XV, p. 234 Ajivikas, D. R. Bhandarkar, Vol. XLI, p.286, 296 Archeological Notes During Explorations in Central Asia in 1906-8 M. Aurel Stein, Vol. XXXIV, p. 11, 60, 35, 196, 37, 338 Author of Paiaacchi, J.G. Buhler, Vol. IV, p. 59 Avanti Prakrit of the Karpurmanjari, Surendra Nath Majumdar Shastri, Vol. L, p. 80 Bhadrabahu and Chandragupta in connection with Sravanabelagola, Vol. XXI, p. 156 Bhadrabahu and Shravanabelagola, B. Lewis Rice, Vol. III, p. 153

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17. Jain Studies through Indian Antiquary : 55 Barnetts Supplementary Catalogue of Sanskrit, Pali and Prakrit Books in the Library of the British Museum, Acquired During the years 1892-1903, Sten Konow, Vol. XXXVII, p. 276 Connection of Bhadrabahu and Chandragupta with Shravanabelgola, Vol. XXXI, p. 343 Chaityas, Narayana Aiyengar, Vol. XI. p. 20 Champat Rai Jains, The Practical Path, H. C. Chaklader, Vol. XLVII, p. 139 Date of Mahavir, J. Charpentier, Vol. XLIII, p. 118, 125, 167 Date of Mahavir Nirvan as Determined in Saka 1175, K. V. Pathak, Vol. XII, p. 21 Date of Mahavira Discussed, Jarl. Charpentier, Vol. XII, p. 21 Vol. XLIII, p. 119, 125, 167 Digambara Jaina Iconography, James Burgess, Vol. XXXII, 459; Vol. XXXIII, p. 330 Digambar Jainas, J. G. Buhler, Vol. VII, p. 28 Digambara Jainas, Pattavalis of the Digambara Jainas, A. F. Rudolf Hoernle, Vol. XIX, p. 233, Vol. XX, p. 341, Vol. XXI, p. 57 Doctrines of Nataputta, Walter Elliot, Vol. IX, p.188 Dravidian Element in Prakrit, K. Amrit Row, Vol. XLVI, p. 33. Extracts from the Historical Records of the Jains, Johannes Klatt, Vol. XI, p. 245 Gadya Chintamani of Vadibh Singh, E. Hultzsch, Vol. XXXII, p. 240 Gommatesvara Statue of Sravanabelagola, Vol. II, p. 129 Goldschmidt's Prakritika, R. Rost, Vol. VII, p. 299 (r)

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56 : Sramana, Vol 65, No. 1, January-March 2014 33. Giranar Mahatma, Ramchandra Angal, Vol. IV, p. 238 34. Hammiramaha Kavya of Nayachandra Suri, Nilkantha Kirtan Janaradan, Vol. VIII, p. 55 Hathigumpha Cave Inscription of Kharvel, K. G. Sankara Aiyar, Vol. XLIX, p.43 Hathigumpha Inscription, Ramesh Chand Majumdar, Vol. XLVII, p. 223 Hindu and Jain Remains Bijapur and the Neighborhood, W. F. Sinclair, Vol. VII, p. 121 Jain Ascetics, Munderbands, XXV, p.147 Jain Temples at Palitana, IA, Vol. I, p. 96 Jaina Legend of Stupas at Mathura, G. Buhler, Vol. XXVII, p. 49, Jaina Statues, Vol. V, p. 30, At Karakala, Vol. II, p. 353 Jain Sakatayana Contemporary with Amoghvarsha I, K. V. Pathak, Vol. XLIII, p. 205 Jaina Vaishnava Compact, B. Lewis Rice, Vol. XIV, p. 233, 292 Jainas Bhandars of the Osaval Jainas, Vol. III, p. 59 Jainendra Vyakarana, the remarks on, X,75, Authorship of Jainendra Vyakarana, Vol. XII, p. 19 Origin and Decline of Jainism in South India, Vol. XL, p. 209, 307 Jainism, Edward Thomas, Vol. VIII, p. 30 Kalpasutra: An Old Collection of Disciplinary Rules for Jain Monks, translated from the German of Dr. Walther Shubring, May S. Burges, Vol. XXXIX, p. 257 Kuppuswami Shastris Champu Jivandhar of Harichandra, E. Hultzsch, Vol. XXXV, p. 268 (r)

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50. Jain Studies through Indian Antiquary : 57 Kuppuswami Shastris Kshatrachudamani of Vadibh Singh, E. Hultzsch, Vol. XXXV, p. 96 (r) Lacote's Assaisur Gunadhya et la, Brihad Katha, Sten Konow, Vol. XXXIX, p. 159 (r) Lord Mahavira, Harisatya Bhattacharya, Vol. LVII, p. 56, 176 -74 (b) Maharashtri and Marathi, Sten Konow, Vol. XXXIII, p. 180 Modern Jainantipathy to the Brahamanas, A.P.W., Vol. XXV, p. 316 Nayacandrasuri, Hammira Mahakavya, Vol. XVII, p. 55 Notes on Paishachi Prakrit, Vol. XLVIII , p. 114 Notes on Jain Mythology, James Burgess, Vol. XXX, P. 27 Notes on the Grammar of the Old Western Rajasthani with Special Reference to Apabhramsa and to Gujarati and Maravadi, L. P. Tessitori, Vol. XLIII, p. 21; Vol. XLIV, P.3; Vol. XLV, p. 6,93 On the Indian Sect of the Jainas, Buhler, G, Vol. XXXIII, P. 196 On a Prakrit Glossary entitled Paiyalacchi, J.G. Buhler, Vol. II, p. 166 On the Bhandar of Oswal Jains at Jesalmer, J.G. Buhler, Vol. II, p. 89 On the Colossal Jain Statue at Karkala, A. C. Burnell, Vol. II, p. 353 On Mahavira and his Predecessors, Hermann Jacobi, Vol. IX, p. 158 On the Jainendra Vyakarana, F. Kaielhorn, Vol. X, p. 75 On Mahavira and his predecessors, Herman Jacobi, Vol. IX, p. 158

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58 : Sramana, Vol 65, No. 1, January-March 2014 66. Origin and Decline of Buddhism and Jainism in South India, K.V. Subrahamanya Aiyar, Vol. XL, p 209 Paisachi in the Prakrita- Kalpataru, Sir George Grierson, Vol. XLIX, p. 114 Papers on Shatrunjaya and the Jinas, J. Burgess (e), Vol. II, p.14,134,191,354; Vol. VII, p. 28; Vol. XI, p. 245, Vol. XIII, p.276; Vol. XXX, p.239 Pattavali, Jaina Pontiffs of other Gacchas, Vol. XXII, p.179 70. Pandit Bechardas Jivaraj's Prakrit Margopadeshika , L. P. Tesssitori, Vol. XLII, p. 287 Pattavali, Jaina Pontiffs of the Anchal Gaccha, Vol. XXIII, p. 174 Pattavali, Jaina Pontiffs of the Upakesha Gaccha, A. F. Rudolf Hoernle, Vol. XIX, 233 References to Buddhist Authors in Jaina Literature, G.K. Nariman, Vol. IV, p. 15, , Vol. XLII, p. 241, 44. Pischell's Prakrit Grammar, Sir George Girerson, Vol. XXX, p. 553 (r) Prakrit Dhatvadesha, Sir George Grierson, p.198, Pub. Memoirs of Asiatic Society of Bengal, Calcutta, 1920, IA, Vol. LIV, p. 54, 1925, p. 1980 Prakrit Grammar of Hemacandra, Vol. VI, p. 278 Pujyapada and the Authorship of Jainendra Vyakarana, K. V. Pathak, Vol. XII, p. 19 Purnachand Nahar and K. Ghosh's, An Epitome of Jainism, Vol. XLVII, p. 140 (r) 79. Rangacharyas's Ganit- Sara-Sangraha of Mahaviracharya, A. F. Rudolf Hoernle, Vol. XLII, p. 84 (r) 80. Relation of Maharastri Language to Marathi, Vol. XXXII, p. 180

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81. Jain Studies through Indian Antiquary : 59 Svetambara Jaina Iconography by Johnson, Miss Helen, M. IA, Vol. LVII, p. 56, 1927, p.23-26, Vol. LVII, p. 57,1928, p.167-168, Sabda- Cintamani, Prakrit Grammar of Subhacandra, A. F. Rudolf Hoernle, Vol. II, p.29 Satrunjaya Mahatmyam (A contribution to the History of Jaina by Prof. A. Weber), JamesBurgess, Vol. XXX, p. 239 Sacred Literature of the Jainas, A. Weber, Vol. XVII, p. 279 etc.; Vol. XVIII, p. 181 etc.; Vol. XIX 62 etc.; Vol. XX 16 etc.; Vol. XXI, p. 14 etc. Second Note on Hathigumpha Inscription of Kharvel, Ramesh Chand Majumdar, Vol. XLVIII, p. 187 Siddhant Chakravartis Davvasangaha, H.C. Chakaldar, Vol. XLVII, p. 139 Simharaja's Prakrit Rupavatar, Sten Konow, Vol. XXXIX, p. 256 Some Modern Jain Sects, M. Millett, Vol. XXV, p. 147 Sramanas, Narayana Aiyengar, Vol. X. p.143, Sri Lakshaman Suri's Commentaries, E. Hultzsch, Vol. XXXIV, p. 176 (1) Sukritasamkirtan of Ari Singh (translated from German Y.E.K. Burgess), G. J. Buhler , Vol. XXXI, p. 477 Subha Chandra, author of the Shabda Chintamani, A. F. Rudolf Hoernle, Vol. II, p. 29 The Religion of the Aboriginal Tribes of India, J. Avery, Vol. XIV, p. 125 The Edifice Formally known as the Chinese or Jain Pagoda at Negapatam, Sir Walter, Elliot, Vol. VII, p. 224 Three Further Pattavalis of the Digambaras, A. F. Rudolf Hoernle, Vol. XXI, p. 57

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60 : Sramana, Vol 65, No. 1, January-March 2014 96. Jainism, Thomas Edward, Vol. VIII, p.30 97. The Age of the Tamil Jivak Chintamani, T.S. Kuppuswami Shastri, Vol. XXXVI, p. 285 The Kalpasutra and Old Collection of Disciplinary Rules for Jain Monks translated by May S. Burgess, Walther Schubring, Vol. XXXIX, p. 257 Two Jaina versions of the Story of Solomon's Judgment, L. P. Tesseitori , Vol. XLII, p.148, Two Pattavalis of the Saraswati Gaccha of the Digambar Jaina, A.F. Rudolf Hoernle, Vol. XX, p. 341, Vol. XXI, p. 57 101. The Samachari- Satakam of Samayasundar and Pattavalis of the Anchal Gaccha and Other Gacchas, Johannes Klatt, Vol. XXIII, p. 169 102. Translation of Lassen's Account of the Jainas, Edward Rehatsek, Vol. II, p. 193, 258 103. Two Pattawalis of the Sarswati Gaccha of the Digambar Jainas, A. F. Rudolf Hoernle, Vol. XX, p. 341 104. Three Further Pattawalis of the Digambaras, A. F. Rudolf Hoernle, Vol. XXI, p. 57 105. Use of Censers by Jainas, Murray Ainsile, Vol. XXIX, p. 172 106. Vijayadharmasuri's Aitihasika Rasa Sangrah, L. P. Tessitori, Vol. XLVI, p.133, 107. Vijnapati Triveni, A Jain Epistle, K. P. Jayaswal, Vol. XLVI, p. 276 (r) *****

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pArzvanAtha vidyApITha samAcAra pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI dvArA 'prAkRta bhASA evaM sAhitya' viSayaka 15 divasIya (04-08 janavarI, 2014) kAryazAlA Ayojita kI gii| 'prAkRta bhASA evaM sAhitya' para yaha tIsarI kAryazAlA thii| isa kAryazAlA ke prAyojaka zrI lekharAja mehatA, sIniyara eDavokeTa, jodhapura the| isakA udghATana 04 janavarI 2014 ko huaa| udghATana satra ke mukhya atithi pAli evaM bauddha adhyayana vibhAga, kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI ke pUrva vibhAgAdhyakSa pro0 bimalendra kumAra the| isa samAroha kI adhyakSatA saMskRta vibhAga, kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI ke adhyakSa pro0 gopabandhu mizra ne kiyaa| mukhya atithi ke rUpa meM bolate hue pro0 bimalendra kumAra ne kahA ki prAkRta bhASA eka zAstrIya bhASA hai aura yaha Rgveda kAla se bhI prAcIna hai| prAkRta jaina AgamoM kI bhASA hai| yaha prAcInakAla meM janabhASA rahI hai| prAcIna bhAratIya saMskRti ke jJAna, saMvarddhana evaM saMrakSaNa ke lie prAkRta bhASA kA jJAna Avazyaka hai| parantu durbhAgyavaza Aja taka bhArata sarakAra dvArA ise zAstrIya bhASA ke rUpa meM mAnyatA nahIM dI gayI hai aura na hI vidvat varga dvArA isa sambandha meM koI sArthaka prayAsa kiyA jA rahA hai| isa sambandha meM pro0 bimalendra kumAra ne prAkRta bhASA ke aitihAsika mahattva evaM saMvaidhAnika sthiti ko rekhAMkita karane kA prayAsa kiyaa| pro0 kumAra ne mAnava saMsAdhAna vikAsa maMtrAlaya dvArA prAkRta evaM pAli ke utthAna ke lie kiye jA rahe prayAsa evaM deza ke vibhinna vizvavidyAlayoM meM pAli evaM prAkRta ke adhyayana-adhyApana kI sthiAti ko spaSTa karane kA prayAsa kiyaa| apane adhyakSIya udbodhana meM pro0 gopabandhu mizra ne kahA ki prAkRta aura saMskRta mUlata: vizeSaNa haiN| hamArA jIvana saMskRta hai aura hama mUlataH prAkRta hai| prAkRta aura saMskRta kA anvaya anAdi hai aura yaha svAbhAvika hai| vedoM meM prAkRta bhASA ke zabdoM kA vidyamAna honA isakI mahattA ko darzAtA hai|

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62 : zramaNa, varSa 65, aMka 1/janavarI-mArca 2014 pro0 mizra ne kahA ki pratyeka bhASA meM prAkRta zabda vidyamAna hai| pratyeka bhASA saMskRta evaM prAkRta dvividha rUpa se hI pracalita ho pAtI hai| apane udbodhana meM pro0 mizra ne kAlidAsa ke abhijJAnazAkuntalam meM upalabdha prAkRta ke vibhanna zabdoM ko rekhAMkita kiyaa| unhoMne kahA ki mahAkavi kAlidAsa jaise suprasiddha saMskRta vidvAna ne bhI saMskRta ke sAtha prAkRta zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA hai| isa prakAra saMskRta ke mahAkaviyoM dvArA nirdvandva rUpa se kiyA gayA prAkRta zabdoM kA prayoga prAkRta bhASA kI mahattA ko darzAtA hai| pro0 mizra ne kahA ki anuvAda kI pracura upalabdhatA ke nAte hamArI prAcya bhASAe~ vilupta hotI jA rahI haiN| prAkRta bhASA meM adhyetA kI gati ke lie isake itihAsa ko jAnanA atyanta Avazyaka hai| kAryazAlA meM pratibhAgiyoM kI saMkhyA 50 thii| isameM kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya, mahAtmA gAMdhI kAzI vidyApITha evaM sampUrNAnanda saMskRta vizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI ke darzana, saMskRta, hindI, pAli evaM itihAsa viSayoM ke pIeca0DI0 upAdhi prApta evaM zodha chAtra-chAtrAe~ bhAga liye| isa 15 divasIya kAryazAlA meM lagabhaga 45 vyAkhyAna evaM 14 viziSTa vyAkhyAna hue| / /

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__ pArzvanAtha vidyApITha samAcAra : 63 isa kAryazAlA kA samApana samAroha 18 janavarI 2014 ko huaa| isakI adhyakSatA prAcIna bhAratIya itihAsa, saMskRti evaM purAtattva vibhAga, kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI ke adhyakSa pro0 mo0 nasIma ahamada ne kii| pro0 mo0 nasIma ahamada ne kahA ki prAkRta jaina AgamoM kI bhASA hai| yaha prAcInakAla meM janabhASA rahI hai| zodha kI guNavattA hetu mUla granthoM para zodha Avazyaka hai| idhara ke dinoM meM mahAmahima rASTrapati, mahAmahima rAjyapAla bhI zodha kI guNavattA sudhArane para bala de rahe haiN| prAkRta, saMskRta, pAli meM pracura sAmagrI upalabdha hai, jisakA upayoga Avazyaka hai| Aja jo mAnavIya mUlyoM kA kSaraNa ho rahA hai prAcIna sAhitya meM nihita mUlyoM ke udghATana se mAnavatA kA lAbha ho satA hai| isa kAryazAlA meM viSaya kA prastutIkaraNa pAvara pvAiNTa dvArA kiyA gayA jo prAtibhAgiyoM dvArA bahuta sarAhA gyaa| parIkSA ke bAda prathama tIna vidyArthiyoM ko pramANa-patra evaM nagada puraskAra diyA gyaa| saMdIpa kumAra dvivedI, AzISa kumAra jaina eMva babuA nArAyaNa mizra ko kramaza: prathama, dvitIya evaM tRtIya puraskAra pradAna kiyA gyaa| kAryazAlA meM prastuta vyAkhyAnoM ke sambandha meM vistRta jAnakArI kAryazAlA ke saMyojaka DaoN0 navIna kumAra zrIvAstava ne dii| kAryazAlA nidezaka DaoN0 azoka kumAra siMha ne kAryazAlA kI zikSaNa paddhati evaM lakSya ke viSaya meM jAnakArI pradAna kii| kAryakrama kA saMcAlana DaoN0 navIna kumAra zrIvAstava, atithiyoM kA svAgata DaoN0 azoka kumAra siMha evaM dhanyavAda jJApana rAjeza caube ne kiyaa|

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64 : zramaNa, varSa 65, aMka 1 / janavarI-mArca 2014 prAkRta bhASA ke kSetra meM viziSTa yogadAna ke lie pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ke pUrva nidezaka pro0 sudarzana lAla jaina ko varSa 2012 kA rASTrapati sammAna mAnava saMsAdhana vikAsa maMtrAlaya kI ora se jArI vijJapti ke anusAra dinAMka 17 janavarI 2014 ko dopahara 12 baje rASTrapati bhavana ke supratiSThita aitihAsika darabAra hAla meM saMskRta/pAli-prAkRta/arabI evaM phArasI bhASA ke variSTha vidvAnoM ko rASTrapati sammAna evaM yuvA vidvAnoM ko maharSi bAdarAyaNa vyAsa sammAna ke rUpa meM prazasti patra, aMgavastra evaM rUpaye 5 lAkha variSTha vidvAnoM ke evaM yuvA vidvAnoM ko rUpaye 1 lAkha dekara sammAnita kiyA gyaa| prAkRta bhASA ke kSetra meM viziSTa yogadAna ke lie pro0 sudarzana lAla jaina, pUrva nidezaka, prarzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI ko rASTrapati sammAna pradAna kiyA gyaa| *****

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pustaka samIkSA sAbhAra- prApti saujanya - pro0 kamala canda sogANI, nidezaka, apabhraMza sAhitya akAdamI, jayapura 1. dravya saMgraha : muni nemicanda siddhAntideva, sampA0 DA0 kamalacanda sogANI, anu0 zakuntalA jaina, apabhraMza sAhitya akAdamI, jainavidyA saMsthAna, digambara jaina atizaya kSetra zrI mahAvIra jI, 322220 (rAjasthAna) AI0esa0 vI0 ena0 9787- 926468-1-7 2013 81 pR0110, (mUla, anvaya, hindI anu0, vyAkaraNika vizleSaNa evaM pariziSTa sahita, pariziSTa - 1 saMjJAkoza, kriyAkoza, kRdanta, vizeSaNa, saMkhyA, sarvanAma, avyaya, pariziSTa - 2, chNd|) 2. pravacanasAra : AcArya kundakunda, sampA0 DA0 kamala canda sogANI, anu0 zakuntalA jaina, apabhraMza sAhitya akAdamI, jaina vidyA saMsthAna, digambara jaina atizaya kSetra zrI mahAvIra jI 322220 (rAja0) 2013, pR0 160, (khaNDa-1), (AI0esa0 vI0 ena0 978 - 81-9264682-4) (mUla, anvaya, vyAkaraNika vizleSaNa, hindI anuvAda, vizeSaNa, sarvanAma evaM avyaya sUcI, pariziSTa - 1 - saMkhyA, kriyA, kRdanta 3. jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta (tIna khaNDa) lekhana va sampA0 DA0 kamalacanda sogANI, anu0 zakuntalA jaina, jainavidyA saMsthAna, digambara jaina atizaya kSetra zrI mahAvIra jI, 322220, ( rAja0) 2010, (khaNDa1) pR0 34, 165 (AI0esa0 bI0 ena0 81-8867-06-* (lekhaka kI Ethical Doctrines in Jainism kA hindI anuvAda) khaNDa - 2 pra0 saM0 2011, pR0 34, 115, (AI0esa0 bI0 ena0 81-88677-07)

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66 : zramaNa, varSa 65, aMka 1/janavarI-mArca 2014 khaNDa-3 pra0 saM0 2011, pR0 34, 98 (AI0esa0bI0ena0 8188677-08-6) 4. prAkRta-hindI-vyAkaraNa (do bhAga) lekhikA zakuntalA jaina, sampA0 DA0 kamalacanda sogANI, bhAga-1, pra0 saM0 2012, pR0-12,183, (hemacandra vyAkaraNa para AdhArita mahArASTrI, zaurasenI, mAgadhI aura paizAcI prAkRta ke saMjJA evaM sarvanAma zabdoM kI vibhaktiyoM kA prarUpaNa, tathA pA~ca pariziSToM ke rUpa meM saMjJA, sarvanAma zabdoM ke rUpa, vivecana meM prayukta hemacandra ke sUtroM ke sandarbha tathA pustaka meM upalabdha saMjJA-kramazaH puMliMga, napuMsakaliMga evaM strIliMga tathA vizeSaNa zabdoM kI anukramaNikA bhAga-2 pra0 saM0 2013, (AI0esa0bI0ena0-7 978-81926468-0-0 pR0-10, 138) (hemacandra vyAkaraNa para AdhArita kriyAoM ke kAlabodhaka pratyayoM, kRdanta, bhAvavAcya, karmavAcya, svArthika, preraNArthaka, vividha prAkRta kriyAyeM, aniyamita karmavAcya ke kriyA rUpa evaM aniyamita kRdanta, pariziSTa-1 kriyA rUpa va kAlabodhaka pratyaya, evaM vivecana meM prayukta hemacandra racita sUtroM ke sandarbha) 5. prAkRta-vyAkaraNa, DA0 kamalacanda sogANI, pra0saM0 2005, pR0 85 (sandhi-samAsa-kAraka-taddhita-strIpratyaya-avyaya) 6. praur3ha prAkRta racanA saurabha (do bhAga), DA0 kamalacanda sogANI prathama saM0 1999, pR0 173, 61 (pAGga, saMjJA, sarvanAma, saMkhyAvAcI, zabdoM se sambandhita sUtra, zaurasenI prAkRta se sambandhita sUtra, saMjJA, sarvanAma, evaM saMkhyAvAcaka zabda rUpa, pariziSTa-1. mUla meM prayukta sandhi niyama, bhAga-2 DA0 kamalacanda sogANI, pra0 saM0 2002, pR0 70, 17 (mahArASTrI, zaurasenI prAkRta evaM apabhraMza ke kriyA evaM kRdanta sUtra, prAkRta evaM apabhraMza ke kriyA rUpa, pariziSTa saM0- 1. sUtroM meM prayukta sandhiniyama, 2. sUtroM kA vyAkaraNika vishlessnn)| prAkRta abhyAsa saurabha, DA0 kamalacanda sogANI, dvi0saM0 2004, pR0 220

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pustaka samIkSA : 67 (sampUrNa 50 pATha, 40 pATha- kriyA evaM saMjJA para AdhArita abhyAsa, 10 pATha- (41-50) hindI anuvAda sahita mUla prAkRta kthaayeN|) prAkRta racanA saurabha- DA0 kamalacanda sogANI, tRtIya saM0- 2013, pR0 262, AI0esa0bI0ena0 978-81-925468-3-1 (sampUrNa pATha 85, sarvanAma, kriyA, saMjJA, avyaya, pariziSTa ke rUpa meM saMjJA zabdoM evaM kriyAoM kI anukramaNikA) prAkRta gadya-padya saurabha (do bhAga) DA0 kamalacanda sogANI bhAga-1 dvi0 saM0 2009, pR0 374 (samaNasuttaM, uttarAdhyayana, vajjAlagga, aSTapAhuDa kArtikeyAnuprekSA, dasaraha pavvajjA Adi teraha prAkRta granthoM se cayanita aMza, hindI anuvAda, zabdArtha evaM vyAkaraNika vizleSaNa) bhAga-2 pra0saM0 2005, pR0 189 (gauDavaho, dazavaikAlika, AcArAMga, pravacanasAra, bhagavatI ArAdhanA Adi bAraha prAkRta granthoM ke cayanita aMza, hindI anuvAda, zabdArtha evaM vyAkaraNika vizleSaNa) Prakrit- Grammar, Dr. Kamal Chand Sogani, Smt. Shakuntala Jain, Apabhramsa Sahitya Academy, Jaina Vidya Samsthan, Digambara Jaina Atisaya Ksetra Sri Mahaviraji 322220 (Raj.) First ed. 2011, p. 12, 120 (IS B.N. 978-81-921276-1-3) (Six Chapters dealing with combination (sandi), compound (samasa), cases, Word-formation (Taddhita) feminine suffixess (Strilenga pratyaya), Indclinables, with 5 appendices.) Advanced Prakrit Grammar (2 parts ) Dr. Kamal Chand Sogani, Shakuntala Jain. Apabhranisa Sahitya Academy, Jain Vidya Samsthana, Diganbara Jain Atisaya Ksetra Sri Mahaviraji (Raj) 2009, p. 8, 280 Part-1 (Ten sections, Declensions of nouns, pronouns and numerals, cases and their Interchangeability, Negation of certain

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68 : zramaNa, varSa 65, aMka 1 / janavarI-mArca 2014 suffixes, Miscellaneous - Sauraseni Prakrit sutras, with four appendices) Prakrit Grammar and composition (English translation of the Author's Book in Hindi, Prakrit Racana Saurabha) Dr. Kamal Chand Sogani, 2006, p. XII, 284. (Containing 85 lessions based on pronouns - singular, plural, rootspresent, imparative, past, future tense, transitive, intransitive, use in the active voice, passive voice, causative suffixes, Indeclinables etc. contains indices of nouns and verbs- English Prakrit PrakritEnglish) Prakrit. Exercise Book, Dr. Kamal Chand Sogani, First ed. 2006, p. 22, 188. [English of the author's book in Hindi Prakrit Abhyasa Saurabh], Prakrit Prose and Verse, Dr. Kamal Chand Sogani, First ed. 2008, p. 18, 222. [Eng. trans. of the book Prakrit Gadya Padya Saurabha text in Roman script.] apabhraMza: eka paricaya : DA0 kamalacanda sogANI, apabhraMza sAhitya akAdamI, jaina vidyA saMsthAna, digambara jaina atizaya kSetra zrI mahAvIra jI (rAja0) 2000, pR0 56 (tIna adhyAya- apabhraMza, usake kavi aura kAvya, paravartI apabhraMza, apabhraMza aura hindI ) apabhraMza - hindI- vyAkaraNa, lekhikA zrImatI zakunlatA jaina, sampA0 DA0 kamalacanda sogANI, apabhraMza sAhitya akAdamI, jaina vidyA saMsthAna, prathama saM0 2012, pR0 122, (saMjJA, sarvanAma, zabdoM ke vibhakti pratyaya, kriyAoM ke kAlabodhaka pratyaya, kRdanta, bhAva evaM karmavAcya svArthika, preraNArthaka, saMkhyAvAcaka evaM avyaya, pariziSTa ke rUpa meM saMjJA, sarvanAma, dhAtu, saMkhyAvAcI zabda rUpAvalI )

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pustaka samIkSA : 69 apabhraMza-vyAkaraNa- DA0 kamalacanda sogANI, pra0saM0 2007, pR0 54 (sandhi, samAsa aura kAraka tathA unake apabhraMza udAharaNa) praur3ha apabhraMza racanA saurabha (bhAga-1) DA0 kamalacanda sogANI, pra0saM0 1997, pR0 4, 134, 56, avyaya, vizeSaNa, vartamAna kRdanta, bhUtakAlika kRdanta, para AdhArita abhyAsa aura pariziSTa ke rUpa meM anuvAda aadi|) apabhraMza abhyAsa saurabha, DA0 kamalacanda sogANI, dvi0 saM0 2012, pR0 12, 184 (AI0esa0bI0ena0 978-81-921276-7-5) (apabhraMza racanA saurabha meM batAye gaye niyamoM ke AdhAra para 80 pAThoM meM apabhraMza bhASA kA abhyAsa) apabhraMza kAvya saurabha- DA0 kamalacanda sogANI, dvi0saM0 2007, pR0 10 416, (pramukha apabhraMza kRtiyoM paumacariu, mahApurANa, jambUsAmicariu, sudaMsaNa cariu, karakaNDu cariu, dhaNNakumAra cariu, hemacandra ke dohe, paramAtma prakAza, pAhuDa dohA, sAvayadhamma dohA, se saMkalita aMzoM kA hindI anuvAda vyAkaraNika, vizleSaNa evaM zabdArtha tathA pariziSTa ke rUpa meM kaviyoM kA paricaya) Advanced Apabhramsa-Grammar (Two Parts) Dr. Kamal Chand Sogani, Smt. Shakuntala Jain Part-1 First Edition 2010, p. 13, 108. Part-1 [Method of analysis of sutras, Declension of nouns, pronouns, Declensional forms of nouns and pronouns, rules of combination utilized in the sutras, summary of the grammatical analysis of sutras,] Part-II, First ed. 2010, P. 8,118. [Introduction of Verb-sutras, Prakrit verbs and participles, Sauraseni verbs and participles, Apabhramsa verbs and participles]

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70 : zramaNa, varSa 65, aMka 1 / janavarI-mArca 2014 Appendix- conjugation of verbs in Prakrit, conjugation of words utilized in the sutras, summary of the grammatical analysis of sutras. Right and the Good in Jaina Ethics by Prof. Kamal Chand Sogani, Jaina Vidya Samsthana, Digambar Jaina Atisaya Ksetra, Sri Mahaviraji, 322220 (Raj.), p-16 pha Indian Culture and Jainism by Dr. Kamal Chand Sogani, p-36. apabhraMza- pANDulipi cayanikA : sampA0 DA0 kamalacanda sogANI- prathama saM0 2007, pR0 110, ( pramukha apabhraMza kRtiyoM mahApurANa, sudaMsaNa cariu, paumacariu, jaMbUsAmi cariu, karakaNDacariu), kI pANDulipiyoM se cayanita aMza aura unakA Adhunika devanAgarI lipi meM rUpAntaraNa) prAkRta- pANDulipi cayanikA, sampA0 DA0 kamalacanda sogANI, pra0saM0 2006 pR0 82 " ( pramukha prAkRta kRtiyoM bhagavatI ArAdhanA, aSTa pAhuDa, dazavaikAlika, kummAputtacaritra aura uttarAdhyayana kI pANDulipiyoM se cayanita aMza aura unakA Adhunika devanAgarI meM rUpAntaraNa) / bhAratanI yogavidyA ane jIvana mAM dharma (paNDita sukhalAla jInA nava hindI lekhoM no sau prathama gujarAtI anuvAda), anu0 DA0 nagIna je0 zAha, sampA0 jItendra bI0 zAha, lAla bhAI dalapatabhAI bhAratIya saMskRti vidyAmandira, ahamadAbAda 2014, pR0 40, 120 yoga aura dharma bhAratIya saMskRti ke prANa sadRza haiN| yoga aura dharma kA mAnava jIvana ke vikAsa meM mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| prajJAcakSu paM0 sukhalAla saMghavI jaina vidyA ke mahAna manISI rahe haiN| unhoMne jaina vidyA se sambandhita aneka pakSoM para cintana kiyA aura lekhanI claaii| dharma aura yoga se sambandhita unake lekhoM kA gujarAtI anuvAda isa pustaka meM sagRhIta haiM- dharma bIja aura unakA vikAsa, dharma

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pustaka samIkSA : 71 aura saMskRti, dharma aura buddhi, vikAsa, mukhya sAdhana, yogavidyA, jIvana dRSTi mAM maulika parivartana, vizvazAnti ane jainadharma, gAMdhI jInU jainadharmane pradAna, aura dharma ane vidyAnu tiirth-vaishaalii| anuvAdaka sva0 DaoN0 nagIna je0 zAha jaina darzana ke zIrSastha vidvAn rahe haiN| unakI vidvattApUrNa bhUmikA bhI sAtha meM hai| unake jIvana kI antima kRti ke rUpa meM vidvajjagat ke samakSa isa pustaka ko prastuta karane ke lie ela0DI0 iMsTIcyUTa Ava aNDolaoNjI ke nidezaka DaoN0 jItendra bI0 zAha badhAI ke pAtra haiN| *****

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