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Introduction
57
show great variations often changing them to { and u. The Kannada Mss. are uniform in showing ě and ở: and that appears to be an earlier feature. It is this tendency that gives rise to forms like põggalu.
Turning to consonants, Hama, states (iv. 396) that intervocalic k, kh, t, th, p and ph are generally changed to g, gh, d, dh, b and bh in Apabh.; but this rule is violated by many forms in his illustrations. P.-prakáša does not follow this rule, but the consonantal changes agree with Hēmacandra's rule for Prakrit (i. 177) that intervocalic k. g. c, j, 1, d. p. y, and v are generally dropped. P.-prakaša introduces ya srutii if the udvștta vowel is a or å. Some typical illustrations might be noted here. Changes of k : Paha (bha) yara (1. II, 11. 211), loyaloya (1. 52, II. 205), vinäsayaru (1. 10), sayalu (1. 36); in only one word k is retained, viz. nayaku (ll. 140), but it is softened to g when Hēmacandra quotes this verse in his Grammar; once k is changed to g: maragai (11. 78). Once Brahmadova reads agăsu (II. 25), but all other Mss read āyasu. Changes of g: anurāü (11. 112, 149), gayana (1.39), jāi (1.35, 11. 171), joz" (11. 157), bhoya (1 32), viräü (1 118), sayara (Il. 105). It is only in two cases, namely, jagu (
140-1. II. 6, 44) and savvagu (1.52) that g is retained; by this retention the author wants perhaps to avoid confusion with other Sk. words like jaya and sarvatah Changes of c: it is always dropped as in muya for muc (1. 95, 112 etc.), viyakkhanu (1. 13, 78); it is only in two words that c is seen to be retained: avicalu (II. 15, 35, 144) and asuciyar" (II. 150) possibly to avoid confusion with the equivalents of Sk. words like vikala šruti, etc. Changes of j: It is generally dropped as in niya (I. 98), pariyāņa (1. 57); only once it is retained bhajamta (1.2). Changes of t: it is usually dropped as in kayara (I. 89), kiya i" (1. 27), gal (I. 111), cēyaņu (l. 73. II. 17), etc.; but in patana, as in Prakrits, it becomes d - vadana (II. 114). Changes of d: it is generally dropped as in kayà (1. 36), ja! (II. 5), paēsa (I. 105), al (II. 16). There are some cases of d retained: in padēsa, v. 1. paēsa (11. 24) possibly to rhyme with the line-ending puggaladēsa, in padāna (11. 127) perhaps to avoid confusion with prayana, and in samjadu and asamjadu (II. 41). Changes of p: it is usually changed to vas in ghanavadana (11. 114), vi from api (II. 96). Initial yi is changed to j: jēna, jāma, etc. Changes of v: it is at times retained and at times dropped as in kēvala (Il. 96). jiya (1. 23, etc.), tihuyana (1, 16. II. 16). Generally intervocalic kh, gh, th, dh, ph and bh are changed to hsuhu (11. 199); lahu (11. 100); uppahi (1. 78); ahammu (1. 60), samahi (l. 14); nahu (11. 20), sahaü (II. 197). It is only in a few cases that bh is retained : abhaya (II. 127). Thus we see that there is a general tendency to drop the intervocalic consonants rather than to soften them; and their retention in a few cases is meant perhaps to avoid confusion with similar words. Coming to the treatment of nasals, Hēmacandra's Grammar, according to the editions of Pischel, 2 Pandit-and-Vaidya. 3 retains initial n; Pischel, however uniformly adopts ņ, both initial and medial. in his revised edition of Apabh. verses. 4 Our text uses n alone everywhere. It is only Ms. B that retained n at times. Kannada Mss. are almost uniform in having n. Hēma, has generalised the change of m into nasalised v (iv. 397), for which there is phonetic justification. P.-prakása has some cases where m is shown as v; it should not be ignored that the various readings waver between m and v: atthavana (11. 132). nava (I. 1), nāü (I. 19, II. 206). 1 There is a case of the development of v possibly due to the preceding u, vari
uvari=udarē (II. 20). 2 Hēmacandra's Grammatik der Prakrit-Sprachen, Halle 1877. 3 Kumārapalacarita Appendix. Bombay Sk, and Pk, series LX. Poona 1936. 4 Materialien zur Kenntnis des Apabhramsa, Berlin 1902.
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