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Epistemology of Jainas
ates eleven categories as the object of touch-sense. They are the earth, water, fire, air, softness, hardness, heaviness, lightness, coldness, hunger and thirst.
According to the modern psychology there are four classes of the cutaneous, namely the sensations of (i) touch proper, pressure or contact, (ii) those of heat and warmth, (iii) those of cold and coolness, (iv) those of pain.
(2) Rasanā—The gustatory sense reveals the five types of taste; namely astringent (tikta), bitter (katu), pungent (kaņāya', sour (amla) and sweet (madhura). The Nyāya holds six types, adding saline to the above list. The Buddhist also follows the popular view, adopted by the Nyāja. Modern psychology reduces the list to four as the pure taste sensation, namely, sweet, salt, acid and bitter. It holds other tastes as a mixture of taste with smell or touch.
(3) Gbrāņa--The olfactory sense apprehends two varieties of smell, namely, fragrant and nonfragrant. The Nyāya also holds the same view. The Buddhist adds two more viz. intense (utkata) and mild (anutkața). The modern psychology holds that there are many degrees of the intensity of smell. They are so vague and indistinguishable from one another, that is impossible to have an accurate classification. They also get blended with (a) tactual sensations of nostrils, as in the case of the smell-sensation of ammonia or of spuff; (b) organic sensations of the respiratory system, e.g. certain smells stimulate respirations and others have a choking, effect; and (c) common sensibility, e.g. some smells bave an exhilerating and others a depressing effect on the organism as whole.
(4) Cakşur—The sense of vision apprehends the five varieties of colour, namely, black (krsna), blue (plla), red (aruņa), yellow (pIta) and white (śukla). The Nyāya terms black as nila and places green (barita) in the place of blue. He adds two more colours of tawny (kāpota) and mixed (citra) and brings the list to seved. The Buddhist adds the form (samsthāna) also
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