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Direct Knowledge
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the perception of aniversal smoke the contact is extra-ordinary. It is established through the knowledge of generic character, which inheres in all the smokes. It is extra-ordinary in the sense that it is not objective. It is merely conceptual.
The necessity of cogoizing all smoke of all times and all places arises, according to the Nyāya, is to ascertain the relation of universal connection between smoke and fire, which is essential condition of inference.
The Jaina as bas been already discussed does not belive in the contact-theory. He resorts to Ksayopasama as the ultimate source in all cases of knowledge. The ascertainment of invariable concommittance (vyāpti) also does not require the knowledge of all individuals; but, the knowledge that one does not happen without the other, or one happens only when the other is present (tathopapatti or anyathānupa patti) is sufficient for it. But, this knowledge, if confined to particular cases, is not competent to establish a universal relation. If it is universal, it does not differ materially from the Nyāya-conception. The only difference is, where the Jaina resorts to Ksayopaśama and gets freedom from the responsibility of further explanation, the Nyāya tries to give some interpretation, feasible or unfeasible. (2) The contact through Association
Sometimes an object or a quality is not actually present before the sense-organ. it is recollected on the basis of its association with the object that is present. But, the cognitions of the object that is presented and that of its associate, are not held as two. There is one apperance where certain matter is supplied by direct sensation and the other by association. This is called the contact through association, which brings about an indirect perception of the quality that is not presented. For instance, when we see a piece of sandal-wood, we feel that it is fragrant. What is the cause of this visual perception of fargrant sandal ? Here, the visual organ is united with the piece of sandal-wood which produces the direct visual perception of sandal-wood, but, the fragrance is not a direct object of vision. In this case
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