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Epistemology of Jainas
upayoga mzans the cogaition obtained through a mark, as one infers a conch from its sweet and soft sound. It does not include the case of visual perception where we cognize a jar through appearance of certain form, as the mark must be diffe. rent from the object that is conceived. Roughly stated, this view renders all the sense-cognitions as darśana while limits jñāna to the inferential types only. But, in its deeper sense, this view reflects Dinnāga and Dharmakirti. They hold two types of koowledge corresponding to the two types of objects. The external real objects are particulars without the association of class or name, which makes them expressible. They are merely perceptual. The notions of class, name ete. are merely mental creations. Their knowledge is conceptual. Perceptual knowledge is direct, while the conceptual is formed by the mind on the basis of perception. It is an attempt to explain the appearance. The division of darśana and jñāna, according to the view under discussion, can be identified with perceptual and conceptual types of knowledge of the Buddhist.
Like Dinnāga and Dharmakirti, the modern thinkers like Bosanquet also hold that all conceptual knowledge is inferential. We do not see a jar, but a particular form which gives rise to a particular class-concept already existing in the mind. The cogni. tion of mere form is Darśana while its adjustment with a class concept is jõāna. In the words of Kant the appearance of the thiag-initself is darśana while its understanding through moulding it into certain categories is jñāna. The Indian realists maintain that knowledge of an object through visual and factual qualities is perception while that through the qualities of taste or sound is inference. The knowledge of a jar, through its visible form is perception; but, the knowledge of a car through its sound is inference. As a matter of fact both the cases belong to the same category. In the case of jar, we do not see jar but a particular shape. We call that shape as jar, because, we are taught to associate that particular name with that particular form. That teaching is revived in memory and we call a particular shape with the particular name. In the case of car we listen to
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