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अनुसंधान - १७ • 130
senses of touch, taste and smell, respiration length of life, body and speech; four-sensed beings have eight prāņas viz. senses of touch, taste, smell and sight, respiration, length of life body and speech. In asamjñi pañcendriya jivas (fivesensed beings having no physical mind) but psychical mind there are nine prāņas viz. sense of touch, taste, smell, sight and hearing, respiration, length of life body and speech, while there are ten prāṇas in Saṁjñi pañcendriya Jivas (five-sensed beings having physical mind and psychical mind) viz. senses of touch, taste, smell, sight and hearing, respiration, length of life, body, speech and mind.22
According to the Cārvākas, life (as well as consciousness) is result of peculiar chemical combinations of non-living matter or the four elements, in organic forms as the intoxicating property of spirituous liquor is the result of the fermentation of unintoxicating rice and molasses.23 Similarly, the instintive movements and expression of new born babies (sucking, joy, grief, fear, etc.) take place mechanically a result of external stimuli as much as the opening and closing of the lotus and other flowers at different times of the day or night24, or the movement of iron under the influence of loadstone. 25 In the same way, the spontaneous reproduction of living organisms frequently occurs, e.g. animalcules develop "in moisture or infusions, especially under the influence of gentle warmth (Svedaja, Uṣṇaja, damśamaśakādayaḥ)"26 or the maggots or other worms originate in the rainy season due to the atmospheric moisture in the constituent particles of curds and the like and begin to live and move in so short a time. 27
Acharya Haribhadra Suri has refuted Bhutacaitanyavāda of the Materialists long before the Samkhya in the following manner. It is the doctrine of the Materialists that this world is formed of only five great elements (mahābhūtas), viz.
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