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PHILOLOGY
CARL] G[USTAV] HARTMAN: Emphasizing and Connecting Particles in the 13 Principal Upanishads (Annales Academiae Scientiarum Fannicae; ser. B, tom. 143 2).gr.8° 180 P. 3 tables. Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia, Helsinki 1966. Fmk 14,50.
In the oldest attested stage of Sanskrit, the use of particles is rather limited. They become frequent in certain parts of the Brahmaṇas and in the Upanishads. Their use in the Upanishads is moreover marked by the abundant use of combinations in which the particles occur. This Upanishadic peculiarity concerning combinations "may be ascribed to the educational character of the texts. The teachers regarded their instructions as important and therefore worthy of being strongly emphasized" (p. 123). H' discusses the use of 13 particles in the 13 principal Upanishads (these are those translated by Hume). The particles dealt with are: api, u, uta, eva, kila, khalu, ca, nu, vāva, vai, sma, svid, ha. He has chosen to call the particles "emphasizing", rather than "emphatic", because the former word underlines their function of laying stress upon other words (p. 14).
There is a good deal of irregularity in the use of particles in the Upanishads. some paragraphs being practically free from particles while others have a frequent use of them. To the a. (author) this irregularity seems to be as much due to the difference in styles (speculative, descriptive as opposed to narrative) as to the fact that parts of the Upanishads have been written and compiled at different periods and by different authors (p. 165)-- It is often difficult to determine the exact significance of a particle. Notwithstanding this difficulty, the a. has admirably executed his task. The book has 5 chapters, followed by a summary. While the 1" chap. deals with the particles as they occur singly, the 2nd chap. deals with their various combinations; the 3d chap. points out the relation between the particles and the Upanishadic style; the 4th chap. discusses the particles historically and tries to determine the position of the Upanishadic language; the 5th chap. is devoted to the theories of the Upanishadic particles. The a. holds the view that particles are not to be looked upon as normal words but rather as stylistical signs marking different stages in the narrative or underlining important facts in philosophical instructions. They also serve the purpose of punctuation marks like comma, semicolon etc.
On p. 23 the a. says that in a few cases yady api is not used concessively (i.e. meaning "even if", "even though"), but as conditional and hence translated simply by "if." By way of illustration he cites Chhandogya 5,24,4. The a.'s judgement
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