________________
in ante euy.
[ GT 1
re there is n195 vyatirelim. between
six kinds of fixed rules by many illustra- 2. There is fire on this hill, because tions.
there is smoke on it. LESSON IV.
The hetu (reason) in the first of these
illustrations is called contradictory beA conclusion may be drawn
cause it (water) is opposed to the from an affirmative logical relationship,
nature of fire the presence of absence e. 9., wherever there is smoke there is
of which is the subject of inference ; fire. This is called the anvaya form.
the pitcher being full of water which is Hence when you see smoke you immi
hostile to and destructive of fire there diately say that there must be fire pre
can be no fire in it. The second illuSent at its source. But the sight of fire
stration is a simple case of non-contradoes not entitle you to conclude that
dictory hetu ( reason ). smoke must be there too; for while
Further illustrations smoke is always caused by fire, every kind of fire does not produce smoke,
Non-contradictory affirmative reason : e. g., red hot charcoal "fire. But you 1. Sound is subject to modification, may sefely infer from the relationship because it is a product. of fire and smoke that where there is (Explanation: All products are no fire there is no smoke. This is liable to modification ; sound is a protechnically known as vyatöreka.
duct; therefore, sound is subject to Thus from the relationship between modification). fire and smoke we can infer
This is an instance of the rule that 1. the existence of fire wherever there part is included in the whole, 1. e.. the is smoke, and
attributes of a class are to be found in 2. the non-existence of smoke where the individual. there is no fire.
2. There is fire on this hill because But we cannot infer
there is smoke on it. 1. the existence of smoke from fire,
(Effect to cause.) nor
3. It must be raining yonder, because 2. the non-existence of fire where potent rain-bearing clouds are gathered there is no smoke.
there. Anvaya and vuatireka taken together. [(Active) Cause to effect. 1 establish the validity of a logical rela- 4. It will be Sunday to-morrow betionship.
cause it is Saturday to-day. LESSON V.
[ Antecedent to consequent. ] The argument or reason is either of
5. Yesterday was a Sunday, because
it is Monday to-day. a contradictory type or of a non-contradictory one. The former of these
[Consequent to antecedent 1 implies the existence of a fact which
6. This mango has a delicious taste, is incompatible with the existence of because it is ripe yellow in colour. the fact expressed in the conclusion,
[ Concomitance. ] The other type is the non-contradictory Contradictory negative reason : one.
7. The atmosphere inside a steam Illustration.
boiler when fire is burning in it is not 1. There is no fire in this pitcher, cold, because heated bodies are not because it is full of water.
cold.
Aho! Shrutgyanam
