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bondage and should be subsided (upasama) and finlly annihilated (kşaya). The influx of fresh karma-particles can also be checked-this is termed dravya-samvara. This can be achieved by bhāva-samvara, viz. gupti (right regulation of the activity of body, speech, mind), samiti (carefulness in the smallest activit of life to avoid injury to others however insignificant they might be), anuprekşā or bhāvanā (reflection about the transitoriness of things and such other matters), parīşa ha (patient endurance of all troubles), and caritra (conduct). The annihilation of karma is called nirjarā.
The Vedic and the Buddhist thinkers hold that the fruit of karma can be transferred to another. The performance of śrāddhas, etc. in the case of the Vedic people is an evidence in point. The Bauddhas believe that the fruit of punya karma alone can be transferred to a section of pretas called paradattopaji vins, those who maintain themselves with what is given by others. The fruit of papa karma cannot be transferred at all. This distinction is attempted to be justified on the ground that păpa karmans are very few in number, and so cannot be transferred. * The Mahāyānists are prepared to give up even nirvana if they can help the miserable people of the world by transferring to them the fruit of their auspicious actions. This idea proved infectious and was willingly accepted by other religions, especially Vaisnavism. But the Jaina Āgamas do not give expression to any such view. Pretas are not recognised, and there is no question of transference of the fruit of karman, good or sinful; though we find certain ācāryas like Haribhadra expressing the wish that other souls get the fruit of the good actions performed by them.
We may now consider what is the range of the efficacy of karinan. All the systems of philosophy excepting the Cārvāka regard karman as a responsible factor in the determination of creation. Karman is regarded as an instrumental cause ( nimitta
* See Milindapañha 4.8.30-35; Kathā vatthu 7.6.3; Petavatthu and 'Buddhist Conception of Spirits '—Bimalcaran Law.
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