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bondage, viz. mithyātva (perversity), avirati (non-abstinence), pramāda (spiritual inertia ), kasāya ( passions), and yoga (activities of body, speech and mird). The most important activity for spiritual progress is the subduing of the passions. This is possible by the repetition of the three-fold processes of yathapravsttakarana, apūrvakaraṇa and anivrttikranı. Yathāpravịttakarana is the impulse from within to realise the good whose vision, though indistinct, the soul sometimes has in the course of its wanderings. It is a kind of manifestation of energy and is not always effective and consequently does not invariably lead to spiritual advancement. But if the impulse is strong enough to cut the tie of rāga ('ikes, attachment) and dveşa (dislikes, repulsion), the soul is successful in the struggle and is bound to be liberated within a limited time. The struggle consists in the two-fold processes known as apūrvakarang and anivșttikarana. By the yathā pravșttakarana the soul is confronted with the concentrated force of the passions and the other two enable the soul to overpower and transcend the force. The force of the passions is beginningless, but the soul is feelingly conscious of it only on some occasions. This consciousness is the work of the process called yathāpravșttakarana. Daring this process the sonl undergoes progressive purification every instant and binds karmic matter of appreciably less duration. Again there is increase in the intensity of the bondage of auspicious karmans along with decrease in the intensity of the bondage of inauspicious karmans. As a result of this the soul gets an indistinct vision of the ultimate goal. It is only the souls having the necessary energy who can overcome the force of passions. The souls manifest such energy by the two processes of apūrvakaraṇa and anivșttikaraņa at the end of which the soul develops such spiritual strength as is destined to lead it to the goal of emancipation. The duration and intensity of the karmans which were considerably reduced in the process of yathāpravșttakarana* are further reduced in the apurvakaraṇa during which the soul passes through such states as
* The karaņas are spiritual impulses that goad the soul to realise its ultimate goal, emancipation.
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