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________________ JAINA DARSAN KA ADIKAL BY DALSUKH MALVANIA 4. D. SERIES 76 GENERAL EDITORS DALSUKH MALVANIA NAGIN J. SHAH L. D. INSTITUTE OF INDOLOGY AHMEDABAD-9
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________________ jaina darzana kA AdikAla - lA. da. granthamAlA 76 lekhaka . dalasukha mAlavaNiyA pradhAna saMpAdaka dalasukha mAlavaNiyA nagIna jI. zAha nayamana I bhAratIya prakAzaka lAlabhAI dalapatabhAI bhAratIya saMskRti vidyAmaMdira ahamadAbAda 9 AmaMdina padAna bAda
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________________ Printed by Mahanth Tribhuvandas Shastri Shree Ramanand Printing Press Kankaria Road Ahmedabad-380022. Published by Nagin J. Shah Director L. D. Institute of Indology Ahmedabad-380009. FIRST EDITION April 1980 PRICE RUPEES 8
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________________ prAstAvika jaina darzana ke prasiddha vidvAn aura vicAraka paMDita zrI dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyAjIne zivAjI yunivarsiTI, kolhApura meM DaoN. e. ena. upAdhye kI puNya smRti meM do vyAkhyAna san 1977 aktUbara meM diye the inheM prakAzita karate baDA Ananda hotA hai / / aitihAsika dRSTi se dArzanika cintana ke vikAsa ko yathAtatha samajhane kA bharasaka prayatna karane vAle jo inegine vidvAna haiM una meM mAlavaNiyAjI kA pramukha sthAna hai / jaina darzana kI pramANa aura prameya sambandhI samasyAoM ke cintana ke AgamoM meM jitane stara dikhAI dete haiM una sabako spaSTa karate hue unhoMne ina do vyAkhyAnoM meM apane dIrghakAlIna adhyayana kA sAra rakha diyA hai| ina do vyAkhyAna 'gAgara me sAgara' jaise haiM aura jaina vidvAnoM ke lie vicAra ko naI dizA dikhalAne vAle haiM / AzA haiM jina darzanakA AdikAla' nAma se prakAzita kiye jA rahe ye do vyAkhyAna jaina darzana meM ruci rakhanevAle saba ke lie rasaprada . aura upayogI siddha hoMge / lA. da. vidyAmaMdira ahamadAbAda-380009 1 disambara 1979 nagIna jI. zAha adhyakSa.
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________________ lekhakakI orase zivAcI yUnivarsiTI, kolhApura meM maine Do. e. en. upAdhyekI smRtimeM do vyAkhyAna tA. 7 aura 8 aktUbara, 1977 meM diye the / unhIM do vyAkhyAnoM ko yatra tatra saMzodhanavRddhi karake prastuta 'jainadarzana kA AdikAla' prakAzita kiyA jA rahA hai| ina vyAkhyAnoM ke nimitta kucha nayA socane kA muje avasara milA etadartha maiM zivAjI yUnivarsiTI kA AbhArI I. 1949 meM nyAyAvatAravArtika vRtti (siMghI jainagranthamAlA) kI prastAvanA meM maiMne jaina AgamoM se jainadarzanakI rUparekhA denekA prayatna kiyA thaa| usI prastAvanAko 'AgamayugakA jainadarzana' isa nAmase sanmati jJAnapITha, AgrAne I. 1966meM prakAzita kiyA thA / kintu usameM jaina darzanakA prAraMbhikarUpa kaisA thA isakI carcA maiMne nahIM kI thii| jainadarzanake vikAsa ko samajhane ke lie yaha atyaMta Avazyaka hai ki usake prAraMbhikarUpa ko samajhA jAya / ataeva prastuta vyAkhyAnoM meM maiMne isI viSayakI vizeSa carcA karanA ucita samajhA hai / isa carcA ke bAda bhI ukta prastAvanA aura prastuta jaina darzana ke prAraMbhikarUpa ke bIca eka aura kaDI kI AvazyakatA hai jisameM vistArase Agama ke dvitIyastara gata jIvavicAra Adi vivaraNa diyA jAya / aisA hone para hI Agama yugakA jaina darzana apane yathArtha rUpameM vidvAnoM ke samakSa upasthita hogaa| ukta prastAvanAmeM maiMne pramANa aura prameya kI carcA jo tAkikoM ne kI haiM usIkA pUrvarUpa AgamoM meM kaisA thA-yaha dikhAne kA prayatna kiyA thA / kintu vaha Agama ke tIsare starake AdhAra se thA / prastuta meM Agama ke prAcInatama prathama stara ke AdhAra se jainadarzanakA prAraMbhika rUpa kaisA thA yaha dikhAnekA prayatna hai / patA nahIM mere isa prayatna ko vidvAn kisa rUpameM leMge / kintu maiMne isameM muje jo pratIta huA use dene kA prayatna kiyA hai / yaha bhI saMpUrNarUpameM upasthita kara sakA hU~ yaha maiM nahIM kaha sktaa| kintu yaha bhI mAtra rUparekhA hai| isameM aura bhI kaI bAteM joDI jA sakatI haiM / kintu vaha to koI anya taTastha vidvAn kare taba hogaa| mujase jo bana paDA maiMne vidvAnoM ke samakSa vicAraNArtha rakhA hai / AzA karatA hUM ki isa dizAmeM vidvAnoM kA dhyAna jAyagA to maiM apanA zrama saphala samajhU*gA / DaoN. ramaNIkabhAI zAhane pupha dekhane meM sahAyatA kI hai ataeva unakA AbhArI huuN| lA. da0 vidyAmandira ahamadAbAda-9. tA. 7-5-1979 dalasukha mAlavaNiyA
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________________ upayukta granthoM kI sUcI AcA0 AcArAMgasUtra, mahAvIra jaina vidyAlaya, bambaI, 1977 AcA0 cU0 AcArAMgacUrNi, RSabhadAsa kesarImala, ratalAma, 1941 AcA0 ni0 AcArAMga niyukti, zIlAMkaTokAntargata, Agamodaya samiti 1916 AgamayugakA jainadarzana, sanmati jJAnapITha, AgarA 1966 utta0 uttarAdhyapana, mahAvIra jaina vidyAlaya, bambaI, 1977 upaniSad vAkya mahAkoSa, gujarAtI presa, bambaI, 1940 jambUddIvapaNatti, suttAgame, 1954 jayadhavalA, kasAyapAhuiTIkA, mathurA, 1944 jaina sAhitya kA vRhad itihAsa, pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama. vArANasI, 1964 jai.sA.i. jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa pUrvapIThikA, paM.kailAzacanda,varNI granthamAlA, banArasa 1963 tatvArtha tatvArthasUtra, paM. sukhalAlajI, pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama, vArANasI, 1976 tatvArthabhASya -sabhASya tattvArthAdhigamasUtrANi, motIlAla lAdhAjI, pUnA, vIra saM. 2453 titthogAlI, zvetAmbara jaina saMgha, jAlora, 1975 dIgha0 dIghanikAya, saM0 kazyapa, 1958 dhavalA0, SaTkhaMDAgama dhavalATokA, jaina sA. phaMDa, amarAvatI 1939 naMdI, mahAvIra jaina vidyAlaya, 1968 naMdIcUrNi, prAkRta TeksTa sosAyaTI, 1966 nyAyA0 nyAyAvatAravAtikavRtti, siMghI granthamAlA, 1949 prajJApanA, pannavaNA, mahAvIra jaina vidyAlaya, 1969 pravacanasAra, zrImad rAjacandra Azrama, 1964 bhagavatI. viyAhapaNNatti. mahAvIra jaina vidyAlaya, bambaI, 1974 bhagavaI, suttAgame, 1954 mUlAcAra di. jaina granthamAlA, bambaI, 1921 vIrani0 vIranirvANa saMvat aura jainakAlagaNanA, muni zrI kalyANavijayajI, 1931 vya0 vyavahArasUtra, suttAgame, 1954 samavAya, sattAgame, 1953 saMbodhi, lA0 da0 vidyAmandira prakAzita traimAsika saMprasAda, caturbhuja pUjArA sanmAna samiti, ahamadAbAda, 1977 sUtrakR0, sUtrakRtAMga, mahAvIra jaina vidyAlaya 1978 sUtrakR0 cUrNi, RSabhadAsa kesarImala, ratalAma, 1941 sthAnAMga-samavAyAMga, gUjarAta vidyApITha, ahamadAbAda 1955
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________________ For Private & Personal use only
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________________ jainAgama' Do. upAdhye kI smRtimeM yaha vyAkhyAna kA Ayojana kiyA gayA hai aura Do. upAdhyene apane jIvana meM saMskRta viSayameM saMzodhana kiyA hI hai| kintu unakA mukhya saMzodhana prAkRtaapabhraMzako lekara huA hai| pakhaMDAgamake solaha bhAgoM ke saMpAdana meM unakA pUrA sahayoga Do. hIrAlAlajI ko milA thA aura SaTcaMDAgama digaMvara saMpadAyakI dRSTise AgamasthAnIya hai aura jainoM kI dRSTi se Agama ho samagra jaina sAhityakA-jo prAkRta-saMskRta-apabhraza aura Adhunika bhASAoM meM likhA gayA hai-srota hai / ataeva maiMne 'jainAgama' isa viSayameM prathama vyAkhyAna dene kA socA / aura Aja Apa sabake samakSa usI viSayameM Ane vicAra rakhane jA rahA huuN| yaha avasara dene ke lie maiM zivAjI yunivarsiTI ke kulapati zrIpATila kA AbhArI huuN| jainAgama aura veda vedako surakSA zabdataH kI gaI hai / arthakI paraMparA prAyaH lupta ho gaI thii| jainAgama ke viSayameM jAnanA jarUrI hai ki paraMparA ke anusAra arthakA upadeza arhat karate haiM aura usa ko zabdameM baddha karate haiM unake pramukha gaNadhara / arthAt jaina paraMparAke anusAra pradhAnarUpase Agama to tIrthakara kA upadeza hai kintu hameM jo prApta hai vaha tadanusArI zabdabaddha Agama hai / arthakA hI mahattva hone se zabda para vizeSa dhyAna diyA nahIM jA sakatA thaa| ataeva zabda kI ekarUpatA ho nahIM sakatI hai / tAtparya meM bheda nahIM honA cAhie - zabda kA rUpa jo bhI ho / ataeva pariNAma yaha huA ki jisa bhASAmeM bhagavAna dvArA upadiSTa artha zabdabaddha kiyA gayA vaha bhASA prAkRta hone se, lokabhASA hone se vaidika bhASAkI taraha usakA ekarUpa satata surakSita nahIM raha sakatA thaa| ataeva paraMparA ke anusAra bhagavAna mahAvIrakA upadeza ardhanAgadhI bhASAmeM hotA thA aisA mAna kara bhI zvetAmbara jainoM ke Agama ardhamAgadhI meM surakSita na rahakara mahArASTrIprAkRtapradhAna ho gaye haiM / aura prAkRtabhASA kI prakRtike anusAra zabdoM ke rUpoM meM bhI saMskRta ke samAna ekarUpatA dekhI nahIM jAtI / digaMbaroM ke mAnya siddhAnta bhI arbhamAgadhI meM na hokara zaurasenIpradhAna ho gaye haiM / aisA hote hue bhI prAcIna AgamoM kI arthaparaMparA yA tAtparya paraMparA eka hI thI yaha bhI nizcitarUpase kahA jA sakatA hai / bAdake kAla meM sAMpradAyika rUpa diyA jAne lagA taba arthapara parAmeM bhI bheda dRSTigata hone lgaa| 1 Do. AdinAtha neminAtha upAdhye kI smRtimeM zivAjI yunivarsiTI meM tA. 7-10-77 ko diyA gayA prathama vyAkhyAna / 2 Ava. ni. 192; AgamayugakA jainadarzana, pR. 7 / muni zrIjambUvijayajI kI sUtrakRtAMga kI prastAvanA pR0 28 se 'vAcanA' prakaraNa dekheM / 3 samavAya-34, bhagavaI meM ullekha hai ki devoM kI bhASA ardhamAgadhI hai 5.4.24 / 4 dekheM, dhavalATIkA bhA0 1, sU0 93, pR0 332 / dhavalA bhA0 3, prastAvanA pR0 28 / 'saMyata' padako lekara jo vivAda huA vaha suprasiddha haiM /
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________________ jaina Agama AgamoM kI surakSA meM eka dUsarI bhI bAdhA thI / brAhmaNoMmeM veda kI surakSA pitAputra kI paraMparAmeM hotI thI aura jainoM meM guruziSya paraMparAmeM / yaha Avazyaka nahIM ki pitAko jaisA yogya putra milatA hai vaisA hI yogya ziSya guruko mile / aisI sthiti meM AgamakI surakSA kaThina thI / AgamakI surakSA zramaNoM ke adhIna thI aura zramaNoM meM prAyaH vidyAgrahaNa kI yogya AyuvAle ziSya zramaNAcArya ko mile yaha saMbhava nahIM hotA thA / pitA apane putra ko bAlyakAla se veda paDhAtA thA kintu zramaNoMmeM yaha vyavasthA saMbhava nahIM thI / yaha bhI kAraNa hai ki AgamoM kI zabdaparaMparA aura arthaparaMparA bhI khaMDitarUpameM hI prApta hotI hai / phira bhI jo kucha surakSita raha sakA hai usase hama bhagavAna mahAvIrake maulika upadeza ko AMzikarUpameM ho sahI prApta kara sakate haiM / prastuta vyAkhyAna meM usa maulika upadeza ko hI dhyAna meM rakha kara maiMne jainAgamake viSaya meM carcA karanA cAhA hai / 2 veda aura jainAgamake pratipAdya viSayako dekhA jAya to kahanA hogA ki donoM meM aMtara avazya hai kintu vaha bhAratIya samagra dhArmika paraMparA kA uttarottara jo vikAsa huA hai usI ke kAraNa hai / bhAratIya dhArmika paraMparA uttarottara jo nayA nayA rUpa letI hai usI zRGkhalA meM eka kar3I yaha jainAgama bhI hai / use vaidika dhArAse sarvathA pRthak karake nahIM dekhA jA sakatA, use samagra rUpa se bhAratIya paraMparA meM jo vikAsa huA hai usI pariprekSya meM hI dekhanA hogA / brAhmaNa aura zramaNa paraMparA meM virodha kI bAta kahI jAtI hai kintu donoM kA jo vikAsa hama dekhate haiM vaha donoM ke pArasparika ghAtapratyAghAta kA ho phala hai-aisA mAnanA Avazyaka hai / ataeva donoM kA vikAsa svatantra hai - aisA nahIM kintu anyonyAzrita hai - yahI mAnanA ucita hai aura aisA mAnane para yaha bhI mAnanA par3atA hai ki gaMgA-jamunA ke saMgama ke bAda jaise donoM nadIyA~ ekarUpa ho jAtI haiM vaise hI bhAratIya dhArmika paraMparA meM bhI donoM paraparAe~ ekarUpa ho jAtI haiM aura hamAre samakSa hindudharma ke rUpa meM bhAratIya dharma paraMparA AtI hai / jaba hama hindudharma aisA nAma dete haiM tatra brAhmaNa aura zramaNa kA bheda gauNa hokara donoM kA aikya siddha hotA hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki bAhyAcArakI dRSTi se eka brAhmaNadharmako kisI jainadharmI se alaga karanA kaThina ho jAtA hai / vaidikoM - brAhmaNoM meM nAnA prakAra ke pUjApratiSThAna aura bAhyAcAra ko lekara nAnAprakAra ke bheda hone para bhI sabhI veda ko apanA dharmagrantha mAnakara ekarUpatA siddha karate haiM vese hI jainoMne bhI apane Agamako' veda saMjJA dekara usa ekatA kI puSTi kI hai| itanAhI nahIM tattatkAla meM pracalita vidyAoM ke bhI apane AgamoM meM samAviSTa karanekA jo prayatna huA hai vaha bhI isa kI ora saMketa karatA hai ki bhAratIya paraMparA ke vikAsa kI eka kaDIrUpameM hI hama jainavidyAko dekha sakate haiM sarvathA svataMtrarUpa meM nahIM / veda se lekara brAhmaNa granthoM meM jo bhAratIyadharma kA rUpa hameM milatA hai vaha AdhyAtmika nahIM kintu bhautikavAdI hai, parigrahapradhAna hai / upaniSada meM Akara antarnirIkSaNa zurU huA hai yaha spaSTa dekhA jA sakatA hai / arthAt hI bAhyadRSTi ko chor3a kara atra antarmukha hokara ciMtana zurU huA / yahI kAraNa hai ki upaniSadoMmeM yajJIya karmakAMDa kA nirAkaraNa karake Atma 1. AcA. 107; "duvAlasaMgaM vA pravacanaM vA vedo taM je vedayati sa vedavI" AcA. cU. pR. 185; vinTaranitsa: hisTrI opha iMDiyana liTarenara bhAga 2, pR.474 | paM0 kailAzacandra, jainadharma pR. 107 /
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________________ vartamAna meM jaina Agama aura tadviSayaka matabheda khoja kI tatparatA dikhAI deto hai / isI Atmakhoja kI paraMparA ko kucha zramaNoM ne apanAyA hai aura bAhyase aMtarmukha hone kA AhvAna vizeSa rUpase kiyA / saba zramaNoM ne aisA nahIM kiyA yaha to akriyAvAdI Adi kI mAnyatAoM ko dhyAnameM leM to mAnanA hI pdd'egaa| bhagavAna mahAvIra aura buddhane isa antarmukhI pravRtti ko pradhAna rUpase apanAyA aura isI kA pratighoSa hama unake bAdake vaidika vAGmayameM bhI dekhate haiM / kramazaH hiMsaka yajJoM kI jo bhautika saMpatti ke lie karmakAMDakI pravRtti cala rahI thI usakA nirAkaraNa ho kara AdhyAtmika yajJoM ke anu. SThAna kI bAta cala par3I thI-yaha spaSTa hotA hai / aura mAnava mAtra kA dhArmika adhikAra samAna hai-yaha bhAvanA bhI baDha rahI thii| __isI mAnavamAtrakI ekatA kI bhAvanA ko bhagavAna mahAvIra ne aura bhI nayA rUpa diyA aura kahA ki jIne kA adhikAra kevala mAnava ko hI nahIM kintu jagata ke sUkSma-sthUla sabhI jIvoM ko hai'| ataeva sAmAyika vrata kI vyApti kevala mAnava taka nahIM kintu saMsAra ke sabhI jIvoM taka hai / ataeva kisI kI bhI hiMsA nahIM karanI cAhie / upaniSadoM meM brahma kI kalpanA hai, AtmAdvaita kI kalpanA hai-kintu ahiMsA aura aparigraha Adi ko utanA mahattva nahIM jitanA ki bhagavAna mahAvIra ne apane upadeza meM diyA / unake mata meM brahma kA nahIM kintu samakA mahattva hai| unakA to kahanA thA ki parigraha hI hamAre lie bandhana hai aura parigraha ke lie hI jIva saba prakAra ke pApAcAra-hiMsA, corI, jhUTha Adi kA Azraya letA hai / ataeva samakA pracAra karake parigraha ke pApa se mukti dilAnA hI jainAgamakA dhyeya ho gayA / bhagavAn mahAvIra kA yaha sama yA sAmAyika kA upadeza jAnane kA hamAre pAsa eka hI sAdhana hai aura vaha hai jainAgama / kintu jainAgama kyA hai, aura kitane haiM aura kisane kaba likhe yA grathita kiye-isa viSaya meM jainoM meM hI kAphI matabheda hai| ataeva usa Agama ke viSaya meM isa vyAkhyAna meM kucha carvA karanA maine ucita mAnA hai| itaHpUrva AgamoM ke viSayoM meM maiMne kAphI likhA hai kintu yahA~ jo vicAra maiM rakha rahA hU~ yaha bhinna dRSTi se hai / ataeva purAne vicAroM kA punarAvartana mAtra nahIM hai yaha maiM spaSTa kara denA cAhatA huuN| itanA hI nahIM kintu mere ita:pUrva ke vicAroM meM yahA~ saMzodhana bhI dikhAI degaa| vartamAna meM jainAgama aura tadviSayaka matabheda jainAgamake viSaya meM prathama yaha jAnanA jarUrI hai ki vartamAnameM jainAgamAntargata kyA samajhA jAtA hai / janoM ke aneka saMpradAya haiM aura isa viSayameM aikya nahIM / digambaroMke matase to mUla jinAgama AcArAMga Adi dvAdazAMga vicchinna ho gaye haiM aura kevala dRSTivAda nAmaka bArahaveM aMgake aMza pUrva ke AdhAra se race gaye kamAyapAhuDa aura SaTkhaDAgama AgamasthAnIya haiM / zvetAmbaroM ke mAse 45 grantha jinAgamameM zAmila hai / unake matase AcArAMga Adi 11 aMga granya jisa rUpameM bhI khaDita rUpa meM saMbhava thA surakSita kara liyA gayA hai aura anya grantha jo sthaviroMne bhagavAn mahAvIra ke upadezakA anukaraNa karake race the ve bhI AgamAntargata kAlakrama se ho gaye haiM / itanA hI nahIM, ina granthoM kI TIkAe~-niyukti, bhASya, cUrNi aura TIkA milakara paMcAMgI jainAgamarUpa se pramANabhUta hai / sthAnakavAsI aura 1 AcA. 138; sUtrakR. 503-508 / 2. sUtrakR. 1-4.
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________________ jaina Agama terApaMthI kevala 32 granthoM ko hI mAtra mUlarUpameM jainAgamAntargata- ginate haiM / unake matase TIkAoM kA AgamarUpase prAmANya nahIM / AgamoM ke viSayameM isa matabheda kA mUla AgamoM kI surakSA ke lie jo vAcanAe~ huI unhoMmeM hai / ataeva yahA~ saMkSepameM una vAcanAoMke viSayameM vicAra kara lenA jarUrI hai / ina vAcanAoMke viSayameM aura zrutAvatAra ke viSayameM abhI taka bahuta kucha likhA gayA hai| vAcanA ke viSayameM vistAra se prayatna muni zrI kalyANavijayajI ne apane 'vIranirvANa saMvata aura jaina kAlagaNanA' (saM0 1987) meM kiyA / tadanantara zrI paM0 kailAzacandrajI ne 'jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa-pUrva pIThikA' (vIra ni. 2489) meM vistAra se samAlocana kiyA hai / zrutAvatAra ke viSayameM SaTkhaDAgamakI prathamabhAgakI prastAvanAmeM vistArase varNana hai aura usIkA vizeSa vivecana paM0 kailAzacandrajI kI ukta pustaka meM bhI hai / yahA~ to mujhe isa viSayameM jo kucha kahanA hai vaha saMkSepameM hI ho sakatA hai / aura maiM jo kucha kahanA cAhatA hU~ vaha aba taka kI isa viSayakI jo vicAraNA huI hai usIko lekara hI hogA / pATaliputrakI vAcanA / isa vAcanA ko zvetAmbara saMpradAya mAnatA hai| isa vAcanAkA koI ullekha' digambaroM ke prAcIna sAhityameM nahIM / zvetAmbaroM meM bhI isakA sarvaprathama ullekha titthogAlImeM (gA0 714 se) hai / yahA~ dhyAna dene kI bAta yaha hai ki usameM kevala isI vAcanAkA ullekha hai aura usake bAda honevAlI vAcanAoM kA ullekha nahIM hai / kintu cUrNimeM hai / ataeva mAnanA paDatA hai ki mUlameM titthogAlI niyuktikAla kI racanA hai aura cUrNi pUrva kI racanA hai| isa pATaliputra kI vAcanA kI khAsa bAta yahI hai ki durbhikSa akAla-anAvRSTi ke kAraNa jaina zramaNa saMgha ko magadha se bAhara jAnA par3A aura kaI zramaNa mRtyu ke zaraNa ho gaye / sukAla hone para jo bhI bace the ve pATaliputrameM ekatra hue aura eka dUsare se pUcha pUchakara gyAraha aMga jisa rUpa meM upalabdha ho sakA saMkalita kiyA gayA / kintu siddhAnta dRSTivAda kisI ko yAda nahIM bhA / ataH socA gayo ki bhadrabAhu jo yogasAdhanAmeM lage haiM unhIM se isakI vAcanA lI jaay| bhadrabAhu ne sthUlabhadra ko vAcanA dI kintu apanI Rddhi ke pradarzanake kAraNa kevala dazapUrvako anujJA do-arthAt 14 meM se kevala daza hI ve dUsaroM ko sakate haiM - aisA kahA / isa prakAra sthUlabhadra ke bAda dazapUrvakA hI jJAna zeSa rahA / / yahA~ titthogAlImeM bhadrabAhu kahA~ the yaha nahIM spaSTa hotA / kintu ve pATaliputra se kahIM bahuta dUra to ho nahIM sakate the| isakA spaSTIkaraNa hameM Avazyaka cUrNise prApta hotA hai / usameM umI prasaMgameM likhA hai -"nepAlavattaNIe ya bhadda yA husAmI acchati coddasapuvI" pR0 187 // ataeva ve isa paraMparAke anusAra ujjaina meM jesI ki digambaroM kI mAnyatA hai, ho nahIM skte| dUsarI bAta Avazyaka cUrNise yaha bhI spaSTa hotA hai ki bhadrabAhu svAmI apanI sAdhanA pUrI 1 yahA~ maiMne kevala prAcInatama ullekhako prAdhAnya diyA hai / anya ullekhoM ke lie dekheM sUtrakRtAMgakI muni zrI jabUvijayajI kI prastAvanA pR0 28 / / 2 yahA~ titthogAlI mUlarUpa meM jaisA thA usase abhiprAya hai / upalabdhameM to zaka 1323 taka kI bhI carcA hai-gA0 624 / 3 mRtyu vIra ni 170 / 4 mRtyu vIra ni0 215 meM /
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________________ pATaliputra ko vAcanA karake sthUlabhadra ke sAtha vihAra kara ke pATaliputra Aye (pR. 188) aura vahIM sthUlabhadra ke dvArA Rddhipradarzana hone ke kAraNa unhoMne dazapUrvake Age vAcanA denekA niSedha kiyA / ata eva caturdazapUrvI bhadrabAhu akAlake kAraNa ujjainI gaye aura akAla ke hI kAraNa zithilAcAra baDha kara saMdhabheda huA yaha jo digambara paraMparA ko mAnyatA hai'-vaha vicAraNIya ho jAtI hai / tityogAlImeM to spaSTa likhA hai ki kucha muni akAla ke kAraNa magadha se bAhara gaye aura kuchane anazana kara liyA aura jo bAhara gaye ve bhI yatanAse jIvanayApana karate rahe / sukAla hone para magadhameM jo vApasa Aye unameM koI matabheda huA aisA koI ullekha bhI titthogAlImeM hai nahIM / aura digaMbara paraMparA ke lekhakoM ne, jo nizcita rUpa se titthogAlI ke bAda ke haiM, akAla ke kAraNa hI vastragrahaNa hone lagA yA usa akAlameM vastragrahaNa kI prathA cala par3I-yaha jo likhA hai vaha to nirAdhAra hI pratIta hotA hai kyoM ki jahA~ khAnA milanA hI dakara ho vahA~ vastra salabha kaise hogA? vastra kI prathA cAla huI isakA kAraNa akAla to nahIM ho sktaa| yaha bAta digaMbara lekhakoM ke bhI dhyAnameM AI hai ataeva apanI paraMparA ko siddha karane ke lie kathA bhI gar3ha lI ki nagnako dekhakara zravikA kA garbhapAta huA aura usake kAraNa Age calakara adhephAlaka saMpradAya calA'-aisI kathAoM meM sAMpradAyika tathya hA sakatA hai, itihAsa kA tathya nahIM / aura isI prasaMgameM digaMbara lekhakoM dvArA yaha jo kahA jAtA hai ki apane zithilAcArake anusAra zAstra kI racanA kI yaha bhI nirAdhAra hai| vidyamAna zAstra ko dekhakara yadi yaha AkSepa kiyA jAya to kucha aMzameM aucitya hogA / kintu use bhadrabAhu ke kAlake sAtha joDanA to asaMgata hI hai / kyoM ki vidyama na zvetAmbara Agama pATaliputra kI vAcanA ke anusAra haiM yaha to zvetAmbara bhI nahIM mAnate / dasarI bAta yaha bhI hai ki ujjaina vAle bhadrabAhu aura magadhake bhadrabAhu caturdazapUrvI kA aikya bhI saMdigdha hai| do bhadrabAhu hue aisA donoM paraMparA mAnatI hai aura kathAkAroMne dono ko kathAoM kA mizraNa kara diyA hai yaha pratIta hotA hai| pATaliputrakI vAcanA meM ekAdaza aMga sthira hura ora sthUlabhadrane dazapUrva kI vAcanA Age baDhAI -itanA spaSTa hai, kintu zvetAmbaroM ke anusAra jo dUsarI vAcanA mathurAmeM karanI paDI-yahI siddha karatA hai ki punaH navanirmANako AvazyakatA A par3I thii| ata eva vidyamAna zvetAmbara AgamoM ko pATaliputrakI vAvanA se bhinna hI mAnanA cAhie / arthAt hI pATali. putrakI vAcanA se bace hue AgamoM meM hI parivartana -parivardhana-saMzodhana kara ma thurI vAcanA titthogAlI kevala aMgakI vAcanA kA hI nirdeza karatA hai| vaha aMgabAhyakI vAcanA ke viSayameM mauna hai / spaSTa hai ki usa kAla taka bhagavAna ke upadeza kA saMkalana zrutarUpase aMgameM hI mAnA gayA thA / isakA yaha artha to nahIM ki usa kAla taka anya grantha nahIM bane the / dazavaikAlika zayyaMbhava' kI racanA hai / vaha bhadrabAhu ke pUrvakI hai aura svayaM bhadra 1 dekhe jai.sA. i. pUrvapITikA, saMghabheda prakaraNa, pR. 375 se / 2 yahA~ gaha bhI dhyAna dene kI bAta hai ki 'dubhikkhabhatta' kA upayoga jaina muni nahIM kara sakate-jAtAdharmakathAgata meghakathA sU0 31, suttAgame pR. 962 / 3 jai.sA. i pUrvapIThikA pR. 377 / 4 dekheM, samavAya 1, 211-227 / bhagavatI 25.3 115-116 / 5 titthogAlI gA0712-714 /
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________________ jaina Agama bAhune bhI dazA-kalpa-vyavahAra kI racanA kI thI ai to zvetAmbara mAnyatA hai / kintu ina granthoM kI vAcanAkA koI prazna nahIM thA / vAcanA kevala aMgagranthoMkI Avazyaka samajhI gaI thii| kyoMki Agama yA zruta aMgagranthoM taka sImita thA / Age calakara zrutavistAra huAanna AcAryakRta granthoM ko bhI kramazaH AgamakoTimeM lAyA gayA yaha kahakara ki ve bhI gaNadhara kRta hai| mAthurI vAcanA mAthurI vAvA bhI pATaliputra ko vAcanA kI taraha kevala aMgasUtroMke lie hI huI thii| naMdI cUrNi meM aMga ke lie kAlika zabda kA prayoga hai-pR. 46 / upameM bhI aMgabAhya kI vAcanA yA saMkalanAkA koI ullekha nahIM hai| mAthuro vAcanA pATaliputrameM na hokara mathurA meM huI yaha siddha karatA hai ki usa kAlameM pATaliputra ke sthAnameM mathuga jainoM kA viziSTa kendra bana gayA thA / arthAt bihAra se haTakara aba jainoM kA prabhAva uttara pradeza meM baDha gayA thA / yahIM se kucha zramaNa dakSiNakI ora gaye the / jisakI sUcanA dakSiNameM prasiddha mAthura saMgha ke astitva se milatI hai| yaha bhI eka kAraNa hai ki dakSiNa ke digaMbaroM ke grantha mahArASTrI prAkRtameM na hokara bhI zaurasenI bhASAke prabhAva se mukta nahIM hai / mAthurI vAcanAke pradhAna the skaMdilAcAye, ve paraMparAke anusAra vIrani0 827 se 840 taka yuga pradhAna pada para the| isa kAla taka aMgoM ke alAvA kaI aMga bAhya grantha bana cuke the kintu isameM unakI vAcanA yA saMkalanAkA prazna nahIM thA / isa aMgakI vAcanA kI AvazyakatA ke viSaya meM do mata haiN| eka yaha ki kAlika zruta-aMga Agama avyavasthita ho gayA thaa| yaha mata saMbhavataH digaMbara paraMpagake anukUla hai| dUsarA yaha ki usa kAla meM anuyogadharoM kA abhAva ho gayA thA, kevala skaMdila hI eka mAtra bace the / spaSTa hai ki dUsare matake utthAna kA prayojana hI yaha dIkhatA hai ki jo kucha usa vAcanAmeM kiyA gayA vaha nayA nahIM kiyA gayA, jo purAnA calA A rahA thA vahI vyavasthita kiyA gayA jisase usake prAmANya meM koI kamI na ho / vAstavika rUpa se dekhA jAya to mAthurI vAcanAmeM hI parivartana-parivardhana-saMzodhana karake aMga sUtroM ko vyavasthita kiyA gayA hogaa| aura isI kAraNase usake prAmANyameM loga zaMkA karane lage hoNge| ataeva usake nirAkaraNa ke lie hI yaha mata utthita huA ki sUtra meM kucha nayA nahIM kiyA gayA-sUtra naSTa hI nahIM hue the yA avyavasti nahIM hue the / kevala unake jAnakAroM aura vyAkhyAkAroM kI kamI ho gaI thii| isa prakAra naye nirmANa ko prAmANya denA usa dUsare mata kA prayojana siddha hotA hai / yadi pATaliputrako vAcanA hI vyavasthita kI gaI hotI to usake prAmANyake viSayameM kucha prazna hI nahIM uThatA ora na isa dUsare mata ke utthAna kI AvazyakatA hI hotI / 1 dazavaikAlika aura kalpa-vyavahAra ko to digaMbaroM ne bhI apanI aMgabAhyasUcI meM sthAna diyA hai -dhavalA pu.1, pU0 96 / jayadhavalA pR0 25 / 2 Agama saMkhyA kisa prakAra kramazaH baDhI isake lie dekheM-Agama yuga kA jaina darzana, pR027 / 3 dekheM naMdI kArikA 32 aura usakI cUrNi / 4 naMdI cUNi pR0 9 /
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________________ mAthurI vAcanA zvetAmbaroM dvArA mAnya aMga grantha jo vidyamAna haiM ve mAthurIvAcanAnusArI haiM' aura usameM jo parivartana-parivardhana-saMzodhana kiyA gayA hai-usake viSayameM Age carcA kI jaayegii| mAthurovAcanA ke alAvA nAgArjunIya vAcanA bhI valabhI meM huI aisA nirdeza sarvaprathama kahAvalI meM hI milatA hai| kahAvalI bhadrezvarakI racanA hai aura vaha A. haribhadra ke bAda kI racanA hai| ataeva usa nirdezakA kAraNa yahI ho sakatA hai ki kucha cUrNioMmeM nAgarjunIya ke nAma se pAThAMtara milate haiM aura pannavaNA jaise AbAhya granthameM bhI pAThAMtara kA nirdeza hai ataeva anumAna kiyA gayA ki nAgArjuna ne bhI vAcanA kI hogii| yaha satya hai yA kevala kalpanA isa viSayameM kucha nahIM kahA jA sakatA kintu itanA to nizcita rUpase kahA jA sakatA hai ki maujudA Agama (aMga-Agama) mAthurI vA canAnusArI haiN| aura usameM tathya bhI hai / anyathA pAThAMtaroM meM skaMdilake pAThAMtaroMkA bhI nirdeza miltaa| aMga aura anya granthoM kI aisI vyaktigata kaI vAcanAe~ huI hoMgI yaha bhI tathya hai anyathA bhagavatI ArAdhanA kI aparAjitakRta TIkAmeM AcArAMgAdi ke jo pATha uddhRta kiye haiM ve sabhI usI rUpameM vidyamAna AcArAMga Adi meM mila jAte / kintu kucha milate nahIM haiM-yaha tathya haiM / aura yaha bhI tathya hai ki AcArAMgAdi prAcIna AgamoM kI cUrNimeM jo pATha svIkRta haiM usase bhinna pATha TIkAmeM kaI sthAnoM meM milatA haiM / yaha siddha karatA hai ki aMga AgamoM kI vAcanAke ekAdhika prayatna pATaliputrakI vAcanAke bAda hue haiN| itanA hI nahIM praznadhyAkaraNa jaise grantha kA to saMpUrNa rUpase parivartana ho gayA hai aura aMgoM kI kathAoM meM bheda bhI ho gayA hai| ataeva itanA to nizcayapUrvaka kahA jA sakatA hai ki ina vAcanAoM dvArA upalabdha maulika aMga Agama kI surakSAkA prayatna avazya huA hai / sAtha hI itanA bhI mAnanA paDegA ki sAMpradAyika AvazyakatAnusAra usameM parivartana, parivardhana aura saMzAdhana bhI kiyA gayA hai| A. devardhikA pustakalekhana A. devardhine AgamoM ko pustakArUDha kiyA yaha paraMparA to hamAre samakSa hai kintu kina kina granthoMko pustakArUDha kiyA isakA koI ullekha milatA nahIM / naMdI meM jo zrutakI sUcI dI gaI hai vaha hamAre samakSa hai kintu naMdo derSikI racanA nahIM hai| aisI sthitimeM nadI kI sUcIgata sabhI grantha devardhi dvArA pustakArUDha hue the yaha nahIM kahA jA sakatA / ataeva isakA nirNaya kaThina hai ki ve kauna grantha the jo pustakArUDha hue| sAmAnyataH itanA kahA jA sakatA hai ki aMgagranthoM ko to pustakArUDha kiyA hI hogA / aMgabAhya meM jitane grantha pUrvavartI hoMge ve to pUrvakAlase pusta hArUDha hoMge hI / kinnu vidyamAna AgamasUrca meM aise kaI grantha haiM jo devardhike bAdakI racanA hai, jaise ki kucha prakIrNaka grantha / ataeva yaha mAnanA paDatA hai ki zvetAmbara paraMparAmeM Agama koTimeM samaya samaya para naye naye grantha samilita kiye jAte rahe haiN| yahI prakriyA digaMbara paraMparA meM bhI dekhI jAtI hai / anyathA digaMbara paraMparAmeM mUlAcAra se lekara vidyAnanda taka ke grantha Agama ke prAmANya ko kaise prApta hote ? pichale varSoM meM SaTkhaDAgama 1 naMdI gA0 32 (sthviraavlii)| 2 vizeSa ke lie dekhe vIrani0 pR0 114 / / 3 jai. sA. i. pUrvapIThikA pR0 525 / 4 dekheM sthAnAMga-samavAyAMga (gujarAtI) pR. 245 Ti0 1, pR0 256 Ti01, 2-10, pR0 257 ke TippaNa /
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________________ jaina Agama 8 aura huDa milane ke bAda isa prakriyA meM parivartana dekhA jAtA haiM aura siddhAnta granthoM ke rUpa meM inhIM doko aura unakI TIkAoMko hI mahattva milane lagA hai jo ucita hI hai / zrutAvatAra zvetAmbaroMmeM AgamoM, khAsakara aMga AgamoMkI vAcanA kA jikra hai jaisA ki hama ne isake pUrva kahA hai / to digaMbaroM meM vAcanAkA prazna hI nahIM hai kyoMki unake matameM AgamasthAnIya khaMDAgama' hai aura vaha bhUtabali - puSpada MtakI racanA mAnI jAtI hai| phira bhI kisa prakAra uttarottara aMga AgamoM kA viccheda hotA gayA aura aMtameM kisa prakAra ukta do AcAryoMne DAgama kI racanA A0dharasena se upadeza prAptakara kI usa vivaraNako zrutAvatAra ke rUpameM diyA jAtA hai / naMdI AmnAya paTTAvalI meM ina do AcAryoMko eka aMga ( AcArAMga )dhara kahA hai (dhavalA bhAga 2, prastAvana: pR0 26) aura unakA samaya vIrani0 683 ke bAda kabhI hai / dhavalA TIkAmeM to yaha spaSTa kiyA hai ki lohArya ke bAda - "tato savvemiMga puvvANa mega deso AiriyaraMparAeM AgacchamANo gharaseNAiriyaM saMpattI " - spaSTa hai ki gharasena AcArya taka saMpUrNa aMga aura pUrvakA viccheda nahIM thA, unakA ekadeza dharasena taka to surakSita thA / usI zeSa aMza ke AdhAra para vIrani. 683ke AsapAsa khaMDAgama kI racanA mAnI jAtI hai / donoM kI tulanA 2 khAsa dhyAna dene kI bAta to yahA~ yaha hai ki AcArya dharasena bhI saurASTra meM hI giranAra kI guphA meM the aura saurASTra ke hI valabhI nagarameM zvetAmbaroM ke mata se AgamoM kA pustaka lekhana huA / digaMbaroM ne vIrani. 683 ke bAda yaha kiyA to zvetAmbaroM ne mAthurIvAcanA jo vIrani. 827 - 40 ke bIca huI usakA lekhA vIrani. 980 yA 993 meM pUrNa kiyA / spaSTa hai ki donoMmeM jo karIba 300 varSa kA antara hai usIke kAraNa zvetAmbaroMmeM AgamoM kI saMkhyA bar3ha gaI itanA hI nahIM kintu usa saMpradAyakI mAnyatAoM kI puSTi kA bhI unheM avasara milA / inhI 300 varSoM meM jo anya digambara grantha bane unameM bhI yahI prakriyA apanAI gaI aura digambara mAnyatAoM ko puSTa kiyA gayA / vIrani0 683 ke bAda race gaye SaTkhaMDAgamameM patipAdya jo viSaya hai usameM zvetAmbaroM kA koI matabheda nahIM hai / yahI siddha karatA hai ki usa samaya taka jo zruta siddhAnta thA usameM zvetAmbara digambarameM koI bheda nahIM thA / strI-mukti jaise viSayameM jo zvetAmbara - digambara meM Aja saiddhAntika matabheda hamAre samakSa hai - vaha bhI nahIM thA / arthAt donoM usa kAla taka strI-mukti mAnate the / yaha siddha karatA hai ki pAraMparika siddhAnta donoMmeM surakSita the / usake bAda hI vastra AcArako lekara jo matabheda dRr3ha hotA gayA usI ke phalasvarUpa strI-mukti kA niSedha bhI 1 vastutaH SaTkhaMDAgama jaisA upalabdha hai vaha na to eka kAla kI racanA hai aura na eka AcArya kI racanA hai| kaI prakaraNoM kA usameM samAveza hai jo nizcita rUpase eka kAla kI racanA nahIM / vizeSataH pustaka 13 gata sUtroM se sUcita hotA hai ki yaha anuyoga prakiza itaH pUrva SaTkhaNDAgama meM nahIM dekhI jAtI / 2 yahA~ yaha dhyAna dene kI bAta hai ki dharasena ko AcArya paraMparA se prApta thA to 683 ke bAda kitane AcArya samajhe jAya ? 3 lekhanakA yaha kAla kala sUtrAta ullekha ke AdhAra para hI mAnA jAtA hai kintu yaha bhI vicAraNIya hai ki yaha AgamalekhanakAla hai yA nahIM /
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________________ do vAcanAoM kI tulanA digambaroM meM dRr3ha hotA gayA / aura strImuktikI sthApanA yApanIyo meM aura zvetAmbaroMmeM dRr3ha hotI gii| AcArya umAsvAtikA tattvArthasUtra bhI isa bAta kA sAkSI hai ki vaha donoM saMpradAyoM ke dvArA isI lie apanAyA gayA hai ki usameM bhI maulika jainAgamoM ke siddhAntakA nirUpaNa hai| usI kI TIkAe~ jo likhI gaIM unameM donoM saMpradAyoM ne apanI apanI mAnyatAoM kA nirUpaNa karanekA yatra tatra prayatna kiyA hai kintu mUla tattvArthasUtra meM donoM sampradAyoM kI mAnyatA kI ekarUpatA spaSTa hotI hai / digaMbaroM ko mAnya mUlAcAra' jo A. vaTTakera yA kundakundakI kRtirUpa se mAnA jAtA hai usameM bhI strImukti kA samarthana dekhA jAtA hai / yaha bhI siddha karatA hai ki usa viSaya meM saiddhAMtika matabheda kI jar3a usake bAda ho kabhI huI hai / upameM likhA hai "evaMvidhANacariyaM caraMti je sAdhavo ya ajjaao| te jagapuDja kitti suhaM ca labhUNa sijjhati // mUlAcAra 4. 196, pR0 168 / bhaulika niyukti meM bhI strI-mukti kA prazna carcita nahIM hai| mUlaniyuktimeM boTika nihnava kA bhI ullekha nahIM haiM jo bAda meM usameM jor3A gayA yaha isa lie spaSTa hai ki uttarAdhyayanameM nihavoM sambandhI jo gAthA hai, usameM boTika nihnava kA ullekha nahIM hai| yaha ullekha bAda meM Avazyakaniyukti meM joDA gayA haiM-isase yaha spaSTa hai / kyoM ki Avazyakaniyukti ke nirmANa ke bAda hI uttarAdhyayananiyukti kA nirmANa huA hai phira bhI usameM yaha nihnava na pAyA jAya to spaSTa hotA hai ki Avazyakaniyu keta meM hI yaha bAdameM jor3A gyaa| aura ThANAMga meM bhI sAta hI nihnavoM kA ullekha hai - ThANa 744 / sthAnAMga-samavAyAMga pR.327335 / uttarA. ni0 gA0 164 se / Avazyaka ni0 gA0778 se / Agama kaba kitane ? aMga Agama bAraha haiM- isa mAnyatA ko sthira honemeM bhI samaya gayA hogaa| isake pramANa svayaM zvetAmbaroM ke Agama hI de rahe haiM / svayaM prathama bhadrabAhu ke samaya taka bAraha aMgoM kI sthApanA, prAmANya aura svAdhyAya kI prakriyA zurU ho gaI thI isameM bhI saMdeha hai / kyoM ki vyavahArasUtra jo zvetAmbarake anusAra svayaM bhadrabAhu kI racanA hai usameM jo svAdhyAya-krama diyA hai usameM bAraha aMgameM se kucha hI haiN| lekina samaya bItane para bAraha aMga zruta hai yaha mAnyatA sthira ho gaI / kyoM ki yaha bAta zvetAmbara ora digaMbara . 1 'mUlAcAra' meM bAdameM kAphI vRddhi huI hai yaha bhI dhyAnameM rakhanA Avazyaka hai| parI ko pUrI kRti na eka kAla kI hai na eka kartA kI | kintu saMgrahagraMtha hai / 2 bAraha aMga kI bauddha mAnyatA ke lie dekheM, zrI jaMbUvijaya jo saMpAdita AcArAMga pra0 402 / vahAM bhI nava aMga meM se bAraha kI kalpanA ko hai / nava kA nirdeza sthaviravAda meM, bAraha kA nirdeza mahAyAna meM hai| 3 vya0 u0 10 sU0 297-312 / 4 sUtratAMga ke dvitopa zrutaskaMdha 661 meM Izvara kAragika kI carcA ke samaya"duvAlasaMga gaNipiDagaM" kA ullekha sarva prathama AtA hai /
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________________ jaina Agama donoM ko mAnya hai ataeva yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki sampradAyabheda hone ke pUrva yaha vyavasthA ho gaI thii| aMgake bAda aMgabAhya AgamakA prazna hai| uttarAdhyayana meM gyAraha aMga, aMgabAhya, prakIrNaka aura dRSTivAdakA ullekha haiM-28.21,23 / AcArya umAsvAtike -tatvArthabhASyameM aMgabAhya meM sAmAyika, caturvizatistava, vandanA, pratikramaNa, kAyotsarga, pratyAkhyAna, dazavaikAlika, uttarAdhyayana, dazA, kalpa, vyavahAra, nizItha, RSi-bhASitAdi-kA ullekha hai| nAmataH 13 kI ginatI kI gaI aura 'Adi' se anya bhI abhipreta hoMge / yahI sUcI thoDe parivartana ke sAtha dhavalAmeM hai jahA~ 14 aMgabAhya nAmataH ginAye gaye haiM / isase itanA to spaSTa hotA hai ki yaha sUcI sAmAyika Adi pRthak chaH prakaraNa granthoM kA samAveza 'Avazyaka' nAma se kiyA gayA usake pUrvakI hai| ataeva utkAlika aMgabAhyake Avazyaka aura tadvayatirikta isa prakAra kA jo vibhAjana zvetAmbaroM meM huA isake bhI pUrvakI yaha sUcI hai-aisA mAnanA cAhie / isa prakAra kA vibhAjana naMdI (sU078, pR057) aura anuyogadvArasUtra meM (sU. 5, pR0 60) hai / __ sthAnAMga-samavAyAMga meM aMgabAhya mAne jAne vAle grantho meM se kevala kSudrikAvimAnavibhakti, mahAvimAnavibhakti, RSibhASita, uttarAdhyayana, dazA-kalpa--vyavahAra, candraprApti, sUryaprajJapti, jambUdvIpaprajJapti aura dvIpasAgaraprApti kA ullekha hai -(gujarAtI anu0 pR. 262 -263) aura ina cAra dazAoM-bandhadazA, dvigRddhidazA, darghadazA, saMkSepita dazA (pR0256) kA bhI ullekha haiM kintu TIkAkAra kA kahanA hai ki inake viSaya meM hama kucha nahIM jAnate / titthogAlI meM jahA~ zrutaviccheda kI carcA hai vahA~ bAraha aMga ke uparAMta nimna zruta kA ullekha hai-kalpa vyavahAra, dazA, nizItha, uttara!dhyayana, dazavaikAlika, anuyogadvAra aura naMdI-isase patA calatA hai ki usake kAla taka ina graMthoM kA Agama meM samAveza hogaa| isameM candra Adi cAra prajJaptioM kA' ullekha nahIM yaha sUcita karatA hai ki aba taka unakA AgamakI koTi meM samAveza nahIM thaa| ataeva sthAnAMga-samavAyAMga meM unakA ullekha bo milatA hai vaha kAlakrama se AgamakoTi meM unheM sthAna milA yaha sucita karatA hai| isake bAda honevAlI AgamoM kI sUcI ke viSaya meM maiMne anyatra carcA kI hai use yahA~ doharAne kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai / AgamakI saMkhyA kramazaH baDhI hai itanA dikhAnA hI yahA~ abhipreta hai| AgamoM ke vargIkaraNa ke viSaya meM bhI maiMne anyatra carcA kI hai ataeva use bhI yahA~ doharAnA Avazyaka nahIM / __AgamoM meM carcita viSayoM kA kramika vikAsa . isameM to saMdeha ko koI sthAna nahIM hai ki AgamoM meM prAcArAMga kA prathama zrataskaMdha sabase prAcIna stara hai / usake bAda krama meM AtA he sUtrakRta kA prathama zrutaskaMdha / aura vaha bhI AcAgaMga meM pratipAdita viSayoM kA mAnoM vivaraNa ho aisA hai| ataeva ye donoM hameM bha. mahAvIra ke maulika upadeza kI jhalaka dene meM samartha haiN| una donoM meM zramaNadharma ko ": 1 candra, sUrya aura jaMbUdIra ina tIna pratioM kA samAveza digaMvara matase dRSTivAda meM hai| dhavalA pu.2, prastAvanA pR0 43 / 2 jaina-sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa bhAga 1, prastAvanA pR034 se / 3 vahI pR0 33 se /
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________________ AgamoM meM carcita viSayoM kA kramika vikAsa hI mahattva diyA gayA hai| gRhasthadharma kI to kevala niMdA hI hai| Agamagata isI prAcIna mAnyatA meM kramazaH jo parivartana AyA vaha anya AgamoM kI tadviSayaka carcA se spaSTa hotA hai| Age calakara gRhastha yA upAsaka varga kA nirmANa haA aura unako bhI jaina saMgha meM sthAna milA / yaha svAbhAvika prakriyA hai / zramaNoM ke AcAra kA vivaraNa dekhA jAya to spaSTa hotA hai ki niyama rUpa se pAMca mahAvratoM ke svIkAra kI koI carcA AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskaMdha meM nahIM hai| sUtrakRta prathamaskaMdha kI eka gAthA meM prANAtipAtAdi pAMca doSoM kA ullekha eka sAtha hai aura kahA gayA hai ki 'jiNasAsaNa paraMmuhA' jo haiM ve ina doSoM kA poSaNa strI ke vaza hokara karate haiM (232-233)kintu isa prakAra pAMcoM doSoM kA koI ullekha eka sAtha AcArAMga prathama zrutaskaMdha meM nahIM hai / aura nahIM eka sAtha unakI virati kI carcA AcArAMga meM hai| isase spaSTa hotA hai ki zramaNoM ko pAMca mahAvrata kA svIkAra karanA cAhie- yaha prakriyA kAlakrama se jaina saMgha meM AI hai / zvetAmbara aura digambara donoM yaha mAnate haiM ki prArambha meM zramaNa sAmAyika vrata kA svIkAra karate haiM isase bhI sUcita hotA hai ki zramaNa banane kI yahI prakriyA thI aura sUtrakRta meM to spaSTa hI likhA hai ki bhagavAna mahAvIra ne hI sarva prathama sAmAyika kA upadeza diyA "Na hi NUNa purA aNussuyaM aduvA taM taha No samuTTiyaM / muNiNA sAmAi AhiyaM NAeNa jagasavvadaM seNA // sUtrakRta-141. AcArAMga ke upadeza kA sAra dekhanA ho to yahI hai ki saMsAra meM SaDjIvanikAya haiN| ve sabhI sukha cAhate haiM duHkha koI nahIM cAhatA, maranA koI nahIM cAhatA, ataeva kisI bhI prANI yA jIva ko pIr3A denA nahIM caahie| jaisA mujhe sukha priya hai, sabhI ko sukha priya hai ataeva kisI ko pIr3A denA nahIM cAhie-yahI samatAbhAva hai-jo sAmAyika hai| isI prazna ko lekara bhagavAna kA upadeza huA / isI ahiMsA meM se satyAdikA svIkAra huaa| sUtrakRtAMga ke prArambha meM hI bhagavAna mahAvIra ne yaha kahA hai ki parigraha hI bandhana hai aura usI ke kAraNa jIva hiMsA Adi kA AcaraNa karatA karAtA hai| isa dRSTi se dekhA jAya to saba pApoM kA mUla bha. mahAvIra kI dRSTi meM parigraha ko hI mAnA gayA / aura yahI kAraNa hai ki unhoMne apane zramaNa jIvana meM nagnatA kA svIkAra kiyA aura aceladharma kA pratipAdana kiyaa| yaha svAbhAvika hai ki yaha kaThoratama dharma thA jisakI niMdA bha. buddha ne kI hai| jisa prakAra atibhoga eka ekAMta hai usI prakAra bhoga kA AtyaMtika tyAga-AtmA ko atikaSTa denA-bhI dUsarA ekAnta hai / ataeva bha. buddha ne to donoM aMtoko chor3akara madhyama mArga kA svIkAra kiyA / yahI kAraNa hai ki jaima zramaNa paramparA meM bhI bha. mahAvIra kA AtyaMtika acelaka mArga pamapA nahIM aura zvetAmbara saMpradAya yA sacelaka sampradAya kA udbhava huA hai / digambaroM meM bhaTTAraka sampradAya bhI isI bAta kI puSTi karatA hai ki AtyaMtika kaSTa kA mArga sabake lie prazasya nahIM hai| hama bhale hI madhyamamArga ko zithilamArga kaha karake usakI nindA kareM kintu sarvajana sulama to 1"sambaM meM akaraNijjaM pApakarma ti kaTTa sAmAjhyaM caritaM paDivajjaI" AcArAMga zru0 2 a0 15, su0 1013 (mahAvIracarita) 2 sUtrakRtAMga meM bhI nagnatA kI hI pratiSThA zramaNa ke lie nirdiSTa hai-"jassahAe kIrai naggabhAve muMDabhAve" su0 714, pR0185 /
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________________ jaina Agama 12 yahI mArga ho sakatA hai / aura jaina zramaNa paramparA kA itihAsa bhI isakI puSTi karatA hai ki aneka bAra ati utkaTa kleza ke mArga ko apanAne kA prayatna huA kintu usameM saphalatA kucha samaya taka hI sImita rahI hai| usa antima Adarza kI tArIpha avazya kareM kintu madhyamamArga ko niMdA to na kareM - yaho ucita ho sakatA hai / SaDjIvanikAya kA upadeza' bha. mahAvIra kA pratipAdya rhaa| unhoMne kahA hai ki ye jIva bandhanoM meM par3a kara nAnA dizAoM meM janma grahaNa karate haiM aura punarjanma kI paraMparA calatI hai / isa punarjanma kI paraMparA ko nirasta karanA, mokSa prApta karanA yahI jIvana kA uddezya hai | ata eva Age calakara jIvavidyA kA vikAsa ukta donoM AgamoM ke bAda ke AgamoM meM dekhA jAtA hai / vaha sArA kA sArA vikAsa jo hama dekhate haiM vaha svayaM bha. mahAvIra kI dena hai yaha nahIM kahA jA sakatA / AcAryoM ne usa viSaya kI vyAkhyA kI taba jIva kA svarUpa - usakI nAnA prakAra kI gati - usakI sthiti - usake bheda ityAdi vivaraNa hameM anya AgamoM meM kramazaH vikasita rUpa meM milate haiM / jIva kI vividha gati ke sandarbha meM hI bhUgola khagola ke viSaya meM bhI AcAryoM ne socA aura tatkAla meM jo usa viSaya kI vicAraNA AryoM meM calatI thI usakA apanI dRSTi se samAveza apane zAstra meM kiyA / ataeva usakA bha. mahAvIrakI sarvajJatA se koI saMbandha nahIM hai / isI prakAra kAla kA utsarpiNI-avasarpiNI Adi bheda aura unameM tIrthakaroM ke udbhavakI carcA bhI AgamoM meM kAlakrama se hI AI hai| vaidikoM ke yugoM kI kalpanA ko samakSa rakhakara yaha vyavasthA jainAcAryoM ne socI hai / ataeva ise bhI bha. mahAvIra ke maulika upadezake sAtha jor3anA jarUrI nahIM hai / jainoM kI vistRta karmavicAraNA aura guNasthAna kI vicAraNA bhI kramazaH hI vikasita huI hai / karmara hai, karmazarIra hai aura vaha AtmA kA bandhana hai - isase mukti pAnA hI mokSa yA nirvANa hai aura yahI jIva kA dhyeya hai - itanI sAmAnya bAtakA nirdeza to maulika vicAra ke rUpa meM bha. mahAvIra kA hai| kiMtu karma ke prakAra aura unake pradeza -sthiti- anubhAva Adi kA jo vistRta nirUpaNa hama AgamoM meM dekhate hai vaha maulika upadeza kA AcAryoM dvArA kiyA gayA vikAsa hai aura unheM bhI kramazaH Agama meM sthAna milA hai / caudaha guNasthAna kI carcA to umAsvAti AcArya taka bhI vikasita nahIM huI thI yaha bhI tattvArtha sUtra (9.47 ) se spaSTa hotA hai / ataeva unheM bha. mahAvIra ke maulika upadeza meM zAmila nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / yahI kAraNa hai ki Age calakara hama paramparA meM saiddhAMtika aura kArmagranthika aise bhedoM ko dekhate haiM / 1. AcA0 a0 1 / 2. vizeSataH dekheM prajJApanA- sUtra / 3. jIvAjIvAbhigana, jaMbUdrIpaprajJapti, candra-sUrya prajJapti, Adi / 4. jambUddIvapatti va0 2, jIvAjIvAbhigama sUtra 173, 178 5. bha. mahAvIra ko 'dhUtarae' kahA hai, sUtraka0 299 / 6. AcA0 99 / 7. sUtrakR0 366 /
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________________ AgamoM meM carcita viSayoM kA kramika vikAsa 13 yahA~ to maiMne sthUlarUpa se kramika vikAsakA nirdeza kiyA hai| isakA vyavasthita nirUpaNa to pustaka kA viSaya ho sakatA hai-vyAkhyAna kA nahIM / jainadarzana ke vikAsa kI rUparekhA meM isakI carcA saMkSepa meM kruuNgaa| bha. mahAvIra ke maulika upadeza kA jo maiMne nirdeza kiyA aura usI kA vikAsa jo AcAryoM ne kiyA usakA jo saMkSima vivaraNa maiMne diyA hai usake AdhAra kI carcA bhI kara lenA upayukta hogaa| maiMne itaH pUrva vAcanAoM kA nirdeza kiyA hai| mAthurIvAcanAMtargata aMga grantha jo hameM upalabdha haiM usI ke AdhAra para maiM isa natIje para pahu~cA huuN| jitane bhI aMgabAhya grantha haiM, khAsa kara upAMga, unheM yadi dekhA jAya to unameM 'aMga Agama se hamane yaha bAta kahI hai aura usake lie amuka aMga Agama dekhe'aisA nirdeza nahIM aataa'| pannavaNA ke prArambha meM use dRSTivAda kA nisyaMda kahA hai kintu tadatirikta jo aMga Agama AcAra Adi haiM unakA sAkSI ke rUpa meM nirdeza nahIM AtA / dRSTivAda se uddharaNa kI bAta kI carcA eka alaga vyAkhyAna kA viSaya ho sakatA hai-sAmAnya rUpa se maiM yahA~ itanA kaha denA cAhatA hU~ ki kyoMki dRSTivAda kA viccheda mAnA gayA thA kisI bhI nayI bAta ko AcArya ko kahanA ho to dRSTivAda se maiMne yaha bAta kahI hai-yaha kaha denA AsAna thA / jaise vaidikoM ne lupta zruti kA Azraya lekara kaI naI paramparA ko calAyA hai-yahI prakriyA jainoM meM bhI dekhI jAtI hai / kintu mAthurIvAcanAntargata aMga AgamoM meM jaise ki bhagavatI-vyAkhyAprajJapti jaise bahumAnya Agama meM bhI jahA~ bhI vivaraNa kI bAta hai-vahA~ aMgabAhya upAMgoM kA-aupapAtika, pannavaNA, jIvAjIvAbhigama Adi kA Azraya liyA gayA hai / yadi ye viSaya maulika rUpa se aMga ke hote to una aMgabAhyoM meM hI aMganideza Avazyaka thaa| aisA na karake aMga meM upAMga kA nirdeza vaha sU ceta karatA hai ki tadviSayakI maulika vicAraNA AMgoM meM huI hai| aura upAMgoM se hI aMga meM jor3I gaI hai / yaha bhI kaha denA Avazyaka hai ki aisA kyoM kiyA gayA / jaina paraMparA meM yaha eka dhAraNA pakkI ho gaI hai ki bhagavAna mahAvIra ne jo kucha upadeza diyA vaha gaNadharoM ne aMga meM grathita kiyA / arthAt aMgagrantha gaNadharakRta haiM, aura taditara sthavirakRta haiN| ataeva prAmANya kI dRSTi se prathama sthAna aMga ko hI milA hai| ataeva nayI bAta ko bhI yadi prAmANya arpita karanA ho to use bhI gaNadharakRta batAnA Avazyaka thaa| isI kAraNa se upAMga kI carcA ko bhI aMgAMtargata kara liyA gyaa| yaha to prathama bhUmikA kI bAta huI / kintu itane se saMtoSa nahIM huA to bAda meM dUsarI bhUmikA meM yaha paramparA bhI calAI gaI ki aMgabAhya bhI gaNadharakRta hai aura use purANa taka bar3hAyA gayA / arthAt jo kucha jaina nAmase carcA ho usa sabako bha. mahAvIra aura unake gaNadhara ke sAtha jor3ane kI yaha pravRtti isalie Avazyaka thI ki yadi usakA sambandha bhagavAna aura unake gaNadharoM ke sAtha jor3A jAtA hai to phira usake prAmANya ke viSaya meM kisI ko saMdeha karane kA avakAza milatA nahIM hai / isa prakAra cAroM anuyogoM kA mUla bha. mahAvIra ke upadeza meM hI hai yaha eka mAnyatA dRr3ha huI / isake kAraNa bIsavI sadI 1 apavAda hai jahA~ bhagavatI ke paMcama zataka ke dazave uddeza kA ullekha hai-jabuddIva paNNatti su0 150 /
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________________ jaina Agama meM likhane vAloM kA bhI yahI Agraha rahatA hai ki vaha jo kucha kaha rahA hai vaha bha. mahAvIra ke upadeza kA hI aMza hai| natIjA yaha hai ki sAdhAraNa manuSya viveka nahIM kara sakatA ki bha. mahAvIrane kyA kahA aura kyA na kahA / yaha viveka mUlagranthoM ke taTastha abhyAsa ke dvArA hI ho sakatA hai aura isI ora dhyAna dilAnA hI merA prastuta vyAkhyAna kA uddezya maiMne mAnA hai / aura saMkSepa meM yaha dikhAne kA prayatna kiyA hai ki unakA maulika upadeza kyA thA / vidvAnoM se merA nivedana hai ki ve isa dRSTi se apane saMzodhana meM Age baDhe /
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________________ jaina darzanakA udbhava aura vikAsa Agama aura taka prathama vyAkhyAna meM maiMne vizeSata : jainAgama kI carcA kI hai, aura vyAkhyAna ke anta meM maulika upadeza jo bha. mahAvIra kA thA usameM kramazaH kisa prakAra kA AgamoM meM vikAsa huA isakI ati saMkSipta rUparekhA maiMne dI hai| prastuta dvitIya vyAkhyAna meM vizeSa rUpase ati prAcIna mAne jAne vAle AcArAMga aura sUtrakRtAMga ko AdhAra banA kara jainadarzana kI prAcInatama bhUmikA kyA thI ise thor3A vistAra se dikhAne kA prayatna hai aura anta meM usa mUla bhamikA ko AdhAra banAkara kisa prakAra samagra jaina darzana utarottara vikasita hubhA isakI saMkSipta rUparekhA dI hai| ___ 'Agama yugakA jainadarzana' jo pRthak pustaka rUpa meM mudrita hai, maiMne nyAyAvatAravRti kI prastAvanA meM likhA thA kintu vahA~ jo kucha likhA gayA thA vaha jainAgamagata jainadarzana ke vikasita rUpako lekara thA arthAt AgamakAlIna jainadarzana ke dvitIya stara kI carcA thii| kintu prathama stara kaisA thA isakA vivecana usameM nahIM thA / ataeva yahA~ usakI pUrvabhUmikA dene kA avasara maiMne prastuta vyAkhyAna meM liyA hai / ataeva usameM jainadarzana kI jo bhUmikA dI gaI hai use dhyAna meM lekara 'Agamayuga kA jainadarzana' kA adhyayana karanA caahie| aisA hone para hI jainake Agamika kramika vikAsa kI rUparekhA avagata ho skegii| dhyAna meM rahe ki yaha bhI rUparekhA hI hai| isameM vivaraNa kA avakAza hai, kintu vyAkhyAna meM to rUparekhA hI ho sakatI hai / vivaraNa to pustaka kA viSaya hogaa| AgamakAlIna jainadarzana kI eka vizeSatA spaSTa hai ki usameM mantavya ke lie tarka kA Azraya kama liyA gayA hai / adhikAMza meM Aptavacana hI pramANa mAnakara tattvoM kA aura usake svarUpa kA nirdeza kiyA gayA hai / unako tarka se siddhi anyadarzanoM ke saMdarbha meM karane kA kAma AgamakAla meM nahIM huaa| vaha to dArzanika kAla meM huA / jainazAstroM meM yaha kAla kaba se zurU huA isakI khoja kI jAya to AgamoM kI TIkAoM meM niyukti-carNi-bhASyoM meM tArkika carcA kA prArambha ho gayA hai| kintu abhI taka unakA svataMtra adhyayana karanA bAkI hI hai| sAmAnya taura para jainadarzana ke itihAsa kI bAta AtI hai vahA~ siddhasena, samantabhadra Adi se tArkika jainadarzana ke prArambha kI carcA kI jAtI hai| kintu yaha vAstavika nahIM hai| siddhasena Adi se bhI pUrva aura Agama ke bAda jainadarzana kI kyA sthiti thI isake jAnane kA sAdhana AgamoM kI niyukti Adi prAcIna TokAe~ haiM aura unakA abhI taka bAkI hai / isake hone para hI janadarzana ke vikAsa ko pUrA itihAsa hamAre samakSa A sakatA hai| anya darzanoM ke saMdarbha meM Agama meM apane tattvoM kI carcA to hai kintu vahAM itanA hI kahA gayA hai ki unakI mAnyatAe~ ThIka nhiiN| kintu kyoM ThIka nahI, usake pAche kyA tarka haiisakA nirdeza nahIM / ataeva tarkapuraHsara dArzanika carcA Agama meM nahIM hai aura Agamake TIkAkAroM aura sidvse| Adi ne yaha spaSTarUpa se kI hai| ataeva Agama aura tArkikoM ke jainadarzana ke vivaraNa kI bhedarekho yahI hai ki eka AptavAkya ko prAdhAnya detA hai jaba ki dUsare AptavacanoM ko yathArthatA kI siddhi tarka se karate hai| isa bhedarekhAke apavAda
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________________ jaina darzana kA udbhava aura vikAsa bhI haiM / jase AcArAMga jahA~ vanaspatimeM jIvakI siddhi kI gaI hai| aura rAjapraznIya jahA~ jIva kI siddhi aneka tarka dekara karane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai / kintu yaha viSaya aisA hai jo prAcIna kAla se tarkakA viSaya banA huA hai ataeva Agama meM bhI usa viSaya meM tarka dekhA jAya to koI Azcarya nahIM / - aMgoMmeM caraNAnuyoga kA prAdhAnya - aMga Agama dravyAnuyogapradhAna nahIM haiM kintu caraNAnuyogapradhAna hai yaha mAnyatA niyuktikAla taka rahI hai aura cUrNioM meM 'bhI usakA samarthana milatA hai| ataeva maulika aMga AgamameM prameyatatvoM ke viSayameM vizeSa vicAra nahIM huA hogA yaha mAnanA par3atA hai| ataeva yahAM jina do aMga AgamoM meM-AcArAMga aura sUtrakRtAMga meM jainadarzana kI khoja kI jA rahI hai usameM dArzanika vicAra khAsakara dravyAnuyogakA vicAra kama ho mila sakatA hai, kyoM ki inakA viSaya mukhyarUra se AcArako vizuddha ko dikhAnA yahI hai / phira bhI jo kucha bhI milatA hai usIkA saMgraha yahAM karanekA prayatna kiyA gayA hai / AcArAMga prathama zrutaskaMdha meM darzanakA rUpa .Agama ke darzana kA vicAra kareM to hame punaH yahAM bhI kahanA par3egA ki darzana kA prAcInatama rUpa AcAgaMga aura sUtrakRtAMga ke prathama zrutaskaMdhoM ke Azrayase hI spaSTa ho sakatA hai / prAcIna upaniSadoM ke bAdake hamAre Agama haiM yaha to nirvivAda hai| upaniSadoM meM kisI eka tattvase jagata kA nirmANa hai / arthAta vahAM aneka prakAra kI vicAraNA ho karake yahI taya pAyA gayA ki tattva to eka hI hai aura vaha haiM AtmA yA brahma / usIkA prapaMca yaha jagata hai / isake viruddha jaina aura bauddha ne tattvoM ko nAnA mAnA / bauddhoM ke matase paMcaskaMdha aura saMkSepa meM kahanA ho to nAma aura rUpa do tattva phalita hote haiM / bauddha matase AtmA yA jIvasthAnIya citta hai aura usIko nAma kahA gayA hai| rUpase jaDa padArtha kI sUcanA milatI hai / AcAsaMga meM bhI citta, cittamaMta, jIva, AtmA ye zabda cetana padArtha ke lie prayukta haiM / aura ajIva ke lie acitta, acetana zabda kA prayoga hai| kintu 'ajIva' zabda kA prayoga nahIM dekhA jAtA / tAtparya yahI hai ki isa kAlameM 'jIva' aura 'ajIva' yaha paribhASA sthira nahIM huI hai / jIvake lie bhI prANa, bhUta aura sattva ye zabda bhI prayukta haiM jo kAlakramase chor3a diye gaye / kyoMki jIvake prANa hote haiM aura bhUta se to jaDa padArtha logoM samajhA jAne lagA thaa| saca bhI nizcita abhipreta artha dene meM samartha nahIM thaa| ataeva jaba tattva yA padArtha kI gaNanA kA prazna AyA vahAM jIva aura ajIva ye zabda hI kAlakramameM apanAyA gyaa| - AtmA ke lakSaNa meM kahA gayA hai-"je AtA se viNNAtA, je viNNAtA se AtA, jeNa vijANati se AtA -AcA0 171 / isake bAdake sabhI granthoM meM isake sthAna meM 'upayoga' ko jItra kA lakSaNa kahA gayA hai| yaha pragati kA sUcaka hai / kyoMki jJAna aura darzana donoMkA samAveza jIvalakSaNameM karanA abhipreta ho gayA thaa| 1 sUtrakR. cUrNi pR03 / Avazyakani.mU. bhASyagAthA 124, ni.gA. 777 (hA0) / 2 AcArAMga kI niyukti meM veda saMjJA dI gaI hai| AcA0 ni0 gA011 / 3 AyAraMgasuttaM (mahA0vi0) gata zabdasUcI dekheM / 4 yaha vicAra bhI upaniSada ke anukUla hai jahA~ vijJAnamaya AtmA mAnA gayA hai / upa. niSadvAkya mahAkoSa pR0 570 /
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________________ AcArAMga prathama zrutarakaMdhameM darzanakA rUpa jIvakA astittva kyoM mAnA jAya isakI carcA AcArAMgameM nahIM hai| kintu vanaspati jIva hai isa ke lie yukti denekA prayatna kiyA gayA hai| usase yaha pI piddha hotA hai ki jIvakA astitva kisa AdhAra para mAnA jA sakatA hai| AcAgaMgameM kahA hai ki jisa prakAra yaha arthAt pratyakSa aisA manuSya zarIra janma letA hai, vRddhi prApta karatA hai| sacitta hai, chinna hone para phira ghAva bhara jAtA hai aura AhAra letA hai-usI prakAra vaha vanaspati bhI janma Adi ko prApta hai| ataeva vaha bhI jIva hai / _ pRthvI Adi jIva yadyapi cakSurAdivihIna haiM phira bhI unameM vedanA hotI hai / jisa prakAra andha puruSa meM usake vividha aMgoM kA chedana bhedana hone se vedanA hotI hai / aisI bhI eka dalIla sthAvara jIvoM meM caitanya ke lie dI gaI. hai / / parigrahakI carcA ke prasaMga meM samagra parigrahakA jo vibhAjana kiyA gayA vaha hai-"se appaM vA ba vA aNuM vA thUlaM vA cittamaMtaM vA acittamaMta vA" AcA0 154 / isase bhI spaSTa hai ki sacitta aura 'acitta yahI vibhAjana padArtho kA hai| aura yadi isa vibhAjanagata 'citta' kI apekSA na kI jAya to sthUla aura aNu meM samagra padArtha vibhakta haiN| javake bhedoM meM pRthvI, udaka, agni, vanaspati,"trasa' (trasake bhedoM meM aNDaja AdikA ullekha hai) aura vAyu kA ullekha hai aura ina sabako sAmAnya saMjJA hai-SaDjIvanikAya10 / AcArAMga meM jIvake sthAvara aura trama ye bheda haiM" aura spaSTarUpase kahA hai ki ye pRthvI Adi cittamaMta haiM arthAt sajIva haiM--- "puDhaviM ca AukAyaM ca teukAya ca vAyukAyaM ca / paNagAiM bIyahariyAi tasakAyaM ca savvaso nncc| // etAI saMti paDilehe cittamaMtAI se abhiNNa' ya / parivajjiyANa viharitthA iti saMkhAe se mahAvIre // " AcA0 265-266 / punarjanmakI prakriyA sukRta-duSkRta ke anusAra hI hotI hai yaha jainadarzana kA siddhAnta bhI AcAgaMga kI nimna gAthA se spaSTa hotA hai / arthAt hI niyativAdI kI taraha yaha nahIM mAnA kI punarjanma kA krama jIvoM ke vikasita svarUpa ke kramako lekara niyata hai| vaha to bIvoM ke karmAnusArI hotA hai / manuSya janma pAkara bhI usase nocI yoni meM jA sakatA hai aura U~cI yoni meM bhii| gAthA hai1 AcA0 45 / / 2 AnA0 carNi meM isakA utthAna hai "lakkhaNAvasiddhatthaM bhaNNati-'imaM pi jAidhammaM. imaM ti maNussasarIraM"-pR. 34-35 / 3 AcA0 15 / AcA0 cUrNimeM likhA hai ki "je Na passaMti Na sugaMti tesiM kahaM vedaNA uppajjai ? se bemi..."pR0 23 / 4. AcA0 12 / 8. AcA049 / 5. AcA0 23 / 9. AcA057 / 6. AcA0 34 / 10. aacaa062| 7. AcA0 42 / 11. AcA0267 /
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________________ 18 jainadarzana kA udbhava aura vikAsa "adu thAvarA ya tasattAe tasajIvA ya thAvarattAe adu vA savvajoNiyA sattA kammuNA kappiyA puDho bAlA // " AcA0 267 'saMsArameM janma aura mRtyu kI paraMparA hai aura jIva nAnA dizAoM se Akara janma dhAraNa karatA hai aura mRtyu ke bAda nAnA dizAoM meM jAtA hai| kama ke kAraNa hI jIva kA paribhramaNa hotA hai ataeva karma samAraMbha kA parityAga karanA jarUrI hai isa bAtako jo mAnatA hai vahI AtmavAdI hai, lokavAdI hai, karmavAdI hai aura kriyAvAdI hai' yaha spaSTIkaraNa AcArAMga ke prAraMbha meM hI kiyA gayA hai| isa spaSTIkaraNake AdhAra parase hI loka, punarjanma, saMsAra, mokSa', jIvakI nAnA dezoMmeM gati hone se usakI vyApakatA kA abhAva arthAta hI dehaparimANa AtmA. kriyAkarma kA siddhAnta ye mantavya sthira karane meM suvidhA huI hai| samagra AcArAMga meM aneka bAra 'loka' zabda prayukta huA hai, kintu prAyaH usakA artha jIvasamUha hI liyA gayA hai| kintu Age calakara isa loka kI vyAkhyA pradhAnarUpa se kSe gaI haiN| karmarahita AtmA kI sthiti kaisI ho isakA pratipAdana ina zabdoM meM hai-"savve sarA niyaTRti, takkA jattha Na vijjati, matI tattha Na gAhiyA, aue appatiTThANassa khettaNNe / se Na dIhe, Na hasse, Na vaTTe, Na tase, Na caturaMse, Na parimaMDale, Na kiNhe, Na NIle, Na lohite, Na hAlidde, Na sukkile, Na surabhigaMdhe, Na durabhigaMdhe, Na titte, Na kaDue, Na kasAe, Na aMbile, Na mahure. Na kakkhaDe, Na maue, Na gurue, Na lahue,Na sIe, Na uNhe, Na giddha, Na lumkhe, Na kAU, Na ruhe, Na saMge, Na itthI, Na purise, Na aNNahA, pariNe saNNe uvamA vijjati, akhvI sattA, apayassa payaM Nasthi / se Na sadde, Na rUve, Na gaMdhe, Na rase, Na phAse, iccetAvanti |"-aacaa0 176 / yaha varNana upaniSadoM ke brahmakI yAda dilAtA hai jahAM neti neti karake usakI pahacAna kI gaI hai / kintu yahA~ eka aura bAta kI ora bhI dhyAna denA jarUrI hai / ye dIrgha, hrasva, rUpa, rasa Adi jinakA niSedha kiyA gayA hai ve acetana yA ajIva arthAt jar3a padArtha ke lakSaNa haiM / kintu samagra AcArAMga meM rUpa-rasAdi yukta jo padArtha hai vaha pudgala hai aisA kahIM bhI nahIM kahA gayA / pudgala zabda kA ho prapoga kahIM nahIM huA hai| eka aura bAta kI ora bhI dhyAna denA jarUrI haiN| prastuta sUtra 176 se jova ke atirikta ajIva-acitta padArtha kI jAnakArI phalita hotA hai vaha isa prakAra-arthAt hI acitta jo hai vaha 'zabda, rUpa, gandha, rasa aura sparza hai; aura unake bheda bhI ginA diye gaye haiM, ve haiM rUke kRSNa, nIla, lohita, hAridra aura zukla; gandhake surabhi aura durabhigandha; rasake -tikta, kaTuka, kaSAya, amla * aura madhura; sparza ke-karkaza, 1 AcArAMga ko niyukti meM mokSopAya batAnevAlA grantha kahA gayA hai-AcA0 ni0 9 / 2. 'a loe' AcA0 10 / 3. kahIM kahIM loka arthAt kSetraloka bhI abhipreta hai- AcA0 136 / 4. "yato vAco nivartante" ityAdi-upaniSadvAkya-mahAkoSa / 5 AcA0 pR0406 meM dekheM isa para TippaNa / 6. yahA~ dhyAna denA cAhie ki yaha bhASA bauddha meM bhI prayukta hai jahA~ 'rUpavata' na kaha kara 'rUpa' kahA jAtA hai|
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________________ AcArAMga prathama zrutaskaMdhameM darzanakA rUpa mRdu, guru, laghu, zIta, uSNa, snigdha aura rUkSa; aura saMsthAna ke dIrgha, hrasva, vRtta, vyazra, caturazra aura primNddl'| yahA~ dhyAna denekI bAta yaha hai ki zabda ko vaizeSika sUtra 1.1.5 meM guNa nahIM kahA haiM, kintu Age calakara use 2. 1, 20 meM AkAzakA liMga kahA hai| kintu vaizeSikasUtra ke vyAkhyAkAroMne zabda ko bhI guNa mAna liyA hai / nyAyasUtra 1.1.13 meM zabda ko guNa mAnA hI hai| sAMkhyoMne zabda ko zrotrakA viSaya to mAnA sAtha hI karmendriyoM meM vAk ko svataMtra indriya mAna kara vacana ko usakA vyApAra mAnA / sAMkhyakArikA-26, 28 / yahA~ yaha bhI dhyAna dene kI bAta hai ki AcA0c0pR0199 meM hrasva-dIrgha ko saMsthAna mAnA hai kintu uttarAdhyayana meM pudgalapariNAmoM kI carcA ke prasaMgameM-(36. 15.-21) saMsthAna meM hrasva-dIrgha kI ginatI nahIM kI gii| kintu sthAnAMga ke prAraMbhameM eka-eka kI ginatImeM dIrgha-hasva ginAye gaye haiN| aura usakA sthAna AcArAMga kI hI taraha vRtta ke pUrva meM haiN| jaba jIvakI gati mAnI gaI taba use vyApaka to mAnA nahIM jA sakatA thA ataeva spaSTa rUpase kAlakramase dehaparimANa mAnA gayA / aura muktisthAna meM usakI jaba gati mAnI gaI taba prazna huA ki siddhAvasthA meM usakA parimANa kyA ho ? isa prazna kA uttara A calakara anya AgamoM meM diyA gayA ki aMtima zarIra 3/4 parimANa hogA aisI sthitimeM yahA~ jo kahA gayA ki vaha na dIrgha hai, na hrasva isakA visaMvAda hotA hai / spaSTa hai ki yahAM jo varNana hai vaha upaniSadoM kA anusaraNa karatA hai / usase jo siddhAMta sthira hone cAhie vaise karane meM jainadArzaniko ke samakSa dikkateM thii| ataeva isakI AMzika upekSAke alAvA aura koI rAstA nahIM thaa| itanA dhyAna meM rahe ki AcArAMga meM kahIM bhI use dehaparimANa nahIM kahA gyaa| vaha mRtyu ke samaya gamana sa phAlata siddhAnta ha / __ahiMsAkI carcA ke prasaMga meM ye vAkya haiM,-"tumaM si nAma ta ceva jaM tanvaM ti maNNasi.... ajjAvetanvaM ti maNNasi..." ityAdi, AcA0 170 / isa vicAra meM bhI upaniSada ke mantavya kI chApa spaSTa hai / yadi AtmA nAnA hai to mArane vAlA aura mAra khAnevAlA bhinna hai kintu jahA~ AtmA ekAhI ho vahA~ hiMsaka aura hiMsya eka ho hotA hai| jaina dharma aura darzana meM nAnAAtmavAda sthira huA hai ataeva AcArAMga ke ye vAkya jaina darzana keanukala nahIM haiM / AcArAMga meM 'chajjIvaNikAya" kI carcA hai jo sUcita karatA hai ki ekAtmavAda 1. AcA0 cU0 pR0 199 / 2. AcA0 1, 123, 169, 176 / ina sUtroM kI cUrNi bhI dekheM / 3. bhagavaI 1. 7. 57, utta0 36. 51, 57, 65 / 4. ovavAiya suttagata aMtima gAthAoM meM gAthA naM 4 / ' 5. yahA~ ke tAttvika AtmAke varNanameM se A0 kundakunda ne 'na hrasva, na dIrgha' ko haTA diyA hai isa para dhyAna deM-pravacanasAra 2. 80 / da Age calakara dArzanikoM ne jJAna kI apekSA se aura kevali samudghAta kI apekSA se AmAko vyApaka siddha karane kA prayatna kiyA ho hai| prajJApanA sU0 2168-32,pravacanasAra 1.23,26, AgamayugakA janadarzana pR0249 / / 7. AcArAMga 62 //
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________________ 20 jainadarzana kA udbhava aura vikAsa ke sthAna meM nAnAtmavAda sthira ho gayA hai|' eka aura zabda bhI pUrvaparamparA ke anusAra prayukta huA hai-vaha hai-'khettaNNa' AcA0 32, 79, 104 / isakA artha cUrNi meM diyA hai-paMDita (pR070) aura jJAyaka (jANao) (pR0100)| 'AgAsaM khittaM jANatIti khettaNNo' 'amuttANi khittaM ca...jANai.... paMDito vA' yaha artha kSetrajJakA bhI kiyA gayA hai-AcA0 cU0 pR0 134 / upaniSadoM meM yaha zabda AtmA ke lie prayukta hai| gItA bhI isakA samarthana karatI hai / pAli meM isa artha meM yaha zabda prayukta nahIM dekhA gayA / dekheM pAlikoSa / "je aNaNNadaMsI se aNaNNAraMbhe, je aNaNNAraMbhe se aNaNNadaMsI" AcA0 101 / yaha par3hate hI upaniSada ke ananya-advaitaviSayaka mantavya kI yAda AnA svAbhAvika hai| kintu yahA~ cUrNi meM isakA jo artha kiyA gayA hai vaha vicitra hai aura spaSTa hai ki cUrNikAra isakA advaitaparaka artha kareM vaha usa kAla meM saMbhava nahIM rahA thaa| jaina darzana usa kAla taka apanA vyavasthita rUpa le cakA thaa| ataeva unake lie svAbhAvika thA ki ve kimI taraha isakA artha tatkAlIna jaina mAnyatA ke anukUla kreN| ataeva isakA artha kiyA hai ki anyadRSTi = anyamata - 363 mtvaadii| jo anyadRSTi nahIM hai vaha ananyadRSTi hai| vaha anyadRSTi kA parivarjana karane vAlA hotA hai / vaha kevala jaina dRSTi ko hI tAttvika mAnatA hai / ainI vyakti anya meM ramaNa nahIM karatI-AcA0 cU0 pR0 96 / yahAM zIlAMkane bhI aisA hI artha kiyA-hai AcA0 TI0 pR0 145 / AcArAMga meM pramANa yA jJAna kI carcA kaisI hai yaha bhI dekha leM jisase pramANa aura prameya kI vyavasthA jo Age cala kara huI hai usake pUrvarUpa kA spaSTokaraNa ho jAya / AcAgaMga meM (133) dRSTa, zruta, mata aura vijJAta ye zabda haiM-jJAna ke viSaya meM / isase itanA hI phalita hotA hai ki indriyoM se hone vAle jJAna ko dRSTa kahA, kintu zrotrendriya dvArA honevAle jJAna ko pRthaka kiyA gayA-vaha hai zruta aura mana se honevAle jJAna ko 'mata' kahA gayA aura viziSTa jJAna ko vijJAna se phalita kiyA jA sakatA hai / tattvArtha aura anya Agama granthoM meM jo pA~ca prakAra ke mati Adi jJAnoM kA nirdeza hai usakA mUla yahA~ hai, kintu paribhASA yA pAribhASika zabda abhI nizcita nahIM hue / avadhi, mana:paryAya yA kevala ye zabda abhI prayukta nahIM-yaha sUcita karatA hai ki abhI pAribhASika zabdoM kA rUpa sthira nahIM huaa| indriyoM se honevAle jJAnoM ko 'prajJAna' kahA hai-"jAva sotapaNNANA aparihINA jAva NettapaNANA ArihoNA...pANapaNANA...johapaNNANA...jAva phAsapaNNANA aparihINA, iccetehiM virUvarUvehiM pAgaNehiM" AcA0 68 / isase phalita hotA hai ki yahA~ "prajJAna' zabda 1. yahA~ bhI yaha vyAkhyA kI jA sakatI hai aura Age cala kara kI gaI hai ki anya kI hiMsA ho yA na ho hiMsA ke avasara meM apanI hiMsA to hotI hI hai / ataeva isa dRSTi se isakA samAdhAna kiyA jA sakatA hai / vivaraNa ke lie dekheM merA lekha 'saMbodhi' 2. 1, pR. 1-6 / 2. upaniSadvAkya-mahAkoSa, pR031 / 3. aacaa064|
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________________ AcArAMga prathama zrutaskaMdhameM darzanakA rUpa 21 'prajJA' kI apekSA saMkucita artha meM prayukta hai| yA yoM kaheM ki sAmAnya jJAna artha meM prayukta hai| bauddhaparibhASA meM laukika aura lokottara prajJA kI carcA hai| use dekhate hue yahA~ laukika prajJAke artha meM 'sotapaNNANA' ko samajhanA caahie| aura lokottara prajJA ke artha meM bhI prajJAna zabda prayukta huA hI hai-kintu vizeSaNa ke sAtha-"savvasamAgatapaNNANa' (AcA062, 160, 215) aura binA vizeSaNa ke bhI prayukta hai (AcA0 166, 177) / kauSItakibrAhmaNopaniSada meM jo yaha kahA 'prajJayA zrotraM samAruhya' (3.6) ityAdi, usakI tulanA AcArAMga ke 'sotapaNNANa' se karane jaisI hai / upaniSadoM meM to 'prajJAna' ko brahma kahA hai- dekheM, upaniSadvAkyamahAkoSa / ____ abhI 'tIrthakara' zabda kA prayoga pracalita nahIM huA hai aura nahIM unake vizeSa jJAnako 'kevalajJAna kahA gayA hai| unake 'sarvajJa' aura 'sarvadarzI' vizeSaNa jo bAda ke AgamoM meM nizcita ho gaye haiM unakA prayoga bhI yahA~ nahIM hai| bha. mahAvIra ke vizeSaNoM kI vistRta carcA maiMne anyatra kI hai| ataeva yahA~ vistAra karanA anAvazyaka hai| kintu kevalajJAna kI bhUmikA khar3I karanevAle kucha vizeSaNa jo prayukta hue haiM unakA nirdeza karake saMtoSa letA hU~ -'buddha', 'AyayacakkhU', 'logavipassI', 'paramacakkhU', 'nANavaM', 'veyavaM', 'pannANehiM parijANai logaM', 'savvasamannAgayapannANa, 'anelisannANI' 'tahAgaya' 'mAhaNa' aura 'veyavI' / yahA~ dhyAna dene yogya zabda 'vedavid' hai jo siddha karatA hai ki usa kAla meM beda kI pratiSThA hone se usake jJAna kI bhI pratiSThA mAnI jAtI thI / yahA~ 'buddha' zabda bhI hai jo Age cala kara bha. gautama buddha ke liye prayukta hai| yathArtha jAnanevAle ko tathAgata mAnA jAtA thA jo bha. buddha kA vizeSaNa ho gayA hai / 'mAhaNa'-brAhmaNa bhI pratiSThAsUcaka hai| 'darzana' zabda kA prayoga kaI bAra huA hai| usakA bhI sambandha 'dRSTa' ke sAtha jor3anA yA svatantra rakhanA yaha samasyA hai kyo ki 'pAsagassa dasaNa'(128) kohadaMsI' (130) ityAdi prayoga bhI milate haiN| jinake viSaya meM hama yaha nahIM kaha sakate ki ye jJAna indriyAdhIna the / ataeva mati Adi jJAna se pRthak darzana kA svIkAra Age calakara huA / padArthoM kI jo ginatI sAta yA nava Age calakara dekhI jAtI hai unameM se jIva-ajIva kI kalpanA to spaSTarUpa se AcArAMga meM hai / puNya aura pApa kA nirdeza milatA hai / karmAsrava kA bhI nirdeza hai| nirnarA aura mokSa kA bhI prayoga milatA hai| kintu saMvara zabda kA prayoga nahIM milatA / kahIM bhI ina tattvoM kI eka sAtha gInatI bhI nahIM milatI spaSTa hai ki sAta yo nava tattvoM ke ginane kA praghAta abhI zurU nahIM huA thaa| jainadarzana meM padArtha, astikAya, dravya-ye zabda jainasaMmata tattvoM ke lie pracalita hue haiM / Aca rAMga meM inameM se 'dAvaya' (dravya) kA prayoga milatA hai kintu pAribhASika artha meM nahIMA. ca. pR0 150 / 'artha' zabda kA prayoga kaI bAra huA hai kintu 'padArtha' ke samIpa artha meM prayukta 'artha' zabda eka bAra hI prApta hotA hai- AcA0 124 / 1. dekheM pAliDikzanarI meM paJja aura paa| 2. 'Akevalie hiM' zabda kA prayoga eka bAra milatA hai / AcA0 183 / 3. 'saMpramAda' pR0 136 -148 zrI caturbhuja pujArA maMtravidyotkarSa TrasTa, ahamadAbAda. 1977, aura akhila bhAratIya prAcya vidyA pariSad kI kAryavAhI 1972. pra0247 isI viSayakA merA lekha /
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________________ 22 jainadarzana kA udbhava aura vikAsa Age calakara dravya-guNa-paryAya ye pAribhASika zabda janadarzana meM pracalita hue| inameM se 'guNa' zabdakA prayoga AcArAMga meM (33, 41, 63, 163) milatA hai| eka sthAna meM 'guNa' kA sambandha cUrNike anusAra 'raMdhaNa-payaNa-pagAsaNa' Adi se hai (pR030), to dUsare sthAna meM 'guNa' zabda kA sambandha 'saddAdi visaya' (pR032) se hai / yaha dUsarA artha 'guNa' kI paribhASA ke sAtha mela khAtA hai| aura yahI artha anyatra 'saddAdisu guNesu' (pR049) kaha kara svIkRta huA hai| anyatra 'guNA nANAdi' (pR0184) artha kiyA hai| ataeva hama kaha sakate haiM ki cetana dravya ke jJAnAdi guNa aura acetana dravya ke zabdAdi guNa AcArAMga meM abhipreta hai| itanA hone para bhI samagrarUra se guNa padArtha kI svataMtra carcA nahIM haI yaha kahA jA sakatA hai| yaha prakriyA agale stara meM zurU huI hai| vajavajAta' (AcA0 109) meM spaSTarUpa se paryAya kA ullekha hai aura yahA~ vahI paryAya se abhepreta hai jo pariNAma se sUcita hotA hai (AcA. cU0 pR0109)| samagra AcArAMga meM yaha zabda kevala eka bAra prayukta huA hai-usase sUcita hotA hai ki abhI spaSTarUpa se vaha pAribhASika nahIM banA hai / AcArAMga kA yaha sUtra vizeSa dhyAna dene yogya hai- "ihamegesiM AyAragoyare No suNisaMte bhavati / te iha AraMbhaTTha! aguvayamANA haNa pANe ghAtamANA, haNato yAvi samaNujANamANA, aduvA adinnamAiyaMti, aduvA vAyAo viuMti', taM jahA asthi loe, Nasthi loe, dhuve loe, adhuve loe, sAdie lAe, aNAdie loe, sapajjavasie loe, apajjavasie loe, sukaDe ti vA dukar3e ti vA kallANe ti vA pAvae ti vA sAdhU ti vA, asAdhU ti vA siddhI ti vA asiddhI ti vA nirae ti vA anirae ti vA / jamiNaM vippaDivaNNA mAmagaM dhammaM paNNavemANA / " aacaa02007| isa sUtra meM anekAnta ke bIja dekhe jA sakate haiM / yahA~ para ina vividha matoM ko paraspara virodhI batAye gaye haiN| kintu jaina mantavya spaSTa nahIM kiyA gyaa| lekina bhagavatIstra meM ina viSayoM kA anekAnta dRSTi se nirUpaNa kiyA hai, ki loka dhruva bhI hai aura adhruva bhI, sAdi bhI hai aura anAdi bhI, sAnta bhI hai aura ananta bhii| isa sUcI meM loka, sukRta-duSkRta, kalyANa-pApa, sAdhu-asAdhu, siddhi-asiddhi aura narakaanaraka kA nirdeza hai kintu isa sUci kA vistAra hameM sUtrakRtAMga 2.5 meM milatA hai| AcArAMga meM AtmA ke viSaya meM pariNAmavAda svIkRta hai isakI pratoti to 1-3 sUtroM se hotI hI hai| jahA~ pariNata jIva ke aneka janmoM kI bAta kahI gaI hai aura isakI puSTi dvitIya zrutaskaMdha se hotI hai| jahAM pariNata aura apariNata pAnaka kI carcA hai-AcA0369 / aura bhI dekheM-asatthapariNata AcA0 375-379, 382, 384-388 / AcArAMga kI niyukti meM spaSTa kahA gayA hai ki1. yahA~ hiMsA, corI aura mRSAbAda-yaha krama dhyAna dene yogya hai / bauddhoM meM bhI yahI krama hai| 2. tulanA sutrakR0 80, 81, / sUtrakR0 cUrNi-pR046, prAkRta pariSad / 3. isakI cUrNi pR0251 / / 4. vizeSa vivaraNa ke lie dekheM-'Agama yugakA jainadarzana' /
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________________ AcArAMga prathama zrutaskaMdhameM darzanakA rUpa "AyAro aMgANaM paDhama aMga duvAlasaNhaM pi / ittha ya mokkhovAo esa ya sAro pavayaNassa // " AcA. ni0 9 / isase spaSTa hai ki 'AcAra' hI pravacana kA sAra hai aura vahIM 'mokSopAya' hai / kyoM ki AcAra se hI mukti-mokSa hai / ataeva dekhanA yaha hai ki AcArAMga meM mokSa kI kalpanA kaisI kI gaI hai| pUrva meM uddhRta AcA0200 meM siddhi zabda kA prayoga hai' ataeva yaha vidita hotA hai ki tIrthikoM meM siddhi viSayaka kalpanAe~ thii| kintu jainoM ne apane DhaMga se isa viSaya meM kyA mAnA yaha usa sUtra se jJAta nahIM hotA / ataeva AcArAMga meM siddhi ke viSaya meM anyatra kyA kahA gayA yaha jAnanA jarUrI hai / siddhi (200), nirvANa (196), nirodha (247), mukta(99, 161, 188), mukti (177), mokSa (73, 104, 155, 178), parinirvANa (49) parinivRta (197), pAraga (230) pAragAmi (71), pAraMgama (198) jaise zabda mokSasUcaka haiM, isameM to saMdeha nahIM kintu mokSa kA svarUpa kaisA aura usake upAya kyA isakA vivaraNa una zabdoM ke prayoga ke sandarbha se hI jJAta ho sakatA hai| sAmAnya taura para yaha to jJAta ho hI sakatA hai ki AcAra arthAt jisakA nirUpaNa AcArAMga meM hai-vaha mokSa kA upAya hai jaisA ki niyukti Adi meM kahA gayA hai| kintu vizeSa rUpa se upAya kyA abhimata hai- isakA jAnanA jarUrI hai| ___ AcArAMga (91, 103) meM kahA hai, "esa vIre* pasaMsie je baddhe paDimoyae' / spaSTa hai ki mukti yA mokSa kA tAtparya bandhana se mukti pAnA-yaha hai / ataeva jo dUsaroM ko mukti dilAtA hai vaha vIra prazaMsAke pAtra haiN| cUrNi (pR.84) meM spaSTIkaraNa hai ki baMdha kyA hai"davabaMdho putrakalatramitrahiraNyAdINi, bhAve visayakamAyAdI / jo eeNaM baMdheNa appANaM moettA parA moeti" spaSTa hai ki putrAdirUpa bAhya aura viSaya-kaSAyarUpa AMtarika bandhanoM se mukti pAnA mokSa hai| mokSa kI yaha kalpanA sAdhAraNa hai- isameM jainasaMmata mokSa kI koI naI paribhASA nahIM hai| kintu anyatra cUrNimeM hI isI kI vyAkhyA haiM-"ATha karmoM se jo mukti dilAve vaha vIra hai" (pR099) / yaha jaina paribhASA hai| AcArAMga (104)meM yaha vAkya bhI dhyAna dene yogya hai, jahA~ yaha bhI spaSTa hai ki medhAvI purUSa apane bandhA se mokSa kA anveSo hai -"se medhAvI je aNugdhAtaNassa khetaNo je ya' bNdhaamonmnnnnesii| kintu usake bAda yaha vAkya "kusale puNa No va ddhe No mukke" thoDA vicitra hai| kyA 'kuzala' se yahA~ vaidikoM ke Izvara yA brahma 1. AcA0 dvi0 zrutaskaMdha meM siddhi ke paryAya haiM-"sijjhissaMti, bujjhissaMti, maccismati. pariNivvAissaMti, samvadukkhANaM aMta karista ti" 745 / aura 802-804 meM bhI 'antakRta' -siddha ke lakSaNa dekheM- jahA~ nirAlambana aura apratiSThita, bandhanahIna tathA kalaMkalIbhAvaprapaJca se mukta kahA hai| 2 "vidArayati tatkarma tapasA ca virAjate / tapovIryeNa yuktazca, vIro vIreNa darzitaH // " AcA * c0 pR0931 / 3.aura bhI AcArAMga 155 / 4. dekheM "na baddho'smi na mukto'smi brahmavA'smi" annapUrNopaniSad 5.68 /
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________________ 24 jainadarzana kA udbhava aura vikAsa abhipreta to nahIM ? jo bhI ho kintu cUrNikAra ne kisI bhI taraha jaina ke anukUla isakI vyAkhyA kI hai ki yahA~ tIrthakara kevalI 'kuzala' pada se abhipreta hai aura vaha cAra ghAtI karma kI mukti ke kAraNa baddha nahIM aura bhavopagrAhI karma se baddha hone se mukta nahIM-pR0100 / kintu AcArAMgameM jaba yaha vAkya likhA gayA hai taba ATha karmoM kI vyavasthA jo bAda meM dekhI jAtI hai vaha vyavasthita huI thI yA nahIM yaha eka prazna hai / bhagavAna mahAvIra ne jo mArga batAyA usakI vizeSatA yaha hai ki bhikSu parigraha se virata rahe / jo bhI apane pAsa Avazyaka parigraha ho usameM bhI mamatva na rakhe jisakA pariNAma hogA ki vaha kahIM bhI lima nahIM hogA , bandhana meM bhI nahIM pdd'egaa| bandhana kyA hai isakI spaSTatA kI gaI hai "rUvehiM sattA kalugaM yaNati "NidANato te Na labhaMti mokvaM / " 178 / arthAt hI rUpa meM Asakti ke kAraNa nidAnacandhana hone se mokSa milatA nahIM / anyatra 'pApamokSa' nirdiSTa hai- 73 / isase spaSTa hotA hai ki 'pApa' bandhana hai jisase mukta honA jarUrI hai / 'pApa' aura 'pApakarma' kA ulleva to AcAgaMga meM aneka sthAna meM hai| yaha bhI kalpanA sarvasAdhAraNa hai| kintu 'karmazarIra' se mukti kI bAta jaina paribhASA meM kahIM gaI hai, aisA mAnA jA sakatA hai -"muNI moNa' samAdAya dhuNe kammasarIragaM" 99 / kAya ke nirAkaraNa se muni pAragAmI hotA hai- aisA bhI kahA hai- 198 / jo pAragAmI haiM ve vimukta haiM-71 / arthAt hI jinhoMne sAMsArika bandhanoM ko tor3a diyA hai, ve saMsArasamudra ke pAragAmI haiM- vimukta haiM / mukta jIva kI kyA paristhiti hogI yaha- "AgatiM-gatiM pariNAya acceti jAtimaraNassa vaDumagaM vakhAtarate" (176) isa pAtya se spaSTa hai ki mukta hone ke bAda janma-maraNa ke phere samApta ho jAte haiN| mukta AtmA kA svarUpa viSayaka avataraNa / gayA hai| vizeSa meM yaha bhI spaSTa hai ki vahA~ java jAti -maraNa hai nahIM to duHkha bhI nahIM hai- 7,13,24 ityaadi| mukti kA arthAt janmamaraNa ke nivAraNa kA aura duHkha ke pratighAta kA kAraNa ahiMsA hai- isa bAta ko AraMmanivRttihiM pAtivRtti kA Adeza dekara cAra bAra doharAyA hai- AcA0 7, 13 24, 35, 43, 51 aura 58 / muktimArga kI carcA ke prasaMga meM AcArAMga kA yaha vAkya dhyAna meM lenA jarUrI hai "se kiTTati tesiM samuSThitANa nivikhattadaMDANaM samAhitANa paNNANamaMtANaM iha muttimaggaM"AcA0 177 / isa sUtra meM nikvitadaMDa-ahiMsA, samAhi-samAdhi aura paNNANa prajJA kI ora saMketa hai| bauddhoM meM zIla, samAdhi aura prajJA ko nirvANa kA mArga batAyA jAtA hai / usI kA pUrva rUpa yaha hai / kintu jaina darzana meM Age calakara darzana, jJAna, caritra ko mokSa mArga batAyA gayA usameM cAritra-zIla ko antima sthAna diyA hai aura yahAM cauddhoM kI hI taraha zIla ko prathama sthAna milA hai- yaha dhyAna meM rakhane kI bAta hai| spaSTa hai ki jainoM ne Age calakara prajJA= zAna ko nahIM, cAritra ko vizeSa mahattva diyA / cUrNi (pR0237) meM AcA0 196gata nirvANavyAkhyA meM lobhAdi ke upazama se nirvANa hotA hai yaha kahA hai| yaha prAcIna paribhASA hai / bAda meM to upazama aura kSaya aise 1. AcA088-89 / anyatra parigraha ko mahAbhaya kahA hai| AcA0 154 / 2. aura bhI dekheM "jAtimaraNamoyaNAe'' 7,16,24 35, 43,51, 58 /
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________________ AcArAMga prathama zrutaskaMdhameM darzana kA rUpa bheda karake lobhAdi ke kSaya se nirvANa hotA hai yaha spaSTa kiyA gayA hai| bauddhoM meM bhI kSaya ke lie upazama zabda kA prayoga hotA hai / nirodha' zabda kA prayoga 'samvagAyanirodha' (247) isa prakAra se hai / yaha prasaMga mAraNAM. tika saMlekhanA kA hai jisameM yaha kahA hai ki kitanA bhI uttApa ho yAvat saba gAtra kA nirodha kA prasaMga bhI Ave taba bhI avicala rahe-AcA0 cU0pR0 294 / AnA0 kA AThavAM adhyayana 'vimokSa' nAmaka hai| isa 'vimokSa' kI vyAkhyA prasaMga meM niyukti (gA0260) aura cUrNikAra (pR0246) ne 'dezavimokSa' aura 'sarvavimokSa' kI carcA kI hai, taratamabhAva se kaSAya se chUTanA dezavimokSa aura sarvathA kaSAya se mukta honA sarvavimokSa hai| siddhoM ko sarvavimokSa hai aura zrAvaka aura sAdhuoM meM dezavimokSa hai| karma se AtmAkA jo saMyAga hai vaha baMdha hai aura usase viyoga-chuTakArA mokSa hai- isa bAta ko niyukti (261) meM spaSTa rUpa se kahA hai / ___ isa 'vimokSa' adhyayana meM mAraNAMtika saMlekhanA karanevAle ko kisa prakArakI ApattiyAM AtI haiM aura use una Apattio kA samabhAva se kisa prakAra sahana karanA jarUrI hai yaha batAnA abhipreta hai / aura yaha saMlekhanA mokSopAya hone se vimokSa hai yaha niyukti meM spaSTarUA se kahA gayA hai aura cUrNimeM (pR. 246-7) usakA samarthana hai ___ bhattaparinnA iMgiNi pAyavagamaNaM ca hoi nAyavvaM / jo marai carimamaraNaM bhAvavimukkhaM viyANAhi // " AcA0 ni0 263 / AcA0 99, 161 aura 188 meM samyaktvadarzI' aura virata muni ko 'mukta' saMjJA dI hai| vaha muni apane AhAra kaSToM ko sahana kara saMsAra ko pAra kara jAtA hai| aura karma zarIra kA parityAga karatA hai| isa saba carcAse itanA to spaSTa hai ki darzana-jJAna-cAritra ko tattvArthasUtra meM jo mokSamArga kahA vaha AcAgaMga kI carcA ke sArAMza ko dhyAna meM rakha kara hai| sAtha meM yaha bhI dekhanA jarUrI hai ki kahIM eka sthAna meM tInoM kA ekatra ullekha AcArAMga meM isa rUpameM nahIM hai| AcArAMga 'AcAra' kA grantha honese usameM dArzanika vicAroM kA prAdhAnya nahIM ho sakatA yaha dalIla dI jA sakatI hai kintu usameM hone vAle zabda prayogoM ke AdhAra para darzana kI kalAnA to ko jA sakatA hai aura usI kA nirdeza maiMne yahA~ karane kA prayatna kiyA hai / AcArAMga aneka sthAnoM meM khaMDita hai / ataeva pUrI bAta hamAre samakSa A nahIM sakatI yaha bhI tathya hai kintu jo kucha upalabdha hai usIko AdhAra banA kara ho kahA jA sakatA hai aura jo kucha maiMne yahAM kahA hai vaha Ageke vikAsa ko spaSTa rUpa se phalita karane meM samartha hai| jaina darzana kA kramika vikAsa huA hai aura usa kramika vikAsa kI bhUmikA AcArAMga meM haiitanA hI kahanA yahA~ abhipreta hai / itanI carcA se spaSTa hotA hai ki jaina darzanakI prAthamika bhUmikA meM 'SaDjIvanikAya' aura acita padArtha kI kalpanA kI gaI hai| 'asthikAya' zabda abhI vyavahAra meM AyA 1. bhaddhA kA ullekha AcA020 meM hai| zraddhAnakriyA kA ullekha 252 meM hai / 'samyaktva' ke lie dekheM-AcA0 187, 214, 217, 219, 221-223, 226, 227 / samyaktvadarzI ke lie 99, 112, 140 bhI dekheM / 1 kRza ho jAtA hai aura
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________________ jainadarzana kA udbhava aura vikAsa nahIM / AkAza ko bhI anya matavAloM ne mahAbhUta meM zAmila kiyA hai kintu kahIM bhI usakI 'kAya' saMjJA dekhI nahIM jaatii| jIva, AtmA, jIvanikAya, cittamaMta aise zabdoM kA prayoga cetana tattva ke lie svIkRta hai aura acetana tattva ke lie acetana, acittamaMta aise zabdoM kA prayoga dekhA jAtA hai kintu 'ajIva' yaha zabda dekhA nahIM jAtA / 'pudgala' zabda kA bhI prayoga rUpI yA mUrta padArtha ke lie abhI nahIM huA hai| AcArAMga meM upalabdha jainadarzana kI carcA karane ke bAda yaha dekhanA jarUrI hai ki pAlipiTaka meM jo jaisamantavyakA kA nirdeza hai vaha kaisA hai kyoM ki jainamantavyoM kA anyatra prAcInatama ullekha vahI hai| pAlipiTaka meM niggaNTha nATaputta ke mata kA jo ullekha hai vaha AcAraparaka hai / ' usase bhI yaha siddha hotA hai ki prAthamika bhUmikA meM jainadharma meM bhAcAra viSayaka mantavya vizeSa rUpa se nizcita hae the / sUtrakRtAMga -prathama zrutaskaMdha meM jaindrshn| AcArAMga ke darzana kA vikAsa sUtrakRtAMga meM spaSTarUpa se milatA hai| AcArAMga ke kaI viSaya aise haiM jinakI sUcanA mAtra AcArAMga meM thI usakA vivaraNa sUtrakRtAMga meM dekhA jAtA hai| ataeva yahA~ sUtrakRtAMga meM jo dArzanika vikAsa dekhA jAtA hai usakA nirdeza jarUrI hai| yahA~ bho sUtrakRtAMga kA prathama zrutaskandha ho abhipreta hai jo usake dvitIya zrutaskaMdha se prAcIna hai / ataeva AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha kI carcA ke bAda usI kI carcA kI jAya yaha ucita hai / sUtrakRtAMga meM prathama adhyayana meM sarvaprathama anya tIrthakoM ke mata kI samIkSA kI gaI hai| samIkSA to hai kintu usa mata ke sthAna meM janamata kyA hai vaha spaSTa nahIM kahA / ataeva una samIkSita mantavyoM ke AdhAra para jaina mantavya phalita karanA hI hamAre lie ekamAtra mArga raha jAtA hai / sUtrakRtAMga (7) meM pRthvI, Apa, teja, vAyu, aura AkAza ko pA~ca mahAbhUta mAnane vAle ke mata kA nirdeza hai / isa mata ke anusAra ina pAMca bhUtoM se eka dehI (AtmA) kA nirmANa hotA hai aura una pA~ca ke vinAza hone para dehI kA bhI vinAza ho jAtA hai (8) isa mata kI tulanA dIghanikAyagata (pR048) ajita kesakambala ke mata se kI jA sakatI hai / vaha puruSa arthAt AtmA ko cAra mahAbhUtoM se utpanna mAnatA hai / cAra mahAbhUta haipRthvI, Apa, teja aura vAyu / isake atirikta AkAza bhI usane mAnA hai jisameM mRtyu hone para indriyoM kA samAveza ho jAtA hai- 'AkAsaM indriyANi saMkamanti'-arthAt vaha paMcabhUtavAdI hai / yaha bhI dhyAna dene kI bAta hai ki usake matAnusAra cAra bhUtoM kI 'kAya'" saMjJA bhI mAnya hai, jaise pRthvIkAya Adi / 'AkAza' kI 'kAya' saMjJA nahIM hai| vaha akriyAvAdI hai, jo kiye gaye karma ke |vpaak ko nahIM mAnatA aura nahIM paraloka ko"| usane apane mata ke viparIta vAda ko 'athakavAda' kahA hai usase yaha phalita hotA hai ki vaha 'nasthikavAdI' hai / arthAt hI AtmA kA svataMtra astitva vaha nahIM mAnatA ora na paraloka ko / 1. dIghanikAya pR0 50 / vizeSa vivaraNa ke lie dekheM-DA0 nagarAjajI, Agama aura piTaka: eka anuzIlana pR0537-613 2. sUtrakR0ni0gA0 27 / 3. 'cAtumahAbhUtiko ayaM puriso'-dIgha0048 / 4. unake matAnusAra mRtyu hone para 'paThavI paThavikAyaM...Apo ApokAyaM, tejo tejo-kAyaM.... ghAyo vAyukArya anupeti anupagacchati' dIgha* pR048 / 5. 'nasthi sukata-dukkaTAnaM kammAnaM palaM vipAko, natthi ayaM loko, nasthi paraloko' diigh0pR048||
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________________ sUtrakRtAMga prathama zrutaskaMdhameM jainadarzana 27 ajita ke. samAna hI dUsarA mata pUraNa kassapa kA hai jo pApa-puNya nahIM mAnatA aura akriyAvAdI hai-dIgha0 pR0 45 / pakudha kaccAyana ke matAnusAra paThavikAyo, Apo0 tejo0 vAyo0 sukhe dukkhe jIva sattame -ye 'kAya' sAta haiM jo zAzvata haiM aura paraspara sukhaduHkha kA kAraNa nahIM banate / koI kisI kI hiMsA nahIM karatA, koI kisI ke prANa kA vyaparopaNa nahIM karatA, kisI ke mastaka kA koI tIkSNa zastra se jaba ghAta karatA hai taba vaha kisI ke jIvana kA ghAta nahIM karatA, kevala ina sAta kAyoM ke bIca zastra kA pAta karatA hai| koI kisI kA ghAtaka, hiMsaka nahIM hai / koI kisI kA vijJAtA yA vijJApaka bhI nahIM - dIgha0 pR. 49 / yaha bhI akriyAvAdI hI kahA jAyagA / pRthvI Adi ko 'bhUta' na kaha kara 'kAya' saMjJA sUtrakRtAMga meM hai / aura yaha bhI tAtparya hai ki ve sacitta haiM-sajIva haiM / anya mata meM jaisA ki hamane dekhA cAra yA sAta 'kAya' hai| jaba ki sUtrakRtAMga meM 'kAya' chaha hai yaha vyavasthA huI hai aura ve SaDjIvanikAya nAma se jAne jAyeM yaha bhI spaSTa hai- kintu ginatI meM chaha kA kathana AcArAMga (62) kA anusaraNa hI nahIM, spaSTIkaraNa bhI mAnanA cAhie / kyoM ki AcArAMga meM prathama adhyayana meM 'tasakAya' (50) aura 'agaNi kAya' (211, 212) ko 'kAya' saMjJA dI hai / zeSa kA nAmollekha hai kintu una nAmoM ke sAtha 'kAya' saMjJA kA prayoga nahIM / isakA artha yaha to nahIM ki ve 'kAya' rUpa se anabhimata the| kyoMki Age calakara prathama adhyayana ke anta meM 'chajjIvaNikAya' (62) zabda kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai / aura AcA0 265 meM anya Apa aura vAyu ko bhI kAya kahA hI hai| kevala pRthvI aura vanaspati ke sAtha 'kAya' zabda kA prayoga nahIM miltaa| phara bhI abhipreta hai aisA mAnA jA sakatA hai / sUtrakRtAMga meM saSTa rUpa se ginatI karake chahoM batAe haiM- sUtrakRtAMga 381-82 meM pRthvI, Apa, agni, vAyu, vanaspati aura trasa kI ginatI kI gaI hai / yahA~ tRNa-vRkSa-bIja se vanaspati abhipreta hai aura trasa prANoM meM aMDaja, jarAyuja, saMsvedaja aura rasaja kA ullekha / sUtrakRtAMga (444-445) meM to spaSTarUpa se chaha kAryoM kA nirdeza hai-kintu trasa meM 'pota' bheda kA bhI nirdeza kiyA gayA hai, jo pUrva meM nirdiSTa nahIM thA / aura sUtrakRtAMga-503-504 meM sabhI chahoM ko ginAkara aMta meM kahA hai 'ittAva tAva jIvakAe nAvare vijjatI kAe' (504) / spaSTa hai ki kAya saMjJA chaha jIvakAya kI hI hai / phalita yaha bhI hotA hai abhI 'atthikAya' saMjJA vyavasthita nahIM huI aura dharma-adharma-pudgala-AkAza kA kAyarUpa se svIkAra bhI nahIM huA / 1. dhyAna denA jarUrI hai ki sAtoM ko kAya mAnA phira bhI ginatI ke samaya pRthvI Adi cAra ke sAtha hI 'kAya' zabda jor3A hai| 2. yahA~ tattvArtha ke "jarAyvaNDota jAnAM garbhaH / nArakadevAnAM upapAtaH / ' 2.34.35 dekheN| aura 'trama' jIvoM ke vyavasthita bhedoM ke lie dekheM AcA0 ni0 gA. 153-163 / tattvArtha 2 14 /
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________________ jainadarzana kA udbhava aura vikAsa yahA~ sUtrakRtAMga meM jo trasa ke bheda ginAe usase yaha bhI siddha hotA hai ki bAda meM ja upapAta janmavAle nAraka aura deva mAne gaye (nArakadevAnAmupapAtaH-tattvArtha 2.35) unakA samAveza trasa meM nahIM hai / ' athavA unakA samAveza trasake bheda rUpa se ginAe gaye aNDaja Adi meM se kisI eka meM mAnya hogA / lekina spaSTa hai ki sUtrakRtAMga meM abhI garbhaja bhaura sammuJchima ityAdi samagra janma prakAroM kI kalpanA spaSTa nahIM hai| kevala garbhaja kI kalpanA hai-22, 27, 90 / AcA* 49. meM kahA hai- "saMtime tasA pANA, taM jahA- aMDayA, potayA, jarAuyA, rasayA, saMseyayA, sammucchimA ubbhiyA uvavAtiyA / ' spaSTa hai ki AcArAMga kA yaha sUtra sUtrakRtAMga ke sUtroM kA saMzodhita rUpa hai- yaha koI bhI kahegA / AcArAMga meM "uvavAiya (aupapAtika) aura uvavAya (upapAta) ye zabda kevala janmasAmAnya artha meM prayukta hai / vizeSa prakArakA 'upapAta' janma jo deva nAraka kA abhipreta hai usa artha meM yahAM upapAta abhipreta nahIM hai / AcArAMga meM janma ke lie 'upapAta' aura maraNa ke lie cayaNa' zabda kA prayoga bhI isameM sAdhaka pramANa hai "uvavAyaM cayaNaM NaJcA' AcA0 119 180, 209 / 'upapatanaM upapAto, jaM bhaNitaM jamma cayaNaM nAma maraNaM / Na ya telloke vi ta ThANaM astha jattha uvavAto cayaNaM vA Na bhavati AcA. ca0 pra0 116 / isase hama kaha sakate haiM ki janma kA vizeSa prakAra 'upapAta' jo deva-nAraka ke lie vyavasthita huA vaha AcArAMga kAla kI kalpanA nahIM hai| yA yoM kaheM ki vaha jainoM kI prAcInatama kalpanA nahIM hai| bAda meM kabhI bhI jor3I gaI hai| pramANa yaha hai ki AcArAMga ke anya sUtroM meM usakA ullekha nahIM aura sUtrakRtAMga meM bhI usa vizeSa artha meM prayukta nahIM / isa kalpanA ko prathama kisane kI yaha nahIM kahA jA sakatA, kintu bauddhoM meM bhI devoM ke viSaya meM aiso kalpanA ko gaI hai- dIghanikAya (bhA. 3- pR083) gana 'opAtika' zabda kI akathA meM usakA artha diyA hai ki jo mAtA- pitA ke binA janma hotA hai, jaisA kI deva kA vaha opapAtika hai itanA hI nahIM yoni ke cAra prakAroM ko bhI bauddhoM ne ginAyA hai aura ve haiM-aNDajayoni, jalAbujayoni saMsedajayoni aura opapAtiyoni-dIgha0 bhAga 3. pR0179 / isakI tulanA AcArAMga-sUtrakRtAMga se kareM to spaSTa hogA 'upapAta' ko vizeSayoni ke artha meM lenA yaha prAthamika kalpanA nahIM hai / kabhI bAda meM yaha vyavasthA huI hai / isake sAtha tatvArtha ke 2-34-36 kI tulanA kareM jahA~ vyavasthA dI gaI hai ki jarAyuja. aNDaja potaja kA janma garbha hai, deva aura nAraka kA janma upapAta hai aura zeSa jIvoM kA sammUrchana janma hai| dIgha nikAya (pR0195 ) meM 'divvA gambhA' kA ullekha hai jisa para dhyAna diyA jAya to spaSTa hogA ki vicAra vyavasthA kI pUrva bhUmikA meM devoM ke bhI 'garbha' se janma kI mAnyatA hogI cAhe yaha aspaSTa ho ki garbha meM Agati mAtA-pitA ke saMyoga se hogI yA usake binA / kintu 'upapAta' kA vizeSArtha dekara isa zaMkA kA nirAkaraNa kiyA gayA ki mAtA-pitA ke saMyoga ke binA vaha hotA hai / aura yoni ke bheda meM use pRthak batAkara usa naye vicAra kI vyavasthA bhI kI gii| 1. sUtrakRtAMga 547 meM anya mata ke prasaMga meM rAkSasa, yamalaukika, sura, AkAzagAmI gaMdharva ko kAya saMjJA dI gaI hai| 2. upapAtaH- prAdurbhAvo janmAntarasaMkrAntiH, apAte bhavaH auSapAtikaH / AcA0 zI. 161 / 'uvavAiya' AcAra,2,41 / uvAya' 119, 180,209 / yahA~ TIkAkAra upa+pat samajhate hai kintu vAstava meM vaha uma+pad kA rUpa liyA jAya to acchA hogaa| dekheM upapAda, upapAduka zabda, Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Dictionary (BHS). 3.dekheM pAli DikzanerI meM 'upapAtika' aura 'opapAtika' tathA BHS meM 'aupapAduka' jarAyuja, aNDaja aura
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________________ sUtrakRtAMga prathama zrutaskaMdhameM jainadarzana 29 paMcamahAbhUtavAdI ke bAda ekAtmakavAdakA nirAkaraNa hai (9-10) / niyukti meM ise 'ekappae' (gA 027) arthAt 'ekAtmaka' kahA hai| cUrNimeM vyAkhyA hai ki "tatra kecit ekAtma jagadicchanti / tatra keSAMcida viSNuH kartA, keSAMcid mahezvaraH / sa hi kRtvA jagat punaH saMkSipati" / sUtra0 cU0 pR0 25 / / sUtrakRtAMgameM isa matakA spaSTIkaraNa hai ki jaise eka hI pRthvI stUpa hai kintu vaha nAnArUpameM dIkhatA hai vaise hI eka 'viSNU' nAnA rUpameM dIkhatA hai / yahA~ 'viSNU' kA artha vijJa bhI hai aura viSNu bhI (cU0 pR. 25) / kintu niyuktikA 'ekAtmavAda' eka brahma yA eka AtmA jo aniSad meM mAnya hai vahI ho sakatA hai / eka hI brahma nAnA rUpoM meM dIkhatA hai yahI mantavya ekAtmavAdI kA hai| aura yaha bhI ki vahI eka pApa karake usakA phala (duHkha) bhogatA hai- sUtrakR 10 / isa matako jaba anya matake rUpameM nirdiSTa kiyA usase yaho pholita huA ki jainadarzanameM jagat ekAtmaka nahIM hai / usameM nAnA jIva haiM aura ve apane apane karmoM kA phala bhoga karate haiN| eka hI AtmA nahIM / isake bAda sUtrakRtAMga meM tajjIva-taccharIravAda kA nirAkaraNa hai-aisA niyukti (gA027) aura cUrNimeM pR023 meM kahA gayA hai| sUtrakRtAMga meM (sUtrakR0 11-12) isa matakA vivaraNa hai ki nAnA sattva-jIva aurapAtika nahIM haiM arthAt nayA janma dhAraNa nahIM karate, puNya nahIM hai, pApa nahIM hai, isake bAda koI paraloka bhI nahIM / zarIra ke vinAza ke sAtha hI dehI AtmA kA vinAza ho jAtA hai / spaSTa hai ki yaha mata akriyAvAdI hai| aura isakI tulanA akriyAvAdI puraNa kassapake matase kI jA sakatI hai / ucchedavAdI ajita 'kesakambalakA mata bhI aisA hI hai / usa ke matameM bhI suva.ta-duSkRta kA phala nahIM aura paraloka bhI nahIM / caturmahA. bhata se puruSa kA nirmANa hotA hai aura mRtyu ke bAda bhUtoM meM mila jAtA hai / ina kA mata bhI tajjovatancharoravAda aura akriyAvAda kahA jA sakatA hai / isa tajjIva-taccharIravAda ko amAnya karane se phalita hotA hai ki jainamatAnusAra AtmA svataMtra hai / ve nAnA hai yaha to kahA hI gayA hai aura aba yaha phalita huA ki mRtyu ke sAtha AtmA kA uccheda nahIM hotA, vaha apane karmake anusAra punarjanma dhAraNa karatA hai aura kama vihIna hokara mukti lAbha bhI kara sakatA hai| tajjIvataccharIrake nirAkaraNake bAda akArakavAda kA nirAkaraNa hai aisA cUrNi (pR027) meM spaSTIkaraNa hai| sUtrakRtAMga meM isa matake anusAra AtmA kartA aura kAraka bhI nahIM AtmA to akAraka hai (13) / isa matako cUrNimeM spaSTarUpa se sAMkhya kA mata batAyA hai / sAMkhyoM ne AtmA ko akartA mAnA hai -yaha sarvavidita haiM / uaniSada meM bhI isa mata kI puSTi dekhI jAtI hai- chAndogya 7-9-1 meM AtmAko akartA kahA gayA hai / aura gItAne (13-3.) bhI AtmA ke amartRtvakA samarthana kiyA hai / isa taraha akArakavAda ke nirAkaraNase spaSTa hotA hai ki janadarzana meM AtmA ko karmakA kartA mAnA gayA hai / 1. "pUraNo kassapo...akiriyaM vyAkAsI" dIgha pR0 46 / 2. "ajito kesakambalo .. ucchedaM vyAkAsI' dIgha pR048 / 3. dIgha0 pR. 48 / /
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________________ jainadarzana kA udbhava aura vikAsa isake bAda AtmA ko pA~ca mahAbhUtase atirikta mAnanevAloM kA mata hai aura usa matake anusAra AtmA aura loka zAzvata hai / ina donoM kI utpatti hotI nahIM / ye niyata haiM / aura asat kI utpatti nahIM hotIM yaha bhI isa matakA siddhAnta hai ( 15-16 ) / ' isa matako cUrNi meM aphalavAda meM bhI kahA hai / isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki jaba isa mata meM niyati kA svIkAra huA arthAt hI puruSArthavAda ko avakAza nahIM, karmavAdakA svIkAra nahIM, taba phala kaise hogA ? aura yaha bhI dhyAnameM denA cAhie ki isa mata ko satkAryavAdI mAnanA ucita hai / yahI vAda sAMkhyoM ne bhI mAnA / jainadarzana meM to sadasatkAryavAda kA svIkAra spaSTarUpa se dArzanika kAla meM huA hai / niyativAda svIkAra meM hI asat kI utpattikA asvIkAra saMnihita hai / ataeva niyativAdI satkAryavAdI ho yaha svAbhAvika hai / kintu isa matake nirAkaraNa se jaina to phalavAdI aura puruSArthavAdI hI yaha phalita hotA hai / bauddhamata kA bhI nirdeza kiyA gayA hai aura kahA hai ki ye pAMca rakhate haiM aura unheM kSaNika mAnate haiM / sAtha hI yaha bhI nirdeza hai ki inake anya yA ananya (AtmA) tathA hetu se yA ahetuka (utpatti) bhI mAnya nahIM hai haiM ki pRthvI, Apa, teja tathA vAyu ye dhAtu haiM aura inakI 'rUpa' saMjJA hai (18) 13 isameM jo 'anya - ananya na hone kI bAta kahI gaI hai vaha bha. buddha ke mata ko pUrvokta jo AtmA ko pAMca bhUtoM se pRthak nahIM mAnate aura jo pRthakU mAnate hai una donose pRthakU karatI hai / arthAt hI buddhane pAMca bhUtoM se nirmita zarIra se jIva yA AtmA ko anya aura ananya kahane se inakAra kiyA hai / yaha unake avyAkRta praznoM se spaSTa hotA hai / aura anyatra bhI isakI carcA buddhane kI hai / " bauddhoMne pratItyasamutpAda mAnakara hetu se yA ahetuka utpattikA nirAkaraNa kiyA hai yaha vidita hI / isa ke lie vizeSarUpa se nAgArjuna kI vigrahanyAvartanI aura mAdhyamikakArikA dekhI jA sakatI hai / 30 bauddha mata ke nirAkaraNa se yaha phalita hotA hai ki aikAntika kSaNikavAda jainasaMmata nahIM / kyoMki jIvakA punarjanma spaSTarUpase svIkRta hai ( AcA0 2-4 ) / aura yaha bhI spaSTa kiyA hai ki jIvakI Adi aura anta dekhA nahIM jAtA / arthAt hI jIva nitya hai ( 123 ) / zarIra aura jIva kI bhedAbhedako carcA bhagavatI meM kI gaI hai aura zarIra se pAramArthika dRSTi se jIva bhinna haiM yaha AcArAMga ( 176) meM spaSTa kiyA gayA haiM / jaina hetuoM se utpatti mAnate haiM yaha bhI spaSTa hai kyoM ki niyati na mAnakara puruSArtha kA svIkAra kiyA gayA hai / paMca skandha ke sthAna meM jIva aura ajIva kI kalpanA AcArAMga meM hI spaSTa kI gaI hai / jisakI tulanA bauddhoM ke nAma aura rUpase kI jA sakatI hai / sAMkhyoM ke prakRti - puruSa se bhI kI jA sakatI hai / skandha kI mAnyatA mata meM (zarIra se ) (17) ye mAnate 1. asat se utpatti hotI hai-isa matakA ullekha aura nirAkaraNa chAndo0 6.2 meM hai / 2. "idANiM AyacchA phalavAdi tti" - sUtrakR0 cU0 pR0 28 / 3. dekheM bauddha avataraNa ke lie sUtrakR0 pR0 360 / 4. majjhimanikAya cUlamAluMkya sutta 63 / isakI vizeSa carcA ke lie dekheM nyAyA0 prastAvanA pR0 14 / 5. dekheM dIghanikAya pR0 134- 135 / sUtra0 meM uddhRta pAThake lie dekheM pR0 359 /
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________________ sUtrakRtAMga prathama zrutaskaMdha meM jainadarzana 31 - bauddhoM kI eka anya mAnyatAkA' bhI ullekha hai jisake anusAra yadi jAnabUjhakara kAya se hiMsA na kare, abudha= bAlaka yadi hiMsA kare, to kevala karma ke sparza kI vedanA hai, yaha avyakta sAvadharma hai / arthAt hI usa avasthA meM hiMsA kA pApa nahIM / pApa ke tIna kAraNa haiM svayaM hiMsA kA abhikrama kare, dUsare ko bheja kara hiMsA kA karma kare yA manase hiMsA kI anumodanA kare / yadi apane bhAva kI vizuddhi kara ina tInoM se virata ho to nirvANalAbha hotA hai / isa dRSTi se yadi koi asaMyata puruSane putrako hatyA kI ho ora medhAvI (bhikSu ) ( usake mAMsakA) bhojana kare to bhI vaha karma se lipta nahIM hotA hai (50-54) / cauddhoM ke isa siddhAnta kA vikasita rUpa hameM abhidharmakoSa meM milatA hai jisakI carcA vistAra se tattvArtha TIkAkAra siddhasenane kI hai| yaha carcA paM. sukhalAlajIne jJAnacindukI prastAvanA meM upasthita kI hai ( pR0 30) aura zrI jaMbUvijayajI ne bhI sUtrakRtAMpa kI prastAvanA meM ( pR0 10-12 ) isa carcA ko punaH spaSTa kiyA hai / mUlapAThoM ke lie dekhe jJAna binduprakaraNa TippaNAni pR0 79-97 / AjIvikoM ke niyativAda ke viSaya meM kahA gayA hai ki jIvako jo sukhaduHkha milatA hai usakA kAraNa svakRta yA parakRta karma nahIM kintu vaha saMgatika hai / aura yaha bhI kahA hai ki ve yaha nahIM jAnate ki kyA niyata hai aura kyA aniyata hai ( sutrakR0 27-30) / arthAt ye ahetuvAdI hai (sarvamahetutaH pravartata iti sUtrakR0 cU0 pR0 31) / saMgatika zabda kA artha cUrNi meM hai - "saMgatiyaM NAma sahagataM saMyuktamityarthaH / athavA asya AtmanaH nityaM saMgatAni iti / saMgateridaM saMgatiyaM bhavati, saMgateva hitaM saMgatikaM bhavati" - sutrakR0 cU0 pR0 31 / niyata-aniyata ke spaSTIkaraNa meM kahA hai ki kucha karma avazya vedanIya hai jaise ki nirupakrama Ayu deva aura nArakakA / yaha niyatabedanIya hai / aura sopakrama Ayu ko aniyata vedanIya kahA hai sUtrakR0 cU0 pR0 324 / spaSTa hai ki jaba isa matakA nirAkaraNa kiyA to karma aura usake phala kI mAnyatA hone se karmavAdI jainamata ho yaha siddha hotA hai aura AcArAga meM prAraMbha meM hI mAnyatA ko svIkRti dI hI hai (Aco0 3 ) / karmavAda kI ajJAnavAdiyoM ke matakA nirdeza karake kahA hai ki kucha zramaNa-brAhmaNa haiM jo kahate haiM ki hama saba kucha jAnate haiM, lokake anya jIva kucha bhI nahIM jAnate, ve to mlecchake samAna haiM, jo amlecchakI bAta sunakara usakI AvRtti mAtra karate haiM / tAtparya ve samajhate nahIM ityAdi (40-49) / pAlipiTaka meM jo saMjaya belaTThaputta kA mata nirdiSTa hai usakI saMjJA vikSepavAda hai aura vaha isa ajJAnavAda se pRthak pratIta hotA hai / prastuta ajJAnavAda ke nirAkaraNa se itanA hI phalita hotA hai ki jJAna kisI eka ko ho hai aura zeSa mUrkha hai aisA nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| jo bhI Ane jJAnAvaraNa kA nirAkaraNa kara sake vaha svayaM jJAnI hogA yaha bAta jainako mAnya hogI / arthAt hI saba jIvako jJAnI banane kA adhikAra hai - yaha jainamata phalita hotA hai / 1. yahA~ use kriyAvAdI karmavAdI kahA hai / sUtrakR0 pR0 50 / 2. isa bauddhamatakI puSTi ke lie dekheM sUtrakR0 pR0 360 - 361 meM bauddha uddharaNa / 3. vyAkhyA ke lie sUtra0 cU0 pR0 37-38 / 4. tattvArthabhASya 2. 52 / 5. dIgha0 pR0 51 /
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________________ jainadarzana kA udbhava aura vikAsa isI prakAra loka ke viSaya meM jo nAnA mata the jaise ki devagupta, brahmagupta, IzvarakRta tathA pradhAnAdikRta, svayaMbhUkRta, mAyAkRta, aNDakRta Adi-unako bhI mRSAvAdI kahakara amAnya kiyA hai (64-68) aura kahA haiM- "tattaM te na viyANaMti na viNAsI kayAi vi" (68) arthAt yaha loka avinAzI hai| arthAt hI kisI ne utpanna bhI nahIM kiyaa| isa mata ke nirAkaraNa meM kahA hai ki samutpAda ko hI nahIM jAnate to saMvara ko kyA jAneMge (69) - sUtrakRtAMgameM Izvara ke avatAravAda ke viruddha jo kahA hai vaha isa prakAra hai-kucha loga AtmAko zuddha aura apApa mAnakara bhI krIr3A aura pradveSa ke kAraNa use aparAdhI mAnate haiM (70) / isase spaSTa hotA hai ki Izvara kA avatAra' krIDA ke kAraNa hotA hai athavA dharmahAni ko dekhakara hAnikAraka ke viruddha pradveSa ke kAraNa hotA hai, yaha mAnyatA taba taka pracalita ho gaI hogii| yahA~ gItAke a0 4 zlo0 6-8 dhyAna dene yogya haiM / jahA~ spaSTa kiyA gayA hai ki Izvara ke kaI avatAra hote haiM dharma kI rakSA aura duSToM ke vinAzake lie| isase spaSTa hotA hai ki vItarAga puruSa ko punarjanma hotA nahIM aisA spaSTa mantavya jainoM kA sthira ho gayA hogaa| AcArAMga meM prAyaH lokakA artha thA jIvasamUha, to yahA~ usase pRthak kSetraloka kI kalpanA spaSTa hai kyoM ki jIvaloka aura kSetraloka kA pRthakkaraNa hone para hI ukta sRSTiH vicAra ko avakAza milatA hai| aura isI kSetralokake viSaya meM eka mata / loka ananta hai aura nitya hai, zAzvata hai, usakA vinAza hotA nahIM hai-kintu jainadarzana ke anusAra loka antavAn hai, nitya hai-(81)| AcAgaMga meM ekacAra 'lokAloka prapaMca' zabda kA prayoga huA hai- 127 / isase aloka kI mAnyatA siddha hotI hai / ataeva yahA~ loka ko antavAn mAnanA saMgata hai| jIvo ke bhedoM meM bhavanavAsI Adi cAra prakAra ke devoM kA vibhAga jo bAdake Agama meM spaSTa hai vaha sUtrakRtAMga meM dekhA nahIM jAtA anyathA "devA gandhavarakkhasA asurA" (93) aura 'je rakkhasA vA jamaloiyA vA je vA'surA gaMdhavA va kAyA"547-yaha ullekha isa rUpa meM nahIM hotA-yaha prakriyA to usa kAla ke vaidikoM kI thii| 'rAtribhojana sahita mahAvratoM' kA ullekha sUtrakRtAMga meM (145) milatA hai aura eka sAtha pAMca prANAtipAta AdikA ullekha bhI hai (232) / ataeva isake kAlameM pAMva mahAvrato kI mAnyatA sthira ho gaI thI aisA kahA jA sakatA hai jo, sUtrakRtAMga ke dvitIya zrutaskaMdha meM (681) tathA dazavakAlika meM to spaSTa rUpase nirdiSTa hI hai| loka meM tIna loka-Urdhva, adhaH aura tiryak kI kalpanA spaSTa hai aura usameM sasthAvaroM kA nivAsa hai-yaha bhI spaSTa ho gayA hai (244) kintu naraka ke sAta bheda jisa rUpameM Age calakara sthira hue usake sthAnameM narakoM kA vibhAga kucha dUsarA hI sUtrakRtAMga meM hai (a0 5) / vaidikaparibhASA meM vidyA aura AcaraNa (545 ) ko mokSamArga kahakara bhI 1. sUtra cU. meM mUla pATha hai- "kIlAvaNappadoseNa rajasA avatArate" aura zIlAMkaTIkAnusArI pATha hai-puNo koDApadoseNa se tattha avarajjhati" (70) / 2. AcArAMga meM kSetraloka kI bAta nahIM thI yaha kahanA abhipreta nahIM kintu yaha ki vahA~ adhikAMza meM loka zabda jIvasamUha ke lie prayukta hai, vaha aba kSetralokakI vyavasthA ke bAda usa artha meM prayukta honA kama ho gyaa|
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________________ sUtrakRtAMga prathama zrutaskaMdhameM jainadarzana -mokSa kA mArga yA siddhi kI prApti ke tIna kAraNa-jJAna, darzana aura zIla yahA~ spaSTa rUpa se kahe gaye haiM (368) jisakA anusaraNa sUtrakRtAMga meM hI dvitIya zrutaskaMdha meM sAtaveM adhyayanameM 860veM sUtrameM zolake sthAna meM cAritra zabda rakha kara jo huA vahI pArimASika rUpase Age ke sabhI granthoM meM anusRta hai / yahA~ zIla zabda kA prayoga jo hai vaha cAritra ko 'zIla' zabdase khyAta karane kI prAcIna prathA ko lekara hai yaha dhyAna meM rakhanA jarUrI haibauddho meM zIla, samAdhi aura prajJA ye kramika kAraNa haiN| kintu jainoM meM jJAna-darzana-cAritra ye kramika' kAraNa hai isa aura bhI dhyAna denA jarUrI hai / upaniSadoM meM jJAna ko hI mahattva diyA gayA thA, usake sthAna meM yahA~ cAritra ko mahattva milA hai| cauddhauM ne bhI zIla ko mahattva diyA, kintu kramameM use prathama rakhakara prajJAko usase adhika mahattva diyA vaha eka prakAra se zIla kI apekSA jJAna ko hI adhika mahattva hai-isako sUcita karatA hai| kintu jainoM kI dRSTimeM cAritra kA vizeSa mahattva hai| ina kAraNoM se saMpUrNa karmoM kA vizodhana hotA hai arthAt kSaya hotA hai taba ho siddhi yA mukti prApta hotI hai-yaha bhI spaSTa kiyA gayA hai| isI dRSTi se bha. mahAvIra ko nirvANavAdI meM zreSTha batAyA gayA hai (372) / siddhi ke anya kAraNa jaise ki AhAra kA tyAga, sItodakakA sevana. agnihotra (392)-ina kA nirAkaraNa kiyA gayA hai aura kahA hai ki yadi zItodakake sevana se mukti hotI ho to sadaiva zItodakakA sevana karanevAle matsyAdikI siddhi ho jAnI cAhie (394-397) / isI prakAra agnihotra kA bhI nirAkaraNa kiyA gayA kyoM / isameM niraparAdha jIvoM kI hiMsA hotI hai (398-401) / sUtrakRtAMgameM Akara tattvoM kI gaNanA kisa prakAra hone lago yaha bhI dekha lenA jarUrI jisase usa sUcI meM kisa prakAra saMkoca-vistAra hokara vyavasthA huI yaha jAnA jA skegaa| dArzanika matoMkA vibhAjana kriyA, akriyA, vinaya aura ajJAna vAdoMmeM karake bhI jainamata ko jaisA ki AcArAMga (3) ke prAraMbhameM kahA hai kriyAvAda hI kahanA hogA / ataeva yaha spaSTIkaraNa Avazyaka thA ki vAstavika kriyAvAdI kauna ho sakatA hai yA kriyAvAdake upadezake lie kyA zarta ho / isakA spaSTIkaraNa 12 veM adhyayanameM kiyA gayA hai aura vahA~ usa prasaMgameM- AtmA, loka, gati aura anAgati, zAzvata aura azAzvata, janma-maraNa, upapAta aura vyutkrAMti, Asrava aura saMvara, duHkha aura nirjarA- inako jo jAnatA hai vahI kriyAvAdakA upadeza dene kA adhikArI hai- yaha spaSTIkaraNa kiyA gayA hai (554-555) / yaha sUcI usa samaya takake mAnya tatvoM kI kahI jA sakatI hai| jaina darzanakA anekAntavAda prasiddha hai| usa anekAntavAdakA pUrva rUpa hai vibhajyavAda / sUtrakRtAMgameM yaha kahA gayA hai ki- "vibhajjavAyaM ca viyAgarejjA' (601) arthAt vacanameM vibhajyavAda kA Azraya lenA caahie| yaha vibhajyavAda bha0 buddhake dvArA bhI upadiSTa hai| maiMne apanI pustaka "Agamayuga kA jainadarzana" meM (pR0 53 se) isakI vyAkhyA karane kA tathA buddhake vibhajyavAdake sAtha tulanA karanekA prayatna kiyA hai| ataeva yahA~ usakA vistAra karanA anAvazyaka hai / sArAMza yaha hai ki kisI praznakA ekAnta uttara na dekara vibhAga karake uttara denA yaha vibhajyavAda hai| usImeM se anekAntavAdakA vikAsa huA hai| sUtrakRtAMgameM isakI 1. tattvArthasUtra meM krama hai darzana, jJAna, cAritra-yaha vicAra ke vikAsa kI sUcanA detA hai| 2, sUya0 378 /
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________________ 34 jainadarzana kA udbhava aura vikAsa koI vyakhyA nahIM milatI, kintu bhagavatIsUtra ke kaI sUtra aise haiM jiname vibhajyavAdakA svarUpa spaSTa hotA hai / vibhajyavAda meM nayakA vicAra nahIM huA hai / nayavAda ke vikAsako taba avasara milA jaba tattvakI vivecanA zurU huI / vibhajyavAda kI jo prAraMbhika carcA hai usameM jaise ki jJAnA aura ajJAno, ghartI-adharmI Adi vibhAga karake uttara diyA jAtA hai| kintu anekAntavAda apekSA yA nayoM ko zodha kI gaI ora kramazaH usI paraMparAkA vikAsa hokara anekAntavAda sthira huA / sUtrakRtAMga dvitIya zrutaskaMdha sUtrakRtAMga ke dvitIya zrutaskaMdha meM prathama zrutaskaMdhagata tattvavivAra meM pragati dekhI jAtI hai / dvitIya skaMdha ke pAMcaveM adhyayana 'AyArasuya' meM yaha spaSTIkaraNa hai ki loka anAdi aura ananta hai aisA jAnakara bhI use kevala zAzvata yA azAzvata nahIM kahanA cAhie (755) / zAstAkA uccheda hogA aura sabhI prANI visadRza haiM tathA sabhI prANI sadaiva grantha meM hI raheMge arthAt saMsArameM ho sadaiva bhramaNa karate raheMge- aisI mAnyatA bhI nahIM kahanI cAhie (757) / isI siddhAnta se phalita hone vAlA dUsarA siddhAnta bhI kahA ki jIva choTA ho yA bar3A, unakI hiMsAse honevAlA vaira sadRza ho hai yA asadRza ho hai aisA bhI nahIM kahanA cAhie ( 759) / isase jIvakI zarIraparimANa kI mAnyatA phalita hotI hai, kintu spaSTa zabdoM meM use kahA nahIM gayA hai / yathAkAmya ( AhAkampa ) sAdhu ke lie bA-yadi upayoga meM letA hai to avazya karmabandha hotA hai yA nahIM hotA hai yaha kahanA bhI nahIM cAhie ( 761) / isa prakAra audArika AhAra aura kArmaNa AhArameM apanI vIryazakti hai yA nahIM hai aisA bhI ekAntarUpa se nahIM kahanA cAhie (763) / ye sabhI avacanIya haiM - avaktavya haiM / kintu isake bAda zraddhA ke darzana ke viSayoM kI carcA jo kI gaI hai usameM ukta prathama zrutaskaMdhagata sUcIko nayA rUpa - saMzodhita rUpa diyA gayA hai / aura unheM 'asti' koTi meM rakhA gayA hai / vahA~ jina tattvoM ko 'asti' kahanA aura 'nAsti' nahIM kahanA yaha kahakara ginAyA hai ve haiM - loka, aloka, jIva, ajIva, dharma, adharma, bandha, mokSa, puNya, pApa, Asrava, saMvara, vedanA, nirjaMga, kriyA, akriyA, krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha, prema, dveSa, caturaMta saMsAra, deva, devo, siddhi, asiddhi, siddhinijasthAna hai, sAdhu, asAdhu, kalyANa, aura pApa (765 - 781) / yahA~ yaha spaSTa karanA jarUrI hai ki yahA~ jo dharma-adharma ginAye haiM unakA tAtparya dharmAfears aura astikAya nahIM hai yaha vAta sabhI TIkAoM ko mAnya hai| spaSTa hai ki yaha sUcI Age calakara jo sAta yA nava tatvakI sUcI svIkRta huI hai usakA pUrvarUpa hai / ataeva hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki yaha tattvoM yA padArthoM kI sUcI vyavasthita karane kA prayatna sarvaprathama huA hai / usake bAda krapase paMcAstikAya aura Sadravya kI sUcI banI hai / yaha padArthoMkI sUcI vizvarUpakI vyAkhyA ke lie nahIM kintu mokSamArgako vyAkhyAke anukUla hai / vizvavyAkhyA ke lie to paMcAstikAya - SaDdravyakI sUcI banI hai / paMcAstikAya aura SadravyakI kalpanA nava tattva yA sAta tattva ke bAda hI huI hai usakA pramANa hameM bhagavatI sUtra se mila jAtA hai / vahA~ prazna kiyA gayA hai ki lokAntameM khar3A raha kara deva aloka meM apanA hAtha hilA sakatA hai yA nahIM ? uttara diyA gayA ki nahIM hilA sakatA / aura usakA kAraNa batAyA ki "jIvANaM AhArAvaciyA pogalA, boMdiciyA poggalA, kalevaraciyA pogalA, poggalameva pana jIvANa ya ajIvANa ya gaipariyAe Ahijjai / aloe
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________________ sUtrakRtAMga dvitIya zrutaskaMdha NaM nevasthi jIvA nevatthi poggalA"-16.8.15 / spaSTa hai ki jIva aura ajIva kI gatikA kAraNa pudgalako mAnA gayA hai / yadi bhagavarta ke isa starakI racanAke samayameM dharmAstikAyadravyakI kalpanA sthira ho gaI hotI to aisA uttara milatA nhiiN| dharmAstikAyAdi kI prarUpaNA kyA bhagavAn mahAvIra ne kI hai ? aise prazna bhI anya tIrthikoM ko hue haiM yaha bhI sUcita karatA hai ki yaha koI naI bAta dArzanika kSetrameM cala paDI thI--bhagavatI-7.10.3-6 / bhagavatI meM hI dharmAstitakAya Adike jo paryAya diye gaye haiM vaha bhI unheM dravya mAnane ke pakSa meM nahIM hai-bhagavatI 20.2.4-5 "dhammasthikAyassa NaM bhaMte kevaiyA abhivayaNA pannattA ? goyamA ! aNegA abhivayaNA paNNattA, taM jahA dhamme ti vA dhammasthikAe ti vA, pANAivAyaveramaNe ti vA, musAvAyaveramaNe ti vA evaM jAva pariggahaveramaNe ti vA, kohavivege ti vA, jAva micchAdasaNasallavivege ti vA, riyAsamitI ti vA, bhAsAsa0 esaNAsa0 AyANabhaMDamattanikkhevaNasa0 uccArapAsavaNakhelasighANapAriTThAvaNiyAsamitI ti vA, maNaguttI ti vA vaiguttI ti vA kAyaguttI ti vA je yAvanne tahappagArA savve te dhamasthikAyassa abhivayaNA"-ityAdi- isI taraha adharmAstikAya ke bhI paryAya zabda diye haiN| isase spaSTa hai ki gatisahAyAdi dravyarUpase jo Age calakara dharma aura adharma astikAya kI kalpanA kI gaI hai usakA yaha pUrvarUpa hai, jisakA saMbaMdha aThAraha pApasthAnoM se virati aura avirati aura samiti guptike pAlana-apAlana rUpa zramaNAdi ke AcAraanAcArarUpa dharma-adharma se hai / dravya dharma-adharma se nahIM / ukta ati vistRta sUci kA saMkoca dekhanA ho to sUtrakRtAMga ke hI dvitIya zrutaskaMdha ke dUsare adhyayana ke 715 veM sUtra meM hai-jahA~-jIva, ajIva, puNya, pApa, Asrava, saMvara,' vedanA, nirjarA, kriyA, adhikaraNa, bandha aura mokSa kA nirdeza hai / isI sUcI kA saMkoca hama sAta padArtha meM aura nava tattva meM dekhate haiN| isameM se vedanA, kriyA aura adhikaraNa ko nikAla dene se hI ye aMtima sUciyA~ banI hai- isameM saMdeha nahIM hai| spaSTa hai ki sUtrakRtAMga ke kAla taka paMcAstikAya aura Sadravya kI carcA ne tattvavicAraNA meM sthAna pAyA nahIM hai| pramANa yA jJAna kI cacoM meM bhI pragati sutrakRtAMga meM dekhI jA sakatI hai / yadyapi prathama zru0 meM 'savaNNu'-sarvajJa zabda kA prayoga nahIM dikhatA phira bho 'na nAyaputtA paramatthi nANI' (375) aNaMtacakkhU (357), savvadaMzI abhibhUyanANI (356) arthatanANadaMsI (460), 'aNuttaranANI, aNuttaradaMsI, aNuttaranANadaMsaNadhare' (164), aNatanANI aNatadasI (354), tilogadaMsI (595), jagasalvadaMsiNA (141) ye sarvajJatA kI sUcanA to dete hI hai| spaSTarUpa se nirdeza ke lie to AcArAMga ke dvitIya aura sUtrakRtAMga ke dvitIya zrutaskaMdha hI hamAre lie pramANa upasthita karate haiM-'savaNNU savvabhAvadarisI' (A0773) 'kevalI bUyA' (A0338,340,342 Adi), 'kevala' (sU0835-836), 'kevaleNa puSNeNa nANeNa (sU0836), 'kevalavaranANadaMsaNaM' (A.772,733; suu0714)| AcArAMga ke dvitIya zrutaskaMdha meM 'tittha' (752) 'titthayarAbhiseya' (739) jaise prayoga sUcita karate haiM ki usa kAla meM arhatoM ko 'tIrthakara' zabdase sambodhita kiyA jAne lagA thA / usI zabda kA prayoga phira to sAmAnya ho gayA-bhagavatI suu04(2)| 1. sUtrakRtAMga meM Akara pAMca Asrava aura usake saMvara kI vyavasthA ho gaI hai- "sAhUpaMca saMvarasaMvuDe" 88 /
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________________ jainadarzana kA udbhava aura vikAsa sUtrakRtAMga dvitIya zrutaskaMdha meM bhI avadhi aura manaHparyAya kI koI carcA nahIM hai kintu AcArAMga ke dvitIya zrutaskaMdha meM bha. mahAvIra ke janma ke samaya meM tIna jJAna kA ullekha hai jo sune| karatA hai ki pAMva jJAna kI kalpanA sthira ho gaI thii| kyoMki vahIM spaSTa kiyA gayA hai ki dokSA lete kI unheM manaHparyAya jJAna kA bhI lAbha huA (A.. sUtrakRvAMga ke dvitIya zrutaskaMdhakA prathama adhyayana prathama zrutaskaMdha meM jina 2 matoM kA khaMDana kiyA gayA hai unameM se kucha kA vizeSa vivaraNa prastuta karatA hai| usa prasaMga meM jainadarzana ko mAnyatAe~ kisa prakAra spaSTa rUpameM banatI gaI unakI kucha jhalaka hameM milatI haiN|' aneka dRSTAMta dekara yaha siddha karane kI koziza kI gaI hai ki zarIra se bhinna jIva ko siddhi ho nahIM sakatI / zarIra ko jalA dene ke bAda AtmA yA jIva hA kahIM patA nahIM lagatA atarava paraloka aura sukata -duphata kI bAta karanA mithyA hai-yaha mithyA mana 'tajjIvAcchazAravAda' kA prathama ullakhita hai 650 - 653) / arthAt hI jainoM kI jo zarIra se bhinna hai-yaha mAnyatA sthira huI / dUsarA mata paMcabhUtavAdIoM kA hai (655-658) / isa mata meM pRthvI, Apa, teja, vAyu aura AkAza ye pAMca mahAbhUta haiM aura ve anirmita, anirmApita, akRta, akRtrima, akRtaka, anAdi, anidhana, avadhya, apurohita, satata aura zAzvata haiN| ina pAMcoM ke alAvA AtmA bhI chaThA tattva hai / unakA kahanA hai ki sat kA vinAza nahIM hotA aura asat kI utpatti nahIM hotii| ataeva itane meM hI jIvakAya, asti kAya yA sarvaloka A jAtA hai / koI kisI ko mAre taba bhI koi doSa hotA nahIM / kyoMki ukta tattva to zAzvata haiM / isa mata ko bhI mithyA kahA ataeva phalita yaha huA ki jainamatAnusAra ye tattva aise nahIM jisameM koI parivartana na ho| pRthvI Adi sabhI meM parivartana kI guMjAIza hai aura isI kAraNa se hiMsA Adi doSoM kI saMbhAvanA bhI hai / inhIM tatvoM meM loka ko sImita karanA bhI jaina matako mAnya nahI-yaha bhI isase phalita hotA hai / isa paMcabhUtavAdioM ne apane tattvoM ko astikAya (sa0657) kahA hai-saMbhava hai yahIM se jainoM ne apane tatva ke lie astikAya zabda apanAyA ho / kyoMki isa matavAlo ne inhIM ko loka bhI kahA hai aura Age calakara jainoM ne bhI loka kI vyavasthA paMcAstikAya se hI kI hai / (bhagavaI 13.4.23) athavA yaha bhI saMbhava hai ki jainoM kI apanI mAnyatA ko samakSa rakha kara bhI yaha tulanA ko gaI ho| isa dRSTi se astikAya zabda kA prayoga prathama jainoM dvArA huA yaha mAnanA pddegaa| isa matake jo anyatra varNana Ate haiM usameM astikAya zabda kA prayoga dikhAI nahIM detA ataeva adhika saMbhava hai ki yahA~ apane matako samakSa meM rakhakara hI dUsare mata kA vivaraNa diyA hai| __ tIsare mata meM kevala IzvarakAraNika kI carcA hai (659) / prathama zrutaskaMdha meM jo Izvara ke alAvA anya kAraNoM kI carcA kI gaI hai usa kA nirdeza nahIM hai yaha siddha karatA hai ki aneka kAraNoM meM se kevala IzvarakAraNavAda hI vizeSa pratiSThita huA taba kI yaha racanA ho / isa mata ko bhI mithyA batAyA hai-tAtparya yahI hai ki jagatsRSTi kA kAraNa Izvara 1. isake lie udAharaNa ke taura para AvArAMga prathama zrutagata SaDjIvanikAya kA varNana aura sutrakRtAMga gata usake varNana kI tulanA kI jAya to uttarottara vikAsa kaisA hotA gayA yaha jJAna ho jAyagA-sUtrakRtAMga dvitIyazrutaskandha kA adhyyn-3|
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________________ sUtrakRtAMga dvitIya zrutaskaMdha nahIM hai / saMsAra to anAdi aura ananta hai (aNAiyaM ca NaM aNavayAga dIhamaddhaM cAuratasaMsArakaMtAraM (suu0719)| cauthA mata niyativAda nirdiSTa hai (663-665) / usakA bhI nirAkaraNa kiyA gayA hai| arthAt hI niyati ke sthAna meM puruSArtha aura karma ko mahattva diyA gayA hai / spaSTIkaraNa kiyA gayA hai saMsAra meM svakRta karma svako hI bhugatanA par3atA hai / pratyeka jIva apane karma kA kartA aura bhoktA hai| pratyeka jIva meM apanA maraNa, cayana, upapAda, jhaMjhA', saMjJA, manana, vijJAna aura vedanA hote haiM / anya koI sambandhI jana isameM trANa yA zaraNa nahIM hai / ataeva jIva ko cAhie ki vaha kAmabhoga ko apanA na mAne aura apane sambandhI janako bhI apanA na mAne / AcArAMga meM SaDjIvanikAya kA mukhya rUpase varNana hai kintu sUtrakRtAMga ke dvitIya zrataskandha meM jIvavicArane pragati kI hai yaha spaSTa hai / jIva ke kaI uttara bheda AcArAMga meM nahIM milate unakA vivaraNa yonibheda ko lekara vistAra se kiyA gayA hai / jIvoM kI utpatti kisa 2 yoni meM hotI hai / tathA eka bhava se dUsare bhava meM jaba jIva jAtA hai taba vahA~ apane janma sthAna meM kisa prakAra AhAra grahaNa karatA hai aura apane naye audArika zarIra kA nirmANa karatA hai- isako bistRta varNana dvitIya zrutataskandha ke 'AhAra parijJA' nAmaka tIsare adhyayana meM hai| kintu usameM nAraka aura deva ke upapAda kA yA AhAra kA varNana nahIM hai yaha bhI dhyAnameM lenA cAhie / yaha vicAra bAdameM hone lagA yaha spaSTa hotA hai| eka aura bhI dhyAna dene kI bAta haiM ki jIvoM ke eka prakAra ko 'anusyUta' kahA hai| aura dvi-tri-catundriya jIva kauna hai- yaha abhI nizcita nahIM ho pAyA thA / sUtrakRtAMga se yaha bhI spaSTa hotA hai ki bhagavAn ke alAvA bhikSuoM ne bho dharmopadeza denA zurU kiyA thaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki hama aMga meM bhI jo kucha likhA gayA hai vaha saba bhagavAn dvArA upadiSTa hai-yaha nahIM mAna sakate / sUtrakRtAMgameM pApazrutaadhyayanoM athavA to AsurividyAoM ko jo sUcI dI gaI hai usase bhI patA calegA ki yaha racanA bhagavAn mahAvIrakAlIna nahIM hai-(708)| prAcInatama mAne jAne vAle AgamoM se jaina darzana kA jo rUpa hamAre samakSa AtA hai umakA saMkSepameM yahAM nirdeza mai ne kiyA hai / isake bAda ke bhagavato jaise granthoM meM hameM dArzanika vicAroM kI pragati ke sAtha sAtha jo purAnA mata bhI upalabdha hotA hai yahI isakA pramANa hai ki dArzanika mantavyoM meM AgamoM meM uttarottara vikAsa huA hai| aura yaha siddha hotA ki ye donoM grantha sabase prAcIna haiN| aura unhIM meM jainadarzana kI bhUmikA rakhI gaI hai jisakA vikAsa Age ke AgamoM meM aura usake bAda ke dArzanika pranthoM meM huA hai| usa vikAsa kI rUparekhA bhI yahA~ de denA upayukta hogaa| nIvavidyA hI jainoM kI apanI vidyA hai ataeva AgamoM meM jIvavicAra vizeSa rUpa meM huaa| jIva ke jJAna, darzana 1. kalaha, kleza, krodha Adi kaI artha isake haiN| 2. sU0 690 meM spaSTa kahA hai ki bhikSu apanI annAdi kI AvazyakatA kI pUrti ke lie dharmakA kathana na kare / aura bhI 'coyae pannavagaM evaM vayAsI' 'AcArya Ahe' aise prayoga bhI isakA samarthana karate haiM-sU0748, 749 /
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________________ 38 jainadarzana kA udbhava aura vikAsa aura cAritra kA vicAra mukhya hai kintu sAtha hI jIva ke bheda, unakI indriyA~ aura mana vayA zarIra, unakI Ayu, unakI lezyA, unake kaSAya, rahane ke sthAna, eka janma se dUsare janma meM hone vAlI gati aura Agati, jIva ke karmabandhake kAraNa, karma se chUTane ke upAya, nAnA prakAra kI tapasyAe~. siddha jIva kI gati aura sthiti tathA svarUpa, karma kI sthiti, karma ke pradeza, karmakA vipAka-ina bAtoMkA vistAra se vicAra huA / jIva ke sAtha jo kama kA bandhana hotA hai ve ajIva pudgala ke paramANu hote haiM / ataeva pudgala kA vistAra se vivecana bhI huA / jIva aura pudgala kI gati mAnI gaI thI ataeva dharmAstikAya kI aura usakI sthitike lie adharmAstikAya kI kalpanA kI gaI / loka-aloka kA pUrA bhaugolika nirUpaNa huA / jIvako avanati aura unnatikI prakriyA kA vicAra huA / isI saMdarbha meM guNasthAna kI carcA kI gaI aura usI sandarbha meM tIrthaMkara, cakravartI, baladeva, vAsudeva jaise mahApuruSoM kI vicAraNA huii| yaha saba vivaraNa AgamoM meM dekhA jA sakatA hai / jIva aura pudgala ke vivaraNa prasaMga meM vyucchittinaya aura avyucchittinaya, dravyArthika aura paryAyAthikanapa, naigamAdi naya, nizcaya aura vyavahAranaya -ina satra nayoM ko kalpanA kI gaI / abhipreta artha ke nirNaya ke lie nikSepa aura anuyogadvAroM kI kalpanA ko gaI / isa prakAra ke prameyoM ko vyavasthA ke lie pAMca jJa na aura pratyakSa-parokSa jJAnoM ko vyavasthA socI gaI / yaha saba bhagavado, prajJApanA, jIvAjovAbhigama, sthAnAMga-samavAyAdi AgamoM meM dArzanika vi. kAsa kI prakriyA hai| kintu ina saba meM mukhyarUpa se bheda-prabhedoM kI gaNanA aura nirdeza hai / dalIla yo tarka ko avakAza bahuta kama milA hai| tArkika prakriyA kA udbhava aura vikAsa to darzanakAla ke granthoM meM huA hai / ataeva yahA~ usakA bhI saMkSepa meM nirdeza karanA jarUrI hai| AgamoM meM jo kucha vikAsa huA vaha adhikAMza AMtarika yAnI jainadharma kI apanI jIvA. jIvakI mAnyatA ko lekara huA aura dArzanika grantho meM jo vicAra aura vizleSaNa huA vaha bAhya arthAt janatara darzanoM ke saMdarbha meM huA / savase prathama nayoM ke viSaya meM jo vicAravikAsa huA vaha mallavAdI ke naya cakrameM dekhA jA sakatA hai| usameM tatkAlIna sabhI darzanoM kI mAnyatAoM ko hI naya ke rUpa meM mAno gA hai aura isa prakAra tathAkathita mithyAdarzanoM ke samUha ko janadarzana kahA gyaa| mithyAdarzanoM kA samUha hI samyagadarzana-jaina darzana kaise hogA-isa prazna ke uttarameM kahA gayA ki pratyeka naya apane ko ho saca mAnakara calata hai aura anya ko mithyaa| jaba ki sthiti yaha hai ki pratyeka naya AMzika satya hai ataeva apane kadAgraha ke kAraNa hI ve mithyA kahe jA sakate haiM / jainadarzana una nayoM ke kadAgraha kA nirAsa karake sabhI ko satya mAnakara calatA hai ataeva mithyA kA samUha hokara bhI samyak bana jAnA hai / mallavAdI ko isa naya vicAraNA kI preraNA milI thI siddhasena ke sanmatise jahA~ saMkSepa meM naya kA svarUpa anya bhAratIya darzanoM ke saMdarbha meM socA gayA thA / isI naya kI vicAraNA ke AdhAra se anekAntavAda kI sthApanA dekhI jA sakatI hai aura usa sthApanA ke lie samantabhadra kI AtabhImAMsA mArgadarzaka grantha bana gayA hai| prazna yaha thA ki hama Apta kise mAne ? samantabhadra ne uttara diyA ki Apta to jaina ta rthakara hI ho sakate hai kyoM ki unake kathana meM pUrvopara virodha nahIM haiM / java ki anya dArzanikoM meM vaha virodha
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________________ sUtrakRtAMga dvitIya zrutaskaMdha 39 dekhA jA sakatA hai / unhoMne eka eka darzana ko lekara vaha virodha kisa prakAra hai - ise dikhA kara virodha kA nirAsa kevala anekAntavAda mAnane para hI ho pakatA hai-isa bAta kI puSTi kii| isa prakAra anekAntavAda ko bhAratIya darzanakSetra meM eka samanvaya-darzana ke rUpa meM upasthita kiyA / bhAratIyadarzanoM meM pramANacarcA cala rahI thI / usakA bhI adhyayana karake AcArya akalaMka ne jainapramANamImAMsAko pratiSThita kiyA / yadyapi unase bhI pUrvakAla meM siddhasenane pramANa carcA kA prAraMbha kiyA thA kintu vaha mAtra prAraMbha hI thA / samagrabhAva se bhAratIya darzanoM kI pramANacarcA kA Akalana karake jainapramANacarcA kI naye rUpa meM pratiSThA to akalaMka kI hI dena hai / ina AcAryo ke bAda bhI haribhadra, vidyAnanda, mANikyanaMdI, prabhAvandra, vAdIdeva, Adi ne jainapramANa - prameya - anekAntavAda ke viSaya meM apane apane samaya meM uThe hue naye naye praznoM kA samAdhAna karake jaina tattvavidyAko Age bar3hAyA aura prasthApita kiyA / anta meM upAdhyAya yazovijaya ne ho navyanyAyakA Azraya lekara jainadarzanakI usa kSetra meM bhI pratiSThA ko / isa prakAra jaina darzana ko adyatana banAne kA zreya upa0 yazovijaya ko diyA jA sakatA hai / maiMne bAda ke AgamoM meM pramANa- prameya- anekAntavAda kA kyA rUpa hai, usakA vistAra se mere 'AgamayugakA jainadarzana' grantha meM vivecana kiyA hI hai ora darzanakAlake granthoM meM jo jaina darzana hamAre sAmane AtA hai usakA vistRta vivecana paM. mahendrakumAra ke grantha 'jainadarzana' se bhalI-bhAMti jAnA jA sakatA hai ataeva maiM isa vyAkhyAna meM usakA vivaraNa denA nahIM cAhatA / kintu samaya aura avasara milA to jainadarzana ke kramika vikAsa kA itihAsa likhane kI bhAvanA hai / patA nahIM vaha kaba pUrI hogI / ' 1 DaoN. e. en. upAdhye kI smRti meM tA0 8.10.77 ko zivAjI vizvavidyAlaya meM diyA gayA dvitIya vyAkhyAna | isake mudraNa meM derI hone ke kAraNa yatra tatra vRddhikA avasara vyAkhyAtAne liyA hai|
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