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The Jaina Stupa at Mathura: Art & Icons
Upāngasūtras: The Upangas75 are also twelve in numbers. The Svetāmbara sect acknowledges them while Digambara sect do not. Mūla/basic Sūtras: In general four sūtras are considered as basic (Mūla) - 1 Uttarāddhyayana 2 Daśavaikālika 3 Āvaśyaka and 4 Pinda-niryukti. Svetāmbara tradition has two more sects- i) Sthānakavāsi and ii) Terāpanthi. These both sects believe first two Mūla Āgamas but do not consider Āvaśyaka and Pinda-niryuktis as basic (Mūla) sūtras but instead Nanndi-sūtra and Anuyogadvāra-sūtra are considered as basic. Digambara tradition acknowledges Daśavaikālika, Uttarādhyayana and Avaśyaka. The Digambara commentaries of Tatvārtha, Dhavalā and Anga-prajñapti have references of above three sūtras. Yāpaniya tradition had also recognised above three basic-sūtras and a commentary on Daśavaikālika in 9th century by Acārya Aparājita. Cheda-Sūtras: There are six Cheda-sūtras76 recognised by Svetāmbara Murtipujaka tradition. Svetāmbara Sthānakavasi and Terāpanthi acknowledge Chedasūtras except Mahaniśitha and Jitakalpa. Digambara and Yāpaniya included Kalpa, Vyavahāra and Niśitha sūtras in Angabāhya scriptures. Yāpaniya scriptures contain references and quotations: of above Chedasūtras. The Cheda-pinda scripture of Digambara sect concerning repentance basically of Yāpaniya sect accepting Jitakalpasūtra while acknowledging Kappa and Vyavahāra sūtra. In this way Digambara and Yāpaniya traditions had recognised Vyavahāra, Nişitha, and Jitakalpa. (At present Digambara Acāryas do not believeing in these sūtras.) The western scholors- Jecobi, Schubring etc. considered these Cheda-sūtras to be ancient.
75 12 Upangas: 1. 1. Uvavāiyam / Aupapātikam 2. Rāyapasenium / Rājprasneyim 3.
Jivābhigama 4. Pannavanā / Prajñāpanā 5. Sūrpannati / Sūrya prajñapti 6. Jambūdvīpa prajñapti 7. Chandapannti / Candra prajñapti 8. Niryavaliyasuyakkhandha / NiryavalikaSrutaskandha 9. Kappavadisiyao / Kalpavatansikah 10. Pupfiyao / Puspikah 11. Puphacūlao
/ Puspacālāh 12. Vanhidasāo (Vrasnidasāh).. 76 6 Chedasūtras:
i) Ayārdaśa (Daśāśruta-skandha), ii) kappa (Kalpa), iii) Vyavahāra, iv) Niśitha v) Mahaniśitha and vi) Jitakalpa.
