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OCTOBER, 1888.]
SACRED LITERATURE OF THE JAINS.
289
the foreign, non-Aryan peoples, [237] which origin is the same as that to which belong the are frequently referred to in the aigas and Brahmanical angas and upángas, often alluded apángas. This enumeration transplants us to in their most ancient portions. The second of with tolerable certainty to a period from these two names (upáiga) has been adopted by the second to the fourth century A.D., the Jains as the title of the second chief group which is the most ancient period in which the of their texts. I have already called attention enumeration can have originated, though the to the close connection between the astronomi. present texts may be much later. The men- cal doctrines of the angas and those of the tion made of the Arabians among the list, in "Jyotisha” védánga. Finally may be mentioned the form árava, which has yet not been dis- (see Bhagav. 1, 383) the solemn composition covered as occurring elsewhere in India, might in the dryd measure of verses which are lead us to suppose that we had to deal with a cited in the Siddhanta or inserted therein. period far posterior to that delimited above. This measure must at the time of the redaction This could, however, be the case only on the of the Siddhanta have enjoyed especial authosupposition that the Arabians of Islam are re- ritativeness, otherwise it had never been made ferred to. It is my opinion that a reference 80 exclusive a vehicle of composition. We to an ante-Islamic period in which Arabia must however call attention to the fact that and India were closely connected by com- the oldest metrical portions of the texts are mercial ties), is as fully justified as a refer- not composed in gáthás but in álókas; thus anga ence to the Islamic period. From the mention 2, the metrical portions of the chhedasútras of this peculiar denomination of the Arabiang, and those of múlasutras 1 and 3 [239] are which as before said appears here for the first composed in blokas, while the nijjutti and time in the history of Indian literature, I con- chúrni belonging to those mûlas, are in gáthas. clude that the first author of the enumeration In anga 2 we find also the vaitáliya measure. in question lived in a part of India in which The name of this metre (cf. ad loc.) which the commercial connections with Arabia were exists even in the "Chhandas" vedanga, appears very close, that is to say, on the west coast. to have been caused by a misunderstanding The mention made of the seven schisms in of the name of a chapter of this anga, brought unga 3, the last of which occurred in the year about by the insertion of an inorganic t. The 584 Vira, compels us to regard the second existence of the name of this chapter of the century A.D. as the extreme limit à quo for anga would receive by this supposition a the composition of the texts of the Siddhanta. valuable attestation, inasmuch as it dates We have therefore to conclude that the period far back to a very remote period. In álókas from the second to the fifth century is the period and vaitdliyas are composed the verses of the to which their composition must be relegated. Dhammapada of the Buddhists, with which
The other dates, which we can extract from several portions of this anga, as well as of the texts, are in agreement with this delimita-mulasútras 1 and 3, are very closely connected. tion of the period of their origin; of special We come at this point to a question, which importance are the references in the angas to the I will here merely mention. What is the corpus of Brahmanical secular literature [238] relation of the Siddhanta of the Jains to the which existed at that time, see Bhagav. 1, 441; sacred writings of the Buddhists, both northern 2, 446-8. Then too the use of the word anga to and southern ? A few sidelights of this characdenote the oldest portions or the chief group of ter will be brought into use as the course of the Siddhanta" deserves attention, and makes our investigation progresses. The solution of probable the assumption that the period of their the question can only then be successfully
4 The Buddhists in the case of the chief group of their Gench. 316. The style of some of the oldest parts of tho own scriptures make use of the word satra to denote a Siddhanta reminds us in & very slight degree of that class of literature of somewhat ancient date. The word of the later Brahmapical sitra. In reference to the sdtra occurs also in the colophons of the Jaina-Siddhanta connection, of somewhat problematie character, between and plays a very important role in the Scholia ; yet is aamayika or samayart and smaylchdrika, see later on never used in the texts themselves with the same signi- | under anga l, or in Uttaradhy. 16. ficance as among the Buddhists, if we except the Anwy- # There is frequently a great lack of metrical correct. gadvaras. and Avasy. nijjutti together with that section ness in these verses. . of anga 12 which has the specific title of puttáin. • The metre in question existed earlier as may be seen
d Vorles. über Ind. Lit.- ! from its use in the Dhammapada.
