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________________ zramaNa SRAMANA apraila - jUna, 1997 pArzvanAtha rANasI 10 pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI I TO PARSVANATHA VIDYAPITHA, VARANASI. Jain Education Intemattonal For Private Personamuse melhorary.org
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________________ zramaNa pArzvanAtha vidyApITha kI traimAsika zodha-patrikA varSa-48] aMka 4-6] [apraila-jUna, 1997 - - pradhAna sampAdaka prophesara sAgaramala jaina - - sampAdaka maNDala DaoN0 azoka kumAra siMha DaoN0 zivaprasAda DaoN0 zrIprakAza pANDeya prakAzanArtha lekha-sAmagrI, samAcAra, vijJApana, sadasyatA Adi ke lie samparka kareM pradhAna sampAdaka zramaNa pArzvanAtha vidyApITha AI0TI0AI0mArga, karauMdI po0o0-bI0eca0yU0 vArANasI - 221005 dUrabhASa : 316521, 318046 phaiksa : 0542 - 316521 vArSika sadasyatA zulka saMsthAoM ke lie : ru0 60.00 vyaktiyoM ke lie : ru0 50.00 eka prati ru015.00 AjIvana sadasyatA zulka saMsthAoM ke lie : ru0 1000.00 vyaktiyoM ke lie : ru0 500.00 yaha Avazyaka nahIM ki lekhaka ke vicAroM se sampAdaka sahamata hoM
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________________ zramaNa hindI khaNDa prastuta aGka meM DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina ke nimna zodha-lekha saMgRhIta haiM pRSTha saMkhyA 1-19 20-29 30-59 60-70 71-76 1. jainadharma meM sAmAjika cintana 2. adhyAtma aura vijJAna 3. jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma kA pArasparika prabhAva 4. AcArya hemacandra : eka yugapuruSa 5. samrATa akabara aura jaina dharma 6. jainadharma meM acelakatva aura sacelakatva kA prazna 7. strImukti, anyatairthikamukti evaM savasramukti kA prazna 8. pramANa-lakSaNa-nirUpaNa meM pramANa-mImAMsA kA avadAna 9. paM0 mahendra kumAra 'nyAyAcArya' dvArA sampAdita evaM anUdita SaDdarzanasamuccaya kI samIkSA 10. Agama sAhitya meM prakIrNakoM kA sthAna, mahattva, racanA-kAla / evaM racayitA 11. jainadharma meM AdhyAtmika vikAsa 77-112 113-132 133-140 141-146 147-156 157-160
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________________ jainadharma meM sAmAjika cintana jainadharma nivRttimArgI zramaNa-paramparA kA dharma hai| sAmAnyatayA ise sAmAjika na mAnakara vyaktivAdI dharma mAnA jAtA hai, kintu jainadharma ko ekAnta rUpa se vyaktivAdI dharma nahIM kahA jA sktaa| yaha satya hai ki usakA vikAsa nivRttimArgI saMnyAsapradhAna zramaNa-paramparA meM hI huA hai kintu mAtra isa AdhAra para use asAmAjika yA vyaktivAdI dharma mAnanA, eka bhrAMti hI hogii| jIvana meM duHkha kI yathArthatA aura duHkhavimukti kA jIvanAdarza, yaha sampUrNa zramaNa-paramparA kA atha aura iti hai| kintu du:kha aura duHkhavimukti ke ye sampratyaya mAtra vaiyaktika nahIM haiM, unakA eka sAmAjika pakSa bhI hai| duHkhavimukti kA unakA Adarza mAtra vaiyaktika duHkhoM kI vimukti nahIM hai apitu sampUrNa prANijagat ke duHkhoM kI vimukti hai aura yahI unheM samAja se jor3a detA hai| zramaNadhArA meM dharma aura nIti ko aviyojya mAnA gayA hai aura dharma evaM nIti kI yaha aviyojyatA bhI usameM sAmAjika sandarbha ko spaSTa kara detI hai| bhAratIya cintana meM sAmAjika cetanA sAmAjika cetanA ke vikAsa kI dRSTi se bhAratIya cintana ko tIna yugoM meM bA~TA jA sakatA hai -- (1) vaidika yuga, (2) aupaniSadika yuga, (3) jaina aura bauddha yug| sarvaprathama jahA~ vaidika yuga meM 'saMgacchadhvaM saMvadadhvaM saMvomanAMsi jAnatAm'' arthAt tuma milakara calo, tuma milakara bolo, tumhAre mana sAtha-sAtha vicAra kareM - isa rUpa meM sAmAjika cetanA ko vikasita karane kA prayatna kiyA gayA, to vahIM aupaniSadika yuga meM usa sAmAjika ekatva kI cetanA ke liye dArzanika AdhAra prastuta kiye gye| IzAvAsyopaniSad meM RSi kahatA hai ki jo sabhI prANiyoM ko apane meM aura apane ko sabhI prANiyoM meM dekhatA hai vaha apanI isa ekatva kI anubhUti ke kAraNa kisI se ghRNA nahIM krtaa| aupaniSadika cintana meM sAmAjikatA kA AdhAra yahI ekatva kI anubhUti rahI hai| jaba ekatva kI dRSTi vikasita hotI hai to ghRNA aura vidveSa ke tattva svata: samApta ho jAte haiM kyoMki 'para' rahatA hI nahIM, ata: kisase ghRNA yA vidveSa kiyA jaaye| ghRNA, vidveSa Adi parAyepana ke bhAva meM hI sambhava hote haiM, jaba sabhI sva yA AtmIya hoM to ghRNA yA vidveSa kA avasara hI kahA~ raha jAtA hai| isa prakAra aupaniSadika yuga meM sAmAjika cetanA ko eka sudRr3ha dArzanika AdhAra pradAna kiyA gayA hai|
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________________ jainadharma meM sAmAjika cintana sAtha hI sampatti para vaiyaktika adhikAra kA nirasana kara sAmUhika-sampadA kA vicAra prastuta kiyA gayA hai| IzAvAsyopaniSad meM sampUrNa sampatti ko IzvarIya sampadA mAnakara usa para se vaiyaktika adhikAra ko samApta kara diyA gayA aura vyakti ko yaha kahA gayA ki vaha jAgatika sampadA para dUsaroM ke adhikAroM ko mAnya karake hI usa sampatti kA upabhoga kre| isa prakAra 'tena tyaktena bhuMjIthA'3 ke rUpa meM upabhoga ke sAmAjika adhikAra kI cetanA ko vikasita kiyA gyaa| isI tathya kI puSTi zrImadbhAgavata meM bhI kI gaI hai| usameM apanI daihika AvazyakatA se adhika sampatti para apanA adhikAra mAnane vAle ko spaSTata: cora kahA gyaa| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki vaidika aura aupaniSadika yuga meM sAmAjikatA ke liye na kevala preraNA dI gaI apitu eka dArzanika AdhAra bhI prastuta kiyA gayA hai| jainadharma meM sAmAjika cetanA jahA~ taka jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM kA prazna hai unameM sAmAjika cetanA kA AdhAra ekatva kI anubhUti na hokara samatva kI anubhUti rahI hai| yadyapi AcArAMga meM kahA gayA hai ki jise tU duHkha yA pIr3A denA cAhatA hai, vaha tU hI hai| isameM yaha phalita hotA hai ki AcArAMgasUtra bhI ekatva kI anubhUti para sAmAjika yA ahiMsaka cetanA ko vikasita karatA hai, phira bhI jaina aura bauddha paramparA meM sAmAjika cetanA evaM ahiMsA kI avadhAraNA ke vikAsa kA AdhAra sabhI prANiyoM ke prati samabhAva yA samatA kI bhAvanA rhii| unameM dUsaroM kI jijIviSA aura sukha-duHkhAnubhUti 'Atmavat sarvabhUteSu' ke AdhAra para samajhane kA prayatna kiyA gayA aura sAmAjika sambandhoM kI zuddhi para vizeSa bala diyA gyaa| yadyapi jaina aura bauddhadharma nivRttipradhAna rahe kintu isakA yaha artha nahIM hai ki ve samAja se vimukha the| vastuta: bhArata meM yadi dharma ke kSetra meM saMghIya sAdhanA-paddhati kA vikAsa kisI paramparA ne kiyA to vaha zramaNa-paramparA hI thii| jainadharma ke anusAra to tIrthaMkara apane prathama pravacana meM hI caturvidha saMgha kI sthApanA karatA hai| usake dharmacakra kA pravartana saMgha-pravartana se hI prArambha hotA hai| yadi mahAvIra meM lokamaMgala yA lokakalyANa kI bhAvanA nahIM hotI to ve apanI vaiyaktika sAdhanA kI pUrNatA ke pazcAt dharmacakra kA pravartana hI kyoM karate ? praznavyAkaraNasUtra meM spaSTa rUpa se kahA gayA hai ki tIrthaGkara kA yaha sukathita pravacana sabhI prANiyoM kI rakSA aura karuNA ke liye hai| pA~coM mahAvrata saba prakAra se lokahita ke liye haiN| hiMsA, jhUTha, corI, vyabhicAra aura saMgraha (parigraha) ye saba vaiyaktika nahIM, sAmAjika jIvana kI hI duSpravRttiyA~ haiN| jaina sAdhanA-paramparA meM paMcavratoM yA paMcazIloM ke rUpa meM jisa dharma-mArga kA upadeza diyA gayA, vaha mAtra vaiyaktika
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________________ jainadharma meM sAmAjika cintana 3 sAdhanA ke liye nahIM apitu sAmAjika jIvana ke liye thaa| kyoMki hiMsA kA artha hai kisI anya kI hiMsA, asatya kA matalaba hai kisI anya ko galata jAnakArI denA, corI kA artha hai kisI dUsare kI zakti kA apaharaNa karanA, vyabhicAra kA matalaba hai sAmAjika mAnyatAoM ke viruddha yauna sambandha sthApita krnaa| isI prakAra saMgraha yA parigraha kA artha hai samAja meM Arthika viSamatA paidA krnaa| kyA samAja jIvana ke abhAva meM inakA koI artha raha jAtA hai ? ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya evaM aparigraha ke jo jIvanamUlya jaina-darzana ne prastuta kiye ve pUrNata: sAmAjika mUlya haiM aura unakA uddezya sAmAjika sambandhoM kI zuddhi hai| loka-maMgala aura loka-kalyANa yaha zramaNa-paramparA kA aura vizeSa rUpa se jainaparamparA kA mUlabhUta lakSya rahA hai| AcArya samantabhadra ne mahAvIra ke dharmasaMgha ko sarvocca tIrtha kahA hai, ve likhate haiM ki "sarvApadAH antakaraM nirantaM sarvodayaM tIrthamidaM tavaiva', arthAt he prabho ! ApakA yaha dharmatIrtha sabhI prANiyoM ke duHkhoM kA anta karane vAlA aura sabhI kA kalyANa karane vAlA hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaina-paramparA ne nivRttimArga ko pradhAnatA dekara bhI use saMghIya sAdhanA ke rUpa meM loka-kalyANa kA Adarza dekara sAmAjika banAyA hai| jaina AgamoM meM kuladharma, grAmadharma, nagaradharma, rASTradharma aura gaNadharma ke jo ullekha haiM, ve usakI sAmAjika sApekSatA ko spaSTa kara dete haiN| pArivArika aura sAmAjika jIvana meM hamAre pArasparika sambandha kisa prakAra sumadhura aura samAyojanapUrNa bana sakeM aura sAmAjika TakarAva ke kAraNoM kA vizleSaNa kara unheM kisa prakAra se dUra kiyA jA sake, yahI jainadarzana kI sAmAjika dRSTi kA mUlabhUta AdhAra hai| jainadarzana ne AcArazuddhi para bala dekara vyakti-sudhAra ke mAdhyama se samAja-sudhAra kA mArga prazasta kiyA hai| vyakti aura samAja : jaina dRSTikoNa sAmAjika darzana ke vibhinna siddhAntoM ke sandarbha meM jainoM kA dRSTikoNa samanvayavAdI aura udAra rahA hai| Age hama kramaza: una siddhAntoM ke pariprekSya meM jaina dRSTikoNa para vicAra kreNge| samAjadarzana kI dRSTi se vyakti aura samAja meM kise pramukha mAnA jAya, yaha eka mahattvapUrNa prazna hai| vyaktivAdI dArzanika yaha mAnate haiM ki vyakti hI pramukha hai, samAja vyakti ke liye banAyA gayA hai| vyakti sAdhya hai, samAja sAdhana hai, ata: samAja ko vaiyaktika hitoM para AghAta karane yA unheM sImita karane kA koI adhikAra nahIM hai| dUsarI ora, samAjavAdI dArzanika samAja ko hI sarvasva mAnate haiN| unake anusAra sAmAjika kalyANa hI pramukha hai, samAja se pRthak vyakti
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________________ jainadharma meM sAmAjika cintana kI sattA kucha hai hI nhiiN| vaha jo kucha bhI hai samAja dvArA nirmita hai| ata: sAmAjika kalyANa ke liye vaiyaktika hitoM kA balidAna kiyA jA sakatA hai| ina . donoM prakAra ke aikAntika dRSTikoNoM ko jainadarzana asvIkAra karatA hai| vaha yaha mAnatA hai ki vyakti aura samAja eka-dUsare se nirapekSa hokara apanA astitva hI kho dete haiN| usake anusAra dArzanika dRSTi se vyaktirahita sAmAnya (samAja) aura sAmAnyarahita vyakti donoM hI ayathArtha haiN| 10 ve sAmAnya ( universal ) aura vizeSa ( individual ) nyAya-vaizeSikoM ke samAna svatantra tattva nahIM mAnate haiN| manuSyatva nAmaka sAmAnya guNa se rahita koI manuSya nahIM ho sakatA aura binA manuSya (vyakti) ke manuSyatva kI koI sattA nahIM hotii| vizeSa rUpa se jaba hama manuSya ke sandarbha meM vicAra karate haiM to pAte haiM ki manuSya eka sAmAjika prANI hai| ata: sAmAjikatA ke binA manuSya kA koI astitva nahIM hai| manuSya ko apane jaivika astitva se lekara bhASA, sabhyatA, saMskRti aura jIvana-mUlya Adi jo kucha mile haiM, ve samAja se mile haiN| yadi manuSya se usake sAmAjika avadAnoM ko pRthak kara diyA jAya to usakA kucha astitva hI nahIM rhegaa| dUsarI ora, yaha bhI sahI hai ki binA manuSya ke manuSyatva kA koI artha nahIM hai| manuSya se pRthaka manuSyatva nahIM hotA, ThIka yahI bAta samAja ke sandarbha meM bhI hai| samAja kA astitva vyaktiyoM para nirbhara hai| vyaktiyoM ke abhAva meM samAja sambhava hI nahIM hai| dUsarI ora yaha bhI satya hai ki vyakti jo kucha hai vaha samAja ke kAraNa hai| isa prakAra jainadarzana meM na to nirapekSa rUpa se vyakti ko mahattva diyA gayA hai aura na hI samAja ko| jainadharma kI anekAntika dRSTi kA niSkarSa yaha hai ki vyakti samAja-sApekSa hai aura samAja vykti-saapekss| jo loga vyakti nirapekSa samAja athavA samAja nirapekSa vyakti kI bAta karate haiM ve donoM hI yathArtha se apanA mukha mor3a lete haiN| sAmAnya rUpa se to sabhI bhAratIya darzana aura vizeSa rUpa se jaina darzana yaha mAnatA hai ki vyakti aura samAja meM se kisI eka ko hI saba kucha mAna lenA eka bhrAnta dhAraNA hai| yaha ThIka hai ki sAmAjika kalyANa ke liye vyakti ke hitoM kA balidAna kiyA jA sakatA hai| kintu dUsarI ora yaha bhI sahI hai ki sAmUhika hita bhI vaiyaktika hita se bhinna nahIM hai| sabake hita meM vyakti kA hita to nihita hI hai| vyakti meM samAja aura samAja meM vyakti anusyUta hai| jaina paramparA meM saMgha hita ko sarvoparitA dI gaI hai| isa sambandha meM eka aitihAsika kathA hai ki bhadrabAhu ne apanI vaiyaktika dhyAna-sAdhanA ke liye saMgha ke kucha sAdhuoM ko pUrva-sAhitya kA adhyayana karavAne kI mA~ga ko ThukarA diyaa| isa para saMgha ne unase pUchA ki vaiyaktika sAdhanA aura saMghahita meM kyA pradhAna hai ? yadi Apa saMghahita meM
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________________ jainadharma meM sAmAjika cintana kI upekSA karate haiM to Apako saMgha meM rahane kA adhikAra bhI nahIM hai| Apako bahiSkRta kiyA jAtA hai| anta meM bhadrabAhu ko saMghahita ko prAthamikatA denI pdd'ii|11 yadyapi samAja ke hita ke nAma para AdhyAtmika aura naitika mUlyoM ko samApta nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| jaina-paramparA meM kahA gayA hai ki Atmahita karanA cAhiye aura yadi zakya ho to lokahita bhI karanA cAhiye aura jahA~ Atmahita aura lokahita meM naitika virodha kA prazna ho vahA~ Atmahita ko hI cunanA pdd'egaa|12 yadyapi hameM smaraNa rakhanA cAhiye ki yahA~ Atmahita kA tAtparya vaiyaktika svArthoM kI pUrti nahIM apitu AdhyAtmika mUlyoM kA saMrakSaNa hai| vastuta: vaiyaktikatA aura sAmAjikatA donoM hI mAnavIya astitva ke anivArya aMga haiN| pAzcAtya vicAraka breDale ne kahA thA - manuSya manuSya nahIM hai yadi vaha sAmAjika nahIM hai aura yadi vaha mAtra sAmAjika hai to pazu se adhika nahIM hai| manuSya kI manuSyatA vaiyaktikatA aura sAmAjikatA donoM kA atikramaNa karane meM hai| 13 kintu hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki jainadarzana apanI anekAntika dRSTi ke kAraNa manuSya ko eka hI sAtha vaiyaktika aura sAmAjika donoM hI mAnatA hai| rAga jor3atA bhI hai aura tor3atA bhI hai yaha ThIka hai ki jaba manuSya meM rAga kA tattva vikasita hotA hai to vaha dUsaroM se jur3atA hai| lekina smaraNa rakhanA cAhiye ki dUsaroM se jur3ane kA artha hai kahIM se kttnaa| kyoMki jo kisI se jur3atA hai to kahIM se kaTatA avazya hai| rAga kA tattva vyakti ke sva kI sImA kA vistAra to avazya karatA hai kintu use dUsaroM se alaga bhI kara detA hai| jaba hama vaiyaktika svArthoM se yukta hote haiM to hamArA sva saMkucita hotA hai aura jaba hama sAmAjikatA se jur3ate haiM to hamAre sva kA kSetra vikasita hotA hai| kintu jaba taka hama apane aura parAye ke bhAva kA atikramaNa nahIM kara pAte haiM taba taka hamArA 'sva' yA 'AtmA' pUrNa nahIM bana pAtA hai| jainoM ke anusAra hamAre jIvana meM jo bhI TUTana hai, jo bhI sImAe~ haiM aura jo bhI mereparAye ke bhAva haiM, ye sabhI rAga aura dveSa ke tattvoM ke kAraNa haiN| jaba taka hama merA deza, merI jAti, merA dharma Adi ina 'maiM' aura 'mere' ke gheroM se Upara nahIM uThate, dUsare zabdoM meM mere-tere ke gheroM kA atikramaNa jaba taka nahIM kara jAte taba taka sahI arthoM meM sAmAjika bhI nahIM bana pAte haiN|14 mere aura parAye kI mana:sthiti meM hama apane Apako kinhIM zrRMkhalAoM meM jakar3A huA hI pAte haiN| jainadharma kI sAdhanA vItarAgatA kI sAdhanA hai, vaha anivArya rUpa se sva kI saMkucita sImA ko tor3anA hai aura apane aura parAye kI isa saMkucita sImA kA atikramaNa karanA asAmAjika honA nahIM hai| jainadharma mukhyatayA isa bAta para bala detA hai ki hama
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________________ jainadharma meM sAmAjika cintana eka svastha sAmAjikatA kA vikAsa kareM aura yaha svastha sAmAjikatA rAga ke AdhAra para nahIM varan rAga kA atikramaNa karake hI kI jA sakatI hai| sAmAjikatA kA AdhAra : rAgAtmakatA yA viveka ? sambhavata: yaha prazna upasthita kiyA jA sakatA hai ki jainadarzana rAga ko samApta karane kI bAta karatA hai kintu rAga ke abhAva meM sAmAjika jIvana se jor3ane vAlA tattva kyA hogA ? yadi apanepana aura merepana kA bhAva na ho to sAre sAmAjika bandhana caramarA kara TUTa jaayeNge| yaha rAgAtmakatA hI hai jo hameM ekadUsare se jor3atI hai aura samAja kA nirmANa karatI hai| kintu kyA vastutaH rAgAtmakatA hamAre sAmAjika sambandhoM kA yathArtha kAraNa ho sakatI hai, jaisA ki pUrva meM kahA gayA hai rAga yadi hameM kahIM jor3atA hai to vaha hameM kahIM se tor3atA bhI hai, merI vinamra mAnyatA hai ki yadi hama rAga ke AdhAra para samAja ko khar3A kareMge to vaha eka svArthI vyaktiyoM kA samAja hI hogA / vastutaH samAja kI saMracanA rAga ke AdhAra para nahIM viveka ke AdhAra para hI sambhava hai / yadi maiM dUsaroM kA maMgala yA hitasAdhana isaliye karatA hU~ ki ve mere apane haiM, aura aisA karane se mere apanepana kA gherA kitanA hI bar3A kyoM na ho, mujhe eka svArthI vyakti se adhika kucha bhI nahIM rahane degA / hameM dUsaroM kA hita sAdhana kevala isaliye nahIM karanA hai ki ve hamAre apane haiM apitu isaliye karanA hai ki dUsaroM kA hita sAdhana karanA merA svabhAva hai, svadharma hai, kartavya hai| jaina dArzanikoM ke anusAra samAja jisa AdhAra para khar3A hotA hai vaha rAga nahIM viveka kA tattva hai, karttavyatA kA bodha hai| tattvArthasUtra meM yaha mAnA gayA hai ki jIvadravya kA svabhAva paraspara ekadUsare kA upakAraka honA hai / 15 vyakti ke jIvana kI sArthakatA svahitoM / svArthoM kA balidAna karake dUsaroM kA maMgala karane meM hI hai| pArasparika hita sAdhana hI jIva kA svabhAva hai aura isI se usakI kartavyatA hai| isI ke AdhAra para hamArA mAnava-samAja khar3A huA hai| rAgAtmakatA hameM kisI se jor3atI hai to kahIM se tor3atI bhI hai, kyoMki rAga sadaiva dveSa ke sAtha-sAtha jItA hai| rAga aura dveSa aise jur3avA~ zizu haiM jo eka-dUsare ke sAtha jIte aura marate haiN| rAga ke abhAva meM dveSa aura dveSa ke abhAva meM rAga nahIM jI pAtA hai| ataH rAga ke AdhAra para jo samAja khar3A hogA usameM anivArya rUpa se vargabheda aura varNabheda hogA hI, kintu kartavyabodha ke AdhAra para jo samAja khar3A hogA vaha varNabheda aura vargabheda se Upara hogaa| vastutaH mAnavIya viveka ke AdhAra para hI kartavyabodha kI jo cetanA jAgRta hotI hai, vahI hamArI sAmAjikatA kA AdhAra hai| rAga kI bhASA adhikAra kI bhASA hai, jabaki viveka kI bhASA dAyitvabodha yA kartavya kI bhASA hai| jisa
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________________ jainadharma meM sAmAjika cintana samAja meM kevala adhikAroM kI bAta hotI hai vahA~ kevala vikRta sAmAjikatA hI phalita hotI hai| svastha sAmAjikatA kA AdhAra adhikAra nahIM karttavyabodha hai| jainadharma jisa sAmAjika cetanA kI bAta karatA hai vaha mAnavIya viveka kA anivArya pariNAma hai| viveka se karttavyatA aura sama-buddhi/samatA jAgRta hotI hai| jaba viveka hamArI sAmAjika cetanA kA AdhAra banatA hai, taba mere aura tere kI cetanA hI samApta ho jAtI hai| sama-buddhi se sabhI Atmavat haiM, aisI dRSTi vikasita hotI hai| yahI Atmavat dRSTi hamArI sAmAjikatA kA AdhAra hai| jaba taka AtmatulyatA kA bodha nahIM AtA hai, taba taka na to hiMsA, ghRNA Adi kI asAmAjika vRttiyoM se Upara uThA jA sakatA hai aura na hama sahI artha meM sAmAjika hI bana pAte haiN| jainadarzana meM sAmAjikatA kA AdhAra yahI AtmatulyatA kA bodha hai| sAmAjika jIvana kA bAdhaka tattva : ahaMkAra sAmAjika sambandhoM meM vyakti kA ahaMkAra bhI mahattvapUrNa kArya karatA hai| ahaMkAra ke kAraNa zAsana kI icchA athavA Adhipatya kI bhAvanA jAgRta hotI hai aura sAmAjika jIvana meM viSamatA paidA hotI hai| zAsaka-zAsita kA bheda ahaMkAra ke kAraNa hI khar3A hotA hai| vartamAna yuga meM bar3e rASTroM meM jo apanA prabhAva kSetra bar3hAne kI pravRtti hai, usake mUla meM bhI apane rASTrIya ahaM kI puSTi hI hai| jaba vyakti meM Adhipatya kI pravRtti dRr3ha hotI hai to vaha dUsaroM ke adhikAroM kA hanana karatA hai, pariNAmata: dUsaroM kI svatantratA khaNDita hotI hai| na kevala zAsita aura zAsaka kA bheda apitu jAtibheda aura vargabheda ke pIche bhI yahI ahaMkAra kA tattva kAma karatA hai| jaba hama apane kula yA jAti ke ahaMkAra se yukta hote haiM to dUsaroM ko hIna samajhane kI pravRtti utpanna hotI hai, jisakA pariNAma jAti-saMgharSa yA varga-saMgharSa hotA hai| jAtivAda kA virodha aura sAmAjika samatA jainadharma ahaMkAra ke upazamana ke sAtha-sAtha jAtivAda aura varNavAda kA spaSTarUpa se virodha karatA hai| vaha kahatA hai ki kisI jAti meM janma lene mAtra se nahIM, apitu vyakti kA sadAcAra aura usakI naitikatA hI usako zreSTha banAtI hai| isa prakAra jainadharma jAtigata zreSThatA ke sampratyaya kA virodha karatA hai| vaha spaSTa rUpa se kahatA hai ki koI vyakti isa AdhAra para brAhmaNa nahIM hotA ki vaha kisI brAhmaNI ke garbha se utpanna huA hai, apitu vaha brAhmaNa isa AdhAra para hotA hai ki usakA AcAra aura vyavahAra zreSTha hai|16 jainadarzana jAtigata zreSThatA ke sthAna para AcAragata zreSThatA ko hI mahattva detA hai| AcArAMga meM spaSTa kahA gayA hai ki na to koI hIna hai aura na koI shresstth| Aja hama dekhate haiM ki jAtigata AdhAroM
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________________ jainadharma meM sAmAjika cintana para aneka sAmAjika saMgaThana banate haiM lekina aise sAmAjika saMgaThanoM ko jainadharma koI mAnyatA nahIM detA hai| Aja bhI jainasaMgha meM aneka jAtiyoM ke loga samAna rUpa se apanI sAdhanA karate haiN| mathurA Adi ke prAcIna abhilekhoM se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki aneka jina-mandira aura mUrtiyA~ gaMdhI, telI, svarNakAra, lohakAra, mallAha, nartaka aura gaNikAoM dvArA nirmita haiN| ve sabhI jAtiyA~ aura varga jo hindU-dharma meM varNavyavasthA kI kaThora rUr3hivAditA ke kAraNa nimna mAnI gaI thIM, jainadharma meM samAdRta the|8 harikezIbala (cANDAla), mAtaMga, arjuna (mAlAkAra) Adi aneka nimna jAtiyoM meM utpanna hue mahAna sAdhakoM kI jIvana gAthAoM ke ullekha jainAgamoM meM milate haiM, jo isa tathya ke sUcaka haiM ki jainadharma meM jAtivAda yA U~ca-nIca ke bheda-bhAva mAnya nahIM the| 19 isa prakAra jainadharma samAja meM vargabheda aura varNabheda kA virodhI thaa| usakA udghoSa thA ki sampUrNa mAnava-jAti eka hai| 20 sAmAjika jIvana kI pavitratA kA AdhAra vivAha saMsthA sAmAjika jIvana kA prArambha parivAra se hI hotA hai aura parivAra kA nirmANa vivAha ke bandhana se hotA hai| ata: vivAha-saMsthA sAmAjika darzana kI eka pramukha samasyA hai| vivAha-saMsthA ke udbhava ke pUrva yadi koI samAja rahA hogA to vaha bhayabhIta prANiyoM kA eka samUha rahA hogA, jo pArasparika surakSA hetu eka-dasare se milakara rahate hoNge| vivAha kA AdhAra kevala kAma-vAsanA kI santuSTi hI nahIM hai, apitu pArasparika AkarSaNa aura prema bhI hai| yaha spaSTa hai ki nivRttipradhAna saMnyAsamArgI jaina paramparA meM isa vivAha saMsthA ke sambandha meM koI vizeSa vivaraNa nahIM milate haiN| jainadharma apanI vairAgyavAdI paramparA ke kAraNa prathamata: to yahI mAnatA rahA ki usakA prathama karttavya vyakti ko saMnyAsa kI dizA meM prerita karanA hai, isaliye prAcIna jaina AgamoM meM jainadharmAnukUla vivAha-paddhati ke koI ullekha upalabdha nahIM hote| prAcInakAla meM bRhad bhAratIya samAja yA hindU samAja se pRthak jainoM kI apanI koI vivAha-paddhati rahI hogI yaha kahanA bhI kaThina hai| yadyapi yaha satya hai ki jaina dharmAnuyAyiyoM meM prAcInakAla se hI vivAha hote rahe haiN| jaina purANa sAhitya meM yaha ullekha milatA hai ki RSabhadeva se pUrva yaugalika kAla meM bhAI-bahana hI yuvAvasthA meM pati-patnI ke rUpa meM vyavahAra karane lagate the aura eka yugala meM puruSa kI akAla mRtyu ho jAne para RSabha ne sarvaprathama vivAha-paddhati kA prArambha kiyA thaa|29 punaH bharata aura bAhubalI kI bahanoM - brAhmI aura sundarI dvArA bhI AjIvana brahmacArI rahane aura apane bhAiyoM se vivAha na karane kA nirNaya liye jAne para samAja meM vivAha-vyavasthA ko pradhAnatA milI,
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________________ jainadharma meM sAmAjika cintana kintu vivAha ko dhArmika jIvana kA aMga na mAnane ke kAraNa jainoM ne prAcIna kAla meM kisI vivAha-paddhati kA vikAsa nahIM kiyaa| isa sambandha meM jo bhI sUcanAe~ upalabdha hotI haiM usa AdhAra para yahI kahA jA sakatA hai ki vivAha ke sambandha meM jainasamAja bRhad hindU-samAja ke hI vidhi-vidhAnoM kA anugamana karatA rahA aura Aja bhI karatA hai| prAcIna jaina granthoM meM vivAha kaise kiyA jAya, isakA ullekha to nahIM milatA hai, kintu vivAha saMsthA ko yauna sambandhoM ke saMyamana kA eka sAdhana mAnakara usameM gRhastha upAsakoM ke liye svapatnI-santoSavrata kA vidhAna avazya milatA hai| AdipurANa meM vivAha evaM pati-patnI ke pArasparika evaM sAmAjika dAyitvoM kI carcA hai, usameM vivAha ke do uddezya batAe gae haiM - (1) kAmavAsanA kI tRpti aura (2) sntaanotptti| jainAcAryoM ne vivAha saMsthA ko yauna-sambandhoM ke niyantraNa evaM vaidhIkaraNa ke liye Avazyaka mAnA thaa| gRhastha kA svapatnI santoSavrata na kevala vyakti kI kAmavAsanA ko niyantrita karatA hai, apitu sAmAjika jIvana meM yauna-vyavahAra ko pariSkRta bhI banAtA hai| avivAhita strI se yauna sambandha sthApita karane, vezyAgamana karane Adi ke niSedha isI bAta ke sUcaka haiN| jainadharma sAmAjika jIvana meM yauna sambandhoM kI zuddhi ko Avazyaka mAnatA hai| vivAha ke uddezya para prakAza DAlate hue AdipurANa meM batAyA gayA hai ki jisa prakAra jvara se pIr3ita vyakti usake upazamanArtha kaTu-auSadhi kA sevana karatA hai, usI prakAra kAma-jvara se santapta huA prANI usake upazamanArtha strIrUpI auSadhi kA sevana karatA hai| 22 isase itanA pratiphalita hotA hai ki jainadharma avaidha yA svacchanda yauna sambandhoM kA samarthaka nahIM rahA hai| usameM vivAha-sambandhoM kI yadi koI mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA hai to vaha yauna sambandhoM ke niyantraNa kI dRSTi se hI hai aura yaha usakI nivRttimArgI dhArA ke anukUla bhI hai| usakI mAnyatA ke anusAra yadi koI AjIvana brahmacArI banakara saMyama-sAdhanA meM apane ko asamartha pAtA hai to use vivAha sambandha ke dvArA apanI yaunavAsanA ko niyantrita kara lenA caahiye| isIliye zrAvaka ke pA~ca aNuvratoM meM sva-patnI santoSavrata nAmaka vrata rakhA gayA hai| punaH zrAvaka jIvana ke mUlabhUta guNoM kI dRSTi se vezyAgamana aura parastrI-gamana ko niSiddha ThaharAyA gyaa| isa prakAra cAhe vidhimukha se na ho kintu niSedhamukha se jainadharma vivAha-saMsthA kI upayogitA aura mahattA ko svIkAra karatA huA pratIta hotA hai| cAhe dhArmika vidhi-vidhAna ke rUpa meM jainoM meM vivAha sambandhI ullekha na milatA ho, kintu jaina kathA-sAhitya meM jo vivaraNa upalabdha hote haiM, unake
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________________ 10 jainadharma meM sAmAjika cintana AdhAra para itanA to kahA jA sakatA hai ki jaina-paramparA meM samAna vaya aura samAna kula ke madhya vivAha sambandha sthApita karane ke ullekha milate haiN| 23 AgamoM meM yaha bhI ullekha milatA hai ki bAlabhAva se mukta hone para hI vivAha kiye jAte the| isase yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki jainadharma meM bAla-vivAha kI anumati nahIM thii| mAtra yahI nahIM kucha kathAnakoM meM bAla-vivAha ke athavA avayaska kanyAoM ke vivAha ke dUSita pariNAmoM ke ullekha bhI mila jAte haiN| vivAha sambandha ko hindadharma kI taraha hI jainadharma meM bhI eka AjIvana sambandha hI mAnA gayA thaa| ata: vivAhaviccheda ko jainadharma meM bhI koI sthAna nahIM milaa| vaivAhika jIvana dUbhara hone para usa strI kA bhikSuNI bana jAnA hI ekamAtra vikalpa thaa| jaina AcAryoM ne alpakAlIna vivAha-sambandha aura alpavayaska vivAha ko ghRNita mAnA hai aura ise zrAvaka-jIvana kA eka doSa nirUpita kiyA hai| jahA~ taka bahupati-prathA kA prazna hai, hameM draupadI ke eka ApavAdika kathAnaka ke atirikta isakA kahIM bhI ullekha nahIM milatA hai kintu bahupatnI-prathA jo prAcInakAla meM eka sAmAnya paramparA bana gaI thI, usakA ullekha jaina granthoM meM bhI milatA hai| isa bahupatnI-prathA ko jainaparamparA kA dhArmika anumodana ho aisA nahIM kahA jA sakatA, kyoMki sampUrNa jaina vAGmaya meM aisA koI vidhAyaka nirdeza prApta nahIM hotA, jisameM bahupatnI-prathA kA samarthana kiyA gayA ho| jaina-sAhitya mAtra itanA hI batalAtA hai ki bahupatnI-prathA usa samaya sAmAnyarUpa se pracalita thI aura jaina parivAroM meM bhI aneka patniyA~ rakhane kA pracalana thA, kintu jaina-sAhitya meM hameM koI aisA ullekha nahIM milatA ki kisI zrAvaka ne jainadharma ke paMca-aNuvratoM kA grahaNa karane ke pazcAt apanA vivAha kiyA ho| gRhastha upAsaka ke svapatnI santoSavrata ke jina aticAroM kA ullekha milatA hai unameM eka paravivAhakaraNa bhI hai|25 yadyapi isakA artha jaina AcAryoM ne aneka dRSTi se kiyA hai kintu isakA sAmAnya artha dUsarA vivAha karanA hI hai| isase aisA lagatA hai ki jaina AcAryoM kA anumodana to ekapatnIvrata kI ora hI thaa| Age calakara isakA artha yaha bhI kiyA jAne lagA ki sva-santAna ke atirikta anya kI santAnoM kA vivAha karavAnA, kintu merI dRSTi meM yaha eka paravartI artha hai| isI prakAra vezyAgamana ko bhI niSiddha mAnA gyaa| aparigRhItA arthAt avivAhitA strI se yauna-sambandha banAnA bhI zrAvakavrata kA eka aticAra (doSa) mAnA gyaa|26 jainAcAryoM meM somadeva hI ekamAtra apavAda haiM, jo gRhastha ke vezyAgamana ko anaitika ghoSita nahIM krte| zeSa sabhI jainAcAryoM ne vezyAgamana kA eka svara se niSedha kiyA hai|
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________________ jainadharma meM sAmAjika cintana jahA~ taka prema-vivAha aura mAtA-pitA dvArA Ayojita vivAha sambandhoM kA prazna hai, jainAgamoM meM aisA koI spaSTa nirdeza upalabdha nahIM hai ki vaha kisa prakAra ke vivAha-sambandhoM ko karane yogya mAnate haiN| kintu jJAtAdharmakathA ke draupadI evaM malli adhyayana meM pitA-putrI se spaSTa rUpa se yaha kahatA hai ki mere dvArA kiyA gayA cunAva tere kaSTa kA kAraNa ho sakatA hai, isaliye tuma svayaM hI apane pati kA cunAva kro| 27 isakA spaSTa artha yahI hai ki jaina-paramparA meM mAtApitA dvArA Ayojita vivAhoM aura yuvaka-yuvatiyoM dvArA apanI icchA se cune gaye vivAha sambandhoM ko mAnyatA prApta thii| jaina parivAra ke yuvaka-yuvatiyoM kA jaina parivAra meM hI vivAha ho, yaha Avazyaka nahIM thaa| aneka jaina kathAoM meM anya dharmAvalambI kanyAoM se vivAha karane ke ullekha milate haiM aura yaha vyavasthA Aja bhI pracalita hai| Aja bhI jaina parivAra apanI samAna jAti ke hindU parivAra kI kanyA ke sAtha vivAha sambandha karate haiN| isI prakAra apanI kanyA ko hindU parivAroM meM pradAna bhI karate haiN| sAmAnyatayA vivAhita hone para patnI-pati ke dharma kA anugamana karatI hai| kintu prAcInakAla se Aja taka aise bhI saikar3oM udAharaNa jaina sAhitya meM aura sAmAjika jIvana meM milate haiM jahA~ pati-patnI ke dharma kA anugamana karane lagatA hai yA phira donoM apane-apane dharma kA paripAlana karate haiM aura santAna ko unameM se kisI ke bhI dharma ko cunane kI svatantratA hotI hai| phira bhI isa visaMvAda se bacane ke liye sAmAnya vyavahAra meM isa bAta ko prAthamikatA dI jAtI hai ki jaina parivAra ke yuvaka-yuvatiyA~ jaina parivAra meM hI vivAha kreN| pArivArika dAyitva aura jaina dRSTikoNa gRhastha kA sAmAjika dAyitva apane vRddha mAtA-pitA, patnI, putra-putrI Adi parijanoM kI sevA evaM paricaryA karanA hai| zvetAmbara sAhitya meM ullekha hai ki mahAvIra ne mAtA kA apane prati atyadhika sneha dekhakara yaha nirNaya le liyA thA ki jaba taka unake mAtA-pitA jIvita raheMge, ve saMnyAsa nahIM leNge| yaha mAtApitA ke prati unakI bhakti-bhAvanA kA hI sUcaka hai| yadyapi isa sambandha meM digambara paramparA kA dRSTikoNa bhitra hai| jainadharma meM saMnyAsa lene ke pahale pArivArika uttaradAyitvoM se mukti pAnA Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| mujhe jaina AgamoM meM eka bhI ullekha aisA dekhane ko nahIM milA jahA~ binA parijanoM kI anumati se kisI vyakti ne saMnyAsa grahaNa kiyA ho| jainadharma meM Aja bhI yaha paramparA akSuNNa rUpa se kAyama hai| koI bhI vyakti binA parijanoM evaM samAja (saMgha) kI anumati ke saMnyAsa grahaNa nahIM kara sktaa| mAtA, pitA, putra, putrI, pati yA patnI kI
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________________ jainadharma meM sAmAjika cintana anumati prApta karanA Avazyaka hotA hai| isake pIche mUla bhAvanA yahI hai ki vyakti sAmAjika uttaradAyitvoM se nivRtti pAkara hI saMnyAsa grahaNa kre| isa bAta kI puSTi antakRddazA ke nimna udAharaNa se hotI hai jaba zrIkRSNa ko yaha jJAta ho gayA ki dvArikA kA zIghra hI vinAza hone vAlA hai, to unhoMne spaSTa ghoSaNA karavA dI ki yadi koI vyakti saMnyAsa lenA cAhatA ho kintu isa kAraNa se nahIM le pA rahA ho ki usake mAtA-pitA, putra-putrI evaM patnI kA pAlana-poSaNa kauna karegA, to unake pAlana-poSaNa kA uttaradAyitva maiM vahana kara lU~gA / 28 yadyapi buddha ne prArambha meM saMnyAsa ke liye parijanoM kI anumati ko Avazyaka nahIM mAnA thA / ataH aneka yuvakoM ne parijanoM kI anumati ke binA hI saMgha meM praveza le liyA thA, kintu Age calakara unhoMne bhI yaha niyama banA diyA thA ki binA parijanoM kI anumati ke upasampadA pradAna nahIM kI jAye / mAtra yahI nahIM unhoMne yaha bhI ghoSita kara diyA ki RNI, rAjakIya sevaka yA sainika ko bhI, jo sAmAjika uttaradAyitvoM se bhAga kara bhikSu bananA cAhate haiM, binA pUrva anumati ke upasampadA pradAna nahIM kI jAve / hindUdharma bhI pitR RNa arthAt sAmAjika dAyitva ko cukAye binA saMnyAsa kI anumati nahIM detA hai| cAhe saMnyAsa lene kA prazna ho yA gRhastha jIvana meM hI AtmasAdhanA kI bAta ho, sAmAjika uttaradAyitvoM ko pUrNa karanA Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| 12 sAmAjika dharma jaina AcAra - darzana meM na kevala AdhyAtmika dRSTi se dharma kI vivecanA kI gayI hai, varan dharma ke sAmAjika pahalU para bhI paryApta prakAza DAlA gayA hai| jaina vicArakoM ne saMgha yA sAmAjika jIvana kI pramukhatA sadaiva svIkAra kI hai| sthAnAMgasUtra meM sAmAjika jIvana ke sandarbha meM dasa dharmoM kA vivecana upalabdha hai. (1) grAmadharma, (2) nagaradharma, (3) rASTradharma, (4) pAkhaNDadharma, (5) kuladharma, (6) gaNadharma, (7) saMghadharma, (8) siddhAntadharma ( zrutadharma ), ( 9 ) cAritradharma aura (10) astikAyadharma / 29 inameM se prathama sAta to pUrI taraha se sAmAjika jIvana se sambandhita haiN| 1. grAmadharma grAma ke vikAsa, vyavasthA tathA zAnti ke liye jina niyamoM ko grAmavAsiyoM ne milakara banAyA hai, unakA pAlana karanA grAmadharma hai| grAmadharma kA artha hai jisa grAma meM hama nivAsa karate haiM, usa grAma kI vyavasthAoM, maryAdAoM evaM niyamoM ke anurUpa kArya krnaa| grAma kA artha vyaktiyoM ke kuloM kA samUha hai| ataH sAmUhika rUpa meM eka-dUsare ke sahayoga ke AdhAra para grAma kA vikAsa karanA, grAma ke andara pUrI taraha vyavasthA aura zAnti banAye rakhanA aura
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________________ jainadharma meM sAmAjika cintana 13 Apasa meM vaimanasya aura kleza utpanna na ho, usake liye prayatnazIla rahanA hI grAmadharma ke pramukha tattva haiN| grAma meM zAnti evaM vyavasthA nahIM hai, to vahA~ ke logoM ke jIvana meM bhI zAnti nahIM rhtii| jisa pariveza meM hama jIte haiM, usameM zAnti aura vyavasthA ke liye Avazyaka rUpa se prayatna karanA hamArA kartavya hai| pratyeka grAmavAsI sadaiva isa bAta ke liye jAgRta rahe ki usake kisI AcaraNa se grAma ke hitoM ko coTa na phuNce| grAmasthavira grAma kA mukhiyA yA netA hotA hai| grAmasthavira kA prayatna rahatA hai ki grAma kI vyavasthA, zAnti evaM vikAsa ke liye, grAmajanoM meM pArasparika sneha aura sahayoga banA rhe| 2. nagaradharma - grAmoM ke madhya meM sthita eka kendrIya grAma ko jo unakA vyAvasAyika kendra hotA hai, nagara kahA jAtA hai| sAmAnyata: grAma-dharma aura nagaradharma meM vizeSa antara nahIM hai| nagaradharma ke antargata nagara kI vyavasthA evaM zAnti, nAgarika-niyamoM kA pAlana evaM nAgarikoM ke pArasparika hitoM kA saMrakSaNa-saMvardhana AtA hai| lekina nAgarikoM kA uttaradAyitva kevala nagara ke hitoM taka hI sImita nahIM hai| yugIna sandarbha meM nagaradharma yaha bhI hai ki nAgarikoM ke dvArA grAmavAsiyoM kA zoSaNa na ho| nagarajanoM kA uttaradAyitva grAmINajanoM kI apekSA adhika hai| unheM na kevala apane nagara ke vikAsa evaM vyavasthA kA dhyAna rakhanA cAhiye varan una samagra grAmavAsiyoM ke hita kI bhI cintA karanI cAhiye, jinake AdhAra para nagara kI vyAvasAyika tathA Arthika sthitiyA~ nirbhara haiN| nagara meM eka yogya nAgarika ke rUpa meM jInA, nAgarika kartavyoM evaM niyamoM kA pUrI taraha pAlana karanA hI manuSya kA nagaradharma hai| jaina-satroM meM nagara kI vyavasthA Adi ke liye nagarasthavira kI yojanA kA ullekha hai| Adhunika yuga meM jo sthAna evaM kArya nagarapAlikA athavA nagaranigama ke adhyakSa ke haiM, jaina paramparA meM vahI sthAna evaM kArya nagarasthavira ke haiN| 3. rASTradharma - jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra pratyeka grAma evaM nagara kisI rASTra kA aMga hotA hai aura pratyeka rASTra kI apanI eka viziSTa sAMskRtika cetanA hotI hai jo grAmINoM evaM nAgarikoM ko eka rASTra ke sadasyoM ke rUpa meM Apasa meM bA~dhakara rakhatI hai| rASTradharma kA tAtparya hai rASTra kI sAMskRtika cetanA athavA jIvana kI viziSTa praNAlI ko sajIva banAye rkhnaa| rASTrIya vidhi-vidhAna, niyamoM evaM maryAdAoM kA pAlana karanA hI rASTradharma hai| Adhunika sandarbha meM rASTradharma kA tAtparya hai rASTrIya ekatA evaM niSThA ko banAye rakhanA tathA rASTra ke nAgarikoM ke hitoM kA paraspara ghAta na karate hue, rASTra ke vikAsa meM prayatnazIla rahanA, rASTrIya zAsana ke niyamoM ke viruddha kArya na karanA, rASTrIya vidhi-vidhAnoM kA Adara karate hue unakA
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________________ 14 jainadharma meM sAmAjika cintana samucita rUpa se pAlana krnaa| upAsakadazAMgasUtra meM rAjya ke niyamoM ke viparIta AcaraNa karanA doSapUrNa mAnA gayA hai| jainAgamoM meM rASTrasthavira kA vivecana bhI upalabdha hai| prajAtantra meM jo sthAna rASTrapati kA hai vahI prAcIna bhAratIya paramparA meM rASTrasthavira kA rahA hogA, yaha mAnA jA sakatA hai| 4. pAkhaNDadharma - jaina AcAryoM ne pAkhaNDa kI apanI vyAkhyA kI hai| jisake dvArA pApa kA khaNDana hotA ho vaha pAkhaNDa hai|30 dazavaikAlikaniyukti ke anusAra pAkhaNDa eka vrata kA nAma hai| jisakA vrata nirmala ho, vaha paakhnnddii|31 sAmAnya naitika niyamoM kA pAlana karanA hI pAkhaNDadharma hai| samprati pAkhaNDa kA artha DhoMga ho gayA hai, vaha artha yahA~ abhipreta nahIM hai| pAkhaNDadharma kA tAtparya anuzAsita, niyamita evaM saMyamita jIvana hai| pAkhaNDadharma ke liye vyavasthApaka ke rUpa meM prazAstA-sthavira kA nirdeza hai| prazAstA-sthavira zabda kI dRSTi se vicAra karane para yaha spaSTa lagatA hai ki vaha janatA ko dharmopadeza ke mAdhyama se niyantrita karane vAlA adhikArI hai| prazAstA-sthavira kA kArya logoM ko dhArmika niSThA, saMyama evaM vrata-pAlana ke liye prerita karate rahanA hai| hamAre vicAra meM prazAstA-sthavira rAjakIya dharmAdhikArI ke samAna hotA hogA, jisakA kArya janatA ko sAmAnya naitika jIvana kI zikSA denA hotA hogaa| 5. kuladharma -- parivAra athavA vaMza-paramparA ke AcAra-niyamoM evaM maryAdAoM kA pAlana karanA kuladharma hai| parivAra kA anubhavI, vRddha evaM yogya vyakti kulasthavira hotA hai| parivAra ke sadasya kulasthavira kI AjJAoM kA pAlana karate haiM aura kulasthavira kA kartavya hai parivAra kA saMvardhana evaM vikAsa karanA tathA use galata pravRttiyoM se bcaanaa| jaina paramparA meM gRhastha evaM muni donoM ke liye kuladharma kA pAlana Avazyaka hai, yadyapi muni kA kula usake pitA ke AdhAra para nahIM varan guru ke AdhAra para banatA hai| 6. gaNadharma - gaNa kA artha samAna AcAra evaM vicAra ke vyaktiyoM kA samUha hai| mahAvIra ke samaya meM hameM gaNarAjyoM kA ullekha milatA hai| gaNarAjya eka prakAra ke prajAsattAtmaka rAjya hote haiN| gaNadharma kA tAtparya hai gaNa ke niyamoM aura maryAdAoM kA pAlana krnaa| gaNa do mAne gaye haiM - 1. laukika (sAmAjika) aura 2. lokottara (dhaarmik)| jaina paramparA meM vartamAna yuga meM bhI sAdhuoM ke gaNa hote haiM jinheM 'gaccha' kahA jAtA hai| pratyeka gaNa (gaccha) ke AcAra-niyamoM meM thor3A-bahuta antara bhI rahatA hai| gaNa ke niyamoM ke anusAra AcaraNa karanA gaNadharma hai| paraspara sahayoga tathA maitrI rakhanA gaNa ke pratyeka sadasya kA kartavya hai| gaNa kA eka gaNasthavira hotA hai| gaNa kI dezakAlagata *
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________________ jainadharma meM sAmAjika cintana 15 paristhitiyoM ke AdhAra para vyavasthAe~ denA, niyamoM ko banAnA aura pAlana karavAnA gaNasthavira kA kArya hai| jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra bAra-bAra gaNa ko badalane vAlA sAdhaka hIna dRSTi se dekhA gayA hai| buddha ne bhI gaNa kI unnati ke niyamoM kA pratipAdana kiyA hai| 7. saMghadharma - vibhinna gaNoM se milakara saMgha banatA hai| jaina AcAryoM ke saMghadharma kI vyAkhyA saMgha yA sabhA ke niyamoM ke paripAlana ke rUpa meM kI hai| saMgha eka prakAra kI rASTrIya saMsthA hai, jisameM vibhinna kula yA gaNa milakara sAmUhika vikAsa evaM vyavasthA kA nizcaya karate haiN| saMgha ke niyamoM kA pAlana karanA saMgha ke pratyeka sadasya kA kartavya hai| jaina-paramparA meM saMgha ke do rUpa haiM - 1. laukika saMgha aura 2. lokottara sNgh| laukika saMgha kA kArya jIvana ke bhautika pakSa kI vyavasthAoM ko dekhanA hai, jabaki lokottara saMgha kA kArya AdhyAtmika vikAsa karanA hai| laukika saMgha ho yA lokottara saMgha ho, saMgha ke pratyeka sadasya kA yaha anivArya kartavya mAnA gayA hai ki vaha saMgha ke niyamoM kA pUrI taraha pAlana kre| saMgha meM kisI bhI prakAra ke manamuTAva athavA saMgharSa ke liye koI bhI kArya nahIM kre| ekatA ko akSuNNa banAye rakhane ke liye sadaiva hI prayatnazIla rhe| jaina paramparA ke anusAra sAdha, sAdhvI, zrAvaka aura zrAvikA ina cAroM se milakara saMgha kA nirmANa hotA hai| nandIsUtra meM saMgha ke mahattva kA vistArapUrvaka sundara vivecana huA hai, jisase spaSTa hai ki jaina-paramparA meM naitika sAdhanA meM saMghIya jIvana kA kitanA adhika mahattva hai| 32 8. zrutadharma - sAmAjika dRSTi se zrutadharma kA tAtparya hai zikSaNavyavasthA sambandhI niyamoM kA pAlana krnaa| ziSya kA guru ke prati, guru kA ziSya ke prati kaisA vyavahAra ho, yaha zrutadharma kA hI viSaya hai| sAmAjika sandarbha meM zrutadharma se tAtparya zikSaNa kI sAmAjika yA saMghIya vyavasthA hai| guru aura ziSya ke kartavyoM tathA pArasparika sambandhoM kA bodha aura unakA pAlana zrutadharma yA jJAnArjana kA anivArya aMga hai| yogya ziSya ko jJAna denA guru kA kartavya hai, jabaki ziSya kA kartavya guru kI AjJAoM kA zraddhApUrvaka pAlana karanA hai|| 9. cAritradharma - cAritradharma kA tAtparya hai zramaNa evaM gRhastha dharma ke AcAraniyamoM kA paripAlana krnaa| yadyapi cAritradharma kA bahata kucha sambandha vaiyaktika sAdhanA se hai, tathApi unakA sAmAjika pahalU bhI hai| jaina AcAra ke niyamoM evaM upaniyamoM ke pIche sAmAjika dRSTi bhI hai| ahiMsA sambandhI sabhI niyama aura upaniyama sAmAjika zAnti ke saMsthApana ke liye haiN| anAgraha
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________________ jainadharma meM sAmAjika cintana sAmAjika jIvana se vaicArika vidveSa evaM vaicArika saMgharSa ko samApta karatA hai| ahiMsA, anAgraha aura aparigraha para AdhArita jaina AcAra ke niyama-upaniyama pratyakSa aura parokSa rUpa meM sAmAjika dRSTi se yukta haiM, yaha mAnA jA sakatA hai| 10. astikAyadharma - astikAyadharma kA bahuta kucha sambandha tattvamImAMsA se hai, ata: usakA vivecana yahA~ aprAsaMgika hai| isa prakAra jaina AcAryoM ne na kevala vaiyaktika evaM AdhyAtmika pakSoM ke sambandha meM vicAra kiyA varan sAmAjika jIvana para bhI vicAra kiyA hai| jaina sUtroM meM upalabdha nagaradharma, grAmadharma, rASTradharma Adi kA yaha varNana isa bAta kA spaSTa pramANa hai ki jaina AcAradarzana sAmAjika pakSa kA yathocita mUlyAMkana karate hue usake vikAsa kA bhI prayAsa karatA hai| vastuta: jainadharma vaiyaktika naitikatA para bala dekara sAmAjika sambandhoM ko zuddha aura madhura banAtA hai| usake sAmAjika Adeza nimnalikhita haiM - jainadharma meM sAmAjika jIvana ke niSThA sUtra 1. sabhI AtmAe~ svarUpataH samAna haiM, ata: sAmAjika-jIvana meM U~canIca ke varga-bheda khar3e mata kro| - uttarAdhyayana, 12/37 2. sabhI AtmAe~ samAna rUpa se sukhAbhilASI haiM, ata: dUsare ke hitoM kA hanana, zoSaNa yA apaharaNa karane kA adhikAra kisI ko nahIM hai| - AcArAMga, 1/2/3/3 3. sabake sAtha vaisA vyavahAra karo, jaisA tuma unase svayaM ke prati cAhate ho| -- bRhatkalpabhASya, 4584 4. saMsAra ke sabhI prANiyoM ke sAtha maitrI bhAva rakho, kisI se bhI ghRNA evaM vidveSa mata rkho| - mUlAcAra, 28 / 5. guNIjanoM ke prati Adara-bhAva aura daSTajanoM ke prati upekSA-bhAva (taTastha-vRtti) rkho| --- sAmAyika pATha 1 6. saMsAra meM jo duHkhI evaM pIr3ita jana haiM, unake prati karuNA aura vAtsalyabhAva rakho aura apanI sthiti ke anurUpa unheM sevA-sahayoga pradAna kro| jainadharma meM sAmAjika jIvana ke vyavahAra sUtra upAsakadazAMgasUtra, yogazAstra evaM ratnakaraNDazrAvakAcAra meM varNita zrAvaka ke guNoM, bAraha vratoM evaM unake aticAroM se nimna sAmAjika AcAraniyama phalita hote haiM - 1. kisI nirdoSa prANI ko bandI mata banAo arthAt sAmAnyajanoM kI svatantratA meM bAdhaka mata bno|
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________________ jainadharma meM sAmAjika cintana 17 2. kisI kA vadha yA aMgacheda mata karo, kisI se bhI maryAdA se adhika kAma mata lo, kisI para zakti se adhika bojha mata laado| 3. kisI kI AjIvikA meM bAdhaka mata bno| 4. pArasparika vizvAsa ko bhaMga mata kro| na to kisI kI amAnata har3apa jAo aura na kisI ke gupta rahasya ko prakaTa kro| 5. sAmAjika jIvana meM galata salAha mata do, aphavAheM mata phailAo aura dUsaroM ke caritra-hanana kA prayAsa mata kro| 6. apane svArtha kI siddhi-hetu asatya ghoSaNA mata kro| 7. na to svayaM corI karo, na cora ko sahayoga do aura na corI kA mAla khriido| 8. vyavasAya ke kSetra meM nApa-taula meM prAmANikatA rakho aura vastuoM meM milAvaTa mata kro| 9. rAjakIya niyamoM kA ullaMghana aura rAjya ke karoM kA apavaMcana mata kro| 10. apane yauna sambandhoM meM anaitika AcaraNa mata kro| vezyAsaMsarga, vezyA-vRtti evaM usake dvArA dhana kA arjana mata kro| 11. apanI sampatti kA parisImana karo aura use lokahitArtha vyaya kro| 12. apane vyavasAya ke kSetra ko sImita karo aura varjita vyavasAya mata kro| 13. apanI upabhoga sAmagrI kI maryAdA karo aura usakA ati saMgraha mata kro| 14. ve sabhI kArya mata karo, jisase tumhArA koI hita nahIM hotA ho| 15. yathAsambhava atithiyoM kI, santajanoM kI, pIr3ita evaM asahAya vyaktiyoM kI sevA kro| anna, vastra, AvAsa, auSadhi Adi ke dvArA unakI AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti kro| 16. krodha mata karo, sabase premapUrNa vyavahAra kro| 17. dUsaroM kI avamAnanA mata karo, vinIta bano, dUsaroM kA AdarasammAna kro| 18. kapaTapUrNa vyavahAra mata kro| dUsaroM ke prati vyavahAra meM nizchala evaM prAmANika rho| 19. tRSNA mata rakho, Asakti mata bddh'aao| saMgraha mata kro|
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________________ jainadharma meM sAmAjika cintana 20. nyAya-nIti se dhana upArjana kro| 21. ziSTa puruSoM ke AcAra kI prazaMsA kro| 22. prasiddha dezAcAra kA pAlana kro| 23. sadAcArI puruSoM kI saMgati kro| 24. mAtA-pitA kI sevA-bhakti kro| 25. ragar3e-jhagar3e aura bakher3e paidA karane vAlI jagaha se dUra raho, arthAt citta meM kSobha utpanna karane vAle sthAna meM na rho| 26. Aya ke anusAra vyaya kro| 27. apanI Arthika sthiti ke anusAra vastra phno| 28. dharma ke sAtha artha-puruSArtha aura mokSa-puruSArtha kA isa prakAra sevana karo ki koI kisI kA bAdhaka na ho| 29. atithi aura sAdhujanoM kA yathAyogya satkAra kro| 30. kabhI durAgraha ke vazIbhUta na hoo| 31. deza aura kAla ke pratikUla AcaraNa na kro| 32. jinake pAlana-poSaNa karane kA uttaradAyitva apane Upara ho, unakA pAlana-poSaNa kro| 33. apane prati kiye hue upakAra ko namratApUrvaka svIkAra kro| 34. apane sadAcAra evaM sevA-kArya ke dvArA janatA kA prema sampAdita kro| 35. paropakAra karane meM udyata rho| dUsaroM kI sevA karane kA avasara Ane para pIche mata htto| sandarbha 1. Rgveda, 10/19/12. 2. IzAvAsyopaniSad, 6. 3. vahI, 1. 4. zrImadbhAgavata, 7/14/8. 5. AcArAMga, 1/5/5. 6. praznavyAkaraNasUtra, 2/1/2. 7. vahI, 2/1/3. 8. samantabhadra, yuktyAnuzAsana, 61. 9. sthAnAMga, 10/760.
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________________ jainadharma meM sAmAjika cintana 10. dekheM - sAgaramala jaina, vyakti aura samAja, zramaNa, varSa 34 (1983) aMka 2.. 11. dekheM - prabandhakoza, bhadrabAhu kathAnaka. 12. uddhRta - (ka) ratanalAla dozI, AtmasAdhanA saMgraha, pR0 441. (kha) bhagavatIArAdhanA, bhAga 1, pR0 197. 13. Bradle, Ethical Studies. 14. muni nathamala, naitikatA kA gurutvAkarSaNa, pR0 3-4. 15. umAsvAti,. tattvArthasUtra, 5/21. 16. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 25/19. 17. AcArAMga, 1/2/3/75. 18. sAgaramala jaina, sAgara jaina-vidyA bhAratI, bhAga 1, pR0 153. 19. jaTAsiMhanandi, varAMgacarita, sarga 25, zloka 33-43. 20. AcArAMganiyukti, 19. 21. AvazyakacUrNi, bhAga 1, pR0 152. 22. jinasena, AdipurANa, 11/166-167. 23. antakRddazAMga, 3/1/3. 24. upAsakadazAMga, 1/48. 25. vahI, 1/48. 26. vahI, 1/48. 27. jJAtAdharmakathA, 8 ( malliadhyayana ), 16 ( draupadI adhyayana ). 28. antakRddazAMga, 5/1/21. 29. sthAnAMga, 10/760 / vizeSa vivecana ke liye dekheM - dharmavyAkhyA. javAhara lAlajI ma. aura dharma-darzana, zuklacandrajI ma. 30. dharmadarzana, pR0 86. 31. dazavaikAlikaniyukti, 158. 32. nandIsUtra - pIThikA, 4-17.
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________________ adhyAtma aura vijJAna aupaniSadika RSigaNa, buddha aura mahAvIra bhAratIya adhyAtma paramparA ke unnAyaka rahe haiN| unake AdhyAtmika cintana ne bhAratIya mAnasa ko AtmatoSa pradAna kiyA hai| kintu Aja hama vijJAna ke yuga meM jI rahe haiM / vaijJAnika upalabdhiyA~ Aja hameM udvelita kara rahI haiN| Aja kA manuSya do taloM para jIvana jI rahA hai / yadi vijJAna ko nakAratA hai to jIvana kI sukha-suvidhA aura samRddhi ke khone kA khatarA hai, dUsarI ora adhyAtma ko nakArane para Atma- zAnti se vaMcita hotA hai / Aja AvazyakatA hai ina RSi maharSiyoM dvArA pratisthApita AdhyAtmika mUlyoM aura Adhunika vijJAna kI upalabdhiyoM ke samanvaya kI / nizcaya hI 'vijJAna aura adhyAtma' kI carcA Aja prAsaMgika hai / sAmAnyatayA Aja vijJAna aura adhyAtma ko paraspara virodhI avadhAraNAoM ke rUpa meM dekhA jAtA hai| Aja jahA~ adhyAtma ko dharmavAda aura pAralaukikatA ke sAtha jor3A jAtA hai, vahA~ vijJAna ko bhautikatA aura ihalaukikatA ke sAtha jor3A jAtA hai| Aja donoM meM virodha dekhA jAtA hai, lekina yaha avadhAraNA hI bhrAnta hai / prAcIna yuga meM to vijJAna aura adhyAtma ye zabda bhI paraspara bhinna artha ke bodhaka nahIM the| mahAvIra ne AcArAMgasUtra meM kahA hai ki "jo AtmA hai vahI vijJAtA hai aura jo vijJAtA hai vahI AtmA hai / "" yahA~ AtmajJAna aura vijJAna eka hI haiN| vastutaH 'vijJAna' zabda vi + jJAna se banA hai, 'vi' upasarga viziSTatA kA dyotaka hai / ata: viziSTa jJAna hI vijJAna hai| Aja jo vijJAna zabda kevala padArtha jJAna ke rUpa meM rUr3ha ho gayA hai vaha mUlataH viziSTa jJAna yA Atma-jJAna hI thA / AtmajJAna hI vijJAna hai / puna: 'adhyAtma' zabda bhI adhi + Atma se banA hai / 'adhi' upasarga bhI viziSTatA kA hI sUcaka hai| jahA~ Atma kI viziSTatA hai, vahI adhyAtma hai| cU~ki AtmA jJAnasvarUpa hI hai, ataH jJAna kI viziSTatA hI adhyAtma hai aura vahI vijJAna hai| phira bhI Aja vijJAna padArtha - jJAna meM aura adhyAtma Atma-jJAna ke artha meM rUr3ha ho gayA hai| merI dRSTi meM vijJAna sAdhanoM kA jJAna hai to adhyAtma sAdhya kA jJAna / prastuta nibandha meM inhIM rUr3ha arthoM meM vijJAna aura adhyAtma zabda kA prayoga kiyA jA rahA hai| eka hameM bAhya jagat se jor3atA hai to dUsarA hameM apane se jor3atA hai| donoM hI 'yoga' haiN| eka sAdhana yoga hai, to dUsarA sAdhyayoga / eka hameM jIvana zailI (Life style) detA hai to dUsarA hameM jIvana sAdhya ( Goal of
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________________ adhyAtma aura vijJAna 21 life ) detA hai| Aja hamArA durbhAgya yahI hai ki jo eka dUsare ke pUraka haiM, unheM hamane eka dUsare kA virodhI mAna liyaa| Aja AvazyakatA isa bAta kI hai ki inakI paraspara pUraka zakti yA abhinnatA ko samajhA jaaye| dharma-zabda ke tIna artha haiM - 1. svabhAva, 2. karttavya aura 3. sAdhanA yA upAsanA kI prakriyA vizeSa athavA shrddhaa-vishess| apane pahale artha meM vaha vijJAna se sambandhita hai| jahA~ dharma vastu-svabhAva hai vahA~ vijJAna vastu-svabhAva ( Nature of things ) ke adhyayana karane kI paddhati hai| ata: ve eka dUsare se sambandhita haiN| dharma svabhAva meM jInA hai aura vijJAna usa svabhAva ko pahacAnanA hai| ata: vijJAna ke binA dharma asambhava hai| svabhAva ko jAnakara hI jIyA jA sakatA hai / vijJAna hameM sva-svabhAva kA bodha karAtA hai aura dharma vibhAva se svabhAva meM Ane kI prakriyA sikhAtA hai| dharma apane dUsare aura tIsare artha meM adhyAtma ke nikaTa hai aura isa artha meM use vijJAna nirapekSa kahA jA sakatA hai| kyoMki kartavya kI avadhAraNA bhI vijJAna-vihIna hai| karttavya bhI vyakti ke svabhAva aura pariveza ke sandarbha meM hI nirdhArita hotA hai| kisa paristhiti meM kisa vyakti ko kyA karanA hai - isakA nirNaya vaijJAnika dRSTi para hI nirbhara karatA hai| yadyapi dharma aura / vijJAna meM isa bAta ko lekara antara mAnA jAtA hai ki jahA~ dharma zraddhApradhAna hai, vahA~ vijJAna tarkapradhAna hai| kintu yaha eka bhrAnta dhAraNA hai kyoMki na to vijJAna zraddhA yA AsthA kA virodhI hai aura na dharma hI tarka kA virodhii| vijJAna meM hama prArambha, parikalpanA (Hypothesis ) yA AsthA se karate haiM to dharma meM tarka ko sthAna dekara use vaijJAnika banAnA cAhate haiN| ata: donoM meM virodha nahIM hai| Aja dharma ko vaijJAnika ( Scientific ) honA hogA aura vijJAna ko dhaarmik| punaH dharma ko pAralaukika aura vijJAna ko Anubhavika ( aihika ) mAnA jAtA hai, kintu yaha bhrAnta dhAraNA hai| buddha ne apane upadeza meM ajAtazatru ko kahA thA - maiM kisI pAralaukika dharma kI bAta nahIM khtaa| maiM jisa dharma ko sikhAtA hU~, vaha to tAtkAlika hai| krodha nahIM karane se jo zAnti AtI hai - vaha to tAtkAlika hai| Aja dharma ko svarga aura naraka ke pralobhana aura bhaya para nahIM sikhAyA jA sakatA hai| Aja dharma ko aihika jIvana se jor3anA hogA, vijJAna ko paramArtha (Transcendental ) kI khoja karanI hogii| ____ Aja dharma ko karmakANDa se jor3a liyA gayA hai, kintu aba samaya A gayA hai, jaba vijJAna kI sahAyatA se ina karmakANDoM kI aihika upayogitA ko 'khojanA hogaa| aba dharma aura vijJAna samanvita hokara hI mAnava kalyANa kI dizA meM Age bar3ha sakate haiN| Aja dharma karmakANDa aura andha zraddhA se itanA jur3a gayA
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________________ 22 adhyAtma aura vijJAna hai ki ve hI dharma ke paryAya bana gaye haiN| 'dharma' zabda se koI bhrAnti na ho isaliye 'dharma' ke sthAna para 'adhyAtma' zabda kA prayoga adhika upayogI hogaa| Aja hama vijJAna ko padArtha vijJAna mAnate haiN| hamane 'para' yA 'anAtma' ke sandarbha meM itanA adhika jJAna arjita kara liyA hai ki 'sva' yA 'Atma' ko vismRta kara baiThe haiN| hamane paramANu ke AvaraNa ko tor3akara usake jareM-jare ko jAnane kA prayAsa kiyA hai kintu durbhAgya yahI hai ki apanI AtmA ke AvaraNa ko bhedakara apane Apako nahIM jAna sake haiN| hama paridhi ko vyApakatA dene meM kendra hI bhulA baitthe| manuSya kI yaha parakendritatA hI use apane Apase bahuta dUra le gaI hai| yahI Aja ke jIvana kI trAsadI hai| vaha duniyA ko samajhatA hai, jAnatA hai, parakhatA hai, kintu apane prati tandrAgrasta hai| use svayaM yaha bodha nahIM hai ki maiM kauna hU~? mairA kartavya kyA hai? lakSya kyA hai? vaha bhaTaka rahA hai| mAtra bhaTaka rahA hai| Aja se 2500 varSa pUrva mahAvIra ne manuSya kI usa pIr3A ko samajhA thaa| unhoMne kahA thA ki kitane hI loga aise haiM jo nahIM jAnate ki maiM kauna hU~? kahA~ se AyA hU~? merA gantavya kyA hai? yaha kevala mahAvIra ne kahA ho aisI bAta nahIM hai| buddha ne bhI kahA thA 'attAnaM gavessetha' apane ko khojo| aupaniSadika RSiyoM ne kahA - 'AtmanaM viddhi' 'apane Apako jAno', yahI jIvanaparizodhana kA mUla mantra hai| Aja hameM punaH inhIM praznoM ke uttara ko khojanA hai| Aja kA vijJAna Apako padArtha jagat ke sandarbha meM sUkSmatama sUcanAe~ de sakatA hai kintu ve sUcanAe~ hamAre liye ThIka usI taraha arthahIna haiM jisa prakAra jaba taka A~kha na khulI ho, taba taka prakAza kA koI mUlya nhiiN| vijJAna prakAza hai kintu adhyAtma kI A~kha ke binA usakI koI sArthakatA nahIM hai| AcArya bhadrabAhu ne kahA thA ki andhe vyakti ke sAmane karor3oM dIpaka jalAne kA kyA lAbha? jisakI A~kheM khulI hoM usake liye eka hI dIpaka paryApta hai| Aja ke manuSya kI bhI yahI sthiti hai| vaha vijJAna aura takanIkI ke sahAre bAhya jagat meM vidyuta kI cakAcauMdha phailA rahA hai kintu apane antarcakSu kA unmIlana nahIM kara rahA hai| prakAza kI cakAcauMdha meM hama apane ko hI nahIM dekha pA rahe haiN| yaha satya hai ki prakAza Avazyaka hai kintu A~kheM khole binA usakA koI mUlya nahIM hai| vijJAna ne manuSya ko zakti dI hai| Aja vaha dhvani se bhI adhika tIvra gati se yAtrA kara sakatA hai| kinta smaraNa rahe ki vijJAna jIvana ke lakSya kA nirdhAraNa nahIM kara sktaa| lakSya kA nirdhAraNa to adhyAtma hI kara sakatA hai| vijJAna sAdhana detA hai, lekina usakA upayoga kisa dizA meM karanA hogA yaha batalAnA adhyAtma kA kArya hai| pUjya vinobA jI ke zabdoM meM, "vijJAna meM doharI zakti hotI hai, eka vinAza zakti
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________________ adhyAtma aura vijJAna aura dUsarI vikAsa shkti| vaha sevA bhI kara sakatA hai aura saMhAra bhii| agni nArAyaNa kI khoja huI to usase rasoI bhI banAyI jA sakatI hai aura usase Aga bhI lagAI jA sakatI hai| agni kA prayoga ghara phUMkane meM karanA yA cUlhA jalAne meM, yaha akla vijJAna meM nahIM hai| akla to Atma-jJAna meM hai|''3 Age ve kahate haiM - "AtmajJAna hai A~kha aura vijJAna hai paaNv| agara mAnava ko AtmajJAna nahIM to vaha andhA hai| kahA~ calA jAyegA kucha patA nhiiN|" dUsare zabdoM meM kaheM, to adhyAtma dekhatA to hai lekina cala nahIM sakatA arthAt usameM lakSya-bodha to hai kintu gati kI zakti nhiiN| vijJAna meM zakti to hai kintu A~kha nahIM hai, lakSya kA bodha nhiiN| jisa prakAra andhe aura la~gar3e donoM hI paraspara sahayoga ke abhAva meM dAvAnala meM jala marate haiM, ThIka usI prakAra yadi Aja vijJAna aura adhyAtma paraspara eka dUsare ke pUraka nahIM hoMge to mAnavatA apane hI dvArA lagAI gaI visphoTaka zastroM kI isa agni meM jala mregii| binA vijJAna ke saMsAra meM sukha nahIM A sakatA aura binA adhyAtma ke zAnti nahIM A sktii| mAnava samAja kI sakha (Pleasure) aura zAnti ( Peace) ke liye donoM kA paraspara honA Avazyaka hai| vaijJAnika zaktiyoM kA upayoga mAnava-kalyANa meM ho yA mAnava-saMhAra meM, isa bAta kA nirdhAraNa vijJAna se nahIM, AtmajJAna yA adhyAtma se karanA hogaa| aNu zakti kA upayoga mAnava ke saMhAra meM ho yA mAnava ke kalyANa meM, yaha nirNaya karane kA adhikAra una vaijJAnikoM ko bhI nahIM hai, jo sattA, svArtha aura samRddhi ke pIche andhe rAjanetAoM ke dAsa haiN| yaha nirNaya to mAnavIya viveka sampanna ni:spRha sAdhakoM ko hI karanA hogaa| yaha satya hai ki vijJAna ke sahayoga se takanIka kA vikAsa huA aura usane mAnava ke bhautika duHkhoM ko bahuta kucha kama kara diyA, kintu dUsarI ora usane mAraka zakti ke vikAsa ke dvArA bhaya yA saMtrAsa kI sthiti utpanna kara mAnava kI zAnti ko bhI chIna liyA hai| Aja manuSya jAti bhayabhIta aura saMtrasta hai| Aja vaha visphoTaka astroM ke jvAlAmukhI para khar3I hai, jo kaba visphoTa kara hamAre astitva ko nigala legI, yaha kahanA kaThina hai| Aja hamAre pAsa jina saMhAraka astroM kA saMgraha hai, ve pRthvI ke sampUrNa jIvana ko aneka bAra samApta kara sakate haiN| pUjya vinobAjI likhate haiM, "jo vijJAna eka ora klorophArma kI khoja karatA hai jisase karuNA kA kArya hotA hai, vahI vijJAna aNu astroM kI khoja karatA hai jisase bhayaMkara saMhAra hotA hai| eka bAjU sipAhI ko jakhmI karatA hai dUsarA bAjU usako durusta karatA hai, yaha gorakhadhandhA Aja vijJAna kI madada se cala rahA hai| isa hAlata meM vijJAna kA sArA kArya usako milane vAle mArgadarzana
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________________ adhyAtma aura vijJAna para AdhArita hai| use jaisA mArgadarzana milegA, vaha vaisA kArya kregaa| yadi vijJAna para sattA ke AkAMkSiyoM kA, rAjanItijJoM kA aura apane svArtha kI roTI seMkane vAloM kA adhikAra hogA to vaha manuSya jAti kA saMhAraka hI bnegaa| kintu isake viparIta yadi vijJAna para mAnava-maMgala ke draSTA anAsakta RSiyoM-maharSiyoM kA adhikAra hogA, to vaha mAnava ke vikAsa meM sahAyaka hogaa| Aja hama vijJAna ke mAdhyama se takanIkI pragati kI usa U~cAI taka pahu~ca cuke haiM jahA~ se lauTanA bhI sambhava nahIM hai| Aja manuSya usa dorAhe para khar3A hai jahA~ para use hiMsA aura ahiMsA ke do rAstoM meM se kisI eka ko cunanA hai| Aja use yaha samajhanA hai ki vaha vijJAna ke sAtha kisako jor3anA cAhatA hai, hiMsA ko yA ahiMsA ko| Aja usake sAmane donoM vikalpa prastuta haiN| vijJAna + ahiMsA = vikaas| vijJAna + hiMsA = vinaash| jaba vijJAna ahiMsA ke sAtha jur3egA to vaha samRddhi aura zAnti lAyegA kintu jaba usakA gaThabandhana hiMsA se hogA to saMhAraka hogA aura apane hI hAthoM apanA vinAza kregaa| Aja vijJAna ke sahAre manuSya ne jitanA pAzavika bala saMgRhIta kara liyA hai| vaha usakA rakSaka na hokara kahIM bhakSaka na bana jAya, yaha use socanA hai| mahAvIra ne spaSTa rUpa se kahA thA "atthi satyena paraMparaM, natthi asatthena paraMparaM"6, arthAt zastra eka se bar3hakara eka ho sakatA hai kintu ahiMsA se bar3hakara anya kucha nahIM ho sktaa| Aja sampUrNa mAnava samAja ko yaha nirNaya lenA hogA ki ve vaijJAnika zaktiyoM kA prayoga mAnavatA ke kalyANa ke lie karanA cAhate haiM yA usake saMhAra ke lie| Aja takanIkI pragati ke kAraNa manuSya-manuSya ke bIca kI dUrI kama ho gaI hai| Aja vijJAna ne mAnava-samAja ko eka dUsare ke nikaTa lAkara khar3A kara diyA hai| Aja hama paraspara itane nirbhara bana gaye haiM ki eka dUsare ke binA khar3e bhI nahIM raha sakate, kintu dUsarI ora AdhyAtmika dRSTi ke abhAva ke kAraNa hamAre hRdayoM kI dUrI adhika vistIrNa ho gaI hai| hRdaya kI isa dUrI ko pATane kA kAma vijJAna nahIM, adhyAtma hI kara sakatA hai| vijJAna kA kArya hai - vizleSita karanA aura adhyAtma kA kAma hai - saMzleSita krnaa| vijJAna tor3atA hai, adhyAtma jor3atA hai| vijJAna viyojaka hai to adhyAtma sNyojk| vijJAna para-kendrita hai to adhyAtma aatm-kendrit| vijJAna sikhAtA hai ki hamAre sukha-du:kha kA kendra vastue~ haiM, padArtha haiM, isake viparIta adhyAtma kahatA hai ki sukha-duHkha kA kendra AtmA hai| vijJAna kI dRSTi bAhara dekhatI hai, adhyAtma antara meM dekhatA hai| vijJAna kI yAtrA andara se bAhara kI ora hai to adhyAtma kI yAtrA bAhara se andara kI or| manuSya ko Aja yaha samajhanA
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________________ adhyAtma aura vijJAna 25 hai ki yadi yAtrA bAhara kI ora hotI rahI to vaha zAnti, jisakI use khoja hai, kabhI nahIM milegii| kyoMki bahirmukhI yAtrI zAnti kI khoja vahA~ karatA hai jahA~ vaha nahIM hai / zAnti andara hai usakI khoja bAhara vyartha hai / isa sambandha meM eka rUpaka yAda AtA hai| eka vRddhA zAma ke samaya kucha sila rahI thI / saMyoga se a~dherA bar3hane lagA, sUI usake hAtha se chUTakara kahIM gira pdd'ii| mahilA kI jhopar3I meM prakAza kA sAdhana nahIM thA aura prakAza ke binA sUI kI khoja asambhava thI / bur3hiyA ne socA kyA huaa| agara prakAza bAhara hai to sUI ko vahIM khojA jaaye| vaha usa prakAza meM sUI khojatI rahI, khojatI rahI kintu sUI vahA~ kaba milane vAlI thI, kyoMki vaha vahA~ thI hI nahIM / prAtaH hone vAlA thA ki koI yAtrI udhara se nikalA, usane vRddhA se usakI parezAnI kA kAraNa puuchaa| usane pUchA ammA sUI girI kahA~ thI / vRddhA ne uttara diyA, 'beTA ! sUI girI to jhopar3I meM thI kintu ujAlA nahIM thA, ataH khojanA sambhava nahIM thA / ujAlA to bAhara thA, isaliye maiM yahA~ khoja rahI thii|' yAtrI ne uttara diyA "yaha sambhava nahIM hai ki jo cIja jahA~ nahIM hai vahA~ khojane para mila jaaye| sUrya kA prakAza hone ko hai, usa prakAza meM sUI vahIM khojeM jahA~ girI hai| " Aja mAnava samAja kI sthiti bhI usI vRddhA ke samAna hai| hama zAnti kI khoja vahA~ kara rahe haiM jahA~ vaha hotI hI nhiiN| zAnti AtmA meM hai, andara hai? vijJAna ke sahAre Aja zAnti kI khoja ke prayatna usa bur3hiyA ke prayatnoM ke samAna nirarthaka hI hoNge| vijJAna, sAdhana de sakatA hai, zakti de sakatA hai kintu lakSya kA nirdhAraNa to hameM hI karanA hogaa| ------------ Aja vijJAna ke kAraNa mAnava ke pUrva sthApita jIvana-mUlya samApta ho gaye haiN| Aja zraddhA kA sthAna tarka ne le liyA hai| Aja manuSya pAralaukika upalabdhiyoM ke sthAna para ihalaukika upalabdhiyoM ko cAhatA hai| Aja ke tarkapradhAna manuSya ko sukha aura zAnti ke nAma para bahalAyA nahIM jA sakatA, lekina durbhAgya yaha hai ki Aja hama adhyAtma ke abhAva meM naye jIvana-mUlyoM kA sRjana nahIM kara pA rahe haiN| Aja vijJAna kA yuga hai| Aja usa dharma ko jo, pAralaukika jIvana kI sukha-suvidhAoM ke nAma para mAnavIya bhAvanAoM kA zoSaNa kara rahA hai, jAnA hogaa| Aja tathAkathita ve dharma-paramparAyeM jo manuSya ko bhaviSya ke sunahale sapane dikhAkara phusalAyA karatI thIM aba tarka kI painI chenI ke Age apane ko nahIM bacA sktiiN| aba svarga meM jAne ke liye nahIM jInA hai apitu svarga ko dharatI para lAne ke liye jInA hogaa| Aja vijJAna ne hameM vaha zakti de dI hai, jaba svarga ko dharatI para utArA jA sakatA hai| yadi hama isa zakti kA upayoga dharatI para svarga
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________________ 26 adhyAtma aura vijJAna utArane ke sthAna para, dharatI ko naraka banAne meM kareMge to isakI javAbadehI hama para hI hogii| Aja vaijJAnika zaktiyoM kA upayoga isa dRSTi se karanA hai ki ve mAnava kalyANa meM sahabhAgI banakara isa dharatI ko hI svarga banA skeN| vinobA jI ne satya hI kahA hai, "Aja vijJAna kA to vikAsa huA kintu vaijJAnika utpanna hI nahIM huaa|" kyoMki vaijJAnika vaha hai jo nirapekSa hotA hai| Aja kA vaijJAnika, rAjanItijJoM aura pU~jIpatiyoM ke izAre para calane vAlA vyakti hai| vaha paise se kharIdA jA sakatA hai| yaha to vaijJAnika kI gulAmI hai / aise loga avaijJAnika haiM / yadi vijJAnI (Scientist) vaijJAnika ( Scientific ) nahIM banA to vijJAna manuSya ke lie ghAtaka hI siddha hogaa| Aja vijJAna kA upayoga kaise kiyA jAya, isakA uttara vijJAna ke pAsa nahIM, adhyAtma ke pAsa hai| vinobA jI likhate haiM ki Aja yuga kI mA~ga se vijJAna kI jitanI hI zakti bar3hegI, Atma-jJAna ko utanI hI zakti bar3hAnI hogii| Aja amerikA isaliye duHkhI hai ki vahA~ vijJAna to hai, adhyAtma nahIM hai, ataH vahA~ sukha to hai zAnti nhiiN| isake viparIta bhArata meM AdhyAtmika virAsata ke kAraNa mAnasika zAnti to hai, kintu samRddhi nhiiN| Aja jahA~ samRddhi hai vahA~ zAnti nahIM aura jahA~ zAnti hai vahA~ samRddhi nhiiN| isakA samAdhAna adhyAtma aura vijJAna ke samanvaya meM nihita hai / adhyAtma zAnti degA to vijJAna samRddhi / jaba samRddhi aura zAnti donoM eka sAtha upasthita hogI tabhI mAnavatA apane vikAsa ke carama zikhara para hogI, mAnava svayaM atimAnava ke rUpa meM vikasita ho jAyagA / kintu isake lie prayatna karanA hogaa| binA aDiga AsthA aura satata puruSArtha ke yaha sambhava nhiiN| para Aja vijJAna ne manuSya ko sukha-suvidhA aura samRddhi to pradAna kara dI hai phira bhI manuSya bhaya aura tanAva kI sthiti meM jI rahA hai / use Antarika zAnti upalabdha nahIM hai, usakI samAdhi bhaMga ho cukI hai| yadi vijJAna ke mAdhyama se koI zAnti A sakatI hai to vaha kevala zmazAna kI zAnti hI hogii| bAharI sAdhanoM se na kabhI Antarika zAnti milI hai na usakA milanA sambhava hI hai| isa sandarbha meM upaniSadoM kA eka prasaMga yAda A rahA hai| nArada jIvana bhara veda-vedAMga kA adhyayana karate rhe| unhoMne aneka vidyAe~ ( bhautika vidyAe~ ) prApta kara lIM kintu unake mana ko kahIM santoSa nahIM milaa| ve sanatkumAra ke pAsa Ae aura kahane lage maiMne aneka zAstroM kA adhyayana kiyaa| maiM zAstravid to hU~ kintu AtmavidU nhiiN| " Aja ke vaijJAnika bhI nArada kI bhA~ti hI haiN| ve zAstravid to haiM kintu Atmavid nahIM / Atmavid hue binA zAnti ko nahIM pAyA jA sakatA / yadyapi mere kahane kA tAtparya yaha nahIM hai ki hama vijJAna aura usakI upalabdhiyoM ko -
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________________ adhyAtma aura vijJAna 27 tilAMjali de deN| vaijJAnika upalabdhiyoM kA parityAga na to sambhava hI hai aura na hI aucityapUrNa, kintu adhyAtma yA mAnavIya viveka ko inakA anuzAsaka honA caahiye| adhyAtma hI vijJAna kA anuzAsaka ho, tabhI eka samagratA yA pUrNatA AegI aura manuSya eka sAtha samRddhi aura zAnti ko pA skegaa| IzAvAsyopaniSad meM jise hama padArtha-jJAna yA vijJAna kahate haiM use avidyA kahA gayA hai aura jise hama adhyAtma kahate haiM use vidyA kahA gayA hai| upaniSadkAra donoM ke sambandha ko ucita batAte hue usakA svarUpa kahatA hai| vaha kahatA hai ki jo padArtha vijJAna yA avidyA kI upAsanA karatA hai, vaha andhakAra ( tamas ) meM praveza karatA hai kyoMki vijJAna yA padArtha vijJAna andhA hai kintu sAtha hI vaha yaha bhI cetAvanI detA hai ki jo kevala vidyA meM rata haiM ve usase adhika andhakAra meM cale jAte haiN| andhaM tamaH pravizanti ye'vidyAmupAsate / tato bhUya iva te tato ya u vidyAyAM ratAH / / 9 / / IzAvAsyopaniSad vastuta: vaha jo avidyA aura vidyA donoM kI eka sAtha upAsanA karatA hai vaha avidyA dvArA mRtyu ko pAra karatA hai arthAt vaha sAMsArika kaSToM se mukti pAtA hai aura vidyA dvArA amRta prApta karatA hai| vidyAM cAvidyAM ca yastadvedobhayaM saha / avidyayA mRtyuM tIrvA vidyayAmRtamaznute / / 11 / / IzAvAsyopaniSad vastutaH yaha amRta Atma-zAnti yA AtmatoSa hI hai| jaba vijJAna aura adhyAtma kA samanvaya hogA tabhI mAnavatA kA kalyANa hogaa| vijJAna jIvana ke kaSToM ko samApta kara degA aura adhyAtma Antarika zAnti ko pradAna kregaa| AcArAMga meM mahAvIra ne adhyAtma ke lie 'ajjhattha' zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai aura yaha batAyA hai ki isI ke dvArA Atma-vizuddhi ko prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| vastuta: adhyAtma kucha nahIM hai vaha Atma-upalabdhi yA Atma-vizaddhi kI hI eka prakriyA hai| usakA prArambha AtmajJAna se hai aura usakI pariniSpatti AdhyAtmika mUlyoM ke prati aTUTa niSThA meM hai| vastuta: Aja jitanI mAtrA meM padArtha vijJAna vikasita huA hai utanI hI mAtrA meM AtmajJAna ko vikasita honA caahie| vijJAna kI daur3a meM adhyAtma pIche raha gayA hai| padArtha ko jAnane ke prayatnoM meM hama apane ko bhulA baiThe haiN| merI dRSTi meM AtmajJAna koI amUrta, tAttvika AtmA kI khoja nahIM hai, vaha apane Apako jAnanA hai| apane Apako jAnane kA tAtparya apane meM nihita vAsanAoM aura vikAroM ko dekhanA hai| AtmajJAna kA artha hotA hai ki hama
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________________ adhyAtma aura vijJAna yaha dekheM ki hamAre jIvana meM kahA~ ahaMkAra chipA par3A hai, kahA~ aura kisake prati ghRNA aura vidveSa ke tattva pala rahe haiN| vastutaH AtmajJAna, apane andara jhA~kakara apanI vRttiyoM aura vAsanAoM ko par3hane kI kalA hai| vijJAna dvArA pradatta takanIka ke sahAre hama padArthoM kA parizodhana karanA to sIkha gaye aura parizodhana se kitanI zakti prApta hotI hai yaha bhI jAna gae, kintu AtmA ke parizodhana kI jo kalA adhyAtma ke nAma se hamAre RSi-muniyoM ne dI thI, Aja hama use bhUla cuke haiN| 28 phira bhI vijJAna ne Aja hamArI sukha-suvidhA pradAna karane ke atirikta jo sabase bar3A upakAra kiyA vaha yaha ki dharmavAda ke nAma para jo andha zraddhA aura andhavizvAsa pala rahe the, unheM tor3a diyA hai| isakA TUTanA Avazyaka bhI thA kyoMki lorI sunAkara manuSya samAja ko adhika samaya taka bhrama meM rakhanA sambhava nahIM thA / vijJAna ne acchA hI kiyA ki hamArA yaha bhrama tor3a diyA kintu hameM yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki bhrama kA TUTanA hI paryApta nahIM hai| isase jo riktatA paidA huI use AdhyAtmika mUlya-niSThA ke dvArA hI bharanA hogaa| yaha AdhyAtmika mUlya niSThA ucca mUlyoM ke prati niSThA hai jo jIvana ko zAnti aura AtmasantoSa pradAna karate haiN| adhyAtma aura vijJAna kA saMgharSa vastutaH bhautikavAda aura adhyAtmavAda kA saMgharSa hai| adhyAtma kI zikSA yahI hai ki bhautika sukha-suvidhAoM kI upalabdhi hI antima lakSya nahIM hai| daihika evaM Atmika mUlyoM se pare sAmAjikatA aura mAnavatA ke ucca mUlya bhI haiN| mahAvIra kI dRSTi meM adhyAtmavAda kA artha hai padArtha ko paramamUlya na mAnakara AtmA ko hI paramamUlya mAnanA / bhautikavAdI dRSTi ke anusAra sukha aura duHkha vastugata tathya haiN| ataH bhautikavAdI sukhoM kI lAlasA meM vaha vastuoM ke pIche daur3atA hai aura unakI upalabdhi hetu zoSaNa aura saMgraha jaisI sAmAjika burAiyoM ko janma detA hai jisase vaha svayaM to santrasta hotA hI hai sAtha hI sAtha samAja ko bhI santrasta banA detA hai| isake viparIta adhyAtmavAda hameM yaha sikhAtA hai ki sukha duHkha Atma- kendrita haiN| AtmA yA vyakti hI apane sukha-duHkha kA kartA aura bhoktA hai| vahI apanA mitra aura vahI apanA zatru hai| supratiSThita arthAt sadguNoM meM sthita AtmA bhinna hai aura duHpratiSThita arthAt durguNoM meM sthita AtmA zatru hai|' vastutaH AdhyAtmika Ananda kI upalabdhi padArthoM meM na hokara sadguNoM meM sthita AtmA meM hotI hai| adhyAtmavAda ke anusAra dehAdi sabhI Atmetara padArthoM ke prati mamattva buddhi kA visarjana sAdhanA kA mUla utsa hai| mamatva kA visarjana aura samatva kA sRjana hI jIvana kA paramamUlya hai| jaise hI mamatva kA visarjana hogA samatva kA sRjana hogA aura samatva kA sRjana
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________________ adhyAtma aura vijJAna 29 hogA to zoSaNa aura saMgraha kI sAmAjika burAiyA~ samApta hoNgii| pariNAmata: vyakti Atmika zAnti kA anubhava kregaa| adhyAtmavAdI samAja meM vijJAna to rahegA kintu usakA upayoga saMhAra meM na hokara sRjana meM hogA, mAnavatA ke kalyANa meM hogaa| anta meM puna: maiM yahI kahanA cAhU~gA ki vijJAna ke kAraNa jo eka saMtrAsa kI sthiti mAnava-samAja meM dikhAI de rahI hai usakA mUlabhUta kAraNa vijJAna nahIM apitu vyakti kI saMkucita aura svArthavAdI dRSTi hI hai| vijJAna to nirapekSa hai| vaha na acchA hai aura na buraa| usakA acchA yA burA honA usake upayoga para nirbhara karatA hai aura isa upayoga kA nirdhAraNa vyakti ke adhikAra kI vastu hai| ata: Aja vijJAna ko nakArane kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| AvazyakatA hai use samyak dizA meM niyojita karane kii| yaha samyak dizA anya kucha nahIM, sampUrNa mAnavatA ke kalyANa kI vyApaka AkAMkSA hI hai aura isa AkAMkSA kI pUrti adhyAtma aura vijJAna ke samanvaya meM hI hai| kAza, mAnavatA ina donoM meM samanvaya kara sake, yahI kAmanA hai| sandarbha 1. je AyA se viNNAyA, je viNNAyA se aayaa| AcArAMga 1/5/5. 2. AcArAMga, 1/1/1. 3. AtmajJAna aura vijJAna ( vinobA ). 4. vahI. 5. vahI. 6. AcArAMga 1/3/4. 7. chAndogyopaniSad 7/3. 8. appA khalu mittaM amittaM ca supaTThio duptttthio| uttarAdhyayana 20/37
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________________ jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma kA pArasparika prabhAva bhAratIya saMskRti eka samanvita saMskRti hai| isakI saMracanA meM vaidikadhArA aura zramaNadhArA kA mahattvapUrNa avadAna hai| vaidikadhArA mUlata: pravRttipradhAna aura zramaNadhArA nivRttipradhAna rahI hai| vaidikadhArA kA pratinidhitva vartamAna meM hindUdharma karatA hai jabaki zramaNadhArA kA pratinidhitva jaina aura bauddha dharma karate haiN| kintu yaha samajhanA bhrAntipUrNa hogA ki vartamAna hindUdharma apane zuddha rUpa meM mAtra vaidika paramparA kA anuyAyI hai| Aja usane zramaNadhArA ke aneka tattvoM ko apane meM samAviSTa kara liyA hai| ata: vartamAna hindUdharma vaidikadhArA aura zramaNadhArA kA eka samanvita rUpa hai aura usameM ina donoM paramparAoM ke tattva sannihita haiN| isI prakAra yaha kahanA bhI ucita nahIM hogA ki jainadharma aura bauddhadharma mUlata: zramaNaparamparA ke dharma hote hue bhI vaidikadhArA yA hindUdharma se pUrNata: aprabhAvita rahe haiN| ina donoM dharmoM ne bhI vaidikadhArA ke vikasita dharma se kAlakrama meM bahuta kucha grahaNa kiyA hai| yaha satya hai ki hindUdharma pravRttipradhAna rahA hai| usameM bhI yajJa-yAga aura karmakANDa kI pradhAnatA hai, phira bhI usameM saMnyAsa, mokSa aura vairAgya kA abhAva nahIM hai| adhyAtma, saMnyAsa aura vairAgya ke tattvoM ko usane zramaNa-paramparA se na kevala grahaNa kiyA hai apitu unheM AtmasAta bhI kara liyA hai| yadyapi vedakAla ke prArambha meM ye tattva usameM pUrNata: anupasthita the kintu aupaniSadika kAla meM usameM zramaNa-paramparA ke ina aneka tattvoM ko mAnyatA prApta ho cukI thii| IzAvAsyopaniSad sarvaprathama vaidikadhArA aura zramaNadhArA ke samanvaya kA prayAsa hai| Aja hindUdharma meM saMnyAsa, vairAgya, tapa-tyAga, dhyAna aura mokSa kI avadhAraNAe~ vikasita huI haiN| ve sabhI isa tathya kA pramANa haiM ki vartamAna hindUdharma ne bhArata kI zramaNadhArA se bahuta kucha grahaNa kiyA hai| upaniSad vaidika aura zramaNadhArA ke samanvayasthala haiM - unameM vaidika hindU eka nayA svarUpa letA pratIta hotA hai| isI prakAra zramaNadhArA ne bhI cAhe-anacAhe vaidikadhArA se bahuta kucha grahaNa kiyA hai| zramaNadhArA meM karmakANDa aura pUjA-paddhati to vaidikadhArA se AyI hI hai, apitu aneka hindU devI-devatA bhI zramaNa-paramparA meM mAnya kara liye gae
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________________ jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma kA pArasparika prabhAva haiN| bhAratIya saMskRti kI ye vibhinna dhArAe~ kisa rUpa meM eka-dUsare se samanvita huI haiM, isakI carcA karane ke pUrva hameM yaha dekhanA hogA ki ina donoM dhArAoM kA svatantra vikAsa kina manovaijJAnika aura pAristhitika kAraNoM se huA hai, tathA kyoM aura kaise inakA paraspara samanvaya huA ? pravartaka evaM nivartaka dharmoM kA udbhava mAnava-astitva dvi-AyAmI evaM virodhAbhAsa pUrNa hai| yaha svabhAvataH paraspara virodhI do bhinna kendroM para sthita hai| vaha na kevala zarIra hai aura na kevala cetanA, apitu donoM kI eka vilakSaNa ekatA hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki use do bhinna staroM para jIvana jInA hotA hai| zArIrika stara para vaha vAsanAoM se cAlita hai| aura vahA~ una para yAntrika niyamoM kA Adhipatya hai kintu caitasika stara para vaha viveka se zAsita hai, yahA~ usameM saMkalpa - svAtantrya hai / zArIrika stara para vaha baddha hai, paratantra hai kintu caitasika stara para vaha svatantra hai, mukta hai| manovijJAna kI bhASA meM jahA~ eka ora vaha vAsanAtmaka ahaM ( Id ) se anuzAsita hai to dUsarI ora AdarzAtmA ( Super Ego ) se prabhAvita bhI hai| vAsanAtmaka ahaM usakI zArIrika mA~goM kI abhivyakti kA prayAsa hai to AdarzAtmA usakA AdhyAtmika svabhAva hai, usakA nija svarUpa hai| jo nirdvandva evaM nirAkula caitasika samatva kI apekSA karatA hai| usake liye ina donoM meM se kisI kI bhI pUrNa upekSA asambhava hai| usake jIvana kI saphalatA inake bIca ke santulana banAne meM nihita hai / usake vartamAna astitva ke ye do chora haiN| usakI jIvana-dhArA ina donoM kA sparza karate hue inake bIca bahatI hai / 31 pravartaka evaM nivartaka dharmoM kA manovaijJAnika kAraNa mAnava-jIvana meM zArIrika vikAsa vAsanA ko aura caitasika vikAsa viveka ko janma detA hai / pradIpta-vAsanA apanI santuSTi ke liye 'bhoga' kI apekSA rakhatI hai to vizuddha-viveka apane astitva ke liye 'saMyama' yA virAga kI apekSA karatA hai| kyoMki sarAga-viveka sahI nirNaya dene meM akSama hotA hai / vAsanA bhogoM para jItI hai aura viveka virAga pr| yahIM do alaga-alaga jIvanadRSTiyoM kA nirmANa hotA hai / eka kA AdhAra vAsanA aura bhoga hote haiM to dUsarI kA AdhAra viveka aura virAga / zramaNa paramparA meM inameM se pahalI ko mithyA-dRSTi aura dUsarI ko samyaka dRSTi ke nAma se abhihita kiyA gayA hai| upaniSad meM inheM kramaza: preya aura zreya kahA gayA hai| kaThopaniSad meM RSi kahatA hai ki preya aura zreya donoM hI manuSya 'ke sAmane upasthita hote haiM / usameM se manda-buddhi zArIrika yoga-kSema arthAt preya ko aura vivekI puruSa zreya ko cunatA hai / vAsanA kI tuSTi ke liye bhoga aura
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________________ 32 jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma kA pArasparika prabhAva bhogoM ke sAdhanoM kI upalabdhi ke liye karma apekSita hai| isI bhogapradhAna jIvanadRSTi se karma-niSThA kA vikAsa huA hai| dUsarI ora viveka ke liye virAga (saMyama) aura virAga ke liye AdhyAtmika mUlya-bodha ( zarIra ke Upara AtmA kI pradhAnatA kA bodha ) apekSita hai| isI AdhyAtmika jIvana-dRSTi se tapa-mArga kA vikAsa huaa| inameM pahalI dhArA se pravartaka dharma kA aura dUsarI se nivartaka dharma kA udbhava huaa| pravartaka dharma kA lakSya bhoga hI rahA, ata: usane apanI sAdhanA kA lakSya-suvidhAoM kI upalabdhi ko hI bnaayaa| jahA~ aihika jIvana meM usane dhanadhAnya, putra, sampatti Adi kI kAmanA kI, vahIM pAralaukika jIvana meM svarga (bhautika sukha-suvidhAoM kI uccatama avasthA) kI prApti ko hI mAnava-jIvana kA carama lakSya ghoSita kiyaa| puna: Anubhavika jIvana meM jaba manuSya ne yaha dekhA ki alaukika evaM prAkRtika zaktiyA~ usake sukha-suvidhAoM kI upalabdhi ke prayAsoM ko saphala yA viphala banA sakatI haiM evaM usakI sukha-suvidhAe~ usake apane puruSArtha para nahIM, apitu ina zaktiyoM kI kRpA para nirbhara haiM, to vaha inheM prasanna karane ke liye eka ora inakI stuti aura prArthanA karane lagA to dUsarI ora unheM bali aura yajJoM ke mAdhyama se santuSTa karane lgaa| isa prakAra pravartaka dharma meM do zAkhAoM kA vikAsa huA - 1. zraddhApradhAna bhakti-mArga aura 2. yajJa-yAga pradhAna krm-maarg| dUsarI ora niSpApa aura svatantra jIvana jIne kI umaMga meM nivartaka dharma ne nirvANa yA mokSa arthAt vAsanAoM evaM laukika eSaNAoM se pUrNa mukti ko mAnava-jIvana kA lakSya mAnA aura isa hetu jJAna aura virAga ko pradhAnatA dI, kintu jJAna aura virAga kA yaha jIvana sAmAjika evaM pArivArika vyastatAoM ke madhya sambhava nahIM thaa| ata: nivartaka dharma mAnava ko jIvana ke karma-kSetra se kahIM dara nirjana vanakhaNDoM aura giri-kandarAoM meM le gyaa| usameM jahA~ eka ora daihika mUlyoM evaM vAsanAoM ke niSedha para bala diyA gayA, jisase vairAgyamUlaka tapa-mArga kA vikAsa huA vahIM dUsarI ora usa aikAntika jIvana meM cintana aura vimarza ke dvAra khule, jijJAsA kA vikAsa huA, jisase cintanapradhAna jJAna-mArga kA udbhava huaa| isa prakAra nivartaka dharma bhI do zAkhAoM meM vibhakta ho gayA - 1. jJAna-mArga aura 2. tp-maarg| ___ mAnava prakRti ke daihika aura caitasika pakSoM ke AdhAra para pravartaka aura nivartaka dharmoM ke vikAsa kI isa prakriyA ko nimna sAriNI ke mAdhyama se adhika spaSTa kiyA jA sakatA hai -
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________________ jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma kA pArasparika prabhAva manuSya cetanA vAsanA viveka bhoga virAga ( tyAga ) abhyudaya ( preya ) niHzreyas svarga mokSa ( nirvANa) karma saMnyAsa pravRtti nivRtti pravartaka dharma nivartaka dharma alaukika zaktiyoM kI upAsanA Atmopalabdhi samarpaNamUlaka yajJamUlaka cintana pradhAna dehadaNDana mUlaka bhakti-mArga karma-mArga jJAna-mArga tapa-mArga nivartaka evaM pravartaka dharmoM ke dArzanika evaM sAMskRtika pradeya pravartaka aura nivartaka dharmoM kA yaha vikAsa bhinna-bhinna manovaijJAnika AdhAroM para huA thA, ata: yaha svAbhAvika thA ki unake dArzanika evaM sAMskRtika pradeya bhinna-bhinna hoN| pravartaka evaM nivartaka dharmoM ke ina pradeyoM aura unake AdhAra para unameM rahI huI pArasparika bhinnatA ko agalI sAraNI se spaSTatayA samajhA jA sakatA hai -
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________________ jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma kA pArasparika prabhAva pravartaka dharma nivartaka dharma dArzanika pradeya 1. jaivika mUlyoM kI pradhAnatA 1. AdhyAtmika mUlyoM kI prdhaantaa| 2. vidhAyaka jIvana dRSTi 2. niSedhaka jiivn-dRsstti| 3. samaSTivAdI 3. vyssttivaadii| 4. vyavahAra meM karma para bala phira 4. vyavahAra meM naiSkarmyatA kA samarthana bhI bhAgyavAda evaM niyativAda phira bhI dRSTi purussaarthprk| kA samarthana 5. IzvaravAdI 5. aniishvrvaadii| 6. IzvarIya kRpA para vizvAsa 6. vaiyaktika prayAsoM para vizvAsa, karmasiddhAnta kA smrthn| 7. sAdhanA ke bAhya sAdhanoM para bala 7. Antarika vizuddhatA para bl| 8. jIvana kA lakSya svarga/Izvara ke 8. jIvana kA mokSa/evaM nirvANa kI sAnnidhya kI prApti praapti| sAMskRtika pradeya 9. varNa vyavasthA aura jAtivAda 9. jAtivAda kA virodha, varNakA janmanA AdhAra para samarthana vyavasthA kA kevala karmaNA AdhAra para smrthn| 10. gRhastha-jIvana kI pradhAnatA 10. saMnyAsa jIvana kI prdhaantaa| 11. sAmAjika jIvana shailii| 11. ekAkI jIvana shailii| 12. rAjatantra kA samarthana 12. janatantra kA smrthn| 13. zaktizAlI kI pUjA 13. sadAcArI kI puujaa| 14. vidhi-vidhAnoM evaM karmakANDoM 14. dhyAna aura tapa kI prdhaantaa| kI pradhAnatA 15. brAhmaNa-saMsthA (purohita-varga) 15. zramaNa-saMsthA kA vikaas| kA vikAsa 16. upAsanA-mUlaka 16. smaadhi-muulk| pravartaka dharma meM prArambha meM jaivika mUlyoM kI pradhAnatA rahI, vedoM meM jaivika AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti se sambandhita prArthanAoM ke svara adhika mukhara hue haiN| udAharaNArtha - hama sau varSa jIveM, hamArI santAna baliSTha hoveM, hamArI gAyeM adhika dUdha deveM, vanaspati pracura mAtrA meM ho aadi| isake viparIta nivartaka dharma kA zrA
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________________ jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma kA pArasparika prabhAva 35 ne jaivika mUlyoM ke prati eka niSedhAtmaka rukha apanAyA, unhoMne sAMsArika jIvana kI du:khamayatA kA rAga alaapaa| unakI dRSTi meM zarIra AtmA kA bandhana hai aura saMsAra duHkhoM kA saagr| unhoMne saMsAra aura zarIra donoM se hI mukti ko jIvanalakSya maanaa| unakI dRSTi meM daihika AvazyakatAoM kA niSedha, anAsakti, virAga aura Atma-santoSa hI sarvocca jIvana-mUlya haiN| eka ora jaivika mUlyoM kI pradhAnatA kA pariNAma yaha huA ki pravartaka dharma meM jIvana ke prati eka vidhAyaka dRSTi kA nirmANa huA tathA jIvana ko sarvatobhAvena vAMchanIya aura rakSaNIya mAnA gayA, to dUsarI ora jaivika mUlyoM ke niSedha se jIvana ke prati eka aisI niSedhAtmaka dRSTi kA vikAsa huA, jisameM zArIrika mA~goM kA ThukarAnA hI jIvana-lakSya mAna liyA gayA aura deha-daNDana hI tapa-tyAga aura AdhyAtmikatA ke pratIka bana ge| pravartaka dharma jaivika mUlyoM para bala dete haiM ata: svAbhAvika rUpa se ve samAjagAmI bane, kyoMki daihika AvazyakatA kI jijJAsA jisakA eka aMga kAma bhI hai, kI pUrNa santuSTi to samAja-jIvana meM hI sambhava thI, kintu virAga aura tyAga para adhika bala dene ke kAraNa nivartaka dharma samAja-vimukha aura vaiyaktika bana ge| yadyapi daihika mUlyoM kI upalabdhi hetu karma Avazyaka the, kintu jaba manuSya ne yaha dekhA ki daihika AvazyakatAoM kI santuSTi ke liye usake vaiyaktika prayAsoM ke bAvajUda bhI unakI pUrti yA apUrti kinhI anya zaktiyoM para nirbhara hai, to vaha devavAdI aura IzvaravAdI bana gyaa| vizva-vyavasthA aura prAkRtika zaktiyoM ke niyantraka tattva ke rUpa meM usane vibhinna devoM aura phira Izvara kI kalpanA kI aura unakI kRpA kI AkAMkSA karane lgaa| isake viparIta nivartaka dharma vyavahAra meM naiSkarmyatA ke samarthaka hote hae bhI karma-siddhAnta ke prati AsthA ke kAraNa yaha mAnane lage ki vyakti kA bandhana aura mukti svayaM usake kAraNa hai, ata: nivartaka dharma puruSArthavAda aura vaiyaktika prayAsoM para AsthA rakhane lge| anIzvaravAda, puruSArthavAda aura karmasiddhAnta usake pramukha tattva bana ge| sAdhanA ke kSetra meM jahA~ pravartaka dharma meM alaukika daivIya zaktiyoM kI prasannatA ke nimitta karmakANDa aura bAhya-vidhAnoM ( yajJa-yAga ) kA vikAsa huA, vahIM nivartaka dharmoM ne citta-zuddhi aura sadAcAra para adhika bala diyA tathA kinhIM daivIya zaktiyoM ke nimitta karma-kANDa ke sampAdana ko anAvazyaka maanaa| sAMskRtika pradeyoM kI dRSTi se pravartaka dharma varNa-vyavasthA, brAhmaNa saMsthA ( purohita varga ) ke pramukha samarthaka rhe| brAhmaNa varga manuSya aura Izvara ke bIca eka madhyastha kA kArya karane lagA tathA usane apanI AjIvakA ko surakSita banAe
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________________ 36 jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma kA pArasparika prabhAva rakhane ke liye eka ora samAja-jIvana meM apane varcasva ko sthApita rakhanA cAhA, to dUsarI ora dharma ko karmakANDa aura jaTila vidhi-vidhAnoM kI aupacArikatA meM ulajhA diyaa| pariNAsvarUpa U~ca-nIca kA bheda-bhAva, jAtivAda aura karmakANDa kA vikAsa huaa| kintu usake viparIta nivartaka dharma ne saMyama, dhyAna aura tapa kI eka sarala sAdhanA-paddhati kA vikAsa kiyA aura varNa-vyavasthA, jAtivAda aura brAhmaNa-saMsthA ke varcasva kA virodha kiyaa| unameM brAhmaNa-saMsthA ke sthAna para zramaNa-saMghoM kA vikAsa huA, jisameM sabhI jAti aura varga ke logoM ko samAna sthAna milaa| rAjya saMsthA kI dRSTi se jahA~ pravartaka dharma rAjataMtra aura anyAya ke pratikAra ke hetu saMgharSa kI nIti ke samarthaka rahe, vahA~ nivartaka dharma janatantra aura Atmotsarga ke samarthaka rhe| saMskRtiyoM ke samanvaya kI yAtrA yadyapi uparokta AdhAra para hama pravartaka dharma arthAt vaidika paramparA aura nivartaka dharma arthAt zramaNa-paramparA kI mUlabhUta vizeSatAoM aura unake sAMskRtika evaM dArzanika pradeyoM ko samajha sakate haiM kintu yaha mAnanA bhrAntipUrNa hI hogA ki Aja vaidikadhArA aura zramaNadhArA ne apane isa mUla svarUpa ko banAe rakhA hai| eka hI deza aura pariveza meM rahakara donoM hI dhArAoM ke liye yaha asambhava thA ki ve eka-dUsare ke prabhAva se achatI rheN| ata: jahA~ vaidikadhArA meM zramaNadhArA ( nivartaka dharma-paramparA ) ke tattvoM kA praveza huA hai, vahA~ zramaNadhArA meM pravartaka dharma-paramparA ke tattvoM kA praveza huA hai| ata: Aja ke yuga meM koI dharma-paramparA na to aikAntika nivRttimArga kI poSaka hai aura na aikAntika pravRttimArga kii| vastuta: nivRtti aura pravRtti ke sambandha meM aikAntika dRSTikoNa na to vyAvahArika hai aura na mnovaijnyaanik| manuSya jaba taka manuSya hai, mAnavIya AtmA jaba taka zarIra ke sAtha yojita hokara sAmAjika jIvana jItI hai, taba taka aikAntika pravRtti aura aikAntika nivRtti kI bAta karanA eka mRga-marIcikA meM jInA hogaa| vastuta: AvazyakatA isa bAta kI rahI hai ki hama vAstavikatA ko samajheM aura pravRtti tathA nivRtti ke tattvoM meM samucita samanvaya se eka aisI jIvanazailI khojeM, jo vyakti aura samAja donoM ke liye kalyANakArI ho aura mAnava ko tRSNAjanita mAnasika evaM sAmAjika santrAsa ke mukti dilA ske| isa prakAra ina do bhinna saMskRtiyoM meM pArasparika samanvaya Avazyaka thaa| bhArata meM prAcIna kAla se hI aise prayatna hote rahe haiN| pravartaka dhArA ke pratinidhi hindUdharma meM samanvaya ke sabase acche udAharaNa IzAvAsyopaniSad aura
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________________ jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma kA pArasparika prabhAva bhagavadagItA haiN| bhagavadagItA meM pravRtti aura nivRtti mArga ke samanvaya kA stutya prayAsa huA hai| isI prakAra zramaNa-dhArA meM bhI paravartI kAla meM pravartaka dharma ke tattvoM kA praveza huA hai| zramaNa-paramparA kI eka anya dhArA ke rUpa meM vikasita bauddha dharma meM to pravartaka dhArA ke tattvoM kA itanA adhika praveza huA ki mahAyAna se tantrayAna kI yAtrA taka vaha apane mUla svarUpa se kAphI dUra ho gyaa| bhAratIya dharmoM ke aitihAsika vikAsa-krama meM hama kAlakrama meM hue isa AdAna-pradAna kI upekSA nahIM kara sakate haiN| isI AdAna-pradAna ke kAraNa ye paramparAe~ eka-dUsare ke kAphI nikaTa A gaI haiN| isase yaha bhI siddha hotA hai ki bhAratIya saMskRti eka saMzliSTa saMskRti hai| use hama vibhitra cahAradIvAriyoM meM avaruddha kara kabhI bhI samyak prakAra se nahIM samajha sakate haiM, usako khaNDa-khaNDa meM vibhAjita karake dekhane meM usakI AtmA hI mara jAtI hai| jaise zarIra ko khaNDa-khaNDa kara dekhane se zarIra kI kriyA-zakti ko nahIM samajhA jA sakatA hai, vaise hI bhAratIya saMskRti ko khaNDa-khaNDa karake usakI mUla AtmA ko nahIM samajhA jA sakatA hai| bhAratIya saMskRti ko hama tabhI sampUrNa rUpa se samajha sakate haiM, jaba usake vibhinna ghaTakoM arthAt jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma-darzana kA samanvita evaM samyak adhyayana na kara liyA jaay| binA usake saMyojita ghaMTakoM ke jJAna ke usakA sampUrNatA meM jJAna sambhava hI nahIM hai| eka iMjana kI prakriyA ko bhI samyak prakAra se samajhane ke liye na kevala usake vibhinna ghaTakoM arthAt kala-puoM kA jJAna Avazyaka hotA hai, apitu unake paraspara saMyojita rUpa ko bhI dekhanA hotA hai| ata: hameM spaSTa rUpa se isa tathya ko samajha lenA cAhiye ki bhAratIya saMskRti ke adhyayana evaM zodha ke kSetra meM anya sahavartI paramparAoM aura unake pArasparika sambandhoM ke adhyayana ke binA koI bhI zodha paripUrNa nahIM ho sakatI hai| dharma aura saMskRti zUnya meM vikasita nahIM hote, ve apane deza, kAla aura sahavartI paramparAoM se prabhAvita hokara hI apanA svarUpa grahaNa karate haiN| yadi hameM jaina, bauddha, vaidika yA anya kisI bhI bhAratIya sAMskRtika dhArA kA adhyayana karanA hai, use samyak prakAra se samajhanA hai, to usake deza, kAla evaM parivezagata pakSoM ko bhI prAmANikatApUrvaka taTastha buddhi se samajhanA hogaa| cAhe jaina vidyA ke zodha evaM adhyayana kA prazna ho yA anya kisI bhAratIya vidyA kA, hameM usakI dUsarI paramparAoM ko avazya hI jAnanA hogA aura yaha dekhanA hogA ki vaha una dUsarI sahavartI paramparAoM se kisa prakAra prabhAvita huI hai aura usane unheM kisa prakAra prabhAvita kiyA hai| pArasparika prabhAva ke adhyayana ke binA koI bhI adhyayana pUrNa nahIM hotA hai|
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________________ jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma kA pArasparika prabhAva yaha satya hai ki bhAratIya saMskRti ke itihAsa ke AdikAla se hI hama usameM zramaNa aura vaidika saMskRti kA astitva sAtha-sAtha pAte haiM, kintu hameM yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki bhAratIya saMskRti meM ina donoM svatantra dhArAoM kA saMgama ho gayA hai aura aba inheM eka-dUsare se pUrNatayA alaga nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| bhAratIya itihAsa ke prArambhika kAla se hI ye donoM dhArAe~ paraspara eka dUsare se prabhAvita hotI rahI haiN| apanI-apanI vizeSatAoM ke AdhAra para vicAra ke kSetra meM hama cAhe unheM alaga-alaga dekha leM, kintu vyAvahArika stara para unheM eka dUsare se pRthak nahIM kara sakate / bhAratIya vAGmaya meM Rgveda prAcInatama mAnA jAtA hai / usameM jahA~ eka ora vaidika samAja evaM vaidika kriyA-kANDoM kA ullekha hai, vahIM dUsarI ora usameM na kevala vrAtyoM, zramaNoM evaM arhatoM kI upasthiti ke ullekha upalabdha haiM, apitu RSabha, ariSTanemi Adi jo jaina paramparA meM tIrthaGkara ke rUpa meM mAnya haiM, ke prati samAdara bhAva bhI vyakta kiyA gayA hai| isase yaha pratIta hotA hai ki aitihAsika yuga ke prArambha se hI bhArata meM ye donoM saMskRtiyA~ sAtha-sAtha pravAhita hotI rahI haiN| hindUdharma kI zaiva dhArA aura sAMkhyayoga Adi kI paramparAe~ mUlataH nivartaka yA zramaNa rahI haiM, jo kAlakrama meM bRhad hindUdharma meM AtmasAt kara lI gaI haiN| 38 mohanajodar3o aura har3appA ke utkhanana se jisa prAcIna bhAratIya saMskRti kI jAnakArI hameM upalabdha hotI hai, usase siddha hotA hai ki vaidika saMskRti ke pUrva bhI bhArata meM eka ucca saMskRti astitva rakhatI thI, jisameM dhyAna Adi para bala diyA jAtA thaa| usa utkhanana meM dhyAnastha yogiyoM kI sIleM Adi milanA tathA yajJazAlA Adi kA na milanA yahI siddha karatA hai ki vaha saMskRti tapa, yoga evaM dhyAna - pradhAna vrAtya yA zramaNa-saMskRti kA pratinidhitva karatI thI / yaha nizcita hai ki AryoM ke Agamana ke sAtha prArambha hue vaidika yuga se ye donoM hI dhArAe~ sAtha-sAtha pravAhita ho rahI haiM aura unhoMne eka-dUsare ko paryApta rUpa se prabhAvita bhI kiyA hai| Rgveda meM vrAtyoM ke prati jo tiraskAra bhAva thA, vaha atharvaveda meM samAdara bhAva meM badala jAtA hai, jo donoM dhArAoM ke samanvaya kA pratIka hai| tapa, tyAga, saMnyAsa, dhyAna, samAdhi, mukti aura ahiMsA kI avadhAraNAe~, jo prArambhika vaidika RcAoM aura karmakANDIya brAhmaNa granthoM meM anupalabdha thIM, ve AraNyaka Adi paravartI vaidika sAhitya meM aura vizeSa rUpa se upaniSadoM meM astitva meM A gayI haiN| isase lagatA hai ki ye avadhAraNAe~ saMnyAsamArgIya zramaNadhArA ke prabhAva se hI vaidika dhArA meM praviSTa huI haiN| upaniSadoM, mahAbhArata aura gItA meM eka ora vaidika karmakANDa kI samAlocanA aura unheM AdhyAtmikatA se samanvita kara nae
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________________ jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma kA pArasparika prabhAva rUpa meM paribhASita karane kA prayatna tathA dUsarI ora tapa, saMnyAsa aura mukti Adi kI spaSTa rUpa se svIkRti, yahI siddha karatI hai ki ye grantha vaidika evaM zramaNadhArA ke bIca hue samanvaya yA saMgama ke hI paricAyaka haiN| hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki upaniSad aura mahAbhArata, jisakA eka aMga gItA hai, zuddha rUpa se vaidika karmakANDAtmaka dharma ke pratinidhi nahIM haiN| ve nivRttipradhAna zramaNadhArA aura pravRttimArgI vaidikadhArA ke samanvaya kA pariNAma haiN| upaniSadoM meM, mahAbhArata aura gItA meM jahA~ eka ora zramaNadhArA ke AdhyAtmika aura nivRtti - pradhAna tattvoM ko sthAna diyA gayA hai, vahIM dUsarI ora yajJa Adi vaidika karmakANDoM kI zramaNaparamparA ke samAna AdhyAtmika dRSTi se navIna paribhASAe~ bhI prastuta kI gaI haiM, usameM yajJa kA artha pazubali na hokara svahitoM kI bali yA samAjasevA ho gyaa| hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki hamArA Aja kA hindUdharma vaidika aura zramaNadhArAoM ke samanvaya kA pariNAma hai| vaidika karmakANDa ke virodha meM, jo AvAja aupaniSadika yuga ke RSi-muniyoM ne uThAI thI, jaina aura anya zramaNa paramparAoM ne mAtra use mukhara hI kiyA hai| hameM yaha nahIM bhUlanA cAhiye ki vaidika karmakANDa ke prati yadi kisI ne pahalI AvAja uThAI to ve aupaniSadika RSi hI the| unhoMne hI sabase pahale kahA thA ki ye yajJarUpI naukAe~ adRr3ha haiM, ye AtmA ke vikAsa meM sakSama nahIM haiN| yaha Adi vaidika karmakANDoM kI navIna AdhyAtmika dRSTi se vyAkhyA karane kA kArya aupaniSadika RSiyoM aura gItA ke pravaktA kA hai| mahAvIra evaM buddhakAlIna jaina aura bauddha paramparAe~ to aupaniSadika RSiyoM ke dvArA prazasta kiye gae patha para gatizIla huI haiN| ve vaidika karmakANDa, janmanA jAtivAda aura mithyA vizvAsoM ke virodha meM uThe hue aupaniSadika RSiyoM ke svara kA hI mukharita rUpa haiN| jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM meM aupaniSadika RSiyoM kI arhat RSiyoM ke rUpa meM svIkRti isakA spaSTa pramANa hai| yaha satya hai ki zramaNoM ne yajJoM meM pazubali, janmanA varNa-vyavasthA aura vedoM ke prAmANya se inkAra kiyA aura isa prakAra ve bhAratIya saMskRti ke samuddhAraka ke rUpa meM hI sAmane Aye, kintu hameM yaha bhI nahIM bhUlanA cAhiye ki bhAratIya saMskRti meM AI ina vikRtiyoM ke parimArjana karane kI prakriyA meM ve svayaM hI kahIM na kahIM una vikRtiyoM se prabhAvita ho gae haiN| vaidika karmakANDa aba pUjA-vidhAnoM evaM tantra - sAdhanA ke naye rUpa meM bauddha, jaina aura anya zramaNaparamparAoM meM praviSTa ho gayA hai aura unakI sAdhanA paddhati kA eka aMga bana gayA hai| AdhyAtmika vizuddhi ke liye kiyA jAne vAlA dhyAna aba bhautika siddhiyoM ke nimitta kiyA jAne lagA hai| jahA~ eka ora bhAratIya zramaNa paramparA ne vaidika 39
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________________ 40 jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma kA pArasparika prabhAva paramparA ko AdhyAtmika jIvana-dRSTi ke sAtha-sAtha tapa, tyAga, saMnyAsa aura mokSa kI avadhAraNAe~ pradAna kI, vahIM dUsarI ora isakI tIsarI cauthI-zatI se vaidika paramparA ke prabhAva se pUjA-vidhAna aura tAntrika sAdhanAe~ jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM meM praviSTa ho giiN| aneka hindU deva-deviyA~ prakArAntara se jainadharma evaM bauddhadharma meM svIkAra kara lI giiN| jainadharma meM yakSa-yakSiNiyoM evaM zAsana-devatA kI avadhAraNAe~ hindU devatAoM kA jainIkaraNa mAtra haiN| aneka hindU deviyA~ jaise - kAlI, mahAkAlI, jvAlAmAlinI, ambikA, cakrezvarI, padmAvatI, siddhAyikA tIrthaGkaroM kI zAsana-rakSaka deviyoM ke rUpa meM jainadharma kA aMga bana giiN| isI prakAra zruta-devatA ke rUpa meM sarasvatI aura sampatti pradAtA ke rUpa meM lakSmI kI upAsanA bhI jainadharma meM hone lagI aura hinda-paramparA kA gaNeza pArzva-yakSa ke rUpa meM lokamaMgala kA devatA bana gyaa| vaidika paramparA ke prabhAva se jaina mandiroM meM bhI aba yajJa hone lage aura pUjA-vidhAna meM hindU devatAoM kI taraha tIrthaGkaroM kA bhI AvAhana evaM visarjana kiyA jAne lgaa| hinduoM kI pUjA-vidhi ko bhI mantroM meM kucha zAbdika parivartanoM ke sAtha jainoM ne svIkAra kara liyaa| isa sabakI vistRta carcA Age kI gaI hai| isa prakAra jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM meM tapa, dhyAna aura samAdhi kI sAdhanA gauNa hokara pUjA-vidhi-vidhAna pramukha ho gyaa| isa pArasparika prabhAva kA eka pariNAma yaha bhI huA ki jahA~ hindU paramparAoM meM RSabha aura buddha ko Izvara ke avatAra ke rUpa meM svIkAra kara liyA gayA, vahIM jaina paramparA meM rAma aura kRSNa ko zalAkA puruSa ke rUpa meM mAnyatA milii| isa prakAra donoM dhArAe~ eka dUsare se samanvita huiiN| Aja hameM unakI isa pArasparika prabhAvazIlatA ko taTastha dRSTi se spaSTa karane kA prayAsa karanA cAhiye, tAki dharmoM ke bIca jo dUriyA~ paidA kara dI gayI haiM, unheM samApta kiyA jA sake aura unakI nikaTatA ko bhI samyak rUpa se samajhA jA ske| durbhAgya se isa deza meM videzI tattvoM ke dvArA na kevala hindU aura musalamAnoM ke bIca apitu jaina, bauddha, hindU aura sikkhoM - jo ki bRhad bhAratIya paramparA ke hI aMga haiM, ke bIca bhI khAiyA~ khodane kA kArya kiyA jAtA rahA hai aura sAmAnya rUpa se yaha prasArita kiyA jAtA rahA hai ki jaina aura bauddha dharma na kevala svatantra dharma haiM, apita ve vaidika hinda-paramparA ke virodhI bhI haiN| sAmAnyatayA jaina aura bauddha dharma ko vaidika dharma ke prati eka vidroha ke rUpa meM citrita kiyA jAtA hai| yaha satya hai ki vaidika aura zramaNa-paramparAoM meM kucha mUla-bhUta praznoM ko lekara spaSTa matabheda hai| yaha bhI satya hai ki jaina-bauddha paramparA
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________________ jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma kA pArasparika prabhAva 41 ne vaidika paramparA kI una vikRtiyoM kA jo karmakANDa, purohitavAda, jAtivAda aura brAhmaNa varga ke dvArA nimna vargoM ke dhArmika zoSaNa ke rUpa meM ubhara rahI thI, khulakara virodha kiyA, kintu hameM use vidroha ke rUpa meM nahIM apitu bhAratIya saMskRti ke pariSkAra ke rUpa meM hI samajhanA hogaa| jaina aura bauddha dharmoM ne bhAratIya saMskRti meM A rahI vikRtiyoM kA parizodhana kara use svastha banAne hetu eka cikitsaka kA kArya kiyA hai| kintu smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki cikitsaka kabhI bhI zatru nahIM hotA, mitra hI hotA hai| durbhAgya se pAzcAtya cintakoM ke prabhAva se bhAratIya cintaka aura kisI sImA taka kacha jaina aura bauddha cintaka bhI yaha mAnane lage haiM ki jainadharma aura vaidika ( hindU ) dharma paraspara virodhI dharma haiM kintu yaha eka bhrAnta avadhAraNA hai| cAhe apane mUla rUpa meM vaidika evaM zramaNa saMskRti pravartaka aura nivartaka dharma-paramparAoM ke rUpa meM bhinna-bhinna rahI hoM kintu Aja na to hinda-paramparA hI usa artha meM pUrNata: vaidika hai aura na hI jaina-bauddha paramparA pUrNata: shrmnn| Aja cAhe hindU dharma ho athavA jaina aura bauddha dharma hoM, ye sabhI apane vartamAna svarUpa meM vaidika aura zramaNa saMskRti ke samanvita rUpa haiN| yaha bAta alaga hai ki unameM pravRtti aura nivRtti meM se koI eka pakSa abhI bhI pramukha hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM hama kaha sakate haiM ki jahA~ jaina dharma Aja bhI nivRttipradhAna hai vahA~ hindU dharma prvRtti-prdhaan| phira bhI yaha mAnanA ucita hogA ki ye donoM dharma pravRtti aura nivRtti ke samanvaya se hI nirmita hue haiN| hama pUrva meM yaha spaSTa kara cuke haiM ki isa samanvaya kA prathama prayatna hameM IzAvAsyopaniSad meM spaSTa rUpa se dRSTigocara hotA hai| ata: Aja jahA~ upaniSadoM ko prAcIna zramaNa-paramparA ke pariprekSya meM samajhane kI AvazyakatA hai, vahIM jaina aura bauddha paramparA ko bhI aupaniSadika paramparA ke pariprekSya meM samajhane kI AvazyakatA hai| jisa prakAra vAsanA aura viveka, preya aura zreya, paraspara bhinnabhinna hokara bhI mAnava vyaktitva ke hI aMga haiM usI prakAra nivRtti-pradhAna zramaNadhArA aura pravRtti-pradhAna vaidikadhArA donoM bhAratIya saMskRti ke hI aMga haiN| vastuta: koI bhI saMskRti aikAntika nivRtti yA aikAntika pravRtti ke AdhAra para pratiSThita nahIM ho sakatI hai| jaina aura bauddha paramparAe~ bhAratIya saMskRti kA vaise hI abhinna aMga haiM, jaise hinduu-prmpraa| yadi aupaniSadika dhArA ko vaidika dhArA se bhinna hote hue bhI vaidika yA hindU-paramparA kA abhinna aMga mAnA jAtA hai to phira jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM ko usakA abhinna aMga kyoM nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| yadi sAMkhya aura mImAMsaka anIzvaravAdI hote hue bhI abhI taka hindU-dharma-darzana ke aMga mAne jAte haiM, to phira jaina va bauddha dharma ko anIzvaravAdI kahakara usase kaise bhinna kiyA jA
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________________ 42 jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma kA pArasparika prabhAva sakatA hai? vastuta: hindU-paramparA koI eka dharma aura darzana na hokara vyApaka paramparA kA nAma hai yA kaheM ki vaha abhinna vaicArika evaM sAdhanAtmaka paramparAoM kA samUha hai| usameM IzvaravAda-anIzvaravAda, dvaitavAda-advaitavAda, pravRtti-nivRtti, jJAna-karma sabhI kucha to samAhita haiN| usameM prakRti-pUjA jaise dharma ke prArambhika lakSaNoM se lekara advaita kI ucca gaharAiyA~ taka sabhI kucha to usameM sanniviSTa haiN| ata: hinda usI artha meM koI eka dharma nahIM hai jaise yahUdI, IsAI yA muslmaan| hindU eka saMzliSTa paramparA hai, eka sAMskRtika dhArA hai jisameM aneka dhArAe~ samAhita haiN| ata: jaina aura bauddha dharma ko hindU-paramparA se nitAnta bhinna nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| jaina aura bauddha bhI usI adhyAtma-patha ke anuyAyI haiM, jisake aupaniSadika Rssi| unakI vizeSatA yaha hai ki unhoMne bhAratIya samAja ke dalita varga ke utthAna tathA janmanA jAtivAda, karmakANDa va purohitavAda se mukti kA mArga prazasta kiyaa| unhoMne usa dharma kA pratipAdana kiyA jo janasAmAnya kA dharma thA aura jise karmakANDoM kI apekSA naitika sadagaNoM para adhiSThita kiyA gayA thaa| unhoMne bhAratIya samAja ko purohita varga ke dhArmika zoSaNa se mukta kiyaa| ve videzI nahIM haiM, isI mATI kI santAna haiM, ve zata-pratizata bhAratIya haiN| jaina, bauddha aura aupaniSadika dhArA kisI eka hI mUla srota ke vikAsa haiM aura Aja unheM usI pariprekSya meM samajhane kI AvazyakatA hai| bhAratIya dharmoM, vizeSarUpa se aupaniSadika, bauddha aura jaina dharmoM kI jisa pArasparika prabhAvazIlatA ke adhyayana kI Aja vizeSa AvazyakatA hai, use samajhane meM prAcIna stara ke jaina Agama yathA - AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, RSibhASita aura uttarAdhyayana Adi hamAre dizA-nirdezaka siddha ho sakate haiN| mujhe vizvAsa hai ki ina granthoM ke adhyayana se bhAratIya vidyA ke adhyetAoM ko eka naI dizA milegI aura yaha mithyA vizvAsa dUra ho jAegA ki jainadharma, bauddhadharma aura hindUdharma paraspara virodhI dharma haiN| AcArAMga meM hameM aise aneka sUtra upalabdha hote haiM jo apane bhAva, zabda-yojanA aura bhASA-zailI kI dRSTi se aupaniSadika sUtroM ke nikaTa haiN| AcArAMga meM AtmA ke svarUpa ke sandarbha meM jo vivaraNa prastuta kiyA gayA hai vaha mANDUkyopaniSad se yathAvat milatA hai| AcArAMga meM zramaNa aura brAhmaNa kA ullekha paraspara pratispardhiyoM ke rUpa meM nahIM, apitu sahagAmiyoM ke rUpa meM hI milatA hai| cAhe AcArAMga, uttarAdhyayana Adi jainAgama hiMsaka yajJIya karmakANDa kA niSedha karate haiM, kintu ve brAhmaNoM ko bhI usI naitika evaM AdhyAtmika patha kA anugAmI mAnate haiM jisa patha para zramaNa cala rahe the| unakI
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________________ jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma kA pArasparika prabhAva 43 dRSTi meM brAhmaNa vaha hai jo sadAcAra kA jIvanta pratIka hai| usameM aneka sthaloM para zramaNoM aura brAhmaNoM ( samaNA-mAhaNA ) kA sAtha-sAtha ullekha huA hai| isI prakAra sUtrakRtAMga meM yadyapi tatkAlIna dArzanika mAnyatAoM kI samIkSA hai kintu usake sAtha hI usameM aupaniSadika yuga ke aneka RSiyoM yathA - videhanami, bAhuka, asitadevala, dvaipAyana, pArAzara Adi kA samAdarapUrvaka ullekha huA hai| sUtrakRtAMga spaSTa rUpa se svIkAra karatA hai ki ina RSiyoM ke AcAra-niyama usakI AcAra-paramparA se bhinna the, phira bhI vaha unheM apanI arhat paramparA kA hI pUjya puruSa mAnatA hai| vaha unakA mahApuruSa aura tapodhana ke rUpa meM ullekha karatA hai aura yaha mAnatA hai ki unhoMne siddhi arthAt jIvana ke carama sAdhya mokSa ko prApta kara liyA thaa| sUtrakRtAMga kI dRSTi meM ye RSigaNa bhinna AcAra-mArga kA pAlana karate hue bhI usakI apanI hI paramparA ke RSi the| sUtrakRtAMga meM ina RSiyoM ko mahApuruSa, tapodhana evaM siddhi-prApta kahanA tathA uttarAdhyayana meM anya liMga siddhoM kA astitva mAnanA yahI sUcita karatA hai ki prAcIna kAla meM jaina paramparA atyanta udAra thI aura vaha mAnatI thI ki mukti kA adhikAra kevala usake AcAra-niyamoM kA pAlana karane vAle ko hI nahIM hai, apitu bhitra AcAra-mArga kA pAlana karane vAlA bhI mukti kA adhikArI ho sakatA isI sandarbha meM yahA~ RSibhASita ( isibhAsiyAI ) kA ullekha karanA bhI Avazyaka hai, jo jaina Agama sAhitya kA prAcInatama grantha (I0 pU0 cauthI zatI) hai| jaina paramparA meM isa grantha kA nirmANa usa samaya huA hogA jaba jaina dharma eka sampradAya ke rUpa meM vikasita nahIM huA thaa| isa grantha meM nArada, asitadevala, aMgirasa, pArAzara, aruNa, nArAyaNa, yAjJavalkya, uddAlaka, vidura, sAriputta, mahAkazyapa, maMkhaligozAla, saMjaya ( veliThThiputta ) Adi paiMtAlisa RSiyoM kA ullekha hai aura ina sabhI ko arhat-RSi, buddha-RSi yA brAhmaNa-RSi kahA gayA hai| RSibhASita meM inake AdhyAtmika aura naitika upadezoM kA saMkalana hai| jainaparamparA meM isa grantha kI racanA isa tathya kA spaSTa saMketa hai ki aupaniSadika RSiyoM kI paramparA aura jaina-paramparA kA udgama srota eka hI hai| yaha grantha na kevala jaina dharma kI dhArmika udAratA kA sUcaka hai, apitu yaha bhI batAtA hai ki sabhI bhAratIya AdhyAtmika paramparAoM kA mUla srota eka hI hai| aupaniSadika, bauddha, jaina, AjIvaka, sAMkhya, yoga Adi sabhI usI mUla srota se nikalI huI dhArAe~ haiN| jisa prakAra jaina dharma ke RSibhASita meM vibhinna paramparAoM ke upadeza saMkalita haiM, usI prakAra bauddha paramparA kI theragAthA meM bhI vibhinna paramparAoM ke
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________________ 44 jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma kA pArasparika prabhAva jina-sthaviroM ke upadeza saMkalita haiN| usameM bhI aneka aupaniSadika evaM anya zramaNa-paramparA ke AcAryoM ke ullekha haiM, jinameM eka vardhamAna ( mahAvIra ) bhI haiN| yaha saba isa tathya kA sUcaka hai ki bhAratIya cintana-dhArA prAcInakAla se hI udAra aura sahiSNu rahI hai aura usakI pratyeka dhArA meM yahI udAratA aura sahiSNutA pravAhita hotI rahI hai| Aja jaba hama sAmpradAyika abhinivezoM meM jakar3akara paraspara saMgharSoM meM ulajha gaye haiM, ina dhArAoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana hameM eka nayI dRSTi pradAna kara sakatA hai| yadi bhAratIya sAMskRtika cintana kI ina dhArAoM ko eka dUsare se alaga kara dekhane kA prayatna kiyA jAyagA to hama unheM samyak rUpa se samajhane meM saphala nahIM ho skeNge| uttarAdhyayana, sUtrakRtAMga, RSibhASita aura AcArAMga ko samajhane ke liye aupaniSadika sAhitya kA adhyayana Avazyaka hai| isI prakAra upaniSadoM aura bauddha sAhitya ko bhI jaina paramparA ke adhyayana ke abhAva meM samyak prakAra se nahIM samajhA jA sakatA hai| Aja sAmpradAyika abhinivezoM se Upara uThakara taTastha evaM tulanAtmaka rUpa se satya kA anveSaNa hI eka aisA vikalpa hai jo sAmpradAyika abhiniveza se grasta mAnava ko mukti dilA sakatA hai aura bhAratIya dharmoM kI pArasparika prabhAvazIlatA ko spaSTa kara sakatA hai| jaina dharma kA hindU dharma ko avadAna aupaniSadika kAla yA mahAvIra-yuga kI sabase pramukha samasyA yaha thI ki usa yuga meM aneka paramparAe~ apane ekAMgI dRSTikoNa ko hI pUrNa satya samajhakara paraspara eka-dUsare ke virodha meM khar3I thiiN| usa yuga meM cAra pramukha varga the - 1. kriyAvAdI, 2. akriyAvAdI, 3. vinayavAdI aura 4. ajnyaanvaadii| mahAvIra ne sarvaprathama unameM samanvaya karane kA prayAsa kiyaa| prathama, kriyAvAdI dRSTikoNa AcAra ke bAhya pakSoM para adhika bala detA thaa| vaha karmakANDaparaka thaa| bauddha paramparA meM isa dhAraNA ko zIlavrataparAmarza kahA gayA hai| dUsarA dRSTikoNa akriyAvAda kA thaa| akriyAvAda ke tAttvika AdhAra yA to vibhinna niyativAdI dRSTikoNa the yA AtmA ko kUTastha evaM akartA mAnane kI tAttvika avadhAraNA ke poSaka the| ye paramparAe~ jJAnamArga kI pratipAdaka thiiN| jahA~ kriyAvAda ke anusAra karma yA AcaraNa hI sAdhanA kA sarvasva thA, vahA~ akriyAvAda ke anusAra jJAna hI sAdhanA kA sarvasva thaa| kriyAvAda karmamArga kA pratipAdaka thA aura akriyAvAda jJAnamArga kA prtipaadk| karmamArga aura jJAnamArga ke atirikta tIsarI paramparA ajJAnavAdiyoM kI thI jo atIndriya evaM pAralaukika mAnyatAoM ko 'ajJeya' svIkAra karatI thii| isakA darzana rahasyavAda aura sandehavAda ina do rUpoM meM vibhAjita thaa| ina tInoM paramparAoM ke atirikta cauthI paramparA vinayavAda kI thI,
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________________ jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma kA pArasparika prabhAva 45 jise bhaktimArga kA prArambhika rUpa mAnA jAtA hai| vinayavAda bhaktimArga kA hI aparanAma thaa| isa prakAra usa yuga meM jJAnamArga, karmamArga, bhaktimArga aura ajJeyavAda (sandehavAda) kI paramparAe~ alaga-alaga rUpa meM pratiSThita thiiN| mahAvIra ne apane anekAntavAdI dRSTikoNa ke AdhAra inameM samanvaya khojane kA prayAsa kiyaa| sarvaprathama unhoMne samyak-jJAna, samyak-darzana aura samyak-cAritra ke rUpa meM trividha mokSamArga kA eka aisA siddhAnta pratipAdita kiyA jisameM jJAnavAdI, karmavAdI aura bhaktimArgI paramparAoM kA samucita samanvaya thaa| isa prakAra mahAvIra evaM jaina-darzana kA prathama prayAsa jJAnamArgIya, karmamArgIya, vibhinna bhaktimArgI, tApasa Adi ekAMgI dRSTikoNoM ke madhya samanvaya sthApita karanA thaa| yadyapi gItA meM jJAnayoga, karmayoga aura bhaktiyoga kI carcA huI hai, kintu vahA~ inameM se pratyeka ko mokSa-mArga mAna liyA gayA hai| jainadharma ne na kevala vaidika RSiyoM dvArA pratipAdita yajJa-yAga kI paramparA kA virodha kiyA, varan zramaNa-paramparA ke deha-daNDana kI tapasyAtmaka praNAlI kA bhI virodha kiyaa| sambhavata: mahAvIra ke pUrva pArzva ke kAla taka dharma kA sambandha bAhya tathyoM se hI jor3A gayA thaa| yahI kAraNa thA ki jahA~ brAhmaNa-varga yajJa-yAga ke kriyAkANDoM meM dharma kI itizrI mAna letA thA, vahA~ zramaNa-varga bhI vividha prakAra ke deha-daNDana meM hI dharma kI itizrI mAna letA thaa| sambhavata: jaina paramparA ke mahAvIra ke pUrvavartI tIrthaGkara pArzvanAtha ne AdhyAtmika sAdhanA ke bAhya pahalU ke sthAna para usake Antarika pahalU para bala diyA thA aura pariNAmasvarUpa zramaNaparamparAoM meM bhI bauddha Adi kucha dharma-paramparAoM ne isa Antarika pahalU para adhika bala denA prArambha kara diyA thaa| lekina mahAvIra ke yuga taka dharma evaM sAdhanA kA yaha bAhyamukhI dRSTikoNa pUrI taraha samApta nahIM ho pAyA thA, varan brAhmaNa paramparA meM to yajJa zraddhAdi ke rUpa meM vaha adhika prasAra pA gayA thaa| dUsarI ora jina vicArakoM ne sAdhanA ke Antarika pakSa para bala denA prArambha kiyA thA, unhoMne usake bAhya pakSa kI pUrI taraha avahelanA karanA prArambha kara diyA thA, pariNAmasvarUpa ve bhI eka ati kI ora jAkara ekAMgI bana ge| ata: mahAvIra ne donoM hI pakSoM meM samanvaya sthApita karane kA prayatna kiyA aura yaha batAyA ki dharma-sAdhanA kA sambandha sampUrNa jIvana se hai| usameM AcaraNa ke bAhya pakSa ke rUpa meM kriyA kA jo sthAna hai, usase bhI adhika sthAna AcaraNa ke Antarika preraka kA hai| isa prakAra unhoMne dhArmika jIvana meM AcaraNa ke preraka aura AcaraNa ke pariNAma donoM para hI bala diyaa| unhoMne jJAna aura kriyA ke bIca samanvaya sthApita kiyaa| narasiMhapurANa ( 61/9/11 ) meM bhI Avazyaka niyukti ( tIsarI zatI
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________________ 46 jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma kA pArasparika prabhAva 95-97 ) ke samAna hI jJAna aura kriyA ke samanvaya ko aneka rUpakoM se varNita kiyA hai| isase yaha siddha hotA hai ki jaina-paramparA ke isa cintana ne hindUparamparA ko prabhAvita kiyA hai| mAnava mAtra kI samAnatA kA udaghoSa usa yuga kI sAmAjika samasyAoM meM varNa-vyavasthA eka mahattvapUrNa samasyA thii| varNa kA AdhAra karma aura svabhAva ko chor3a janma mAna liyA gayA thaa| pariNAmasvarUpa varNa-vyavasthA vikRta ho gayI thI aura U~ca-nIca kA bheda ho gayA thA, jisake kAraNa sAmAjika svAsthya viSamatA ke jvara se AkrAnta thaa| jaina vicAradhArA ne janmanA jAtivAda kA virodha kiyA aura samasta mAnavoM kI samAnatA kA udghoSa kiyaa| eka ora usane harikezI bala jaise nimna kulotpanna ko, to dUsarI ora gautama jaise brAhmaNa kulotpanna sAdhakoM ko apane sAdhanA-mArga meM samAna rUpa se dIkSita kiyaa| kevala jAtigata vibheda hI nahIM varan Arthika vibheda bhI samAnatA kI dRSTi se jaina vicAradhArA ke sAmane koI mUlya nahIM rkhtaa| jahA~ eka ora magadha-samrATa to dUsarI ora puNiyA jaise nirdhana zrAvaka bhI usakI dRSTi meM samAna the| isa prakAra usane jAtigata yA Arthika AdhAra para U~ca-nIca kA bheda asvIkAra kara mAnava mAtra kI samAnatA para bala diyaa| isakA prabhAva hindUdharma para bhI par3A aura usameM bhI guptakAla ke pazcAt bhaktiyuga meM varNa-vyavasthA aura brAhmaNa varga kI zreSThatA kA virodha huaa| vaise to mahAbhArata ke racanAkAla ( lagabhaga cauthI zatI ) se hI yaha prabhAva parilakSita hotA hai| Izvara se mukti aura mAnava kI svatantratA kA udghoSa usa yuga kI dUsarI samasyA yaha thI ki mAnavIya svatantratA kA mUlya logoM kI dRSTi meM kama A~kA jAne lagA thaa| eka ora IzvaravAdI dhAraNAe~ to dUsarI ora kAlavAdI evaM niyativAdI dhAraNAe~ mAnavIya svatantratA ko asvIkAra karane lagI thiiN| jaina-darzana ne isa kaThinAI ko samajhA aura mAnavIya svatantratA kI puna: prANa-pratiSThA kii| usane yaha udghoSa kiyA ki na to Izvara aura na anya zaktiyA~ mAnava kI nirdhAraka haiM, varan manuSya svayaM hI apanA nirmAtA hai| isa prakAra usane manuSya ko IzvaravAda kI usa dhAraNA se mukti dilAI jo mAnavIya svatantratA kA apaharaNa kara rahI thI aura yaha pratipAdita kiyA ki mAnavIya svatantratA meM niSThA hI dharma-darzana kA saccA AdhAra bana sakatI hai| jainoM kI isa avadhAraNA kA prabhAva hindUdharma para utanA adhika nahIM par3A, jitanA apekSita thaa| phira bhI IzvaravAda kI svIkRti ke sAtha-sAtha mAnava kI zreSThatA ke svara to mukharita hue hI the|
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________________ jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma kA pArasparika prabhAva 47 rUr3hivAda se mukti jaina dharma ne rUr3hivAda se bhI mAnava-jAti ko mukta kiyaa| usane usa yuga kI aneka rUr3hiyoM jaise - pazu-yajJa, zrAddha, purohitavAda Adi se mAnava-samAja ko mukta karane kA prayAsa kiyA thA aura isaliye ina sabakA khulA virodha bhI kiyaa| brAhmaNa-varga ne apane ko Izvara kA pratinidhi batAkara sAmAjika zoSaNa kA jo silasilA prArambha kiyA thA, use samApta karane ke liye jaina evaM bauddha paramparAoM ne prayAsa kiyaa| jaina aura bauddha AcAryoM ne sabase mahattvapUrNa kAma yaha kiyA ki unhoMne yajJAdi pratyayoM ko naI paribhASAe~ pradAna kii| yahA~ jainadharma ke dvArA prastuta brAhmaNa, yajJa Adi kI kucha naI paribhASAe~ dI jA rahI haiN| brAhmaNa kA nayA artha jaina-paramparA ne sadAcaraNa ko hI mAnavIya jIvana meM uccatA aura nimnatA kA pratimAna mAnA aura use hI brAhmaNatva kA AdhAra btaayaa| uttarAdhyayanasUtra ke paccIsaveM adhyAya evaM dhammapada ke brAhmaNa varga nAmaka adhyAya meM saccA brAhmaNa kauna hai, isakA savistAra vivecana upalabdha hai| vistAra bhaya se usakI samagra carcA meM na jAkara kevala eka do padyoM ko prastuta kara hI virAma leNge| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM batAyA gayA hai ki 'jo jala meM utpanna hue kamala ke samAna bhogoM meM utpanna hote hae bhI bhogoM meM lipta nahIM rahatA, vahI saccA brAhmaNa hai|' jo rAga, dveSa aura bhaya se mukta hokara antara meM vizuddha hai, vahI saccA brAhmaNa hai| dhammapada meM bhI kahA hai ki jaise kamalapatra pAnI se alipta hotA hai, jaise Are kI noka para sarasoM kA dAnA hotA hai, vaise hI jo kAmoM meM lipta nahIM hotA, jisane apane duHkhoM ke kSaya ko yahIM para dekha liyA hai, jisane janma-maraNa ke bhAra ko utAra diyA hai, jo sarvathA anAsakta haiM, jo medhAvI haiM, sthitaprajJa haiM, jo sanmArga tathA kamArga ko jAnane meM kuzala haiM aura jo nirvANa kI uttama sthiti ko pahu~ca cuke haiM -- unheM hI maiM brAhmaNa kahatA huuN| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaina evaM bauddha donoM paramparAoM ne hI brAhmaNatva kI zreSThatA ko svIkAra karate hue bhI brAhmaNa kI eka naI paribhASA prastuta kI jo zramaNa paramparA ke anukUla thii| phalata: na kevala jaina paramparA evaM bauddha paramparA meM, varan hindU paramparA ke mahAn grantha mahAbhArata meM bhI brAhmaNatva kI yahI paribhASA dI gaI hai| jaina paramparA ke uttarAdhyayanasUtra, bauddha paramparA ke dhammapada aura mahAbhArata ke zAntiparva meM sacce brAhmaNa ke svarUpa kA jo vivaraNa milatA hai, vaha na kevala vaicArika sAmyatA rakhatA hai, varan usameM zAbdika sAmyatA bhI bahuta adhika hai, jo ki tulanAtmaka adhyayana kI dRSTi se bahuta mahattvapUrNa hai aura ina paramparAoM ke pArasparika prabhAva ko spaSTa karatA hai|
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________________ 48 jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma kA pArasparika prabhAva yajJa kA nayA artha jisa prakAra brAhmaNa kI naI paribhASA prastuta kI gaI usI prakAra yajJa ko bhI eka nae artha meM paribhASita kiyA gyaa| mahAvIra ne na kevala hiMsaka yajJoM ke virodha meM apanA mantavya prastuta kiyA, varan unhoMne yajJa kI AdhyAtmika evaM tapasyAparaka naI paribhASA bhI prastuta kii| uttarAdhyayana meM yajJa ke AdhyAtmika svarUpa kA savistAra vivecana hai| batAyA gayA hai ki "tapa agni hai; jIvAtmA agnikuNDa hai; mana, vacana aura kAyA kI pravRttiyA~ hI kalachI ( cammaca ) haiM aura karmoM ( pApoM ) kA naSTa karanA hI Ahuti hai; yahI yajJa saMyama se yukta hone se zAntidAyaka aura sukhakAraka hai| RSiyoM ne aise hI yajJa kI prazaMsA kI hai|'3 phalata: kevala jaina-paramparA meM varan bauddha aura vaidika paramparAoM meM bhI yajJa-yAga ke bAhya pakSa kA khaNDana aura usake AdhyAtmika svarUpa kA citraNa upalabdha hotA hai| buddha ne bhI AdhyAtmika yajJa ke svarUpa kA citraNa lagabhaga usI rUpa meM kiyA hai jisa rUpa meM usakA vivecana uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM kiyA gayA hai| aMgattaranikAya meM yajJa ke AdhyAtmika svarUpa kA varNana karate hue buddha kahate haiM ki he brAhmaNa, ye tIna agniyA~ tyAga karane, parivarjana karane ke yogya haiM, inakA sevana nahIM karanA caahiye| ve kauna sI haiM? kAmAgni, dveSAgni aura mohaagni| jo manuSya kAmAbhibhUta hotA hai vaha kAyA-vAcA-manasA kukarma karatA hai aura usake maraNottara durgati pAtA hai| isI prakAra dveSa evaM moha se abhibhUta bhI kAyA-vAcA-manasA kukarma karake durgati ko pAtA hai| isaliye ye tIna agniyA~ tyAga karane aura parivartana ke yogya haiM, unakA sevana nahIM karanA caahiye| he brAhmaNa, ina tIna agniyoM kA satkAra kareM, inheM sammAna pradAna kareM, inakI pUjA aura paricaryA bhalIbhA~ti sukha se kreN| ye agniyA~ kauna sI haiM, AhvAnIyAgni ( Ahanehayyaggi), gArhapatyAgni ( gahapattaggi) aura dakSiNAgni ( dakkhiNAyyaggi ) / mA~-bApa ko AhvAnIyAgni samajhanA cAhiye aura satkAra se unakI pUjA karanI caahiye| patnI aura bacce, dAsa tathA karmakAra ko gArhapatyAgni samajhanA cAhiye aura AdarzapUrvaka unakI pUjA karanI caahiye| zramaNa-brAhmaNoM ko dakSiNAgni samajhanA cAhiye aura satkArapUrvaka unakI pUjA karanI caahiye| he brAhmaNa, yaha lakar3iyoM kI agni to kabhI jalAnI par3atI hai, kabhI upekSA karanI par3atI hai aura kabhI use bujhAnA par3atA hai, kintu ye agniyA~ to sadaiva aura sarvatra pUjanIya haiN| isI prakAra buddha ne bhI hiMsaka yajJoM ke sthAna para yajJa ke AdhyAtmika evaM sAmAjika svarUpa ko prakaTa kiyaa| itanA hI nahIM, unhoMne sacce yajJa kA artha sAmAjika jIvana meM sahayoga karanA btaayaa|5 zramaNadhArA ke isa dRSTikoNa ke samAna hI upaniSadoM evaM gItA meM bhI yajJa-yAga kI nindA
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________________ jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma kA pArasparika prabhAva kI gayI hai aura yajJa kI sAmAjika evaM AdhyAtmika dRSTi se vivecanA kI gaI hai| sAmAjika sandarbha meM yajJa kA artha samAja sevA mAnA gayA hai| niSkAmabhAva se samAja kI sevA karanA gItA meM yajJa kA sAmAjika pahalU thaa| dUsarI ora gItA meM yajJa ke AdhyAtmika svarUpa kA vivecana bhI kiyA gayA hai| gItAkAra kahatA hai ki yogIjana saMyamarUpa agnirUpa agni meM zrotrAdi indriyoM kA havana karate haiM yA indriyoM ke viSayoM kA indriyoM meM havana karate haiN| dUsare kucha sAdhaka indriyoM ke sampUrNa karmoM ko aura zarIra ke bhItara rahane vAlA vAyu jo prANa kahalAtA hai, usake 'saMkucita hone', 'phailane' Adi karmoM ko jJAna se prakAzita huI Atma-saMyamarUpa yogAgni meM havana karate haiN| AtmaviSayaka saMyama kA nAma Atma-saMyama hai, vahI yahA~ yogAgni hai / ghRtAdi cikanI vastu prajvalita huI agni kI bhA~ti viveka - vijJAna se ujjvalatA ko prApta huI ( dhAraNA - dhyAna samAdhi rUpa ) usa Atma-saMyama-yogAgni meM ( prANa aura indriyoM ke karmoM ko ) vilIna kara dete haiN| isa prakAra jainadharma meM yajJa ke jisa AdhyAtmika svarUpa kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai, usakA anumodana bauddha paramparA aura vaidika paramparA meM huA hai / yahI zramaNa paramparA kA hindU - paramparA ko mukhya avadAna thA / - snAna Adi ke prati nayA dRSTikoNa jaina vicArakoM ne anya naitikatA sambandhI vicAroM ko bhI naI dRSTi pradAna kii| bAhya zauca yA snAna, jo ki usa samaya dharma aura naitika jIvana kA eka mukhya rUpa mAna liyA gayA thA, ko bhI eka nayA AdhyAtmika svarUpa pradAna kiyA gyaa| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki dharma jalAzaya hai aura brahmacarya ghATa ( tIrtha ) hai, usameM snAna karane se AtmA zAnta, nirmala aura zuddha ho jAtI hai / isI prakAra bauddha darzana meM bhI sacce snAna kA artha mana, vANI aura kAyA se sadguNoM kA sampAdana mAnA gayA hai| " na kevala jaina aura bauddha paramparA meM varan vaidika paramparA meM bhI yaha vicAra prabala ho gayA ki yathArtha zuddhi AtmA ke sadguNoM ke vikAsa meM nihita hai / isa prakAra zramaNoM ke isa cintana kA prabhAva vaidika yA hindU paramparA para bhI huA / 49 isI prakAra brAhmaNoM ko dI jAne vAlI dakSiNA ke prati eka naI dRSTi pradAna kI gaI aura yaha batAyA gayA ki dAna kI apekSA, saMyama hI zreSTha hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki prati mAsa sahasroM gAyoM kA dAna karane kI apekSA bhI jo bAhya rUpa se dAna nahIM karatA, varan saMyama kA pAlana karatA hai, vyakti kA saMyama hI adhika zreSTha hai|" dhammapada meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki eka tarapha manuSya yadi varSoM taka hajAroM kI dakSiNA dekara prati mAsa yajJa karatA jAya aura usa
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________________ 50 jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma kA pArasparika prabhAva dUsarI tarapha yadi vaha puNyAtmA kI kSaNa bhara bhI sevA kare to yaha sevA kahIM uttama hai, na ki sau varSoM taka kiyA huA yjny| isa prakAra jainadharma ne tatkAlIna karmakANDI mAnyatAoM ko eka naI dRSTi pradAna kI aura unheM AdhyAtmika svarUpa diyA, sAtha hI dharma-sAdhanA kA jo bahirmukhI dRSTikoNa thA use AdhyAtmika saMsparza dvArA antarmukhI bnaayaa| isase usa yuga ke vaidika cintana meM eka krAntikArI parivartana upasthita huaa| isa prakAra vaidika saMskRti ko rUpAntarita karane kA zreya sAmAnya rUpa se zramaNa-paramparA ke aura vizeSa rUpa se jaina-paramparA ko hai| karmakANDa aura AdhyAtmika sAdhanAe~ pratyeka dharma ke anivArya aMga haiN| karmakANDa usakA zarIra hai aura AdhyAtmikatA usakA praann| bhAratIya dharmoM meM prAcIna kAla se hI hameM ye donoM prakAra kI pravRttiyA~ spaSTa rUpa se dRSTigocara hotI haiN| jahA~ prArambhika vaidika-paramparA dharma-karma-kANDAtmaka adhika rahI hai, vahA~ prAcIna zramaNa-paramparAe~ sAdhanAtmaka adhika rahI haiN| phira bhI ina donoM pravRttiyoM ko eka dUsare se pUrNatayA pRthak rakha pAnA kaThina hai| zramaNa-paramparA meM AdhyAtmika aura dhArmika sAdhanA ke jo vidhi-vidhAna bane the, ve bhI dhIre-dhIre karmakANDa ke rUpa meM hI vikasita hote gye| aneka Antarika evaM bAhya sAkSyoM se yaha sunizcita ho jAtA hai ki inameM adhikAMza karmakANDa vaidika yA brAhmaNa paramparA athavA dUsarI anya paramparAoM ke prabhAva se Aye haiN| jaina-paramparA mUlata: zramaNa-paramparA kA hI eka aMga hai aura isaliye yaha apane prArambhika rUpa meM karmakANDa kI virodhI evaM AdhyAtmika sAdhanA pradhAna rahI hai| mAtra yahI nahIM uttarAdhyayana jaise prAcIna jaina-granthoM meM snAna, havana, yajJa Adi karmakANDoM kA virodha bhI parilakSita hotA hai| jaisA hama pUrva meM batA cuke haiM ki uttarAdhyayanasUtra kI yaha vizeSatA hai ki usane dharma ke nAma para kiye jAne vAle ina karmakANDoM evaM anuSThAnoM ko eka AdhyAtmika rUpa pradAna kiyA thaa| tatkAlIna brAhmaNa varga ne yajJa, zrAddha aura tarpaNa ke nAma para karmakANDoM evaM anuSThAnoM ke mAdhyama se sAmAjika zoSaNa kI jo prakriyA prArambha kI thI, jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM ne usakA khulA virodha kiyA thaa| ___ vastuta: vaidika karmakANDa kI virodhI janajAtiyoM evaM bhaktimArgI paramparA meM dhArmika anuSThAna ke rUpa meM pUjA-vidhi kA vikAsa huA, to zramaNaparamparA meM tapasyA aura dhyAna kA / jaina samAja meM yakSapUjA ke prAcInatama ullekha . jainAgamoM meM upalabdha haiN| janasAdhAraNa meM pracalita bhaktimArgI dhArA kA prabhAva jaina
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________________ jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma kA pArasparika prabhAva aura bauddha dharmoM para bhI par3A aura unameM tapa, saMyama evaM dhyAna ke sAtha-sAtha jina evaM buddha kI pUjA kI bhAvanA vikasita huii| pariNAmata: prathama stUpa, caitya Adi ke rUpa meM pratIka pUjA prArambha huI phira siddhAyatana ( jina-mandira ) Adi bane aura buddha evaM jina-pratimA kI pUjA hone lagI, pariNAmasvarUpa jina-pUjA, dAna, Adi ko gRhastha kA mukhya kartavya mAnA gyaa| digambara paramparA meM to gRhastha ke liye prAcIna SaDAvazyakoM ke sthAna para SaT dainika kRtyoM - jinapUjA, gurusevA, svAdhyAya, tapa, saMyama evaM dAna - kI kalpanA kI gyii| hameM AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, uttarAdhyayana, bhagavatI Adi prAcIna AgamoM meM jinapUjA kI vidhi kA spaSTa ullekha nahIM milatA hai| inakI apekSA paravartI AgamoM - sthAnAMga Adi meM jinapratimA evaM jinamandira ( siddhAyatana ) ke ullekha haiM, kintu unameM pUjA sambandhI kisI anuSThAna kI carcA nahIM hai| jabaki rAjapraznIya meM sUryAbhadeva aura jJAtAdharmakathA meM draupadI ke dvArA jinapratimAoM ke pUjana ke ullekha haiN| yaha saba bRhad hindU-paramparA kA jainadharma para prabhAva hai| dravyapUjA ke sambandha meM rAjapraznIya meM varNita sUryAbhadeva dvArA kI jAne vAlI pUjA-vidhi Aja bhI usI rUpa meM pracalita hai| usameM pratimA ke pramArjana, snAna, aMga-procchana, gaMdha-vilepana, gaMdha-mAlya, vastra Adi ke arpaNa ke ullekha haiM, kintu rAjapraznIya meM ullikhita yaha pUjAvidhi bhI jaina-paramparA meM ekadama vikasita nahIM huI hai| stavana se caityavandana aura caityavandana se puSpa-arcA prArambha haI hogii| yaha bhI sambhava hai ki jinamandiroM aura jinabimboM ke nirmANa ke sAtha puSpapUjA pracalita huI hogii| phira kramaza: pUjA kI sAmagrI meM vRddhi hotI gaI aura aSTadravyoM se pUjA hone lgii| DaoN0 nemicandra zAstrI ke zabdoM meM --- "pUjanasAmagrI ke vikAsa kI eka sunizcita paramparA hameM jaina vAGmaya meM upalabdha hotI hai| Arambha meM pUjana-vidhi kevala puSpoM ke dvArA sampanna kI jAtI thI, phira kramaza: dhUpa, candana aura naivedya Adi pUjA-dravyoM kA vikAsa huaa| padmapurANa, harivaMzapurANa evaM jaTAsiMhanandi ke varAMgacarita meM hamAre ukta kathana kA samyak samarthana hotA hai| varAMgacarita meM rAjA zrIkaNTha kahatA hai ki maiMne nAnA prakAra ke puSpa, dhUpa aura manohArI gandha se bhagavAn kI pUjA karane kA saMkalpa kiyA thA, para vaha pUjA na ho skii| padmaparANa meM ullekha hai ki rAvaNa snAna kara dhautavastra pahana, svarNa aura ratnanirmita jinabimboM kI nadI ke taTa para pUjA karane lagA, kintu usake dvArA prayukta pUjA-sAmagrI meM dhUpa, candana, puSpa aura naivedya kA hI ullekha AyA hai, anya dravyoM kA nhiiN| yaha spaSTa hai ki pracalita aSTadravyoM dvArA pUjana karane kI prathA
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________________ jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma kA pArasparika prabhAva digambara paramparA meM zvetAmbaroM kI apekSA kucha samaya ke pazcAt hI pracalita huI hogii| 52 sarvaprathama harivaMzapurANa meM jinasena ne jala, candana, akSata, puSpa, dhUpa, dIpa aura naivedya kA ullekha kiyA hai| isa ullekha meM bhI aSTadravyoM kA krama yathAvat nahIM aura na jala kA pRthak nirdeza hI hai / smaraNa rahe ki pratimA-prakSAlana kI prakriyA kA agrima vikAsa abhiSeka hai, jo apekSAkRta aura bhI paravartI hai| padmapurANa, padmanandikRta paMcaviMzati, AdipurANa, harivaMzapurANa, vasunandi zrAvakAcAra Adi granthoM se aSTadravyoM kA phalAdeza bhI jJAta hotA hai| yaha mAnA gayA hai ki aSTadravyoM dvArA pUjana karane se aihika aura pAralaukika abhyudayoM kI prApti hotI hai / bhAvasaMgraha meM bhI aSTadravyoM kA pRthak-pRthak phalAdeza batAyA gayA hai| DaoN0 nemicandra zAstrI dvArA prastuta yaha vivaraNa hindU paramparA ke prabhAva se digambara paramparA meM pUjA-dravyoM ke kramika vikAsa ko spaSTa kara detA hai / zvetAmbara paramparA meM hinduoM kI paMcopacArI pUjA se aSTaprakArI pUjA aura usI se satraha bhedI pUjA vikasita huii| yaha sarvopacArI yA satraha bhedI pUjA vaiSNavoM kI SoDazopacArI pUjA kA hI rUpa hai aura bahuta kucha rUpa meM isakA ullekha rAjapraznIya meM upalabdha hai| isa samagra carcA meM hameM aisA lagatA hai ki jaina - paramparA meM sarvaprathama dhArmika anuSThAna ke rUpa meM SaDAvazyakoM kA vikAsa huaa| unhIM SaDAvazyakoM meM stavana yA guNa- stuti kA sthAna yA usI se Age calakara bhAvapUjA pracalita huI aura phira dravyapUjA kI kalpanA sAmane AI, kintu dravyapUjA kA vidhAna kevala zrAvakoM ke liye huaa| tatpazcAt zvetAmbara aura digambara donoM paramparAoM meM jinapUjA-sambandhI jaTila vidhi-vidhAnoM ko jo vistAra huA, vaha saba brAhmaNaparamparA kA prabhAva thaa| Age calakara jinamandira ke nirmANa evaM jinabimboM kI pratiSThA ke sambandha meM hinduoM kA anusaraNa karake aneka prakAra ke vidhi-vidhAna bne| paM0 phUlacaMdajI siddhAntazAstrI ne "jJAnapITha pUjAMjali" kI bhUmikA meM aura DaoN0 nemicaMdajI zAstrI ne apane eka lekha 'puSpakarma - devapUjA : vikAsa evaM vidhi' jo unakI pustaka " bhAratIya saMskRti ke vikAsa meM jaina vAGmaya kA avadAna" ( prathama khaNDa ), pR0 379 para prakAzita hai, meM isa bAta ko spaSTa rUpa se svIkAra kiyA hai ki jaina- paramparA meM pUjA- dravyoM kA kramazaH vikAsa huA hai / yadyapi puSpapUjA prAcInakAla se hI pracalita hai phira bhI yaha jaina- paramparA ke Atyantika ahiMsA siddhAnta se mela nahIM khAtI hai| eka ora to pUjA-vidhAna kA >
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________________ jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma kA pArasparika prabhAva ATha jisameM hone vAlI ekendriya jIvoM kI hiMsA kA prAyazcitta ho aura dUsarI ora puSpa, jo svayaM ekendriya jIva haiM, unheM jina - pratimA ko samarpita karanA kahA~ taka saMgatipUrNa ho sakatA hai| vaha prAyazcitta pATha nimnalikhita hai IyApathe pracalatAdya mayA pramAdAt, ekendriyapramukhajIvanikAyabAdhA / nidvartitA yadi bhaveva yugAntarekSA, mithyA tadastu duritaM gurubhaktito me / / smaraNIya hai ki zvetAmbara paramparA meM caityavandana meM bhI 'iriyAvihi virAhanAye' nAmaka pATha kiyA jAtA hai, jisakA tAtparya hai 'maiM caityavandana ke liye jAne meM huI ekendriya jIvoM kI hiMsA kA prAyazcitta karatA hU~' / dUsarI ora pUjAvidhAnoM meM evaM homoM meM pRthvI, vAyu, apa, agni aura vanaspatikAyika ekendriya jIvoM kI hiMsA kA vidhAna, eka Antarika asaMgati to hai hI / sambhavata: hindUdharma ke prabhAva se IsA kI chaThI sAtavIM zatAbdI taka jainadharma meM pUjA-pratiSThA sambandhI aneka karmakANDoM kA praveza ho gayA thaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki AThavIM zatI meM haribhadra ko inameM se aneka kA muniyoM ke liye niSedha karanA pdd'aa| haribhadra ne sambodhaprakaraNa meM caityoM meM nivAsa, jinapratimA kI dravyapUjA, jinapratimA ke samakSa nRtya, gAna, nATaka Adi kA jainamuni ke liye niSedha kiyA hai / 10 sAmAnyata: jaina- paramparA meM tapapradhAna anuSThAnoM kA sambandha karmamala ko dUrakara manuSya ke AdhyAtmika guNoM kA vikAsa aura pAzavika AvegoM kA niyantraNa rahA hai| jinabhakti aura jinapUjA sambandhI anuSThAnoM kA uddezya bhI laukika upalabdhiyoM evaM vighna-bAdhAoM kA upazamana na hokara vyakti kA apanA AdhyAtmika vikAsa hI hai| jaina sAdhaka spaSTa rUpa se isa bAta ko dRSTi meM rakhatA hai ki prabhu kI pUjA aura stuti kevala bhakta ke sva-svarUpa yA jinaguNoM kI upalabdhi ke liye hai / jaina paramparA kA udghoSa hai 'vande labdhaye' arthAt jinadeva tadguNa kI evaM hamArI AtmA tattvataH samAna hai, ataH vItarAga ke guNoM kI upalabdhi kA artha hai svarUpa kI upalabdhi / isa prakAra jaina anuSThAna mUlataH Atmavizuddhi aura svarUpa kI upalabdhi ke liye hai| jaina anuSThAnoM meM jina gAthAoM yA mantroM kA pATha kiyA jAtA hai, unameM bhI adhikAMzataH to pUjanIya ke svarUpa kA hI bodha karAte haiM athavA AtmA ke liye patanakArI pravRttiyoM kA anusmaraNa karAkara unase mukta hone kI preraNA dete haiM / -
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________________ jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma kA pArasparika prabhAva yadyapi jaina anuSThAnoM kI mUla prakRti adhyAtmaparaka hai, kintu manuSya kI yaha eka svAbhAvika kamajorI hai ki vaha dharma ke mAdhyama se bhautika sukhasuvidhAoM kI upalabdhi cAhatA hai, sAtha hI unakI upalabdhi meM bAdhaka zaktiyoM ke nivartana ke liye bhI dharma se hI apekSA rakhatA hai| vaha dharma ko iSTa kI prApti aura aniSTa ke zamana kA sAdhana mAnatA hai| manuSya kI isa svAbhAvika pravRtti kA yaha pariNAma huA ki hindU dharma ke prabhAva se jaina paramparA meM bhI anuSThAnoM kA AdhyAtmika svarUpa pUrNatayA sthira na raha sakA, usameM vikRti aayii| satya to yaha hai ki jainadharma kA anuyAyI Akhira vahI manuSya hai, jo bhautika jIvana meM sukha-samRddhi kI kAmanA se mukta nahIM hai| ata: jaina AcAryoM ke liye yaha Avazyaka ho gayA ki ve apane upAsakoM kI jainadharma meM zraddhA banAye rakhane ke liye jainadharma ke sAtha kucha aise anuSThAnoM ko bhI jor3eM jo apane upAsakoM ke bhautika kalyANa meM sahAyaka ho| nivRttipradhAna, adhyAtmavAdI evaM karmasiddhAnta meM aTala vizvAsa rakhane vAle jainadharma ke liye yaha nyAyasaMgata to nahIM thA phira bhI yaha eka aitihAsika satya hai ki usameM yaha pravRtti vikasita huI hai| jainadharma kA tIrthaGkara vyakti ke bhautika kalyANa meM sAdhaka yA bAdhaka nahIM ho sakatA hai, ata: jaina anuSThAnoM meM jinapUjA ke yakSa-yakSiyoM ke rUpa meM zAsanadevatA tathA devI kI kalpanA vikasita huI aura yaha mAnA jAne lagA ki tIrthaGkara kI athavA apanI upAsanA se zAsanadevatA ( yakSa-yakSI ) prasanna hokara upAsaka kA kalyANa karate haiN| zAsanarakSaka devI-devatAoM ke rUpa meM sarasvatI, lakSmI, agnikA, padmAvatI, cakrezvarI, kAlI Adi aneka deviyoM tathA maNibhadra, ghaNTAkarNa mahAvIra, pArzvayakSa Adi yakSoM, dikpAloM evaM aneka kSetrapAloM (bhairavoM) ko jaina-paramparA meM sthAna milaa| ina sabakI pUjA ke liye jainoM ne vibhinna anuSThAnoM ko kiMcit parivartana ke sAtha vaidika paramparA se grahaNa kara liyaa| bhairava padmAvatIkalpa Adi granthoM se isakI puSTi hotI hai| jaina-pUjA aura pratiSThA kI vidhi meM vaidika paramparA ke aneka aise tattva bhI jar3a gaye jo jaina-paramparA ke mUlabhUta mantavyoM se bhinna haiN| hama yaha dekhate haiM ki jaina-paramparA meM cakrezvarI, padmAvatI, ambikA, ghaNTAkarNa mahAvIra, mAkor3A bhairava, bhomiyAjI, dikpAla, kSetrapAla Adi kI upAsanA pramukha hotI jA rahI hai| jainadharma meM pUjA aura upAsanA kA yaha dUsarA pakSa jo hamAre sAmane AyA, vaha mUlata: vaidika yA brAhmaNa-paramparA kA prabhAva hI hai| jinapUjA evaM anuSThAna vidhiyoM meM aneka aise mantra milate haiM, jinheM brAhmaNa-paramparA ke tatsambandhI mantroM kA mAtra jainIkaraNa kahA jA sakatA hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM jisa prakAra brAhmaNa-paramparA meM iSTa devatA kI pUjA ke samaya
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________________ jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma kA pArasparika prabhAva 55 usakA AhvAna aura visarjana kiyA jAtA hai, usI prakAra jaina-paramparA meM bhI pUjA ke samaya jina ke AhvAna aura visarjana ke mantra bole jAte haiN| yathA - OM hrIM NamoM siddhANaM siddhaparameSThin atra avatara avatara sNvosstt| OM hrIM NamoM siddhANaM siddhaparameSThin atra tiSTha tiSTha ThaH tthH| OM hrIM NamoM siddhANaM siddhaparameSThin atra mama sanihato bhavabhava vsstt| OM hrIM NamoM siddhANaM siddhaparameSThin svasthAnaM gaccha gaccha ja: ja: jH| ye mantra jainadarzana kI mUlabhUta mAnyatAoM ke pratikUla haiN| kyoMki jahA~ brAhmaNa-paramparA kA yaha vizvAsa hai ki AhvAna karane para devatA Ate haiM aura visarjana karane para cale jAte haiN| vahA~ jaina-paramparA meM siddhAvasthA ko prApta tIrthaGkara na to AhvAna karane para upasthita ho sakate haiM aura na visarjana karane para jA hI sakate haiN| paM0 phUlacandajI ne "jJAnapITha pUjAMjali'' kI bhUmikA meM vistAra se isakI carcA kI hai tathA AhvAna evaM visarjana sambandhI jaina mantroM kI brAhmaNa mantroM se samAnatA bhI dikhAI hai| tulanA kIjiye - AvAhanaM naiva jAnAmi naiva jAnAmi pUjanam / visarjanaM na jAnAmi kSamasva paramezvara / / 1 / / mantrahInaM kriyAhInaM dravyahInaM tathaiva ca / / tatsarvaM kSamyatAM deva rakSa rakSa jinezvara / / 2 / / - visarjanapATha isake sthAna meM brAhmaNadharma meM ye zloka ulabdha hote haiM - AvAhanaM na jAnAmi na jAnAmi visarjanam / pUjanaM naiva jAnAmi kSamasva paramezvara / / 1 / / mantrahInaM kriyAhInaM bhaktihInaM janArdana / yatpUjitaM mayA deva paripUrNa tadastu me / / 2 / / isI prakAra paMcopacArapUcA, aSTadravyapUjA, yajJa kA vidhAna, vinAyakayantra-sthApanA, yajJopavItadhAraNa Adi bhI jaina-paramparA ke anukUla nahIM haiN| kintu jaba paurANika dharma kA prabhAva bar3hane lagA, to paMcopacArapUjA Adi vidhiyoM kA praveza huaa| dasavIM zatI ke anantara ina vidhiyoM ko itanA mahattva prApta huA, jisase pUrva pracalita vidhi gauNa ho gyii| pratimA ke samakSa rahane para bhI AhvAna, sanidhikaraNa, pUjana aura visarjana kramaza: paMcakalyANakoM kI smRti ke liye vyavahata hone lge| pUjA ko vaiyAvRtya kA aMga mAnA jAne lagA tathA eka prakAra se ise 'AhAradAna' ke tulya mahattva prApta huaa| isa prakAra pUjA ke samaya
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________________ 56 jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma kA pArasparika prabhAva sAmAyika yA dhyAna kI mUla bhAvanA meM parivartana huA aura pUjA ko atithi saMvibhAga vrata kA aMga mAna liyA gyaa| yaha sabhI brAhmaNa paramparA kI anukRti hI haiM, yadyapi isa sambandha meM bole jAne vAle mantroM ko nizcaya hI jaina rUpa de diyA gayA hai| jisa paramparA meM eka varga aisA ho jo tIrthaGkara ke kavalAhAra kA bhI niSedha karatA ho vahI tIrthaGkara kI sevA meM naivedya arpita kare yaha kyA siddhAnta kI viDambanA nahIM kahI jAyegI? jaina-paramparA ne pUjA-vidhAna ke atirikta saMskAra vidhi meM bhI hindU-paramparA kA anusaraNa kiyA hai| sarvaprathama AcArya jinasena ne AdipurANa meM hindU saMskAroM ko jaina dRSTi se saMzodhita karake jainoM ke liye bhI eka pUrI saMskAra-vidhi taiyAra kI hai| sAmAnyatayA hinduoM meM jo solaha saMskAroM kI paramparA hai, usameM nivRttimUlaka paramparA kI dRSTi se dIkSA ( saMnyAsagrahaNa ) Adi kucha saMskAroM kI vRddhi karake yaha saMskAra-vidhi taiyAra kI gayI hai| isameM garbhAnvaya kriyA, dIkSAnvaya kriyA aura kriyAnvaya kriyA aise tIna vibhAga kiye gae haiN| inameM garbha se lekara nirvANa paryanta kriyAe~ batAI gaI haiN| yaha spaSTa hai ki digambara paramparA meM jo saMskAra-vidhi pracalita huI vaha bRhad hindU-paramparA se prabhAvita hai| zvetAmbara paramparA meM kisI saMskAra-vidhi kA ullekha nahIM milatA hai, kintu vyavahAra meM ve bhI hindU-paramparA meM pracalita saMskAroM ko yathAvat rUpa meM apanAte haiN| unameM Aja bhI vivAhAdi saMskAra hindu paramparAnusAra hI brAhmaNa paNDita ke dvArA sampatra karAe jAte haiN| ata spaSTa hai ki vivAhAdi saMskAroM ke sambandha meM bhI jaina paramparA para hindU paramparA kA spaSTa prabhAva hai| vastuta: mandira evaM jinabimba-pratiSThA Adi se sambandhita adhikAMza anuSThAna brAhmaNa paramparA kI dena haiM aura usakI mUlabhUta prakRti kahe jA sakate haiN| kisI bhI paramparA ke liye apanI sahavartI paramparA se pUrNatayA aprabhAvita raha pAnA kaThina hai aura isaliye yaha svAbhAvika hI thA ki jaina-paramparA kI anuSThAna vidhiyoM meM brAhmaNa paramparA kA prabhAva aayaa| hindU varNa evaM jAti vyavasthA kA jainadharma para prabhAva mUlata: zramaNa-paramparA aura jainadharma varNa-vyavasthA ke viruddha khar3e hue the kintu kAlakrama meM bRhat hindU-samAja ke prabhAva se usameM bhI varNa evaM jAti sambandhI avadhAraNAe~ praviSTa ho giiN| jaina paramparA meM jAti aura varNa-vyavasthA ke udbhava evaM aitihAsika vikAsa kA vivaraNa sarvaprathama AcArAMganiyukti ( lagabhaga IsvI san tIsarI zatI ) meM prApta hotA hai| usake anusAra prArambha meM manuSya jAti eka hI thii| RSabha ke dvArA rAjya-vyavasthA kA prArambha hone para usake do vibhAga ho gaye -- 1. zAsaka ( svAmI ) evaM 2. zAsita ( sevaka ) / usake pazcAt
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________________ jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma kA pArasparika prabhAva 1. kSatriya zilpa aura vANijya ke vikAsa ke sAtha usake tIna vibhAga hue ( zAsaka ), 2. vaizya ( kRSaka aura vyavasAyI ) aura 3. zUdra ( sevaka ) / usake pazcAt zrAvaka-dharma kI sthApanA hone para ahiMsaka, sadAcArI aura dharmaniSTha vyaktiyoM ko brAhmaNa ( mAhaNa ) kahA gyaa| isa prakAra kramazaH cAra varNa astitva meM aae| ina cAra varNoM ke strI-puruSoM ke samavarNIya anuloma evaM pratiloma saMyogoM se solaha varNa bane, jinameM sAta varNa aura nau antara varNa kahalAe / sAta varNa meM samavarNIya strI-puruSa ke saMyoga se cAra mUla varNa tathA brAhmaNa puruSa evaM kSatriya strI ke saMyoga se utpanna, kSatriya puruSa evaM vaizya strI ke saMyoga se utpanna aura vaizya puruSa evaM zUdra strI ke saMyoga se utpanna, aise anuloma saMyoga se utpanna tIna varNa / AcArAMgacUrNi ( IsA kI 7vIM zatI) meM ise spaSTa karate hue batAyA gayA hai ki "brAhmaNa puruSa evaM kSatrANI ke saMyoga se jo santAna utpanna hotI hai vaha uttama kSatriya, zuddha kSatriya yA saMkara kSatriya kahI jAtI hai, yaha pA~cavA~ varNa hai| isI prakAra kSatriya puruSa aura vaizya strI se utpanna santAna uttama vaizya, zuddha vaizya yA saMkara vaizya kahI jAtI hai, yaha chaThA~ varNa hai tathA vaizya puruSa evaM zUdra- strI ke saMyoga se utpanna santAna zuddha zUdra yA saMkara zUdra kahI jAtI hai, yaha sAtavA~ varNa hai / punaH anuloma aura pratiloma sambandhoM ke AdhAra para nimnalikhita nau antaravarNa bane brAhmaNa puruSa aura vaizya strI se 'ambaSTha' nAmaka AThavA~ varNa utpanna huA, kSatriya puruSa aura zUdra strI se 'ugra' nAmaka navA~ varNa huA, brAhmaNa puruSa aura zUdra strI se 'niSAda' nAmaka dasavA~ varNa utpanna huA, zUdra puruSa aura vaizya strI se 'ayoga' nAmaka gyArahavA~ varNa utpanna huA, kSatriya aura brAhmaNI se 'sUta' nAmaka terahavA~ varNa huA, zUdra puruSa aura kSatriya strI se 'kSatrA' ( khatrA caudahavA~ varNa utpanna huA, vaizya puruSa aura brAhmaNa strI ke saMyoga se 'vedeha' nAmaka pandrahavA~ varNa utpanna huA aura zUdra puruSa tathA brAhmaNa strI ke saMyoga se 'cANDAla' nAmaka solahavA~ varNa huaa| isake pazcAt ina solaha varNoM meM paraspara anuloma evaM pratiloma saMyoga se aneka jAtiyA~ astitva meM AyIM / " nAmaka uparokta vivaraNa meM hama yaha dekhate haiM ki jaina dharma ke AcAryoM ne bhI kAla - krama meM jAti aura varNa kI utpatti ke sandarbha meM hindU paramparA kI vyavasthAoM ko apane DhaMga se saMzodhita kara svIkAra kara liyaa| lagabhaga sAtavIM sadI meM dakSiNa bhArata meM hue AcArya jinasena ne lokApavAda ke bhaya se tathA jaina dharma kA astitva aura sAmAjika sammAna banAye rakhane ke liye hindU varNa evaM jAti- vyavasthA ko isa prakAra AtmasAta kara liyA ki isa sambandha meM jainoM kA jo vaiziSTya thA, vaha prAyaH samApta ho gyaa| jinasena ne sarvaprathama yaha batAyA ki 57
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________________ jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma kA pArasparika prabhAva Adi brahmA RSabhadeva ne SaTkarmoM kA upadeza dene ke pazcAt tIna varNoM ( kSatriya, vaizya aura zUdra ) kI sRSTi kii| isI grantha meM Age yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki jo kSatriya aura vaizya varNa kI sevA karate haiM ve zUdra haiM / inake do bheda haiM kAra aura akAru / punaH kAru ke bhI do bheda haiN| spRzya aura aspRzya / dhobI, nApita Adi spRzya zUdra haiM aura cANDAla Adi jo nagara ke bAhara rahate haiM ve aspRzya zUdra haiM ( AdipurANa, 16 / 184-186 ) / zUdroM ke kAru aura akAru tathA spRzya aura aspRzya ye bheda sarvaprathama kevala purANakAla meM jinasena ne kiye haiN| unake pUrvavartI anya kisI jaina AcArya ne isa prakAra ke bhedoM ko mAnya nahIM kiyA hai / kintu hindU-samAja-vyavasthA se prabhAvita hone ke bAda ke jaina AcAryoM ne ise prAyaH mAnya kiyaa| SaTprAbhRta ke TIkAkAra zrutasAgara ne bhI isa spRzya-aspRzya kI carcA kI hai| yadyapi purANakAra ne zUdroM ko ekazATakavrata arthAta kSullaka dIkSA kA adhikAra mAnya kiyA thA kintu bAda ke digambara jaina AcAryoM ne usameM bhI kamI kara dI aura zUdra kI muni dIkSA evaM jinamandira meM praveza kA bhI niSedha kara diyaa| zvetAmbara paramparA meM sthAnAMgasUtra ( 3 / 202 ) ke mUlapATha meM to kevala rogI, bhayArta aura napuMsaka kI muni dIkSA kA niSedha thA, kintu paravartI TIkAkAroM ne cANDAlAdi jAti- juMgita aura vyAdhAdi karmajuMgati logoM ko dIkSA dene kA niSedha kara diyaa| yadyapi yaha saba jaina dharma kI mUla paramparA ke to viruddha hI thA, phira bhI hindU - paramparA ke prabhAva se ise mAnya kara liyA gyaa| sthiti yahA~ taka pahu~cI ki eka hI jainadharma ke anuyAyI jAtIya bheda ke AdhAra para dUsarI jAti kA chuA huA khAne meM, unheM sAtha biThAkara bhojana karane meM kA jala-tyAga eka Avazyaka kartavya ho gayA aura praveza niSiddha kara diyA gyaa| - Apatti karane lage / zUdra zUdroM kA jina-mandira meM 58 isa prakAra jahA~ prAcIna stara meM jaina cAroM hI varNoM aura sabhI jAtiyoM ke vyakti jina-pUjA karane, zrAvaka dharma evaM munidharma kA pAlana karane aura sAdhanA ke sarvocca lakSya nirvANa ko prApta karane ke adhikArI mAne gaye the, vahIM sAtavIMAThavIM sadI meM jinasena ne sarvaprathama zUdra ko muni dIkSA aura mokSa prApti hetu ayogya maanaa| zvetAmbara AgamoM meM kahIM zUdra kI dIkSA kA niSedha nahIM hai, sthAnAMga meM mAtra rogI, bhayArta aura napuMsaka kI dIkSA kA niSedha hai kintu Age calakara unameM bhI jAti - juMgita jaise cANDAla Adi aura karma - juMgita jaise - kasAI Adi kI dIkSA kA niSedha kara diyA gayA / kintu yaha bRhattara hindU paramparA kA prabhAva hI thA jo ki jainadharma ke mUla siddhAnta ke viruddha thaa| jainoM ne ise kevala apanI sAmAjika pratiSThA ko banAe rakhane hetu mAnya kiyA kyoMki AgamoM meM -
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________________ jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma kA pArasparika prabhAva harikezIbala, metArya, mAtaMgamuni Adi aneka cANDAloM ke muni hone aura mokSa prApta karane ke ullekha haiN| 26. 5. dekhiye 6. gItA, 4 / 33, 26-28. 1. uttarAdhyayana, 25/27,21. 2. dhammapada, 401-403. 3. uttarAdhyayana, 12/44. 4. aMguttaranikAya, suttanipAta uddhata bhagavAn buddha ( dharmAnanda kausAmbI ), pR0 7. uttarAdhyayana, 12/46. 8. uttarAdhyayana, 9/40, dekhiye sandarbha 9. dhammapada, 106. 10. sambodha prakaraNa, gurvAdhikAra . bhagavAna buddha ( dharmAnanda kausAmbI ), pR0, 236-239. 59 gItA ( zA0 ) 4 / 26-27.
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________________ AcArya hemacandra : eka yugapuruSa AcArya hemacandra bhAratIya manISArUpI AkAza ke eka dedIpyamAna nakSatra haiN| vidyopAsaka zvetAmbara jaina AcAryoM meM bahuvidha aura vipula sAhityasraSTA ke rUpa meM AcArya haribhadra ke bAda yadi koI mahattvapUrNa nAma hai to vaha AcArya hemacandra kA hI hai| jisa prakAra AcArya haribhadra ne vividha bhASAoM meM jaina vidyA kI vividha vidyAoM para vipula sAhitya kA sRjana kiyA thA, usI prakAra AcArya hemacandra ne vividha vidyAoM para vipula sAhitya kA sRjana kiyA hai| AcArya hemacandra gujarAta kI vidvat paramparA ke pratibhAzAlI aura prabhAvazAlI jaina AcArya haiN| unake sAhitya meM jo bahuvidhatA hai vaha unake vyaktitva kI evaM unake jJAna kI bahuvidhatA kI paricAyikA hai| kAvya, chanda, vyAkaraNa, koza, kathA, darzana, adhyAtma aura yoga-sAdhanA Adi sabhI pakSoM ko AcArya hemacandra ne apanI sajanadharmitA meM sameTa liyA hai| dharmasApekSa aura dharmanirapekSa donoM hI prakAra ke sAhitya ke sRjana meM unake vyaktitva kI samAnatA kA anya koI nahIM milatA hai| jisa mor3havaNika jAti ne samprati yuga meM gA~dhI jaise mahAn vyakti ko janma diyA usI mor3havaNika jAti ne AcArya hemacandra ko bhI janma diyA thaa| AcArya hemacandra kA janma gujarAta ke dhandhukA nagara meM zreSThi cAciga tathA mAtA pAhiNI kI kukSi se I0 san 1088 meM huA thaa| jo sUcanAe~ upalabdha haiM unake AdhAra para yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki hemacandra ke pitA zaiva aura mAtA jainadharma kI anuyAyI thiiN|' Aja bhI gujarAta kI isa mor3havaNika jAti meM vaiSNava aura jaina donoM dharmoM ke anuyAyI pAe jAte haiN| ata: hemacandra ke pitA cAciga ke zaivadharmAvalambI aura mAtA pAhiNI ke jainadharmAvalambI hone meM koI virodha nahIM hai kyoMki prAcIna kAla se hI bhAratavarSa meM aise aneka parivAra rahe haiM jisake sadasya bhinna-bhinna dharmoM ke anuyAyI hote the| sambhavata: pitA ke zaivadharmAvalambI aura mAtA ke jaina-dharmAvalambI hone ke kAraNa hI hemacandra ke jIvana meM dhArmika samanvayazIlatA ke bIja adhika vikasita ho ske| dUsare zabdoM meM dharmasamanvaya kI jIvanadRSTi to unheM apane pArivArika pariveza se hI milI thii| ___AcArya devacandra jo ki AcArya hemacandra ke dIkSAguru the, svayaM bhI prabhAvazAlI AcArya the| unhoMne bAlaka caMgadeva ( hemacandra ke janma kA nAma ) kI pratibhA ko samajha liyA thA, isaliye unhoMne unakI mAtA se unheM bAlyakAla meM
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________________ AcArya hemacandra : eka yugapuruSa 61 hI prApta kara liyaa| AcArya hemacandra ko unakI alpa bAlyAvasthA meM hI guru dvArA dIkSA pradAna kara dI gaI aura vidhivata rUpa se unheM dharma, darzana aura sAhitya kA adhyayana karavAyA gyaa| vastutaH hemacandra kI pratibhA aura devacandra ke prayatna ne bAlaka ke vyaktitva ko eka mahanIyatA pradAna kii| hemacandra kA vyaktitva bhI unake sAhitya kI bhA~ti bahu-AyAmI thaa| ve kuzala rAjanItijJa, mahAn dharmaprabhAvaka, loka-kalyANakartA evaM apratima vidvAn, sabhI kucha the| unake mahAn vyaktitva ke sabhI pakSoM ko ujAgara kara pAnA to yahA~ sambhava nahIM hai, phira bhI maiM kucha mahattvapUrNa pakSoM para prakAza DAlane kA prayatna avazya kruuNgaa| hemacandra kI dhArmika sahiSNutA yaha satya hai ki AcArya hemacandra kI jainadharma ke prati ananya niSThA thI kintu sAtha hI ve anya dharmoM ke prati sahiSNu bhI the| unheM yaha guNa apane parivAra se hI virAsata meM milA thaa| jaisA ki sAmAnya vizvAsa hai, hemacandra kI mAtA jaina aura pitA zaiva the| eka hI parivAra meM vibhinna dharmoM ke anuyAyiyoM kI upasthiti usa parivAra kI sahiSNavRtti kI hI paricAyaka hotI hai| AcArya kI isa kulagata sahiSNuvRtti ko jainadharma ke anekAntavAda kI udAra dRSTi se aura adhika bala milaa| yadyapi yaha satya hai ki anya jaina AcAryoM ke samAna hemacandra ne bhI anyayogavyavacchedadvAtriMzikA nAmaka samIkSAtmaka grantha likhA aura usameM anya darzanoM kI mAnyatAoM kI samIkSA bhI kii| kintu isase yaha anumAna nahIM lagAnA cAhiye ki hemacandra meM dhArmika udAratA nahIM thii| vastuta: hemacandra jisa yuga meM hue the, vaha yuga dArzanika vAda-vivAda kA yuga kA thaa| ata: hemacandra kI yaha vivazatA thI ki ve apanI paramparA kI rakSA ke liye anya darzanoM kI mAnyatAoM kI tArkika samIkSA kara parapakSa kA khaNDana aura svapakSa kA maNDana kreN| kintu yadi hemacandra kI mahAdevastotra Adi racanAoM evaM unake vyAvahArika jIvana ko dekheM to hameM yaha mAnanA hogA ki unake jIvana meM aura vyavahAra meM dhArmika udAratA vidyamAna thii| kumArapAla ke pUrva ve jayasiMha siddharAja ke samparka meM the, kintu unake jIvanavRtta se hameM aisA koI saMketa-sUtra nahIM milatA ki unhoMne kabhI bhI siddharAja ko jainadharma kA anuyAyI banAne kA prayatna kiyA ho| mAtra yahI nahIM, jayasiMha siddharAja ke darabAra meM rahate hue bhI unhoMne kabhI kisI anya paramparA ke vidvAn kI upekSA yA avamAnanA kI ho, aisA koI ullekha nahIM miltaa| yadyapi kathAnakoM meM jayasiMha siddharAja ke darabAra meM unake digambara jaina AcArya ke sAtha hue vAda-vivAda kA ullekha avazya hai parantu usameM bhI mukhya vAdI ke rUpa meM hemacandra na hokara bRhadgacchIya vAdidevasUri hI the| yaha bhI satya hai ki hemacandra se ForF
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________________ AcArya hemacandra : eka yugapuruSa prabhAvita hokara kumArapAla ne jainadharmAnuyAyI banakara jainadharma kI praryApta prabhAvanA kI, kintu kumArapAla ke dharma-parivartana yA unako jaina banAne meM hemacandra kA kitanA hAtha thA, yaha vicAraNIya hI hai| vastutaH hemacandra ke dvArA na kevala kumArapAla kI jIva-rakSA huI thI apitu use rAjya bhI milA thaa| yaha to AcArya ke prati usakI atyadhika niSThA hI thI jisane use jainadharma kI ora AkarSita kiyaa| yaha bhI satya hai ki hemacandra ne usake mAdhyama se ahiMsA aura naitika mUlyoM kA prasAra karavAyA aura jainadharma kI prabhAvanA bhI karavAI kintu kabhI bhI unhoMne rAjA meM dhArmika kaTTaratA kA bIja nahIM boyaa| kumArapAla sampUrNa jIvana meM zaivoM ke prati bhI utanA hI udAra rahA, jitanA vaha jainoM ke prati thaa| yadi hemacandra cAhate to use zaivadharma se pUrNata: vimukha kara sakate the, para unhoMne kabhI aisA nahIM kiyA balki use sadaiva hI zaivadharmAnuyAyiyoM ke sAtha udAra dRSTikoNa rakhane kA Adeza diyaa| yadi hemacandra meM dhArmika saMkIrNatA hotI to ve kumArapAla dvArA somanAtha mandira kA jIrNoddhAra karA kara usakI pratiSThA meM svayaM bhAga kyoM lete? athavA svayaM mahAdevastotra kI racanA kara rAjA ke sAtha svayaM bhI mahAdeva kI stuti kaise kara sakate the? unake dvArA racita mahAdevastotra isa bAta kA pramANa hai ki ve dhArmika udAratA ke samarthaka the| stotra meM unhoMne ziva, mahezvara, mahAdeva, Adi zabdoM kI sundara aura sampradAya nirapekSa vyAkhyA karate hue anta meM yahI kahA hai ki saMsArarUpI bIja ke aMkuroM ko utpanna karanevAle rAga aura dveSa jisake samApta ho gae hoM unheM maiM namaskAra karatA hU~, cAhe ve brahmA hoM, viSNu hoM, mahAdeva hoM athavA jina hoN| dhArmika sahiSNutA kA artha mithyA-vizvAsoM kA poSaNa nahIM ___ yadyapi hemacandra dhArmika sahiSNutA ke samarthaka haiM, phira bhI ve isa sandarbha meM satarka haiM ki dharma ke nAma para mithyAdhAraNAoM aura andhavizvAsoM kA poSaNa na ho| isa sandarbha meM ve spaSTa rUpa se kahate haiM ki jisa dharma meM deva yA upAsya rAgadveSa se yukta hoM, dharmaguru abrahmacArI hoM aura dharma meM karuNA va dayA ke bhAvoM kA abhAva ho, aisA dharma vastuta: adharma hI hai| upAsya ke sambandha meM hemacandra ko nAmoM kA koI Agraha nahIM, cAhe vaha brahmA ho, viSNu ho, ziva ho yA jina, kintu upAsya hone ke liye ve eka zarta avazya rakha dete haiM, vaha yaha ki use rAga-dveSa se mukta honA caahiye| ve svayaM kahate haiM ki - bhavabIjAMkurajananarAgadyAkSayamupAgatAsya brahmA vA viSNurvA haro vA jino vA namastasmai / / isI prakAra guru ke sandarbha meM bhI unakA kahanA hai ki use brahmacArI yA
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________________ AcArya hemacandra : eka yugapuruSa caritravAna honA caahiye| ve likhate haiM ki - sarvAbhilASiNaH sarva bho jinaH saparigrahaH / ___ abrahmacAriNo mithyopadezAH guravo na tu / / 5 arthAt jo AkAMkSA se yukta ho, bhojyAbhojya ke viveka se rahita ho, parigraha sahita aura abrahmacArI tathA mithyA upadeza denevAlA ho, vaha guru nahIM ho sktaa| ve spaSTa rUpa se kahate haiM ki jo hiMsA aura parigraha meM AkaNTha DUbA ho, vaha dUsaroM ko kaise tAra sakatA hai| jo svayaM dIna ho vaha dUsaroM ko dhanADhya kaise banA sakatA hai| arthAt caritravAna, niSparigrahI aura brahmacArI vyakti hI guru yogya ho sakatA hai| dharma ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM bhI hemacandra kA dRSTikoNa spaSTa hai| ve spaSTa rUpa se yaha mAnate haiM ki jisa sAdhanAmArga meM dayA evaM karuNA kA abhAva ho, jo viSayAkAMkSAoM kI pUrti ko hI jIvana kA lakSya mAnatA ho, jisameM saMyama kA abhAva ho, vaha dharma nahIM ho sktaa| hiMsAdi se kaluSita dharma, dharma na hokara saMsAra-paribhramaNa kA kAraNa hI hotA hai|' isa prakAra hemacandra dhArmika sahiSNutA ko svIkAra karate hue bhI itanA avazya mAnate haiM ki dharma ke nAma para adharma kA poSaNa nahIM honA caahiye| unakI dRSTi meM dharma kA artha koI viziSTa karmakANDa na hokara karuNA aura lokamaMgala se yukta sadAcAra kA sAmAnya Adarza hI hai| ve spaSTataH kahate haiM ki saMyama, zIla, aura dayA se rahita dharma manuSya ke bauddhika divAliyepana kA hI sUcaka hai| ve Atma-pIr3A ke sAtha udghoSa karate haiM ki yaha bar3e kheda kI bAta hai ki jisake mUla meM kSamA, zIla aura dayA hai, aise kalyANakArI dharma ko chor3akara mandabuddhi loga hiMsA ko bhI dharma mAnate haiN| isa prakAra hemacandra dhArmika udAratA ke kaTTara samarthaka hote hue bhI dharma ke nAma para AyI huI vikRtiyoM aura caritrahInatA kI samIkSA karate haiN| sarvadharmasamabhAva kyoM? hemacandra kI dRSTi meM sarvadharmasamabhAva kI AvazyakatA kyoM hai, isakA nirdeza paM0 becaradAsajI ne apane 'hemacandrAcArya' nAmaka grantha meM kiyA hai| jayasiMha siddharAja kI sabhA meM hemacandra ne sarvadharmasamabhAva ke viSaya meM jo vicAra prastuta kiye the ve paM0 becaradAsajI ke zabdoM meM nimnalikhita haiM - "hemacandra kahate haiM ki prajA meM yadi vyApaka deza-prema aura zUravIratA ho, kintu yadi dhArmika udAratA na ho to deza kI janatA khatare meM hI hogI, yaha nizcita hI samajhanA caahiye| dhArmika udAratA ke abhAva meM prema saMkucita ho jAtA hai aura zUravIratA eka unmattatA kA rUpa le letI hai| aise unmatta loga khUna kI
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________________ 64 AcArya hemacandra : eka yugapuruSa nadiyoM ko bahAne meM bhI nahIM cUkate aura deza ujAr3a ho jAtA hai| somanAtha ke pavitra devAlaya kA naSTa honA isakA jvalanta pramANa hai| dakSiNa meM dharma ke nAma para jo saMgharSa huA unameM hajAroM logoM kI jAne gyiiN| yaha havA aba gujarAta kI ora bahane lagI hai, kintu hameM vicAranA cAhiye ki yadi gujarAta meM isa dharmAndhatA kA praveza ho gayA to hamArI janatA aura rAjya ko vinaSTa hone meM koI samaya nahIM lgegaa| Age ve punaH kahate haiM ki jisa prakAra gujarAta ke mahArAjya ke vibhinna deza apanI vibhinna bhASAoM, vezabhUSAoM aura vyavasAyoM ko karate hue sabhI mahArAjA siddharAja kI AjJA ke vazIbhUta hokara kArya karate haiM, usI prakAra cAhe hamAre dhArmika kriyAkalApa bhinna hoM phira bhI unameM viveka-dRSTi rakhakara sabhI ko eka paramAtmA kI AjJA ke anukUla rahanA caahiye| isI meM deza aura prajA kA kalyANa hai| yadi hama sahiSNuvRtti se na rahakara, dharma ke nAma para yaha vivAda kareMge ki yaha dharma jhaThA hai aura yaha dharma saccA hai, yaha dharma nayA hai yaha dharma purAnA hai, to hama sabakA hI nAza hogaa| Aja hama jisa dharma kA AcaraNa kara rahe haiM, vaha koI zuddha dharma na hokara zuddha dharma ko prApta karane ke liye yogyatAbheda ke AdhAra para banAe gae bhinna-bhinna sAmpradAyika baMdhAraNa mAtra haiN| hameM yaha dhyAna rahe ki zastroM ke AdhAra para lar3A gayA yuddha to kabhI samApta ho jAtA hai, parantu zAstroM ke AdhAra para hone vAle saMgharSa kabhI samApta nahIM hote, ata: dharma ke nAma para ahiMsA Adi pA~ca vratoM kA pAlana ho, santoM kA samAgama ho, brAhmaNa, zramaNa aura mAtA-pitA kI sevA ho, yadi jIvana meM hama itanA hI pA sakeM to hamArI bahuta bar3I upalabdhi hogii|" __ hemacandra kI carcA meM dhArmika udAratA aura anudAratA ke svarUpa aura unake pariNAmoM kA jo mahattvapUrNa ullekha upalabdha hai vaha Aja bhI utanA hI prAsaMgika hai jitanA ki kabhI hemacandra ke samaya meM rahA hogaa| hemacandra aura gujarAta kI sadAcAra-krAnti hemacandra ne siddharAja aura kumArapAla ko apane prabhAva meM lekara gujarAta meM jo mahAn sadAcAra krAnti kI vaha unake jIvana kI eka mahattvapUrNa upalabdhi hai aura jisase Aja taka bhI gujarAta kA janajIvana prabhAvita hai| hemacandra ne apane prabhAva kA upayoga janasAdhAraNa ko ahiMsA aura sadAcAra kI ora prerita karane ke liye kiyaa| kumArapAla ko prabhAvita kara unhoMne isa bAta kA vizeSa prayatna kiyA ki janasAdhAraNa meM se hiMsakavRtti aura kusaMskAra samApta hoN| unhoMne zikAra aura pazu bali ke niSedha ke sAtha-sAtha madyapAna niSedha, dyUtakrIr3A-niSedha ke Adeza bhI rAjA se pArita kraaye| AcArya ne na kevala isa sambandha meM rAjyAdeza
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________________ AcArya hemacandra : eka yugapuruSa 65 nikalavAe, apitu, jana-jana ko rAjyAdezoM ke pAlana hetu prerita bhI kiyA aura sampUrNa gujarAta aura usake sImAvartI pradeza meM eka vizeSa vAtAvaraNa nirmita kara diyaa| usa samaya kI gujarAta kI sthiti kA kucha citraNa hameM hemacandra ke mahAvIracarita meM milatA hai| usameM kahA gayA hai ki "rAjA ke hiMsA aura zikAraniSedha kA prabhAva yahA~ taka huA ki asaMskArI kuloM meM janma lene vAle vyaktiyoM ne bhI khaTamala aura jUM jaise sUkSma jIvoM kI hiMsA banda kara dii| zikAra banda ho jAne se jIva-jantu jaMgaloM meM usI nirbhayatA se ghUmane lage, jaise gauzAlA meM gaaeN| rAjya meM madirApAna isa prakAra banda ho gayA ki kumbhAroM ko madyabhANDa banAnA bhI banda karanA pdd'aa| madyapAna ke kAraNa jo loga atyanta daridra ho gae the, ve isakA tyAga kara phira se dhanI ho ge| sampUrNa rAjya me dyUtakrIr3A kA nAmonizAna hI samApta ho gyaa|"* isa prakAra hemacandra ne apane prabhAva kA upayoga kara gujarAta meM vyasanamukta saMskArI jIvana kI jo krAnti kI thI, usake tattva Aja taka gujarAta ke janajIvana meM kisI sImA taka surakSita haiN| vastuta: yaha hemacandra ke vyaktitva kI mahAnatA hI thI jisake pariNAmasvarUpa eka sampUrNa rAjya meM saMskAra krAnti ho skii| triyoM aura vidhavAoM ke saMrakSaka hemacandra yadyapi hemacandra ne apane 'yogazAstra' meM pUrvavartI jainAcAryoM ke samAna hI brahmacarya ke sAdhaka ko apanI sAdhanA meM sthira rakhane ke liye nArI-nindA kI hai| ve kahate haiM ki striyoM meM svabhAva se hI caMcalatA, nirdayatA aura kuzIlatA ke doSa hote haiN| eka bAra samudra kI thAha pAyI jA sakatI hai kintu svabhAva se kuTila, duzcaritra kAminiyoM ke svabhAva kI thAha pAnA kaThina hai| kintu isake AdhAra para yaha mAna lenA ki hemacandra strI jAti ke mAtra Alocaka the, galata hogaa| hemacandra ne nArI jAti kI pratiSThA aura kalyANa ke liye jo mahattvapUrNa kArya kiyA usake kAraNa ve yugoM taka yAda kiye jaayeNge| unhoMne kumArapAla ko upadeza dekara vidhavA aura nissantAna striyoM kI sampatti ko rAjyasAta kiye jAne kI krUra-prathA ko sampUrNa rAjya meM sadaiva ke liye banda karavAyA aura isa mAdhyama se na kevala nArIjAti ko sampatti kA adhikAra dilavAyA,12 apitu unakI sAmAjika jIvana meM pratiSThA bhI kI aura anekAneka vidhavAoM ko saMkaTamaya jIvana se ubAra diyaa| ata: hama kaha sakate haiM ki hemacandra ne nArI ko apanI khoI huI pratiSThA pradAna kii| prajArakSaka hemacandra hemacandra kI dRSTi meM rAjA kA sabase mahattvapUrNa kartavya apanI prajA ke
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________________ AcArya hemacandra : eka yugapuruSa sukha-duHkha kA dhyAna rakhanA hai| hemacandra rAjaguru hokara janasAdhAraNa ke nikaTa samparka meM the / eka samaya ve apane kisI ati nirdhana bhakta ke yahA~ bhikSArtha ga aura vahA~ se sUkhI roTI aura moTA khuradurA kapar3A bhikSA meM prApta kiyaa| vahI moTI roTI khAkara aura moTA vastra dhAraNa kara ve rAjadarabAra meM phuNce| kumArapAla ne jaba unheM anyamanaska, moTA kapar3A pahane darabAra meM dekhA, to jijJAsA prakaTa kI, ki mujhase kyA koI galatI ho gaI hai? AcArya hemacandra ne kahA "hama to muni haiM, hamAre liye to sUkhI roTI aura moTA kapar3A hI ucita hai| kintu jisa rAjA ke rAjya meM prajA ko itanA kaSTamaya jIvana bitAnA hotA hai, vaha rAjA apane prajA-dharma kA pAlaka to nahIM kahA jA sktaa| aisA rAjA narakesarI hone ke sthAna para narakezvarI hI hotA hai / eka ora apAra svarNa - rAzi aura dUsarI ora tana Dhakane kA kapar3A aura khAne ke liye sUkhI roTI kA abhAva, yaha rAjA ke liye ucita nahIM hai / " kahA jAtA hai ki hemacandra ke isa upadeza se prabhAvita ho rAjA ne Adeza diyA ki nagara meM jo bhI atyanta garIba loga haiM unako rAjya kI ora se vastra aura khAdya sAmagrI pradAna kI jAye / 13 66 isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki hemacandra yadyapi svayaM eka muni kA jIvana jIte the kintu lokamaMgala aura lokalyANa ke liye tathA nirdhana janatA ke kaSTa dUra karane ke liye ve sadA tatpara rahate the aura isake liye rAjadarabAra meM bhI apane prabhAva kA prayoga karate the / -- samAjazAstrI hemacandra svayaM muni hote hue bhI hemacandra pArivArika evaM sAmAjika jIvana kI suvyavasthA ke liye sajaga the| ve eka aise AcArya the, jo janasAdhAraNa ke sAmAjika jIvana ke utthAna ko bhI dharmAcArya kA Avazyaka kartavya mAnate the / unakI dRSTi meM dhArmika hone kI Avazyaka zarta yaha bhI thI ki vyakti eka sabhya samAja ke sadasya ke rUpa meM jInA siikhe| eka acchA nAgarika honA dhArmika jIvana meM praveza karane kI Avazyaka bhUmikA hai| apane grantha 'yogazAstra' meM unhoMne spaSTa rUpa se yaha ullekha kiyA hai ki zrAvakadharma kA anusaraNa karane ke pUrva vyakti eka acche nAgarika kA jIvana jInA siikhe| unhoMne aise 35 guNoM kA nirdeza kiyA hai, jinakA pAlana eka acche nAgarika ke liye Avazyaka rUpa se vAMchanIya hai| ve likhate haiM ki ." 1. nyAyapUrvaka dhana-sampatti ko arjita karane vAlA, 2 . sAmAnya ziSTAcAra kA pAlana karane vAlA, 3. samAna kula aura zIla vAlI anya gotra kI kanyA se vivAha karane vAlA, 4. pApabhIru, 5. prasiddha dezAcAra kA pAlana karane vAlA, 6. nindA kA tyAgI, 7. aise makAna meM nivAsa --
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________________ AcArya hemacandra : eka yugapuruSa 67 karane vAlA jo na to adhika khulA ho na ati gupta, 8. sadAcArI vyaktiyoM ke satsaMga meM rahane vAlA, 9. mAtA-pitA kI sevA karane vAlA, 10. azAnta tathA upadrava yukta satsaMga sthAna ko tyAga denevAlA, 11. nindanIya kArya meM pravRtti na karane vAlA, 12. Aya ke anusAra vyaya karane vAlA, 13. sAmAjika pratiSThA evaM samRddhi ke anusAra vastra dhAraNa karane vAlA, 14. buddhi ke ATha guNoM se yukta, 15. sadaiva dharmopadeza kA zravaNa karane vAlA, 16. ajIrNa ke samaya bhojana kA tyAga karane vAlA, 17. bhojana ke avasara para svAsthyaprada bhojana karane vAlA, 18. dharma, artha aura kAma ina tInoM vargoM kA paraspara virodha rahita bhAva se sevana karane vAlA, 19. yathAzakti atithi, sAdhu evaM dIna-duHkhiyoM kI sevA karane vAlA, 20. mithyA-AgrahoM se sadA dUra rahane vAlA, 21. guNoM kA pakSapAtI, 22. niSiddha dezAcAra aura kAlAcAra kA tyAgI, 23. apane balAbala kA samyaka jJAna karane vAlA aura apane balAbala kA vicAra kara kArya karane vAlA, 24. vrata, niyama meM sthira; jJAnI evaM vRddha janoM kA pUjaka, 25. apane AzritoM kA pAlana-poSaNa karane vAlA, 26. dIrghadarzI, 27. vizeSajJa, 28. kRtajJa, 29. lokapriya, 30. lajjAvAna, 31. dayAlu, 32. zAntasvabhAvI, 33. paropakAra karane meM tatpara, 34. kAmakrodhAdi antaraMga zatruoM para vijaya prApta karane vAlA aura 35. apanI indriyoM ko vaza meM rakhane vAlA vyakti hI gRhastha dharma ke pAlana karane yogya hai|"14 . vastuta: isa samagra carcA meM AcArya hemacandra ne eka yogya nAgarika ke sAre kartavyoM aura dAyitvoM kA saMketa kara diyA hai aura isa prakAra eka aisI jIvanazailI kA nirdeza kiyA hai, jisake AdhAra para sAmaMjasya aura zAntipUrNa samAja kA nirmANa kiyA jA sakatA hai| isase yaha bhI phalita hotA hai ki AcArya hemacandra sAmAjika aura pArivArika jIvana kI upekSA karake nahIM calate, varan ve use utanA hI mahattva dete haiM jitanA Avazyaka hai aura ve yaha bhI mAnate haiM ki dhArmika hone ke liye eka acchA nAgarika honA Avazyaka hai| .. . hemacandra kI sAhitya sAdhanA'5 hemacandra ne gujarAta ko aura bhAratIya saMskRti ko jo mahattvapUrNa avadAna diyA hai, vaha mukhyarUpa se unakI sAhityika pratibhA ke kAraNa hI hai| inhoMne apanI sAhityika pratibhA ke bala para hI vividha vidyAoM meM grantha kI racanA kii| jahA~ eka ora unhoMne abhidhAna-cintAmaNi, anekArthasaMgraha, nighaMTukoSa, aura dezInAmamAlA jaise zabdakoSoM kI racanA kI, vahIM dUsarI ora siddhahemazabdAnuzAsana, liGgAnuzAsana, dhAtupArAyaNa jaise vyAkaraNa grantha bhI rce| koza
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________________ 68 AcArya hemacandra : eka yugapuruSa aura vyAkaraNa granthoM ke atirikta hemacandra ne kAvyAnuzAsana jaise alaMkAra grantha aura chandonuzAsana jaise chandazAstra ke grantha kI racanA bhI kii| vizeSatA yaha hai ki ina saiddhAntika granthoM meM unhoMne saMskRta bhASA ke sAtha-sAtha prAkRta aura apabhraMza ke upekSita vyAkaraNa kI bhI carcA kii| ina siddhAntoM ke prAyogika pakSa ke liye unhoMne saMskRta-prAkRta meM vyAzraya jaise mahAkAvya kI racanA kI hai| hemacandra mAtra sAhitya ke hI vidvAn nahIM the apitu dharma aura darzana ke kSetra meM bhI unakI gati nirbAdha thii| darzana ke kSetra meM unhoMne anyayogavyavacchedadvAtriMzikA, ayogavyavacchedadvAtriMzikA aura pramANamImAMsA jaise praur3ha grantha race to dharma ke kSetra meM yogazAstra jaise sAdhanApradhAna grantha kI bhI racanA kii| kathA sAhitya meM unake dvArA racita triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita kA apanA viziSTa mahattva hai| hemacandra ne sAhitya, kAvya, dharma aura darzana jisa kisI vidhA ko apanAyA use eka pUrNatA pradAna kii| unakI isa vipula sAhityasarjanA kA hI pariNAma thA ki unheM kalikAlasarvajJa kI upAdhi pradAna kI gyii| sAhitya ke kSetra meM hemacandra ke avadAna ko samajhane ke liye unake dvArA racita granthoM kA kiMcit mUlyAMkana karanA hogaa| yadyapi hemacandra ke pUrva vyAkaraNa ke kSetra meM pANinIya vyAkaraNa kA apanA mahattva thA, usa para aneka vRttiyA~ aura bhASya likhe gae, phira bhI vaha vidyArthiyoM ke liye durbodha hI thaa| vyAkaraNa ke adhyayana evaM adhyApana kI naI, sahaja evaM bodhagamya praNAlI ko janma dene kA zreya hemacandra ko hai| yaha hemacandra kA hI prabhAva thA ki paravartIkAla meM brAhmaNa paramparA meM isI paddhati ko AdhAra banAkara grantha likhe gae aura pANini ke aSTAdhyAyI kI praNAlI paThana-pAThana se dhIre-dhIre upekSita ho gyii| hemacandra ke vyAkaraNa kI eka vizeSatA to yaha hai ki AcArya ne svayaM usakI vRtti meM katipaya zikSA-sUtroM ko uddhRta kiyA hai| unake vyAkaraNa kI dUsarI vizeSatA yaha hai ki unameM saMskRta ke sAtha-sAtha prAkRta ke vyAkaraNa bhI diye gae haiN| vyAkaraNa ke samAna hI unake kozagrantha, kAvyAnuzAsana aura chandonuzAsana jaise sAhityika siddhAnta-grantha bhI apanA mahattva rakhate haiN| triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita aura pariziSTaparva ke rUpa meM unhoMne jainadharma kI paurANika aura aitihAsika sAmagrI kA jo saMkalana kiyA hai, vaha bhI nizcaya hI mahattvapUrNa hai| yahA~ unakI yogazAstra, pramANamImAMsA Adi sabhI kRtiyoM kA mUlyAMkana sambhava nahIM hai, kintu paravartI sAhityakAroM dvArA kiyA gayA unakA anukaraNa isa bAta ko siddha karatA hai ki unakI pratibhA se na kevala unakA ziSyamaNDala apitu paravartI jaina yA jainetara vidvAn bhI prabhAvita hue| muni zrI puNyavijayajI ne hemacandra kI samagra kRtiyoM kA
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________________ AcArya hemacandra : eka yugapuruSa jo zloka-parimANa diyA hai, usase patA lagatA hai ki unhoMne lagabhaga do lAkha zloka-parimANa sAhitya kI racanA kI hai, jo unakI sRjanadharmitA ke mahattva ko spaSTa karatI hai| sAdhaka hemacandra hameM yaha nahIM bhUlanA cAhiye ki eka mahAn sAhityakAra aura prabhAvazAlI rAjaguru hote hue bhI mUlata: hemacandra eka AdhyAtmika sAdhaka the| yadyapi hemacandra kA adhikAMza jIvana sAhitya-sRjana ke sAtha-sAtha gujarAta meM jainadharma ke pracAra-prasAra tathA vahA~ kI rAjanIti meM apane prabhAva ko yathAvat banAye rakhane meM bItA, kintu kAlAntara meM guru se ulAhanA pAkara hemacandra kI prasupta adhyAtmaniSThA punaH jAgrat ho gaI thii| kumArapAla ne jaba hemacandra se apanI kIrti ko amara karane kA upAya pUchA to unhoMne do upAya batAe - 1. somanAtha ke mandira kA jIrNoddhAra aura 2. samasta deza ko RNamukta karake vikramAditya ke samAna apanA saMvat claanaa| kumArapAla ko dUsarA upAya adhika upayukta lagA, kintu samasta deza ko RNamukta karane ke liye jitane dhana kI AvazyakatA thI, utanA usake pAsa nahIM thA, ata: usane guru hemacandra se dhana-prApti kA upAya puuchaa| isa samasyA ke samAdhAna hetu yaha upAya socA gayA ki hemacandra ke guru devacandrasUri ko pATana bulavAyA jAe aura unheM jo svarNasiddhi vidyA prApta hai usake dvArA apAra svarNarAzi prApta karake samasta prajA ko RNamukta kiyA jaae| rAjA, apane priya ziSya hemacandra aura pATana ke zrAvakoM ke Agraha para devacandrasUri pATaNa Ae, kintu jaba unheM apane pATaNa bulAe jAne ke uddezya kA patA calA to, na kevala ve pATaNa se prasthAna kara gae apitu unhoMne apane ziSya ko adhyAtma sAdhanA se vimukha ho lokeSaNA meM par3ane kA ulAhanA bhI diyA aura kahA ki laukika pratiSThA arjita karane kI apekSA pAralaukika pratiSThA ke liye bhI kucha prayatna kro| jainadharma kI aisI prabhAvanA bhI jisake kAraNa tumhArA apanA AdhyAtmika vikAsa hI kuMThita ho jAya tumhAre liye kisa kAma kI? kahA jAtA hai ki guru ke isa ulAhane se hemacandra ko apanI mithyA mahattvAkAMkSA kA bodha haA aura ve antarmukha ho adhyAtma sAdhanA kI ora prerita hue|" ve yaha vicAra karane lage ki maiMne lokaipaNA meM par3akara na kevala apane Apako sAdhanA se vimukha kiyA apitu guru kI sAdhanA meM bhI vighna ddaalaa| pazcAttApa kI yaha pIr3A hemacandra kI AtmA ko barAbara kacoTatI rahI, jo isa tathya kI sUcaka hai ki hemacandra mAtra sAhityakAra yA rAjaguru hI nahIM the apitu AdhyAtmika sAdhaka bhI the| vastuta: hemacandra kA vyaktitva itanA vyApaka aura mahAn hai ki use
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________________ AcArya hemacandra : eka yugapuruSa samagrataH zabdoM kI sImA meM bA~dha pAnA sambhava nahIM hai| mAtra yahI nahIM, usa yuga meM rahakara unhoMne jo kucha socA aura kahA thA vaha Aja bhI prAsaMgika hai| kA hama unake mahAn vyaktitva se preraNA lekara hiMsA, vaimanasya aura saMgharSa kI vartamAna trAsadI se bhArata ko bacA sakeM / 70 sandarbha 1. hemacandrAcArya (paM0 becaradAsa jIvarAja dozI), pR0 123. 2. AcArya hemacandra (vi0 bhA0 musalagAMvakara), pR0 199. 3. dekheM : mahAdevastotra ( AtmAnanda sabhA, bhAvanagara), pR0 1-16, pR0 44. mahAdevastotra, pR0 44. 4. 5. yogazAstra, 2 / 9. 6. vahI, 2 / 10. 7. vahI, 2/13. 8. vahI, 1/40. 9. hemacandrAcArya, pR0 53-56. 10. dekheM : mahAvIracaritra ( hemacandra ), 65-75 ( kumArapAla ke sambandha meM mahAvIra kI bhaviSyavANI ). 11. yogazAstra, 2/84-85. 12. hemacandrAcArya, pR0 77. 13. vahI, pR0 101-104. 14. yogazAstra, 1/47-56. 15. dekheM : AcArya hemacandra ( vi0 bhA0 musalagAMvakara), adhyAya 7. 16. hemacandrAcArya, pR0 13 - 178.
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________________ samrATa akabara aura jaina dharma bhAratIya itihAsa meM dhArmika sahiSNutA evaM sadbhAva ke pratiSThApakoM meM jina samrAToM kA ullekha milatA hai unameM samrATa azoka evaM harSa ke bAda samrATa akabara kA nAma AtA hai| bhAratIya muslima zAsakoM meM jo sAmAnyatayA dhArmika dRSTi se kaTTaratAvAdI rahe haiM, akabara hI eka mAtra aisA vyaktitva hai, jo siddhAnta evaM vyavahAra donoM hI dRSTiyoM se apekSAkRta rUpa meM dhArmika sahiSNutA evaM sadbhAva kA samarthaka rahA hai, cAhe yaha usane apane rAjanaitika uddezyoM kI pUrti hetu hI kiyA ho| yaha satya hai ki vaha anya dharma va paramparAoM ke AcArya, santoM aura vidvAnoM ko apane darabAra meM sammAnapUrvaka sthAna detA thaa| akabara kI dhArmika udAratAvAdI dRSTi ke pariNAmasvarUpa aneka kaTTara muslima ulemA bhI usake Alocaka evaM virodhI rahe haiM, phira bhI akabara ne unakI paravAha na karake apane prazAsana meM anya dharma-paramparA ke logoM ko samucita sthAna diyA aura unakI bhAvanAoM ko samajhane kA prayatna kiyaa| akabara meM dhArmika sahiSNutA evaM sadbhAva kI dRSTi kina kAraNoM se vikasita huI, yaha vivAda kA viSaya hai? isa sambandha meM itihAsakAroM evaM samAlocakoM ke mantavya alaga-alaga haiN| kucha yaha mAnate haiM ki akabara ne apanI nItiyoM meM jisa dhArmika udAratA kA paricaya diyA usakA kAraNa usakI rAjanaitika mahattvAkAMkSA hI thii| vaha apane prazAsana meM jisa amana va zAnti kI apekSA rakhatA thA, vaha dhArmika kaTTaratA meM sambhava na hokara dhArmika sahiSNutA evaM sadbhAva ke dvArA hI sambhava thii| apanI isa udAravAdI dRSTi ke AdhAra para vaha bhAratIya jana-mAnasa ko vizeSa rUpa se hindU jana-mAnasa ko prabhAvita karanA cAhatA thA aura yaha dikhAnA cAhatA ki vaha eka muslima zAsaka hokara bhI hinduoM kA hitacintaka hai| ata: vicAraka yaha mAnate haiM ki usakI yaha dhArmika sadbhAva va sahiSNutA kI nIti vastuta: usakI rAjanItika mahattvAkAMkSA kA hI pariNAma hai, kyoMki apane prazAsana ke prArambha aura anta meM vaha eka kaTTara muslima zAsaka ke rUpa meM hamAre sAmane AtA hai, jabaki usakA madhyakAla dhArmika udAratA kA paricAyaka hai| isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki akabara kI dhArmika sahiSNutA kI nIti usakI prazAsanika AvazyakatA thI, kyoMki yadi svabhAvata: ina siddhAntoM meM usakI AsthA hotI to jisa jajiyA kara ko usane samApta kiyA thA, use hI
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________________ samrATa akabara aura jaina dharma apane susthApita hone bAda punaH lA nahIM krtaa| dUsarA dRSTikoNa yaha bhI hai ki akabara vastutaH eka udAra dRSTikoNa-` sampanna vyakti thA, kyoMki usane apane jIvana ke AdhAra para yaha pAyA thA ki hindU evaM muslima donoM hI dharmoM ke kaTTaratAvAdI loga vastutaH jana-mAnasa ko gumarAha karate haiM aura sAmAjika zAnti ko bhaMga karate haiN| phatehapura sIkarI meM banAe gae ibAdataqhAne meM ye dhArmika loga kisa prakAra se apane sthAna Adi ko lekara Apasa meM lar3ate the, isa sabako dekhakara, sambhava hai use dharmAndhatA se vitRSNA utpanna ho gayI ho aura usane dhArmika sahiSNutA evaM sadbhAva kI dizA meM apane prayatna prArambha kiye hoN| jIvana ke antima kAla meM usameM jo kucha dhArmika kaTTaratA ke lakSaNa pratIta hote haiM, unakA kAraNa yaha hai ki jIvana kI antima avasthA meM paraloka ke bhaya ke kAraNa dharma ke prati eka vizeSa lagAva utpanna ho jAtA hai / antima kAla meM usakI dhArmika kaTTaratA sambhavata: isI kA pariNAma thii| 72 usake mana meM jo dhArmika sahiSNutA evaM sadbhAva vikasita huA usakA kAraNa kyA thA, isa prazna kA uttara dete hue kucha vidvAnoM ne yaha bhI mAnA hai ki vaha jaina AcAryoM ke prabhAva ke pariNAmasvarUpa huA thaa| jaina dharma apane prArambhika kAla se hI anekAntavAda kA samarthaka rahA hai aura usakA siddhAnta dhArmika sahiSNutA evaM sadbhAva kA samarthaka hai| yaha to spaSTa hai ki akabara hIravijaya, samayasundara, vijayasena, bhAnucandra Adi aneka jaina AcAryoM aura muniyoM ke samparka meM rahA hai| jaina dharma meM dhArmika sahiSNutA va sadbhAva kA vikAsa jo anekAnta ke siddhAnta para huA hai usakI samasta carcA to yahA~ sambhava nahIM hai, kintu usake AdhAra yaha avazya kahA jA sakatA hai ki akabara ke jIvana meM dhArmika sahiSNutA va sadbhAva ke evaM pazuvadha aura mAMsAhAra ko kama karane sambandhI jisa dRSTikoNa kA vikAsa huA vaha jaina AcAryoM ke samparka kA hI pariNAma thA / akabara se jina jaina AcAryoM kA vizeSa rUpa se sambandha rahA hai unameM hIravijaya sUri, vijayasena sUri, bhAnucandra upAdhyAya, upAdhyAya zAnticandra, upAdhyAya samayasundara, upAdhyAya siddhicaMdra, jinacaMdrasUri, jinasiMhasUri, nandavijaya, jayasoma, mahopAdhyAya sAdhukIrti Adi mukhya haiN| ataH akabara meM pazuvadha, mAMsAhAra-niSedha tathA dhArmika sahiSNutA kI jo pravRtti dekhI jAtI hai usakA eka kAraNa usa para ina jaina santoM kA prabhAva bhI hai / akabara ne jaina santoM ko jo faramAna pradAna kiye the, unase bhI ina tathyoM kI puSTi hotI hai| akabara ke dvArA jaina AcAryoM ke jArI faramAnoM meM mukhya faramAna aura unakI viSayavastu nimralikhita hai
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________________ samrATa akabara aura jaina dharma AcArya hIravijaya sUri ko akabara dvArA pradatta prathama faramAna meM yaha nirdeza hai ki paryuSaNa ke 12 dinoM meM una kSetroM meM jahA~ jaina jAti nivAsa karatI hai, koI bhI jIva na mArA jAya / miti 7 jamAdulasAnI, hijarI, san 992 / ( dekheM nInA jaina, mugala samrAToM kI dhArmika nIti, pR0 161-162 ) dUsarA faramAna bhI hIravijaya sUri ko diyA gyaa| isameM siddhAcala ( zatruMjaya ), girinAra, tAraMgA, kezariyAjI, AbU ( sabhI gujarAta ), rAjagiri, sammeda zikhara Adi jaina tIrtha kSetroM meM pahAr3oM para tathA mandira ke Asa-pAsa koI bhI jIva na mArA jaay| isa ullekha ke sAtha yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki yadyapi pazuhiMsA kA niSedha islAma ke viruddha lagatA hai phira bhI paramezvara ko pahacAnane vAle manuSyoM kA kAyadA hai ki kisI ke dharma meM dakhala na deN| ye arja merI naz2ara meM durusta mAlUma pdd'ii| tArIkha 7 mAha uradI behesta mutAbika raviDala avala vahI, san 37 julusii| yaha ilAhI saMvat 35 mutAbika 28vIM muharrama, san 999 hiz2arI kA hai / ( dekheM vahI, pR0 163 - 164 ) hIravijaya ko diye gae tIsare faramAna meM vizeSa rUpa se dhArmika sahiSNutA evaM sadbhAva kI bAta kahI gayI hai| ( vahI, pR0 165 - 166 ) cauthA faramAna akabara dvArA vijayasena sUri ko pradAna kiyA gayA thaa| ye hIravijaya ke ziSya the| isa faramAna meM yaha likhA hai ki hara mahIne meM kucha dina gAya, baila, bhaiMsa Adi ko nahIM khAnA aura use ucita evaM pharja mAnanA tathA pakSiyoM ko na mAranA tathA unheM pijar3e meM kaida na krnaa| jaina maMdiroM evaM upAzrayoM para koI kabjA na kare tathA jIrNa mandiroM ko banavAne para unheM koI bhI vyakti na roke / isa taraha yaha bhI nirdeza hai ki varSA Adi honA yA na honA Izvara ke adhIna hai, isakA doSa jaina sAdhuoM para denA mUrkhatA hai| jainoM ko apane dharma ke anusAra apanI dhArmika kriyAyeM karane denA caahie| tArIkha, zaharyura, mahInA ilAhI, san 46 mutAbika tArIkha 25 mahInA saphana, hiz2arI san 1010 / ( vahIM, pR0 167-168 ) -- akabara kA pA~cavA~ faramAna jinacandra sUri ko diyA gayA hai| AcArya jinacandra sUri ne 'paryuSaNa ke bAraha dinoM meM hiMsA na ho, aisA Adeza prApta kiyA thaa| usameM pUrva bAraha dinoM ke atirikta ASAr3ha zukla kI navamI se pUrNamAsI taka bhI kisI jIva kI hiMsA nahIM kI jAya, aisA nirdeza hai. tArIkha 31 khuradAda ilAhI, san 49 ( vahI, pR0 171 ) 73 akabara dvArA jaina sAdhuoM kA sammAna karane tathA unheM faramAna dene kI jo paramparA prArambha huI thI usakI vizeSatA yaha thI ki usakI agalI pIr3hI meM bhI
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________________ 74 samrATa akabara aura jaina dharma na kevala sAdhuoM ko unake darabAra meM sthAna milA apitu unheM zahajAdoM kI zikSA kA dAyitva bhI diyA gyaa| akabara ke pazcAt jahA~gIra evaM zAhajahA~ ne bhI isI' prakAra ke amArI arthAt paza-hiMsA-niSedha ke faramAna diye| akabara ke mana meM mAMsAhAra evaM pazuhiMsA-niSedha ke lie jo vicAra vikasita hue the unake pIche ina jainAcAryoM kA prabhAva rahA hai, isa tathya se iMkAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| . akabara meM jo dhArmika sahiSNutA va sadbhAva kI bhAvanA kA vikAsa huA usakA eka kAraNa yaha bhI thA ki usane svayaM apanI anubhUti ke AdhAra para yaha jAna liyA thA ki koI bhI dharma pUrNa nahIM hai aura caramasatya ko jAna lenA mAnava ke vaza kI bAta nhiiN| phatehapura sIkarI ke ibAdatakhAne meM vaha vibhinna dharmoM ke vidvAn AcAryoM kI bAteM sunatA thA aura anya dharmoM ke prati kI gayI unakI samAlocanA para dhyAna bhI detA thA, isase use yaha jJAna ho gayA thA ki koI bhI dharma pUrNa nahIM hai| kisI bhI dharma-paramparA dvArA apanI pUrNatA kA evaM apane ko ekamAtra satya hone kA dAvA karanA nirarthaka hai| yaha vahI dRSTi thI jo ki anekAnta kI tattva vicAraNA meM jaina AcAryoM ne prastuta kI thI aura jise unhoMne darzana paramparA kA AdhAra banAyA thaa| cAhe akabara meM yaha udAra yA anekAntika dRSTi jaina AcAryoM ke prabhAva se AyI ho yA dharmAcAryoM ke pArasparika vAda-vivAda aura samIkSA ke kAraNa, jinakA samrATa svayaM sAkSI hotA thA, kintu yaha nizcita hai ki usakI jo bhI anubhUti thI, vaha jaina darzana ke anekAnta siddhAnta ke anukUla thii| yaha bhI nizcaya hai ki AcAryoM ne usakI isa anubhUti ko apane anekAnta siddhAnta ke anukUla batAkara use puSTa kiyA hogA aura pariNAmasvarUpa akabara para unakI isa udAra-vRtti kA prabhAva huA hogaa| ... akabara para jaina sAdhuoM kA prabhAva isaliye bhI adhika par3A kyoMki ve ni:spRha aura aparigrahI the, unhoMne rAjA se apanI sukha-suvidhA ke liye kabhI kucha nahIM mA~gA, jaba bhI bAdazAha ne unase kucha mA~gane kI bAta kahI to unhoMne sadaiva hI sabhI dharmoM ke anuyAyiyoM ke saMrakSaNa tathA pazu-hiMsA va mAMsAhAra ke niSedha ke faramAna hI maaNge| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki akabara, jahA~gIra evaM zAhajahA~ taka mug2alasamrAToM kI jo udAra nIti rahI hai usake mUla meM inake darabAroM meM upasthita aura ina samrAToM ke dvArA AdRta jaina AcAryoM kA bhI mahattvapUrNa hAtha hai| hameM yaha svIkAra karane meM koI Apatti nahIM hai ki jainAcAryoM ke prabhAva ke atirikta aise anya tathya bhI the jinakA prabhAva akabara kI udAravAdI nIti para rahA hogaa| akabara kI dhArmika udAratA kA eka kAraNa yaha bhI thA ki usake pitA
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________________ samrATa akabara aura jaina dharma ko aura svayaM use bhI apanI sattA ke lie hinduoM kI apekSA muslimoM se hI adhika saMgharSa karanA par3A thA aura akabara ne yaha samajha liyA thA ki bhArata para zAsana karane meM usake mukhya pratispardhI hindU na hokara musalamAna hI haiN| dUsare yaha ki usane hinduoM para zAsana karane hetu unakA sahayoga prApta karanA Avazyaka samajhA thaa| isa prakAra rAjanaitika paristhitiyoM ne bhI use dhArmika udAratA kI nIti svIkAra karane hetu vivaza kiyA thaa| anta meM hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki akabara meM dhArmika udAratA kA eka kramika vikAsa dekhA jAtA hai| prArambha meM vaha eka niSThAvAna musalamAna hI rahA hai| cAhe vaha kaTTara dharmAndha na rahA ho phira bhI usake prArambhika jIvana meM usakI islAma ke prati niSThA adhika thI, kintu rAjapUta rAjAoM se mile sahayoga evaM rAjapUta kanyAoM se vivAha ke pariNAmasvarUpa usameM dhArmika udAratA kA prAdurbhAva huaa| usane apanI rAniyoM ko apanI-apanI dhArmika niSThAoM evaM vidhiyoM ke anusAra upAsanA kI anumati dI thii| dhIre-dhIre phakIroM evaM sAdhuoM ke satsaMga se bhI usameM eka AdhyAtmika cetanA kA vikAsa huA aura usane yuddhabandiyoM ko musalamAna banAne aura gulAma banAne kI prathA ko samApta kiyaa| sarvaprathama usane san 1563 meM tIrthayAtriyoM para se kara tathA usake bAda jajiyA kara samApta kara diyA, sAtha hI gaira musalamAnoM ko apane dhArmika sthaloM ko nirmita karavAne kI chUTa dI aura unheM ucca-padoM para adhiSThita kiyaa| ye aise tathya haiM jo batAte haiM ki akabara meM jisa dhArmika udAratA kA vikAsa huA thA vaha eka kramika vikAsa thaa| isa kramika vikAsa se yaha bhI pratiphalita hotA hai ki vaha paristhitiyoM evaM vyaktiyoM se prabhAvita hotA rahA hai| ata: jainAcAryoM ke dvArA bhI usakA prabhAvita honA svAbhAvika hai| ata: akabara ke jIvana meM jo udAratA evaM ahiMsaka vRtti kA vikAsa huA usakA bahuta kucha zreya jainAcAryoM ko bhI hai| sandarbha-grantha mugala samrAToM kI dhArmika nIti, ku0 nInA jaina, kAzInAtha sarApha, vijayadharma sUri, samAdhi mandira, zivapurI, 1991. maNidhArI zrI jinacandra sUri abhinandana grantha, agaracanda nAhaTA va bhaMvara lAla nAhaTA, maNidhArI jinacandra sUri aSTama zatAbdI samAroha samiti, dillI, san 1971. akabara dI greTa, vinse e smitha, oNksaphorDa aiTa dI kleraNDana presa, 1919.
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________________ 76 samrATa akabara aura jaina dharma dI rilIjiyasa paoNlisI oNfa dI mug2ala empararsa, zrI rAma zarmA, eziyA pabliziMga hAusa, naI dillI, 1962. dI mug2ala empAyara, AzIrvAdIlAla zrIvAstava, zivalAla eNDa kampanI, AgarA, 1967. sUrIzvara ane samrATa, munirAja vidyAvijaya jI, yazovijaya jaina granthamAlA, bhAvanagara, saM0 1979. jagadguru hIra, mumukSu bhavyAnanda, vijayazrI jJAna mandira, ghANerAva, mAravAr3a, saMvat 2008. jaina zAsana dIpAvalI no khAsa aMka, hIravijaya sUri oNra dI jainsa aiTa dI korTa .. oNpha akabara, cimanalAla DAhyAbhAI, harSacanda bhUrAbhAI, banArasa siTI, saMvat 2438.
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________________ jainadharma meM acelakatva aura sacelakatva kA prazna nirgrantha paramparA meM sacelakatva aura acelakatva kA prazna ati prAcIna kAla se hI vivAda kA viSaya rahA hai| vartamAna meM jo zvetAmbara aura digambara sampradAya haiM, unake bIca bhI vivAda kA pramukha bindu yahI hai / pahale bhI isI vivAda ke kAraNa uttara bhArata kA nirgrantha saMgha vibhAjita huA thA aura yApanIya sampradAya astitva meM AyA thaa| dUsare zabdoM meM isI vivAda ke kAraNa jainoM meM vibhinna sampradAya arthAt zvetAmbara, digambara aura yApanIya nirmita hue haiN| yaha samasyA mUlata: muni AcAra se hI sambandhita hai, kyoMki gRhastha upAsaka, upAsikAe~ aura sAdhviyA~ to tInoM hI sampradAyoM meM sacela (savastra) hI mAnI gaI haiN| muniyoM ke sambandha meM digambara paramparA kI mAnyatA yaha hai ki mAtra acela (nagna) hI muni pada kA adhikArI hai| jisake pAsa vastra hai, cAhe vaha la~goTI mAtra hI kyoM na ho, vaha muni nahIM ho sakatA hai / " isake viparIta zvetAmbaroM kA kahanA hai ki muni acela (nagna) hotA hai aura sacela ( savastra ) bhii| sAtha hI ve yaha bhI mAnate haiM ki vartamAna kAla kI paristhitiyA~ aisI haiM jisameM muni kA acela (nagna) rahanA ucita nahIM hai| ina donoM paramparAoM se bhinna yApanIyoM kI mAnyatA yaha hai ki acelatA hI zreSTha mArga hai, kintu ApavAdika sthitiyoM meM muni vastra rakha sakatA hai|" isa prakAra jahA~ digambara paramparA ekAnta rUpa se acelakatva ko hI muni-mArga yA mokSa mArga mAnatI hai, vahA~ zvetAmbara paramparA vartamAna meM jinakalpa ( acela mArga ) kA uccheda dikhAkara sacelatA para hI bala detI hai| yApanIya paramparA kA dRSTikoNa ina donoM ativAdiyoM ke madhya samanvaya karatA hai| vaha mAnatA hai ki sAmAnyatayA to muni ko acela yA nagna hI rahanA cAhiye, kyoMki vastra bhI parigraha hI hai, kintu ApavAdika sthitiyoM meM saMyamopakaraNa ke rUpa meM vastra rakhA jA sakatA hai| usakI dRSTi meM acelakatva ( nagnatva ) utsarga mArga hai aura sacelakatva apavAda mArga hai| prastuta paricarcA meM sarvaprathama hama isa vivAda ko isake aitihAsika pariprekSya meM dekhane kA prayatna kareMge ki yaha vivAda kyoM, kaise aura kina paristhitiyoM meM utpanna huA ?
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________________ 78 jainadharma meM acelakatva aura sacelakatva kA prazna prastuta adhyayana kI srota sAmagrI isa prazna para aitihAsika dRSTi se vicAra karane hetu hamAre pAsa jo prAcIna srota sAmagrI upalabdha hai, unameM prAcIna stara ke ardhamAgadhI Agama, pAlitripiTaka aura mathurA se prApta prAcIna jina pratimAoM kI pAda pITha para aMkita muni - pratimAe~ hI mukhya haiN| zvetAmbara paramparA dvArA mAnya ardhamAgadhI AgamoM meM AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, uttarAdhyayana aura dazavaikAlika hI aise grantha haiM jinheM isa carcA kA AdhAra banAyA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki prathama to ye prAcIna ( I0 pU0 ke ) haiM aura dUsare inameM hameM sampradAyAtIta dRSTikoNa upalabdha hotA hai / aneka pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne bhI inakI prAcInatA evaM sampradAya nirapekSatA ko svIkAra kiyA hai| zaurasenI Agama sAhitya meM kasAyapAhuDa hI ekamAtra aisA grantha hai, jo apekSAkRta prAcIna stara kA hai, kintu durbhAgya se isameM vastra - pAtra sambandhI koI bhI vivaraNa upalabdha nahIM hai| zeSa zaurasenI Agama-granthoM meM bhagavatI ArAdhanA, mUlAcAra aura SaTkhaNDAgama mUlataH yApanIya paramparA ke haiN| sAtha hI guNasthAna siddhAnta Adi kI paravartI avadhAraNAoM kI upasthiti ke kAraNa ye grantha bhI vikrama kI chaThI zatI ke pUrva ke nahIM mAne jA sakate haiM, phira bhI prastuta carcA meM inakA upayoga isaliye Avazyaka hai ki acela pakSa ko prastuta karane ke liye inake atirikta anya koI prAcIna srota - sAmagrI hameM upalabdha nahIM hai| jahA~ taka kundakunda ke granthoM kA prazna hai, unameM suttapAhuDa evaM liMgapAhuDa ko chor3akara yaha carcA anyatra kahIM nahIM milatI hai| ye grantha bhI chaThIM zatI ke pUrva ke nahIM haiN| durbhAgya yaha hai ki acela paramparA ke pAsa sacelakatva aura acelakatva kI isa paricarcA ke liye chaThI zatI ke pUrva kI koI bhI sAmagrI upalabdha nahIM hai| jahA~ taka anya paramparAoM ke prAcIna srotoM kA prazna hai, vedoM meM nagna zramaNoM yA vrAtyoM ke ullekha to milate haiM, kintu ve spaSTataH nirgrantha ( jaina ) paramparA ke haiM, yaha kahanA kaThina hai| yadyapi aneka hindU purANoM meM nagna jaina zramaNoM ke ullekha haiM, kintu adhikAMza hindU purANa to vikrama kI pA~cavIM-chaThI zatI yA usake bhI bAda ke haiM, ataH unameM upalabdha sAkSya adhika mahattva ke nahIM haiN| dUsare unameM savastra aura nirvastra donoM prakAra ke jaina muniyoM ke ullekha mila jAte haiM, ata: unheM isa paricarcA kA AdhAra nahIM banAyA jA sakatA hai| isa dRSTi se pAlitripiTaka ke ullekha adhika mahattvapUrNa haiM aura kisI sImA taka satya ke nikaTa bhI pratIta hote haiN| isa paricarcA ke hetu jo AdhArabhUta prAmANika sAmagrI hameM upalabdha hotI haiM, vaha hai mathurA se upalabdha prAcIna jaina mUrtiyA~ aura unake abhilekha | prathama to yaha saba sAmagrI IsA kI prathama - dvitIya
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________________ jainadharma meM acelakatva aura sacelakatva kA prazna zatAbdI kI hai| dUsare isameM kisI bhI prakAra ke prakSepa Adi kI sambhAvanA bhI nahIM hai| ata: yaha prAcIna bhI hai aura prAmANika bhI kyoMki isakI puSTi anya sAhityika srotoM se bhI ho jAtI hai| ata: isa paricarcA meM hamane sarvAdhika upayoga isI sAmagrI kA kiyA hai| mahAvIra ke pUrva nirgrantha saMgha meM vastra kI sthiti jaina anuzruti ke anusAra isa avasarpiNI kAla meM bhagavAn mahAvIra se pUrva teIsa tIrthaGkara ho cuke the| ata: prathama vivecya bindu to yahI hai ki acelatA ke sambandha meM ina pUrvavartI tIrthaGkaroM kI kyA mAnyatAe~ thIM ? yadyapi sampradAya bheda sthira ho jAne ke pazcAt nirmita granthoM meM jahA~ digambara grantha eka mata se yaha udghoSa karate haiM ki sabhI jina acela hokara hI dIkSita hote haiM, vahA~ zvetAmbara grantha yaha kahate haiM ki sabhI jina eka devadRSya vastra lekara hI dIkSita hote haiN| merI dRSTi meM ye donoM hI dRSTikoNa sAmpradAyika abhiniveza se yukta haiN| zvetAmbara aura yApanIya paramparA ke apekSAkRta prAcIna stara ke granthoM meM spaSTa rUpa se yaha ullekha milatA hai ki prathama tIrthaGkara RSabhadeva aura antima tIrthaGkara mahAvIra kI AcAravyavasthA madhyavartI bAIsa tIrthaGkaroM kI AcAra-vyavasthA se bhinna thii| yApanIya grantha mUlAcAra pratikramaNa Adi ke sandarbha meM unakI isa bhinnatA kA to ullekha karatA hai kintu madhyavartI tIrthaGkara sacela dharma ke pratipAdaka the, yaha nahIM kahatA hai| jabaki zvetAmbara Agama uttarAdhyayana meM spaSTa rUpa se yaha bhI ullekha hai ki antima tIrthaGkara mahAvIra ne acela dharma kA pratipAdana kiyA, jabaki teIsaveM tIrthaGkara pArzvanAtha ne sacela dharma kA pratipAdana kiyA thaa|' yahA~ yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki bRhatkalpabhASya meM prathama aura antima tIrthaGkara ko acela dharma kA aura madhyavartI bAIsa tIrthaGkaroM ko sacela-acela dharma kA pratipAdaka kahA gayA hai| yadyapi uttarAdhyayana spaSTatayA pArzva ke dharma ko 'sacela' athavA sAntarottara ( saMtaruttara ) hI kahatA hai sacela-acela nhiiN| 'madhyavartI tIrthaGkaroM ke zAsana meM bhI acela muni hote the', bRhatkalpabhASya kI yaha svIkArokti usakI sampradAya nirapekSatA kI hI sUcaka hai| yadyapi digambara aura yApanIya paramparA zvetAmbara mAnya AgamoM evaM Agamika vyAkhyAoM ke ina kathanoM ko mAnya nahIM karate haiM, kintu hameM zvetAmbara AgamoM ke ina kathanoM meM satyatA parilakSita hotI hai, kyoMki anya aitihAsika srotoM se bhI ina kathanoM kI bahuta kucha puSTi ho jAtI hai| yahA~ hamArA uddezya sampradAyagata mAnyatAoM se Upara uThakara mAtra prAcIna aitihAsika sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para hI isa samasyA para vicAra karanA hai| ata: isa paricarcA meM hama paravartI arthAt sAmpradAyika mAnyatAoM ke dRr3hIbhUta hone ke bAda
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________________ 80 jainadharma meM acelakatva aura sacelakatva kA prazna ke granthoM ko AdhAra nahIM banA rahe haiN| mahAvIra se pUrvavartI tIrthaGkaroM meM mAtra RSabha, ariSTanemi aura pArzva ke kathAnaka hI aise haiM, jo aitihAsika mahattva ke haiN| yadyapi inameM bhI RSabha aura ariSTanemi ke kathAnaka prAgaitihAsika kAla ke haiN| vedoM se bhI hameM inake sambandha meM koI vizeSa jAnakArI ( nAmollekha ke atirikta ) nahIM milatI hai| vedoM meM bhI ye nAma kisa sandarbha meM prayukta hue haiM aura kisake vAcaka haiM ye tathya Aja bhI vivAdAspada hI haiN| ina donoM ke jIvanavRtta ke sambandha meM jaina evaM jainetara srotoM se bhI jo sAmagrI upalabdha hotI hai vaha IsA kI prathama zatI ke pUrva kI nahIM hai| vedoM evaM brAhmaNa-granthoM meM vrAtyoM evaM vAtarazanA muniyoM ke jo ullekha haiM, unase itanA to avazya phalita hotA hai ki prAgaitihAsika kAla meM nagna athavA malina evaM jIrNavastra dhAraNa karane vAle zramaNoM kI eka paramparA avazya thii| sindhughATI-sabhyatA kI mohana-jo-dar3o evaM har3appA se jo nagna yogiyoM ke aMkana vAlI sIleM prApta huI haiM unase bhI isa tathya kI hI puSTi hotI hai ki nagna evaM malina vastra dhAraNa karane vAle zramaNoM/yogiyoM/vAtyoM kI eka paramparA prAcIna bhArata meM astitva rakhatI thii| usa paramparA ke agra-puruSa ke rUpa meM RSabha yA ziva ko mAnA jA sakatA hai| kintu yaha bhI dhyAtavya hai ki ina sIloM meM usa yogI ko mukuTa aura AbhUSaNoM se yukta darzAyA gayA hai jisase usake nagna nirgrantha muni hone ke sambandha meM bAdhA AtI hai| ye aMkana zvetAmbara tIrthakara martiyoM se AMzika sAmyatA rakhate haiM, kyoMki ve apanI mUrtiyoM ko AbhUSaNa pahanAte haiN| RSabha kA acela dharma prAcIna stara ke ardhamAgadhI Agama uttarAdhyayana meM RSabha ke nAma kA ullekha mAtra hai, unake jIvana ke sandarbha meM koI vivaraNa nahIM hai| isase apekSAkRta paravartI kalpasUtra evaM jambUdvIpaprajJapti meM hI sarvaprathama unakA jIvanavRtta milatA hai, phira bhI inameM unakI sAdhanA evaM AcAra-vyavasthA kA koI vizeSa vivaraNa nahIM hai| paravartI zvetAmbara, digambara granthoM meM aura unake atirikta hindUpurANoM tathA vizeSarUpa se bhAgavata meM RSabhadeva ke dvArA acelakatva ke AcaraNa ke jo ullekha milate haiM, una sabake AdhAra para yaha vizvAsa kiyA jA sakatA hai ki RSabhadeva acela paramparA ke poSaka rahe hoNge| RSabha acela dharma ke pravartaka the, yaha mAnane meM sacela zvetAmbara paramparA ko bhI koI Apatti nahIM hai kyoMki usakI bhI mAnyatA yahI hai ki RSabha aura mahAvIra donoM hI acela dharma ke sampoSaka the| RSabha ke pazcAt aura ariSTanemi ke pUrva madhya ke 20 tIrthaGkaroM ke
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________________ jainadharma meM acelakatva aura sacelakatva kA prazna 81 jIvanavRtta evaM AcAra-vicAra ke sambandha meM chaThI zatI ke pUrva arthAt sampradAyoM ke sthirIkaraNa ke pUrva kI koI bhI sAmagrI upalabdha nahIM hai| mAtra ardhamAgadhI AgamoM meM samavAyAMga meM aura zaurasenI Agama-tulya grantha tiloyapaNNatti meM nAma, mAtA-pitA, janma-nagara Adi sambandhI chiTapuTa sUcanAe~ haiM, jo prastuta carcA kI dRSTi se upayogI nahIM haiN| isa prakAra madhyavartI bAIsa tIrthaGkaroM meM se mAtra bAIsaveM ariSTanemi evaM teIsaveM pArzva hI aise haiM jinase sambandhita sUcanAe~ uttarAdhyayana ke kramaza: bAIsaveM evaM teIsaveM adhyAya meM milatI haiM, kintu unameM bhI bAIsaveM adhyAya meM ariSTanemi kI AcAra-vyavasthA kA aura vizeSa rUpa se vastra-grahaNa sambandhI paramparA kA koI spaSTa ullekha nahIM hai| uttarAdhyayana ke bAIsaveM adhyAya meM rAjImati ke dvArA guphA meM varSA ke kAraNa bhIgA huA apanA vastra sukhAne kA ullekha hone se kevala eka hI tathya kI puSTi hotI hai ki ariSTanemi kI paramparA meM sAdhviyA~ savastra hotI thiiN| 13 usa guphA meM sAdhanA meM sthita rathanemi savastra the yA nirvastra, aisA koI spaSTa saMketa isameM nahIM hai| ata: vastra sambandhI vivAda meM kevala pArzva evaM mahAvIra ina do aitihAsika kAla ke tIrthaGkaroM ke sambandha meM hI jo kucha sAkSya upalabdha hote haiM, unake AdhAra para hI carcA kI jA sakatI hai| pArzva kA sacela dharma pArzva ke sambandha meM jo sUcanAe~ hameM upalabdha haiM unameM bhI prAcInatA kI dRSTi se RSibhASita ( lagabhaga I0 pU0 cauthI-pA~cavIM zatI ), sUtrakRtAMga ( lagabhaga tIsarI-cauthI zatI ), uttarAdhyayana ( I0 pU0 dUsarI zatI ), AcArAMga dvitIya zrutaskandha ( I0 pU0 dUsarI zatI ) evaM bhagavatI ( I0 pU0 dUsarI zatI se lekara IsA kI dUsarI zatI taka ) ke ullekha mahattvapUrNa haiN| inameM bhI RSibhASita aura satrakRtAMga meM pArzva kI vastra sambandhI mAnyatAoM kI spaSTa jAnakArI prApta nahIM hotii| uttarAdhyayana kA teIsavA~ adhyayana hI ekamAtra aisA AdhAra hai jisameM mahAvIra ke dharma ko acela evaM pArzva ke dharma ko sacela yA sAMgaruttara kahA gayA hai| isase yaha spaSTa hai ki vastra ke sambandha meM mahAvIra aura pArzva kI paramparAe~ bhinna thiiN| uttarAdhyayana kI prAcInatA nirvivAda hai aura usake kathana ko aprAmANika nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| puna: niyukti, bhASya Adi paravartI Agamika vyAkhyAoM se bhI isI tathya kI puSTi hotI hai| ata: isa kathana kI satyatA meM sandeha karane kA koI sthAna zeSa nahIM rahatA hai| kintu pArzva kI paramparA ke dvArA mAnya 'sAMtaruttara' zabda kA kyA artha hai --- yaha vicAraNIya hai| sAMtaruttara zabda kA artha paravartI zvetAmbara AcAryoM ne viziSTa, raMgIna evaM bahumUlya vastra kiyA hai|
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________________ 82 jainadharma meM acelakatva aura sacelakatva kA prazna uttarAdhyayana kI TIkA meM nemicandra likhate haiM -- sAntara arthAt vardhamAna svAmI kI apekSA parimANa aura varNa meM viziSTa tathA uttara arthAt mahAmUlyavAna hone se pradhAna, aise vastra jisa paramparA meM dhAraNa kiye jAyeM vaha dharma sAntarottara hai| 15 kintu sAntarottara ( saMtaruttara ) zabda kA yaha artha samucita nahIM hai| vastuta: jaba zvetAmbara AcArya acela kA artha kutsitacela yA alpacela karane lge|6, to yaha svAbhAvika thA ki sAntarottara kA artha viziSTa, mahAmUlyavAna raMgIna vastra kiyA jAya, tAki acela ke paravartI artha meM aura saMtaruttara ke artha meM kisI prakAra se saMgati sthApita kI jA ske| kintu saMtaruttara kA yaha artha zAbdika vyutpatti kI dRSTi se ucita nahIM hai| isase ina TIkAkAroM kI apanI sAmpradAyika mAnasikatA hI prakaTa hotI hai| saMtaruttara ke vAstavika artha ko AcArya zIlAMka ne apanI AcArAMga TIkA meM spaSTa karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| jJAtavya hai ki saMtaruttara zabda uttarAdhyayana ke atirikta AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha meM bhI AyA hai| AcArAMga meM isa zabda kA prayoga una nirgrantha muniyoM ke sandarbha meM huA hai, jo do vastra rakhate the| usameM tIna vastra rakhane vAle muniyoM ke liye kahA gayA hai ki hemanta ke bIta jAne para evaM grISma Rtu ke A jAne para yadi kisI bhikSu ke vastra jIrNa ho gaye hoM to vaha unheM sthApita kara de arthAt chor3a de aura sAMtarottara athavA alpacela ( omacela ) athavA ekazATaka athavA acelaka ho jaaye|9 yahA~ saMtaruttara kI TIkA karate hue zIlAMka kahate haiM ki antara sahita hai uttarIya ( or3hanA ) jisakA, arthAt jo vastra ko AvazyakatA hone para kabhI or3ha letA hai aura kabhI pAsa meM rakha letA hai| 20 __paM0 kailAzacandrajI ne saMtaruttara kI zIlAMka kI uparokta vyAkhyA se yaha pratiphalita karanA cAhA hai ki pArzva ke paramparA ke sAdhu rahate to nagna hI the, kintu pAsa meM vastra rakhate the, jise AvazyakatA hone para or3ha lete the| kintu paNDitajI kI yaha vyAkhyA yuktisaMgata nahIM hai kyoMki saMtaruttara se nagnatA kisI bhI prakAra phalita nahIM hotI hai| vastuta: saMtaruttara zabda kA prayoga AcArAMga meM tIna vastra rakhane vAle sAdhuoM ke sandarbha meM huA hai aura unheM yaha nirdeza diyA gayA hai ki grISma Rtu ke Ane para ve eka jIrNa-vastra ko chor3akara saMtaruttara arthAt do vastra dhAraNa karane vAle ho jaayeN| ata: saMtaruttara hone kA artha antaravAsaka aura uttarIya aise do vastra rakhanA hai| antaravastra Ajakala kA Underwear arthAt guhyAMga ko Dhakane vAlA vastra hai| uttarIya zarIra ke Upara ke bhAga ko Dhakane vAlA vastra hai| 'saMtaruttara' kI zIlAMka kI yaha vyAkhyA bhI hameM yahI batAtI hai ki uttarIya kabhI or3ha liyA jAtA thA aura kabhI pAsa meM rakha liyA jAtA thA, kyoMki
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________________ jainadharma meM acelakatva aura sacelakatva kA prazna 83 garmI meM sadaiva uttarIya or3hA nahIM jAtA thaa| ata: saMtaruttara kA artha kabhI sacela ho jAnA aura kabhI vastra ko pAsa meM rakhakara acela ho jAnA nahIM hai| yadi saMtaruttara hone kA artha kabhI sacela aura kabhI acela ( nagna ) honA hotA to phira alpacela aura ekazATaka hone kI carcA isI prasaMga meM nahIM kI jaatii| tIna vastradhArI sAdhu eka jIrNa vastra kA tyAga karane para sAMtaruttara hotA hai| eka jIrNa vastra kA tyAga aura dUsare jIrNa vastra ke jIrNa bhAga ko nikAlakara alpa AkAra kA banAkara rakhane para alpacela, donoM jIrNa vastroM kA tyAga karane para ekazATaka athavA omacela aura tInoM vastroM kA tyAga karane para acela hotA hai| vastuta: Aja bhI digambara paramparA kA kSullaka sAntarottara hai aura ailaka ekazATaka tathA muni nagna ( acela ) hotA hai| ataH pArzva kI sacela sAntarottara paramparA meM muni do vastra rakhate the -adhovastra aura uttriiy| uttarIya AvazyakatAnusAra zItakAla Adi meM or3ha liyA jAtA thA aura grISmakAla meM alaga rakha diyA jAtA thaa| AcArAMga ke naveM upadhAnazruta nAmaka adhyAya meM mahAvIra kA jIvanavRtta varNita hai| aitihAsika dRSTi se mahAvIra kI jIvana-gAthA ke sambandha meM isase prAcIna evaM prAmANika anya koI sandarbha hameM upalabdha nahIM hai| AcArAMga dvitIya zrutaskandha, kalpasUtra, bhagavatI aura bAda ke sabhI mahAvIra ke jIvana-caritra sambandhI grantha isase paravartI haiM aura unameM mahAvIra ke jIvana ke sAtha jur3I alaukikatAe~ yahI siddha karatI haiM ki ve mahAvIra kI jIvana-gAthA kA atiraMjita citra hI upasthita karate haiN| isaliye mahAvIra ke jIvana ke sambandha meM jo bhI tathya hameM upalabdha haiM, ve prAmANika rUpa meM AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha ke isI upadhAnazrata meM upalabdha haiN| isameM mahAvIra ke dIkSita hone kA jo vivaraNa hai usase yaha jJAta hotA hai ki ve eka vastra lekara dIkSita hue the aura lagabhaga eka varSa ke kucha adhika samaya ke pazcAt unhoMne usa vastra kA bhI parityAga kara diyA aura pUrNata: acela ho gye| 22 mahAvIra ke jIvana kI yaha ghaTanA hI vastra ke sambandha meM sampUrNa jaina paramparA ke dRSTikoNa ko spaSTa kara detI hai| isakA tAtparya itanA hI hai ki mahAvIra ne apanI sAdhanA kA prArambha sacelatA se kiyA, kintu kucha hI samaya pazcAt unhoMne pUrNa acelatA ko hI apanA Adarza maanaa| paravartI Agama granthoM meM evaM unakI vyAkhyAoM meM mahAvIra ke eka varSa pazcAt vastra-tyAga karane ke sandarbha meM aneka pravAda yA mAnyatAyeM pracalita haiN| yApanIya grantha bhagavatIArAdhanA aura zvetAmbara Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM ina pravAdoM yA mAnyatAoM kA ballekha hai| 23 yahA~ hama una pravAdoM meM na jAkara kevala itanA hI batA denA paryApta samajhate haiM ki prArambha meM mahAvIra ne vastra liyA thA aura bAda meM vastra kA parityAga
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________________ 84 jainadharma meM acelakatva aura sacelakatva kA prazna kara diyaa| vaha vastra-tyAga kisa rUpa meM huA yaha adhika mahattvapUrNa nahIM hai| . yadi hama mahAvIra ke samakAlIna anya zramaNa-paramparAoM kI vastra-graheM / sambandhI avadhAraNAoM para vicAra kareM to hameM jJAta hotA hai ki usa yuga meM savastra aura nirvastra donoM prakAra kI zramaNa paramparAe~ pracalita thiiN| unameM se pArzva ke sambandha meM uttarAdhyayana aura usake paravartI sAhitya meM jo kucha sUcanAe~ upalabdha haiM, una sabase eka mata se pArzva kI paramparA, savastra paramparA siddha hotI hai| svayaM uttarAdhyayana kA teIsavA~ adhyayana isa bAta kA sAkSI hai ki pArzva kI paramparA sacela paramparA thii| isI prakAra bauddha paramparA bhI sacela thii| dUsarI ora AjIvaka sampradAya pUrNata: acelatA kA pratipAdaka thaa| yaha sambhava hai ki mahAvIra ne apane vaMzAnugata pApityIya paramparA ke prabhAva se eka vastra grahaNa karake apanI sAdhanA-yAtrA prArambha kI ho| kalpasUtra meM unake dIkSita hote samaya AbhUSaNa-tyAga kA ullekha hai vastra-tyAga kA nhiiN| yahA~ yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki mahAvIra uttara vihAra ke vaizAlI janapada meM zIta Rtu ke prathama mAsa ( mArgazIrSa ) meM dIkSita hue the| usa kSetra kI bhayaMkara sardI ko dhyAna meM rakhakara parivAra ke logoM ke ati Agraha ke kAraNa sambhavata: mahAvIra ne dIkSita hote samaya eka vastra svIkAra kiyA ho| merI dRSTi meM isameM bhI pArivArika Agraha hI pramukha kAraNa rahA hogaa| mahAvIra ne sadaiva hI parivAra ke variSThajanoM ko sammAna diyaa| yahI kAraNa rahA ki mAtApitA ke jIvita rahate unhoMne pravrajyA nahIM lii| puna: bar3e bhAI ke Agraha se do varSa aura gRhasthAvasthA meM rhe| sambhavataH zIta Rtu meM dIkSita hote samaya bhAI yA parijanoM ke Agraha se unhoMne vaha eka vastra liyA ho| sambhava hai ki vidAI kI usa belA meM parijanoM ke isa choTe se Agraha ko ThukarAnA unheM ucita na lagA ho| kintu usake bAda unhoMne kaThora sAdhanA kA nirNaya lekara usa vastra kA upayoga zarIrAdi Dhakane ke liye nahIM karU~gA, aisA nizcaya kiyA aura dUsare varSa ke zItakAla kI samApti para unhoMne usa vastra kA bhI parityAga kara diyaa| AcArAMga se ina sabhI tathyoM kI puSTi hotI hai| usake pazcAt ve AjIvana acela hI rahe, isa tathya ko svIkAra karane meM zvetAmbara, yApanIya aura digambara tInoM meM se kisI ko bhI koI vipratipatti nahIM hai| tInoM hI paramparAe~ eka mata se yaha svIkAra karatI haiM ki mahAvIra acela dharma ke hI pratipAlaka aura pravaktA the| mahAvIra kA sacela dIkSita honA bhI svaicchika nahIM thA, vastra unhoMne liyA nahIM, apita unake kandhe para DAla diyA gayA thaa| yApanIya AcArya aparAjitasUri ne isa pravAda kA ullekha kiyA hai --- ve kahate haiM ki yaha to upasarga huA, siddhAnta nhiiN| AcArAMga meM : unake vastra grahaNa ko 'anudharma' kahA gayA hai, arthAt yaha paramparA kA anupAlana
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________________ jainadharma meM acelakatva aura sacelakatva kA prazna 85 mAtra thaa| ho sakatA hai ki unhoMne mAtra apanI kula-paramparA arthAt pAzrvApatya paramparA kA anusaraNa kiyA ho| zvetAmbara AcArya usakI vyAkhyA meM indra dvArA pradatta devaduSya vastra grahaNa karane kI bAta kahate haiN| yaha mAtra paramparAgata vizvAsa hai, isa sambandha meM koI prAcIna ullekha nahIM hai| AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha kA upadhAnazruta mAtra vastra-grahaNa kI bAta kahatA hai| vaha vastra indra dvArA pradatta devaduSya thA, aisA ullekha nahIM krtaa| merI dRSTi meM isa 'anudharma' meM 'anu' zabda kA artha vahI hai jo aNuvrata meM 'anu' zabda kA hai arthAt AMzika tyaag| vastuta: mahAvIra kA lakSya to pUrNa acelatA kA thA, kintu prArambha meM unhoMne vastra kA AMzika tyAga hI kiyA thaa| jaba eka varSa kI sAdhanA se unheM yaha dRr3ha vizvAsa ho gayA ki ve apanI kAma-vAsanA para pUrNa vijaya prApta kara cuke haiM aura do zItakAloM ke vyatIta ho jAne se unheM yaha anubhava ho gayA ki unakA zarIra usa zIta ko sahane meM pUrNa samartha hai, to unhoMne vastra kA pUrNa tyAga kara diyaa| jJAtavya hai ki mahAvIra ne dIkSita hote samaya mAtra sAmAyika cAritra hI liyA thA, mahAvratoM kA grahaNa nahIM kiyA thaa| zvetAmbara AgamoM kA kathana hai ki sabhI tIrthaGkara eka devaduSya lekara sAmAyika cAritra kI pratijJA se hI dIkSita hote haiN| 25 yaha isI tathya ko puSTa karatA hai ki sAmAyika cAritra se dIkSita hote samaya eka vastra grahaNa karane kI paramparA rahI hogii| niSkarSa yaha hai ki mahAvIra kI sAdhanA kA prArambha sacelatA se huA kintu usakI pariniSpatti acelatA meM huii| mahAvIra kI dRSTi meM sacelatA aNudharma thA aura acelatA mukhya dharma thaa| mahAvIra dvArA vastra-grahaNa karane meM unake kuladharma arthAt pAzrvApatya paramparA kA prabhAva ho sakatA hai kintu pUrNa acelatA kA nirNaya yA to unakA svataHsphUrta thA yA phira AjIvaka paramparA kA prbhaav| yaha satya hai ki mahAvIra pAvApatya paramparA se prabhAvita rahe haiM aura unhoMne pArvApatya paramparA ke dArzanika siddhAntoM ko grahaNa bhI kiyA hai, kintu vaicArika dRSTi se pArvApatyoM ke nikaTa hote hue bhI AcAra kI dRSTi se ve unase santuSTa nahIM the| pArvApatyoM ke zithilAcAra ke ullekha aura usakI samAlocanA jainadharma kI sacela aura acela donoM paramparAoM ke sAhitya meM milatI hai| yahI kAraNa thA ki mahAvIra ne pApityoM kI AcAra-vyavasthA meM vyApaka sudhAra kiye| sambhava hai ki acelatA ke sambandha meM ve AjIvakoM se prabhAvita hue hoN| harmana jaikobI Adi pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne bhI isa sandarbha meM mahAvIra para AjIvakoM kA prabhAva hone kI sambhAvanA ko svIkAra kiyA hai| hamAre kucha digambara vidvAn yaha mata rakhate haiM ki mahAvIra kI acelatA
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________________ 86 jainadharma meM acelakatva aura sacelakatva kA prazna se prabhAvita hokara AjIvakoM ne acelatA ( nagnatA ) ko svIkAra kiyA, kintu yaha unakI bhrAnti hai aura aitihAsika dRSTi se satya bhI nahIM hai| cAhe gozAla mahAvIra ke ziSya ke rUpa meM unake sAtha lagabhaga chaH varSa taka rahA ho, kintu na to gozAlaka se prabhAvita hokara mahAvIra nagna hue aura na mahAvIra kI nagnatA kA prabhAva gozAlaka ke mAdhyama se AjIvakoM para hI par3A, kyoMki gozAlaka mahAvIra ke pAsa unake dUsare nAlandA cAturmAsa ke madhya pahu~cA thA, jabaki mahAvIra usake ATha mAsa pUrva hI acela ho cuke the| dUsare yaha ki AjIvakoM kI paramparA gozAlaka ke pUrva bhI astitva meM thI, gozAlaka AjIvaka paramparA kA pravartaka nahIM thaa| na kevala bhagavatIsUtra meM, apitu pAlitripaTaka meM bhI gozAlaka ke pUrva hue AjIvaka sampradAya ke AcAryoM ke ullekha upalabdha hote haiN| yadi AjIvaka sampradAya mahAvIra ke pUrva astitva meM thA, to isa sambhAvanA se inkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai ki usakI acelatA Adi kucha AcAra paramparAoM ne mahAvIra ko prabhAvita kiyA ho| ataH pArzvapatya paramparA ke prabhAva se mahAvIra ke dvArA vastra kA grahaNa karanA aura AjIvaka paramparA ke prabhAva se vastra kA parityAga karanA mAtra kAlpanika nahIM kahA jA sktaa| usake pIche aitihAsika evaM manovaijJAnika AdhAra hai| mahAvIra kA darzana pArzvapatyoM se aura AcAra AjIvakoM se prabhAvita rahA hai| jahA~ taka mahAvIra kI ziSya paramparA kA prazna hai yadi gozAlaka ko mahAvIra kA ziSya mAnA jAya, to vaha acela rUpa meM hI mahAvIra ke pAsa AyA thA aura acela hI rhaa| jahA~ taka gautama Adi gaNadharoM aura mahAvIra ke anya prArambhika ziSyoM kA prazna hai mujhe aisA lagatA hai ki unhoMne jinakalpa arthAt bhagavAn mahAvIra kI acelatA ko hI svIkAra kiyA hogA, kyoMki yadi gaNadhara gautama sacela hote yA sacela paramparA ke poSaka hote to zrAvastI meM huI paricarcA meM kezI unase sacelatA aura acelatA ke sambandha meM koI prazna hI nahIM karate / ataH zrAvastI meM huI isa paricarcA ke pUrva mahAvIra kA muni saMgha pUrNata: acela hI rahA hogaa| usameM vastra kA praveza kramazaH kinhIM vizeSa paristhitiyoM ke AdhAra para hI huA hogaa| mahAvIra ke saMgha meM sacelatA ke praveza ke nimnalikhita kAraNa sambhAvita haiM -- 1. sarvaprathama jaba mahAvIra ke saMgha meM striyoM ko pravrajyA pradAna kI gaI to unheM savastra hI dIkSita kiyA gayA kyoMki loka lajjA, mAsika dharma Adi zArIrika kAraNoM se unheM nagna rUpa meM dIkSita kiyA jAnA ucita nahIM thA / acelatA kI sampoSaka digambara paramparA bhI isa tathya ko svIkAra karatI hai ki
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________________ jainadharma meM acelakatva aura sacelakatva kA prazna 87 mahAvIra ke saMgha meM AryikAe~ savastra hI hotI thiiN| jaba eka bAra AryikAoM ke saMdarbha meM vizeSa paristhiti meM vastra grahaNa kI svIkRti dI gaI to isane muni-saMgha meM bhI ApavAdika paristhiti meM jaise bhagandara Adi roga hone para vastra-grahaNa kA dvAra udghATita kara diyaa| sAmAnyatayA to vastra parigraha hI thA kintu striyoM ke liye aura apavAdamArga meM muniyoM ke liye use saMyamopakaraNa mAna liyA gyaa| 2. pUna: jaba mahAvIra ke saMgha meM yuvA dIkSita hone lage hoMge to mahAvIra ko unheM bhI savastra rahane kI anumati denI par3I hogI, kyoMki unake jIvana meM liMgotthAna aura vIryapAta kI ghaTanAe~ sambhava thiiN| ye aisI sAmAnya manodaihika ghaTanAe~ haiM jinase yuvA muni kA pUrNata: baca pAnA asambhava hai| manodaihika dRSTi se yuvAvasthA meM cAhe kAmavAsanA para niyantraNa rakhA jA sakatA ho kintu ukta sthitiyoM kA pUrNa nirmalana sambhava nahIM hotA hai| nirgrantha saMgha meM yuvA maniyoM meM ye ghaTanAe~ ghaTita hotI thIM, aise Agamika ullekha haiN| yadi ye ghaTanAe~ araNya meM ghaTita hoM, to utanI cintanIya nahIM thIM kintu bhikSA, pravacana Adi ke samaya striyoM kI upasthiti meM ina ghaTanAoM kA ghaTita honA na kevala usa muni kI cAritrika pratiSThA ke liye ghAtaka thA, balki sampUrNa nirgrantha muni-saMgha kI pratiSThA para eka prazna-cihna khar3A karatA thaa| ata: yaha Avazyaka samajhA gayA ki jaba taka vAsanA pUrNata: mara na jAya, taba taka aise yuvA muni ke liye nagna rahane yA jinakalpa dhAraNa karane kI anumati na dI jaay| zvetAmbara mAnya Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM to yaha spaSTa nirdeza hai ki 30 varSa kI vaya ke pUrva jinakalpa dhAraNa nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| satya to yaha hai ki nimrantha saMgha meM sacela aura acela aise do varga sthApita ho jAne para yaha vyavasthA dI gaI ki yuvA muniyoM ko chedopasthApanIya cAritra na diyA jAkara mAtra sAmAyika cAritra diyA jAya, kyoMki jaba taka vyakti sampUrNa parigraha tyAga karake acela nahIM ho jAtA, taba taka use chedopasthApanIya cAritra nahIM diyA jA sakatA hai| jJAtavya hai ki mahAvIra ne hI sarvaprathama sAmAyika cAritra evaM chedopasthApanIya cAritra ( mahAvratAropaNa ) aise do prakAra ke cAritroM kI vyavasthA kI jo Aja bhI zvetAmbara paramparA meM choTI dIkSA aura bar3I dIkSA ke nAma se pracalita hai| yuvA muniyoM ke liye 'kSullaka' zabda kA prayoga kiyA gayA aura usake AcAra-vyavahAra ke hetu kucha viziSTa niyama banAye gaye, jo Aja bhI uttarAdhyayana aura dazavakAlika ke kSullakAdhyayanoM meM upasthita haiN| mahAvIra ne chedopasthApanIya cAritra kI vyavasthA una praur3ha muniyoM ke liye kI, jo apanI vAsanAoM para pUrNa niyantraNa prApta kara cuke the aura acela rahane meM samartha the| 'chedopasthApanA' zabda kA tAtparya bhI yahI hai ki pUrva dIkSA paryAya ko
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________________ 88 jainadharma meM acelakatva aura sacelakatva kA prazna samApta ( cheda ) kara navIna dIkSA ( upasthApana ) denaa| Aja bhI zvetAmbara paramparA meM chedopasthApanA ke samaya hI mahAvratAropaNa karAyA jAtA hai aura tabhI dIkSita vyakti kI saMgha meM krama-sthiti arthAt jyeSThatA/kaniSThatA nirdhArita hotI hai aura use saMgha kA sadasya mAnA jAtA hai| sAmAyika cAritra grahaNa karane vAlA muni saMgha meM rahate hue bhI usakA sadasya nahIM mAnA jAtA hai| isa carcA se yaha phalita hotA hai ki nirgrantha muni-saMgha meM sacela ( kSullaka ) aura acela ( muni ) aise do prakAra ke vargoM kA nirdhAraNa mahAvIra ne yA to apane jIvana-kAla meM hI kara diyA hogA yA unake parinirvANa ke kucha samaya pazcAt kara diyA gayA hogaa| Aja bhI digambara paramparA meM sAdhaka kI kSullaka ( do vastradhArI ), ailaka ( eka vastradhArI) aura muni ( acela ) aisI tIna vyavasthAe~ haiN| ata: prAcInakAla meM bhI aisI vyavasthA rahI hogI isase inkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| jJAtavya hai ki ina sabhI sandarbho meM vastra-grahaNa kA kAraNa loka-lajjA yA lokApavAda aura zArIrika sthiti hI thaa| 3. mahAvIra ke nirgrantha saMgha meM vastra ke praveza kA tIsarA kAraNa sampUrNa uttara bhArata, himAlaya ke tarAI kSetra tathA rAjasthAna meM zIta kA tIvra prakopa honA thaa| mahAvIra ke nirgrantha saMgha meM sthita ve muni jo yA to vRddhAvasthA meM hI dIkSita ho rahe the yA vRddhAvasthA kI ora agrasara ho rahe the, unakA zarIra isa bhayaMkara zIta ke prakopa kA sAmanA karane meM kaThinAI kA anubhava kara rahA thaa| aise sabhI muniyoM ke dvArA yaha bhI sambhava nahIM thA ki ve saMthArA grahaNa kara una zItalaharoM kA sAmanA karate hue apane prANotsarga kara deN| aise maniyoM ke liye apavAda mArga ke rUpa meM zIta-nivAraNa ke liye eka UnI vastra rakhane kI anumati dI gii| ye muni rahate to acela hI the, kintu rAtri meM zIta-nivAraNArtha usa UnI-vastra ( kambala ) kA upayoga kara lete the| yaha vyavasthA sthavira yA vRddha muniyoM ke liye thI aura isaliye ise 'sthavirakalpa' kA nAma diyA gyaa| mathurA se prApta IsvI san prathamadvitIya zatI kI jina pratimAoM kI pAda-pITha para yA phalakoM para jo muni pratimAe~ aMkita haiM ve nagna hokara bhI kambala aura mukhavastrikA liye hue haiN| merI dRSTi meM yaha vyavasthA bhI ApavAdika hI thii| hama dekhate haiM ki mahAvIra kA jo muni-saMgha dakSiNa bhArata yA dakSiNa madhya bhArata meM rahA usameM acelatA surakSita raha sakI, kintu jo muni-saMgha uttara evaM pazcimottara bhArata meM rahA usameM zIta-prakopa kI tIvratA kI deza-kAlagata paristhitiyoM ke kAraNa vastra kA praveza ho gyaa| Aja bhI hama dekhate haiM ki jahA~ bhArata ke dakSiNa aura dakSiNa-madhya kSetra meM digambara paramparA kA bAhulya hai, vahA~
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________________ jainadharma meM acelakatva aura sacelakatva kA prazna 89 pazcimottara bhArata meM zvetAmbara paramparA kA bAhulya hai| vastuta: isakA kAraNa jalavAyu hI hai| dakSiNa meM jahA~ zItakAla meM Aja bhI tApamAna 25-30 DigrI selsiyasa se nIce nahIM jAtA, vahA~ nagna rahanA kaThina nahIM hai kintu himAlaya ke tarAI kSetra, pazcimottara bhArata evaM rAjasthAna jahA~ tApamAna zUnya DigrI se bhI nIce calA jAtA hai, vahA~ zItakAla meM acela rahanA kaThina hai| puna: eka yuvA sAdhaka ko zIta sahana karane meM utanI kaThinAI nahIM hotI jitanI ki vRddha tapasvI sAdhaka ko| ata: jina kSetroM meM zIta kI adhikatA thI una kSetroM meM vastra kA praveza svAbhAvika hI thaa| AcArAMga meM hameM aise muniyoM ke ullekha upalabdha haiM jo zItakAla meM sardI se thara-thara kA~pate the| jo loga unake AcAra, arthAt Aga jalAkara zIta-nivAraNa karane ke niSedha se paricita nahIM the, unheM yaha zaMkA bhI hotI thI ki kahIM unakA zarIra kAmAvega meM to nahIM kA~pa rahA hai| yaha jJAta hone para ki inakA zarIra sardI se kA~pa rahA hai, kabhI-kabhI ve zarIra ko tapAne ke liye Aga jalA dene ko kahate the, jisakA una muniyoM ko niSedha karanA hotA thaa| isa prakAra yaha spaSTa hai ki uttara bhArata ke nirgrantha saMgha meM vastra-praveza ke liye uttara bhArata kI bhayaMkara sardI bhI eka mukhya kAraNa rahI hai| 4. mahAvIra ke nirgrantha saMgha meM vastra ke praveza kA tIsarA kAraNa pArzva kI paramparA ke maniyoM kA mahAvIra kI paramparA meM sammilita honA bhI hai| yaha spaSTa hai ki pArzva kI paramparA ke muni sacela hote the| ve adhovastra aura uttarIya donoM hI dhAraNa karate the| hameM sUtrakRtAMga, uttarAdhyayana, bhagavatI, rAjapraznIya Adi meM na kevala pArzva kI paramparA ke muniyoM ke ullekha milate haiM apitu unake dvArA mahAvIra ke saMgha meM pana: dIkSita hone ke sandarbha bhI milate haiN| ina sandarbho kA sUkSmatA se vizleSaNa karane para yaha jJAta hotA hai ki pArzva kI paramparA ke kucha muniyoM ne to mahAvIra kI paramparA meM sammilita hote samaya acelakatva grahaNa kiyA, kintu kucha aise bhI the jinhoMne acelatA ko grahaNa nahIM kiyaa| sambhava hai kucha pApityoM ko sacela rahane kI anumati dekara sAmAyika cAritra ke sAtha mahAvIra ke saMgha meM sammilita kiyA gayA hogaa| isa prakAra mahAvIra ke jIvanakAla meM yA usake kucha pazcAt nirgrantha saMgha meM sacela-acela donoM prakAra kI eka milI-julI vyavasthA svIkAra kara lI gayI thI aura pArzva kI paramparA meM pracalita sacelatA ko bhI mAnyatA pradAna kara dI gyii| niSkarSata: yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki mahAvIra ke nirgrantha saMgha meM prArambha meM to muni kI acelatA para hI bala diyA gayA thA, kintu kAlAntara meM lokalajjA aura zIta-parISaha se bacane ke liye ApavAdika rUpa meM vastra-grahaNa ko
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________________ 90 jainadharma meM acelakatva aura sacelakatva kA prazna mAnyatA pradAna kara dI gyii| zvetAmbara mAnya AgamoM aura digambaroM dvArA mAnya yApanIya granthoM meM una ApavAdika sthitiyoM kA bhI ullekha hai, jinameM muni vastra-grahaNa kara sakatA thaa| zvetAmbara paramparA dvArA mAnya sthAnAMgasUtra ( 3/3/347 ) meM vastragrahaNa ke nimnalikhita tIna kAraNoM kA ullekha upalabdha hotA hai - 1. lajjA ke nivAraNa ke liye ( liMgotthAna hone para lajjita na honA par3e, isa hetu ) / 2. jugupsA ( ghRNA ) ke nivAraNa ke liye ( liMga yA aNDakoSa vidrUpa hone para loga ghRNA na kareM, isa hetu ) / 3. parISaha ( zIta-parISaha ) ke nivAraNa ke liye| sthAnAMgasUtra meM varNita uparyukta tIna kAraNoM meM prathama do kA samAveza loka-lajjA meM ho jAtA hai, kyoMki jugupsA kA nivAraNa bhI eka prakAra se lokalajjA kA nivAraNa hI hai| donoM meM antara yaha hai ki lajjA kA bhAva svata: meM nihita hotA hai aura ghRNA dUsaroM ke dvArA kI jAtI hai, kintu donoM kA uddezya lokApavAda se bacanA hai| isI prakAra digambara paramparA meM mAnya, kintu mUlata: yApanIya grantha bhagavatI ArAdhanA ( 76 ) kI TIkA meM nimnalikhita tIna ApavAdika sthitiyoM meM vastra-grahaNa kI svIkRti pradAna kI gayI hai - 1. jisakA liMga ( puruSa-cihna ) evaM aNDakoSa vidrUpa ho, 2. jo mahAn sampattizAlI athavA lajjAlu hai, 3. jisake svajana mithyAdRSTi haiN| yahA~ yaha jJAtavya hai ki prArambha meM nirgrantha saMgha meM muni ke liye vastragrahaNa eka ApavAdika vyavasthA hI thii| utsarga yA zreSTha mArga to acelatA ko hI mAnA gayA thaa| zvetAmbara paramparA dvArA mAnya AcArAMga, sthAnAMga aura uttarAdhyayana meM na kevala muni kI acelatA ke pratipAdaka sandarbha upalabdha hote haiM apitu acelatA kI prazaMsA bhI upalabdha hotI hai| unameM bhI vastra-grahaNa kI anumati mAtra loka-lajjA ke nivAraNa aura zIta-nivAraNa ke liye hI hai| AcArAMga meM cAra prakAra ke muniyoM ke ullekha haiM - 1. acela, 2. eka vastradhArI, 3. do vastradhArI aura 4. tIna vstrdhaarii| 1. inameM acela to sarvathA nagna rahate the| ye jinakalpI kahalAte the| 2. eka vastradhArI bhI do prakAra ke hote the -
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________________ jainadharma meM acelakatva aura sacelakatva kA prazna ( a ) kucha eka vastradhArI rahate to acela hI the, kintu apane pAsa eka UnI vastra rakhate the, jisakA upayoga nagarAdi meM praveza ke samaya loka-lajjA ke nivAraNa ke liye aura sardiyoM kI rAtriyoM meM zIta-nivAraNa ke liye karate the| ye sthavirakalpI kahalAte the / ( ba ) kucha eka vastradhArI mAtra adhovastra dhAraNa karate the, jaise vartamAna meM digambara paramparA ke ailaka dhAraNa karate haiN| ailaka eka celaka ( vastradhArI ) kA hI apabhraMza rUpa hai| ise Agama meM ekazATaka kahA gayA hai| 91 3. do vastradhArI, jinheM sAntarottara bhI kahA gayA hai, eka adhovastra va eka uttarIya rakhate the jaise vartamAna meM kSullaka rakhate haiM - adhovastra loka-lajjA hetu aura uttarIya zIta-nivAraNa hetu / 4. tIna vastradhArI adhovastra aura uttarIya ke sAtha-sAtha zIta-nivAraNArtha eka UnI kambala bhI rakhate hoNge| yaha vyavasthA Aja ke zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka sAdhuoM meM hai| AcArAMga spaSTa rUpa se yaha ullekha karatA hai ki vastradhArI muni vastra ke jIrNa hone para evaM grISmakAla ke Agamana para jIrNa vastroM kA tyAga karate hue acelatA kI dizA meM Age bddh'e| tIna vastradhArI kramazaH apane parigraha ko kama karate hue sAntarottara athavA eka zATaka athavA acela ho ge| hama dekhate haiM ki AcArAMga meM varNita vastra sambandhI yaha vyavasthA acelatA kA ati - Agraha rakhane vAlI digambara paramparA meM bhI muni, ailaka aura kSullaka ke rUpa meM Aja bhI pracalita hai| usakA kSullaka AcArAMga kA sAntarottara hai aura ailaka ekazATaka tathA muni acela hai| zvetAmbara paramparA meM paravartI kAla meM bhI jo vastra pAtra kA vikAsa huA aura vastra-grahaNa ko aparihArya mAnA gayA usake pIche mUla meM parigraha yA saMcaya vRtti na hokara dezakAlagata paristhitiyA~, saMghIya jIvana kI AvazyakatAe~ evaM saMyama arthAt ahiMsA kI paripAlanA hI pramukha thii| nirgrantha saMgha meM jaba aparigraha mahAvrata ke sthAna para ahiMsA ke mahAvrata kI paripAlanA para adhika bala diyA gayA to pratilekhana yA picchI se lekara kramaza: aneka upakaraNa bar3ha gaye / zvetAmbara paramparA ke mAnya kucha paravartI AgamoM meM muni ke jina caudaha upakaraNoM kA ullekha milatA hai unameM adhikAMza pAtra - pochana, paTala Adi ke kAraNa hone vAlI jIva hiMsA se bacane ke liye hI hai| oghaniyukti 27 (691) meM spaSTa ullekha hai ki jina ne SaTkAya jIvoM ke rakSaNa ke liye hI pAtra grahaNa kI anujJA dI hai| zArIrika sukha-suvidhA aura pradarzana kI dRSTi se jo vastrAdi upakaraNoM
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________________ jainadharma meM acelakatva aura sacelakatva kA prazna kA vikAsa haA hai vaha bahuta hI paravartI ghaTanA hai aura prAcIna stara ke mAnya AgamoM se samarthita nahIM hai aura muni AcAra kA vikRta rUpa hI hai aura yaha vikAra yati paramparA ke rUpa meM zvetAmbaroM aura bhaTTAraka paramparA ke rUpa meM digambaroM, donoM meM AyA hai| kintu jo loga vastra ke sambandha meM AgrahapUrNa dRSTikoNa rakhate haiM unheM yaha samajha lenA cAhiye ki vastra kA grahaNa eka manodaihika evaM sAmAjika AvazyakatA thI aura usase zvetAmbara aura digambara donoM hI paramparAe~ prabhAvita haI haiN| digambara paramparA meM ailaka aura kSullaka kI vyavasthA to isa AvazyakatA kI sUcaka hai hI, kintu isake sAtha hI sAtha unameM jo savastra bhaTTArakoM kI paramparA kA vikAsa huA, usake pIche bhI uparokta manodaihika kAraNa aura laukika paristhitiyA~ hI mukhya rhiiN| kyA kAraNa thA ki acelatA kI samarthaka isa paramparA meM bhI lagabhaga 1000 varSa taka nagna muniyoM kA abhAva rhaa| Aja digambara paramparA meM zAntisAgarajI se jo nagna muniyoM kI paramparA punaH jIvita huI hai, usakA itihAsa to 100 varSa se adhika kA nahIM hai| lagabhaga gyArahavIM zatI se unnIsavIM zatI taka digambara muniyoM kA prAya: abhAva hI rahA hai| __ Aja ina donoM paramparAoM meM sacelatA aura acelatA ke prazna para jo itanA vivAda khar3A kara diyA gayA hai, vaha donoM kI Agamika vyavasthAoM aura jIvita paramparAoM ke sandarbha meM ImAnadArI se vicAra karane para nagaNya hI raha jAtA hai| hamArA durbhAgya yaha hai ki hama apane matAgrahoM se na to Agamika vyavasthAoM ko dekhane kA prayatna karate haiM aura na una kAraNoM kA vicAra karate haiM, jinase kisI AcAra-vyavasthA meM parivartana hotA hai| durbhAgya hai ki jahA~ zvetAmbara paramparA ne jinakalpa ke viccheda ke nAma para usa acelatA kA apalApa kiyA, jo usake pUrvaja AcAryoM ke dvArA lagabhaga IsA kI dUsarI zatI taka Acarita rahI aura jisake sandarbha unake AgamoM meM Aja bhI haiN| vahIM dUsarI ora digambara paramparA meM sacela muni hI nahIM hotA hai, yaha kahakara na kevala mahAvIra kI mUla-bhUta anekAntika dRSTi kA ullaMghana kiyA gayA, apitu apane hI AgamoM aura pracalita vyavasthAoM ko nakAra diyA gyaa| hama pUchate haiM ki kyA ailaka aura kSullaka gRhastha haiM aura yadi aisA mAnA jAya to inake mUla artha kA hI apalApa hogaa| yadi hama niSpakSa dRSTi se dekheM to nirgrantha saMgha meM prAcInakAla se hI kSullakoM ( yuvA-muni ) aura sthaviroM ( vRddha-muniyoM ) ke liye vastra-grahaNa kI paramparA mAnya rahI hai| kSullaka loka-lajjA ke liye aura sthavira ( vRddha ) daihika AvazyakatA ke liye vastra-grahaNa karatA hai| 'kSullaka muni nahIM haiM yaha udghoSa
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________________ jainadharma meM acelakatva aura sacelakatva kA prazna kevala ekAntatA kA sUcaka hai| 'kSullaka' zabda apane Apa meM isa bAta kA sUcaka hai ki vaha prArambhika stara kA muni hai, gRhastha nahIM, kyoMki 'kSullaka' kA artha choTA hotA hai| vaha choTA muni hI ho sakatA hai, gRhastha nhiiN| prAcIna AgamoM meM vastradhArI yuvA muni ke liye hI 'kSullaka' zabda kA prayoga huA hai| AcArAMga tathA anya purAtAttvika sAkSyoM se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki nirgrantha saMgha meM yA to mahAvIra ke jIvanakAla meM yA nirvANa ke kucha hI samaya pazcAt sacela-acela muniyoM kI eka milI-julI vyavasthA ho gaI thii| yaha bhI sambhava hai ki aisI doharI vyavasthA mAnya karane para paraspara AlocanA ke svara bhI mukharita hue hoNge| yahI kAraNa hai ki AcArAMga meM spaSTa rUpa se yaha nirdeza diyA gayA ki acela muni, ekazATaka, sAntarottara athavA tIna vastradhArI muni paraspara eka dUsare kI nindA na kreN| jJAtavya hai ki saMgha-bheda kA kAraNa yaha milI-julI vyavasthA nahIM thI, apitu isameM apanI-apanI zreSThatA kA mithyA ahaMkAra hI Age calakara saMgha-bheda kA kAraNa banA hai| jaba sacelakoM ne acelakoM kI sAdhanA sambandhI viziSTatA ko asvIkAra kiyA aura acelakoM ne sacelaka ko mani mAnane se inkAra kiyA to saMgha-bheda honA svAbhAvika hI thaa| aitihAsika satya to yaha hai ki mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke pazcAt jo nirgrantha muni dakSiNa bihAra, ur3IsA aura Andhra pradeza ke rAste se tamilanADu aura karnATaka meM pahu~ce, ve vahA~ kI jalavAyugata paristhitiyoM ke kAraNa apanI acelatA ko yathAvata kAyama rakha sake, kyoMki vahA~ sardI par3atI hI nahIM hai| yadyapi unameM bhI kSullaka aura. ailaka dIkSAe~ hotI rahI hoMgI, kintu acelaka muni ko sarvopari mAnane ke kAraNa unameM koI vivAda nahIM huaa| dakSiNa bhArata meM acela rahanA sambhava thA, isaliye usake prati AdarabhAva banA rhaa| phira bhI lagabhaga pA~cavIM-chaThI zatI ke pazcAt vahA~ bhI hindU-maThAdhIzoM ke prabhAva se savastra bhaTTAraka paramparA kA kramika vikAsa huA aura dhIre-dhIre dasavIM-gyArahavIM zatI se vyavahAra meM acelatA samApta ho gyii| kevala acelatA ke prati saiddhAntika Adara bhAva banA rhaa| Aja vahA~ jo digambara haiM, ve isa kAraNa digambara nahIM haiM ki ve nagna rahate haiM apitu isa kAraNa haiM ki acelatA/digambaratva ke prati unameM Adara bhAva hai| ____ mahAvIra kA jo nirgrantha saMgha bihAra se pazcimottara bhArata kI ora Age bar3hA, usameM jalavAyu tathA muniyoM kI bar3hatI saMkhyA ke kAraNa vastra-pAtra kA vikAsa huaa| prathama zaka, hUNa Adi videzI saMskRti ke prabhAva se tathA dusare jalavAyu ke kAraNa se isa kSetra meM nagnatA ko heya dRSTi se dekhA jAne lagA, jabaki
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________________ 94 jainadharma meM acelakatva aura sacelakatva kA prazna dakSiNa bhArata meM nagnatA ke prati heya bhAva nahIM thaa| loka-lajjA aura zItanivAraNa ke liye eka vastra rakhA jAne lgaa| prArambha meM to uttara bhArata kA yaha nirgrantha saMgha rahatA to acela hI thA, kintu apane pAsa eka vastra rakhatA thA jisakA upayoga nagarAdi meM praveza karate samaya loka-lajjA ke nivAraNa ke liye aura zIta Rtu meM sardI sahana na hone kI sthiti meM or3hane ke liye kiyA jAtA thaa| mathurA se aneka aise acela jaina muniyoM kI pratimAe~ prApta huI haiM jinake hAtha meM yaha vastra (kambala) isa prakAra pradarzita hai ki unakI nagnatA chipa jAtI hai| uttara bhArata meM nirgranthoM, muniyoM kI isa sthiti ko hI dhyAna meM rakhakara sambhavataH pAlitripiTaka meM nirgranthoM ko ekazATaka kahA gayA hai| hameM prAcIna arthAt IsA kI pahalI-dUsarI zatI ke jo bhI sAhityika aura purAtAttvika pramANa milate haiM unase yahI siddha hotA hai ki uttara bhArata ke nirgrantha saMgha meM zIta aura loka-lajjA ke liye vastra grahaNa kiyA jAtA thaa| zvetAmbara mAnya Agamika vyAkhyAoM se jo sUcanAe~ upalabdha hotI haiM, unase bhI yaha jJAta hotA hai ki uttara bhArata ke nirgrantha saMgha meM vastra kA praveza hote hue bhI mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke pazcAt lagabhaga cha: sau varSa taka acelakatva utsarga yA zreSThamArga ke rUpa meM mAnya rahA hai| zvetAmbara Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya se hI hameM yaha bhI sUcanA milatI hai ki uttara bhArata ke nirgrantha saMgha ke aneka AcAryoM ne samaya-samaya para vastra grahaNa kI bar3hatI huI pravRtti ke virodha meM apane svara mukharita kiye the| Arya bhadrabAhu ke pazcAt bhI uttara-bhArata ke nirgrantha saMgha meM Arya mahAgiri, Arya zivabhUti, Arya rakSita Adi ne vastravAda kA virodha kiyA thaa| jJAtavya hai ki ina sabhI ko zvetAmbara paramparA apane pUrvAcAryoM ke rUpa meM hI svIkAra karatI hai| mAtra yahI nahIM, inake dvArA vastravAda ke virodha kA ullekha bhI karatI hai| isa sabase yahI phalita hotA hai uttara bhArata kI nirgrantha paramparA meM Age calakara vastra ko jo aparihArya mAna liyA gayA aura vastroM kI saMkhyA meM jo vRddhi huI vaha eka paravartI ghaTanA hai aura vahI saMgha-bheda kA mukhya kAraNa bhI hai| jaina sAhityika evaM purAtAttvika sAkSyoM ke atirikta nirgrantha muniyoM ke dvArA vastra-grahaNa karane ke sambandha meM yathArtha sthiti kA jJAna jainetara sAkSyoM se bhI upalabdha hotA hai, jo ati mahattvapUrNa hai| inameM sabase prAcIna sandarbha pAlitripiTaka kA hai| pAlitripiTaka meM pramukha rUpa se do aise sandarbha haiM jahA~ nirgrantha kI vastra-sambandhI sthiti kA saMketa milatA hai| prathama sandarbha to nirgrantha kA vivaraNa dete hue spaSTatayA yaha kahatA hai ki nimrantha ekazATaka the28, isase yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki buddha ke samaya yA kama se kama pAlitripiTaka ke racanAkAla arthAt
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________________ jainadharma meM acelakatva aura sacelakatva kA prazna I0 pU0 tRtIya - caturtha zatI meM nirgranthoM meM eka vastra kA prayoga hotA thA, anyathA unheM ekazATaka kabhI nahIM kahA jAtA / jahA~ AjIvaka sarvathA nagna rahate the, vahA~ nirgrantha eka vastra rakhate the| isase yahI sUcita hotA hai ki vastra grahaNa kI paramparA ati prAcIna hai / punaH nirgrantha ke ekazATaka hone kA yaha ullekha pAlitripiTaka meM jJAtRputra mahAvIra kI carcA ke prasaMga meM huA hai| ataH sAmAnya rUpa se ise pArzva kI paramparA kaha denA bhI ThIka nahIM hogaa| phira bhI yadi isameM cAturyAma kI avadhAraNA ke ullekha ke AdhAra para ise pArzva kI paramparA se sambandhita mAneM to bhI itanA avazya hai ki mahAvIra ke saMgha meM pArzvapatyoM ke praveza ke sAtha-sAtha vastra kA praveza ho gayA thaa| cAhe nirgrantha paramparA pArzva kI rahI ho yA mahAvIra kI, yaha nirvivAda hai ki nirgrantha saMgha meM prAcInakAla se hI vastra ke sambandha meM vaikalpika vyavasthA mAnya rahI hai, phira cAhe vaha apavAda mArga ke rUpa meM yA sthavira kalpa ke rUpa meM hI kyoM na ho| . pAlitripiTaka 19 ke eka anya prasaMga meM mahAvIra ke svargavAsa ke pazcAt nirgrantha saMgha ke pArasparika kalaha aura usake do bhAgoM meM vibhAjita hone kA nimna ullekha milatA hai| ve eka-dUsare kI AlocanA karate hue kahate the " tU isa dharma vinaya ko nahIM jaantaa| maiM isa dharma vinaya ko jAnatA huuN| tU kyA isa dharma vinaya ko jAnegA ? Adi Adi / " isa vivAda ke sambandha meM vidvAnoM meM do prakAra ke mata haiN| muni kalyANavijayajI Adi kucha vidvAnoM ke anusAra yaha vivaraNa mahAvIra ke jIvana kAla meM hI unake aura gozAlaka ke bIca hue usa vivAda kA sUcaka hai, jisake kAraNa mahAvIra ke nirvANa kA pravAda bhI pracalita ho gayA thaa| bhagavatIsUtra meM hameM isa vivAda kA vistRta ullekha milatA hai| isameM vastrAdi ke sandarbha meM koI carcA nahIM hai| mAtra mahAvIra para yaha Aropa hai ki ve pahale akele vana meM nivAsa karate the, aba saMgha sahita nagara yA gA~va ke upAnta meM nivAsa karate haiM aura tIrthaGkara na hokara bhI apane ko tIrthaGkara kahate haiM / kintu isa vivAda ke prasaMga meM, jo sabase mahattvapUrNa bAta hai, vaha yaha ki pAlitripiTaka meM isakA sambandha dharma - vinaya se jor3A gayA hai aura audAtta arthAt zreSTha vastra dhAraNa karane vAle nirgrantha zrAvakoM ko isa vivAda se udAsIna batAyA gayA hai / 31 isase itanA to avazya pratiphalita hotA hai ki vivAda kA mUlabhUta viSaya dharma vinaya arthAt zramaNAcAra se hI sambandhita rahA hogaa| ataH usakA eka pakSa vastrapAtra rakhane yA na rakhane se sambandhita ho sakatA hai| 95 - ina samasta carcAoM se yaha pratiphalita hotA hai ki sacelatA aura acelatA kI samasyA nirgrantha saMgha kI eka purAnI samasyA hai aura isakA
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________________ 96 jainadharma meM acelakatva aura sacelakatva kA prazna AvirbhAva pArzva aura mahAvIra ke nirgrantha saMgha ke sammelana ke sAtha ho gayA thaa| sAtha hI yaha bhI satya hai ki jahA~ eka ora AjIvakoM kI acelatA ne mahAvIra ke nirgrantha saMgha meM sthAna pAyA, vahIM pArzva kI sacela paramparA ne bhI use prabhAvita kiyaa| pariNAmasvarUpa vastra ke sambandha meM mahAvIra ke nirgrantha saMgha meM eka milIjalI vyavasthA svIkAra kI gii| utsarga mArga meM acelatA ko svIkAra karate hue bhI ApavAdika sthitiyoM meM vastra-grahaNa kI anumati dI gyii| pAlitripiTaka meM AjIvakoM ko sarvathA acelaka aura nirgrantha ko ekazATaka kahA gayA hai aura isI AdhAra para ve AjIvakoM aura nirgrantha meM antara bhI karate haiM aura AjIvakoM ke liye 'acelaka' zabda kA bhI prayoga karate haiN| dhammapada kI TIkA meM buddhaghoSa kahate haiM ki kucha bhikSu acelakoM kI apekSA nirgrantha ko vareNya samajhate haiM kyoMki acelaka to sarvathA nagna rahate haiM, jabaki nirgrantha praticchAdana rakhate haiN|32 buddhaghoSa ke isa ullekha se bhI yaha pratiphalita hotA hai ki nirgrantha nagara praveza Adi ke samaya jo eka vastra ( praticchAdana ) rakhate the, usase apanI nagnatA chipA lete the| isa prakAra mUla tripiTaka meM nirgrantha ko ekazATaka kahanA, puna: buddhaghoSa dvArA unake dvArA praticchAdana rakhane kA ullekha karanA aura mathurA se prApta nirgrantha muniyoM ke aMkana meM unheM eka vastra se apanI nagnatA chipAte hue dikhAnA - ye saba sAkSya yahI sUcita karate haiM ki uttara bhArata meM nimrantha saMgha meM kama se kama I0 pU0 cauthI-tIsarI zatAbdI meM eka vastra rakhA jAtA thA aura yaha pravRtti buddhaghoSa ke kAla taka arthAt IsA kI dUsarI-tIsarI zatAbdI taka bhI pracalita thii| vastra ke sambandha meM yApanIya dRSTikoNa yApanIya paramparA kA eka prAcIna grantha bhagavatIArAdhanA hai| isameM do prakAra ke liMga batAye gaye haiM - 1. utsargaliMga ( acela ) aura 2. apavAdaliMga ( sacela ) / ArAdhanAkAra spaSTa rUpa se kahatA hai ki saMlekhanA grahaNa karate samaya utsargaliMgadhArI acela zramaNa kA to utsargaliMga acelatA hI hotA hai, apavAdaliMgadhArI sacela zramaNa kA bhI yadi liMga prazasta hai to use bhI utsargaliMga arthAt acelakatva grahaNa karanA caahiye| TIkAkAra aparAjita ne yahA~ utsargaliMga kA artha spaSTa karate hue sakala parigraha tyAgarUpa acelakatva ke grahaNa ko hI utsargaliMga kahA hai| isI prakAra apavAda kI vyAkhyA karate hue kAraNa sahita parigraha ko apavAdaliMga kahA hai| agalI gAthA kI TIkA meM unhoMne spaSTa rUpa se sacelaliMga ko apavAdaliMga kahA hai| isake atirikta ArAdhanAkAra zivArya evaM TIkAkAra aparAjita ne yaha bhI spaSTa kiyA hai ki jinakA puruSa-cihna aprazasta ho arthAt liMga carmarahita ho, atidIrgha ho, aNDakoSa atisthUla ho tathA liMga bAra-bAra
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________________ jainadharma meM acelakatva aura sacelakatva kA prazna 97 uttejita hotA ho to unheM sAmAnya dazA meM to apavAdaliMga arthAt sacelaliMga hI denA hotA hai, kintu aise vyaktiyoM ko bhI saMlekhanA ke samaya ekAnta meM utsargaliMga arthAt acelakatva pradAna kiyA jA sakatA hai| kintu usameM sabhI apavAdaliMgadhAriyoM ko saMlekhanA ke samaya acelaliMga grahaNa karanA Avazyaka nahIM mAnA gayA hai| Age ve spaSTa likhate haiM ki jinake svajana mahAna sampattizAlI, lajjAzIla aura mithyAdRSTi arthAt jainadharma ko nahIM mAnane vAle hoM, aise vyaktiyoM ke liye na kevala sAmAnya dazA meM apitu saMlekhanA ke samaya bhI apavAdaliMga arthAt sacelatA hI upayukta hotA hai| isa samagra carcA se spaSTata: yaha phalita hotA hai ki yApanIya sampradAya una vyaktiyoM ko, jo samRddhizAlI parivAroM se haiM, jo lajjAlu haiM tathA jinake parijana mithyAdRSTi haiM athavA jinake puruSacihna arthAt liMga carmarahita haiM, atidIrgha haiM, aNDakoSa sthUla haiM evaM liMga bAra-bAra uttejita hotA hai, ko apavAdika liMga dhAraNa karane kA nirdeza karatA hai| isa prakAra vaha yaha mAnatA hai ki uparyukta viziSTa paristhitiyoM meM vyakti sacela liMga dhAraNa kara sakatA hai| ata: hama kaha sakate haiM ki yApanIya paramparA yadyapi acelakatva para bala detI thI aura yaha bhI mAnatI thI ki samartha sAdhaka ko acelaliMga hI dhAraNa karanA cAhie kintu usake sAtha-sAtha vaha yaha mAnatI thI ki ApavAdika sthitiyoM meM sacela liMga bhI dhAraNa kiyA jA sakatA hai| yahA~ usakA zvetAmbara paramparA se spaSTa bheda yaha hai ki jahA~ zvetAmbara paramparA jinakalpa kA viccheda batAkara acelaliMga kA niSedha kara rahI thI, vahA~ yApanIya paramparA samartha sAdhaka ke liye hara yuga meM acelatA kA samarthana karatI hai| jahA~ zvetAmbara paramparA vastra-grahaNa ko sAmAnya niyama yA utsarga mArga mAnane lagI vahA~ yApanIya paramparA use apavAda mArga ke rUpa meM hI svIkAra karatI rahI, ata: usake anusAra AgamoM meM jo vastra-pAtra sambandhI nirdeza haiM, ve mAtra ApavAdika sthitiyoM ke haiN| durbhAgya se mujhe yApanIya granthoM meM isa tathya kA kahIM spaSTa nirdeza nahIM milA ki ApavAdika liMga meM unheM kitane vastra yA pAtra rakhe jA sakate the| yApanIya grantha bhagavatIArAdhanA23 kI TIkA meM yApanIya AcArya aparAjita sUri likhate haiM ki cela ( vastra ) kA grahaNa, parigraha kA upalakSaNa hai, ata: samasta prakAra ke parigraha kA tyAga hI Acelakya hai| Acelakya ke lAbha yA samarthana meM Age ve likhate haiM - 1. acelakatva ke kAraNa tyAga dharma ( dasa dharmoM meM eka dharma ) meM pravRtti hotI hai|
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________________ 98 jainadharma meM acelakatva aura sacelakatva kA prazna 2. jo acela hotA hai, vahI akiMcana dharma ke pAlana meM tatpara hotA hai| 3. parigraha ( vastrAdi ) ke liye hiMsA ( Arambha ) meM pravRtti hotI hai, jo aparigrahI hai, vahI hiMsA ( Arambha ) nahIM karatA hai| ata: pUrNa ahiMsA ke pAlana ke liye acelatA Avazyaka hai| 4. parigraha ke liye hI jhUTha bolA jAtA hai| bAhya aura Abhyantara parigraha ke abhAva meM jhUTha bolane kA koI kAraNa nahIM hotA, ata: acela-muni satya hI bolatA hai| 5. acela meM lAghava bhI hotA hai| 6. aceladharma kA pAlana karane vAle kA adatta kA tyAga bhI sampUrNa hotA hai kyoki parigraha kI icchA hone para hI binA dI huI vastu grahaNa karane meM pravRtti hotI hai| 7. parigraha ke nimitta kaSAya ( krodha ) hotA hai, ata: parigraha ke abhAva meM kSamA bhAva rahatA hai| 8. acela ko sandara yA sampanna hone kA mada bhI nahIM hotA, ata: usameM Arjava ( saralatA ) dharma bhI hotA hai| 9. acela meM mAyA ( chipAne kI pravRtti ) nahIM hotI, ata: usake Arjava ( saralatA ) dharma bhI hotA hai| 10. acela zIta, uSNa, daMza, macchara Adi parISahoM ko sahatA hai, ata: use ghora tapa bhI hotA hai| __ saMkSepa meM acelakatva ke pAlana meM sabhI dasa zramaNa dharmoM evaM paMca mahAvratoM kA pAlana hotA hai| puna: acelakatva kI prazaMsA karate hue ve likhate haiM -- 1. acelatA se zuddha saMyama kA pAlana hotA hai, pasIne, dhUla aura maila se yukta vastra meM usI yoni vAle aura usake Azraya se rahane vAle trasa jIva tathA sthAvara jIva utpanna hote haiN| vastra dhAraNa karane se unheM bAdhA bhI utpatra hotI hai| jIvoM se saMsakta vastra dhAraNa karane vAle ke dvArA uThane, baiThane, sone, vastra ko phAr3ane, kATane, bA~dhane, dhone, kUTane, dhUpa meM DAlane se jIvoM ko bAdhA ( pIr3A ) hotI hai, jisase mahAn asaMyama hotA hai| 2. acelatA se indriyoM para vijaya prApta hotI hai| jisa prakAra sau se yukta jaMgala meM vyakti bahuta sAvadhAna rahatA hai usI prakAra jo acela hotA hai vaha indriyoM ( kAmavAsanA ) para vijaya prApta karane meM pUrNatayA sAvadhAna rahatA hai
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________________ jainadharma meM acelakatva aura sacelakatva kA prazna 99 kyoMki aisA nahIM karane para zarIra meM vikAra ( kAmottejanA ) utpanna hone para lajjita honA par3atA hai| 3. acelatA kA tIsarA guNa kaSAyarahita honA hai, kyoMki vastra ke sadbhAva meM use coroM se chipAne ke liye mAyAcAra karanA hotA hai| vastra hone para mere pAsa sundara vastra hai, aisA ahaMkAra bhI ho sakatA hai, vastra ke chIne jAne para krodha tathA usakI prApti meM lobha bhI ho sakatA hai jabaki acelaka meM aise doSa utpanna nahIM hote haiN| 4. savastra hone para suI, dhAgA, vastra Adi kI khoja meM tathA usake sIne, dhone, pratilekhanA Adi karane meM dhyAna aura svAdhyAya kA samaya naSTa hotA hai| acela ko dhyAna-svAdhyAya meM bAdhA nahIM hotii| 5. jisa prakAra binA chilake ( AvaraNa ) kA dhAnya niyama se zuddha hotA hai, kintu chilakeyukta dhAnya kI zuddhi niyama se nahIM hotI, vaha bhAjya hotI hai, usI prakAra jo acela hai usakI zuddhi nizcita hotI hai, kintu sacela kI zuddhi bhAjya hai ( evamacelavatiniyamAdeva bhAjyA sacele, bhagavatIArAdhanA-423 para vijayodayA TIkA, pR0 322 ), arthAt sacela kI zuddhi ho bhI sakatI hai aura nahIM bhI ho sakatI hai| yahA~ digambara paramparA aura yApanIya paramparA kA antara spaSTa hai| digambara paramparA yaha mAnatI hai ki sacela mukta ( zuddha ) nahIM ho sakatA, cAhe vaha tIrthaGkara hI kyoM na ho jabaki yApanIya paramparA yaha mAnatI hai ki strI, gRhastha aura anyatairthika sacela hokara bhI mukta ho sakate haiN| yahA~ bhAjya ( vikalpa ) zabda kA prayoga yApanIyoM kI udAra aura anekAntika dRSTi kA paricAyaka hai| 6. acelatA meM rAga-dveSa kA abhAva hotA hai| rAga-dveSa bAhya dravya ke Alambana se hotA hai| parigraha ke abhAva meM Alambana kA abhAva hone se rAga-dveSa nahIM hote, jabaki sacela ko manojJa vastra ke prati rAga-bhAva ho sakatA hai| 7. acelaka zarIra ke prati upekSA bhAva rakhatA hai, tabhI to vaha zIta aura tApa ke kaSTa sahana karatA hai| 8. acelatA meM svAvalambana hotA hai aura dezAntara gamana meM kisI kI sahAyatA kI apekSA nahIM hotii| jisa prakAra pakSI apane paMkhoM ke sahAre cala detA hai, vaise hI vaha bhI pratilekhana ( pIchI ) lekara cala detA hai| 9. acelatA meM citta-vizuddhi prakaTa karane kA guNa hai - la~goTI Adi se DhaMkane se bhAva-zuddhi kA jJAna nahIM hotA hai| 10. acelatA meM nirbhayatA hai, kyoMki cora Adi kA bhaya nahIM rhtaa|
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________________ 100 jainadharma meM acelakatva aura sacelakatva kA prazna 11. sarvatra vizvAsa bhI acelatA kA guNa hai| na to vaha kisI para zaMkA karatA hai aura na koI usa para zaMkA karatA hai| 12. acelatA meM pratilekhanA kA abhAva hotA hai| caudaha prakAra kA parigraha rakhane vAloM ko jaisI pratilekhanA karanI hotI hai vaisI acela ko nahIM karanI hotii| 13. sacela ko lapeTanA, chor3anA, sInA, bA~dhanA, dhonA, ra~ganA Adi parikarma karane hote haiM jabaki acela ko ye parikarma nahIM karane hote| 14. tIrthaGkaroM ke anurUpa AcaraNa karanA ( jinakalpa kA AcaraNa ) bhI acelatA kA eka guNa hai| kyoMki saMhanana aura bala se pUrNa sabhI tIrthaGkara acela the aura bhaviSya meM bhI acela hI hoNge| jinapratimA aura gaNadhara bhI acela hote haiM aura unake ziSya bhI unhIM kI taraha acela hote haiN| jo savastra hai vaha jina ke anurUpa nahIM hai, arthAt jinakalpa kA pAlana nahIM karatA hai| 15. acela hI nirgrantha kahalA sakatA hai| yadi apane zarIra ko vastra se veSTita karake bhI apane ko nimrantha kahA jA sakatA hai, to phira anya paramparA ke sAdhu nirgrantha kyoM nahIM kahe jAyeMge arthAt unheM bhI nirgrantha mAnanA hogaa| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki yApanIya paramparA spaSTa rUpa se acelakatva kI samarthaka hai| kintu unake sAmane eka samasyA yaha thI ki ve Aja zvetAmbara paramparA meM svIkRta una AgamoM kI mAthurI vAcanA ko mAnya karate the, jinameM vastrapAtrAdi grahaNa karane ke spaSTa ullekha the| ata: unake samakSa do prazna the -- eka ora acelakatva kA samarthana karanA aura dUsarI ora Agamika ullekhoM kI acelakatva ke sandarbha meM samyak vyAkhyA krnaa| aparAjita sUri ne isa sambandha meM bhagavatIArAdhanA kI vijayodayA TIkA meM jo samyak dRSTikoNa prastuta kiyA hai vaha acelakatva ke Adarza ke sambandha meM yApanIyoM kI yathArtha dRSTi kA paricAyaka aparAjita ne sarvaprathama AgamoM ke una sandarbho ko prastuta kiyA hai, jinameM vastra-pAtra sambandhI ullekha haiM, phira unakA samAdhAna prastuta kiyA hai| ve likhate haiM - 'AcArapraNidhi' arthAt dazavaikAlika ke AThaveM adhyAya meM kahA gayA hai ki pAtra aura kambala kI pratilekhanA karanI caahie| yadi pAtrAdi nahIM hote to unakI pratilekhanA kA kathana kyoM kiyA jAtA ? puna: AcArAMga ke 'lokavicaya' nAmaka dUsare adhyayana ke pA~caveM uddezaka meM kahA gayA hai ki pratilekhana ( paDilehaNa ), pAdapoMchana ( pAyapucchana ), avagraha ( uggaha ), kaTAsana
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________________ jainadharma meM acelakatva aura sacelakatva kA prazna 101 ( kaDAsaNa ), caTAI Adi kI yAcanA kreN| puna: usake 'vastraiSaNA' 36 adhyayana meM kahA gayA hai ki jo lajjAzIla hai vaha eka vastra dhAraNa kare, dUsarA pratilekhanA hetu rkhe| juMgita ( deza-vizeSa ) meM do vastra dhAraNa kare aura tIsarA pratilekhanA hetu rakhe, yadi ( zIta ) parISaha sahana nahIM ho to tIna vastra dhAraNa kareM aura cauthA pratilekhanA hetu rkhe| puna: usake pAtraiSaNA3" meM kahA gayA hai ki lajjAzIla, juMgita arthAt jisake liMga Adi hInAdhika hoM tathA pAtrAdi rakhane vAle ke liye vastra rakhanA kalpatA hai| puna: usameM kahA gayA hai tumbI kA pAtra, lakar3I kA pAtra athavA miTTI kA pAtra yadi jIva, bIjAdi se rahita ho to grAhya hai| yadi vastra-pAtra grAhya nahIM hote to phira ye sUtra Agama meM kyoM Ate ? puna: AcArAMga38 ke 'bhAvanA' nAmaka adhyayana meM kahA gayA hai ki bhagavAn eka varSa taka cIvaradhArI rahe, usake bAda acela ho gye| sAtha hI sUtrakRtAMga:9 ke 'puNDarIka' nAmaka adhyayana meM kahA gayA hai ki bhikSu, vastra aura pAtra ke liye dharmakathA na khe| nizItha meM kahA gayA hai ki jo bhikSu akhaNDa-vastra aura kambala dhAraNa karatA hai use mAsa-laghu ( prAyazcitta kA eka prakAra ) prAyazcitta AtA hai| isa prakAra Agama meM vastra-grahaNa kI anujJA hone para bhI acelatA kA kathana kyoM kiyA jAtA hai ? isakA samAdhAna karate hue svayaM aparAjitasUri kahate haiM ki Agama meM kAraNa kI apekSA se AryikAoM ko vastra kI anujJA hai, yadi bhikSu lajjAlu hai athavA usakI jananendriya tvacArahita ho yA aNDakoSa lambe hoM athavA vaha parISaha ( zIta ) sahana karane meM akSama ho to use vastra dhAraNa karane kI anujJA hai| AcArAMgara meM hI kahA gayA hai ki saMyamAbhimukha strI-puruSa do prakAra ke hote haiM - sarvazramaNAgata aura no-srvshrmnnaagt| unameM sarvazramaNAgata sthirAMga vAle pANi-pAtra bhikSu ko pratilekhana ke atirikta eka bhI vastra dhAraNa karanA yA chor3anA nahIM kalpatA hai| bRhatkalpasUtra meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki lajjA ke kAraNa aMgoM ke glAniyukta hone para deha ke juMgita ( vIbhatsa ) hone para athavA parISaha ( zItaparISaha ) sahana karane meM asamartha hone para vastra dhAraNa kre| punaH AcArAMga meM yaha bhI kahA gayA hai yadi aisA jAne kI zItaRtu ( hemanta ) samApta ho gayI hai to jIrNa vastra pratisthApita kara de arthAt unakA tyAga kara de| isa prakAra ( AgamoM meM ) kAraNa kI apekSA se vastra kA grahaNa kahA hai| jo upakaraNa kAraNa kI apekSA se grahaNa kiyA jAtA hai usake grahaNa karane kI vidhi aura gRhIta upakaraNa kA tyAga avazya kahA jAtA hai| ata: Agama meM vastra-pAtra kI jo caryA batAyI gayI hai vaha kAraNa kI apekSA se arthAt ApavAdika hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki yApanIya saMgha mAtra ApavAdika sthiti meM
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________________ 102 jainadharma meM acelakatva aura sacelakatva kA prazna vastra-grahaNa ko svIkAra karatA thA aura utsarga mArga acelatA ko hI mAnatA thaa| AcArAMga ke 'bhAvanA' nAmaka adhyayana meM mahAvIra ke eka varSa taka vastra yukta hone ke ullekha ko vaha vivAdAspada mAnatA thaa| aparAjita ne isa sambandha meM vibhinna pravAdoM kA ullekha bhI kiyA hai5 - jaise kucha kahate haiM ki vaha cha: mAsa meM kA~Te, zAkhA Adi se chinna ho gyaa| kucha kahate haiM ki eka varSa se kucha adhika hone para usa vastra ko khaNDalaka nAmaka brAhmaNa ne le liyaa| kucha kahate haiM ki vaha vastra vAyu se gira gayA aura bhagavAn ne usakI upekSA kara dii| koI kahate haiM ki vilambanakArI ne use jina ke kandhe para rakha diyA aadi| isa prakAra aneka vipratipattiyoM ke kAraNa aparAjita kI dRSTi meM isa kathana meM koI tathya nahIM hai| pana: aparAjita ne Agama se acelatA ke samarthaka aneka sUtra bhI uddhRta kiye haiM,16 yathA - "vastroM kA tyAga kara dene para bhikSu puna: vastra-grahaNa nahIM karatA tathA acela hokara jina rUpa dhAraNa karatA hai| bhikSu yaha nahIM soce ki sacelaka sukhI hotA hai aura acelaka duHkhI hotA hai, ata: maiM sacelaka ho jaauuN| acela ko kabhI zIta bahuta satAtI hai, phira bhI vaha dhUpa kA vicAra na kre| mujha nirAvaraNa ke pAsa koI chAdana nahIM hai, ata: maiM agni kA sevana kara la~ aisA bhI nahIM soce|' isI prakAra unhoMne uttarAdhyayana ke 23veM adhyAya kI gAthAyeM uddhRta karake yaha batAyA ki pArzva kA dharma sAntarottara thaa| mahAvIra kA dharma to acelaka hI thaa| puna: dazavaikAlika meM muni ko nagna aura muNDita kahA gayA hai| isase bhI Agama meM acelatA hI pratipAdya hai - yaha siddha hotA hai| isa samagra carcA ke AdhAra para yApanIya saMgha kA vastra sambandhI dRSTikoNa spaSTa ho jAtA hai| unake isa dRSTikoNa ko saMkSepa meM nimna rUpa meM prastuta kiyA jA sakatA hai - 1. zvetAmbara paramparA, jo jinakalpa ke viccheda kI ghoSaNA ke dvArA vastra Adi ke sambandha meM mahAvIra kI vaikalpika vyavasthA ko samApta karake sacelakatva ko hI eka mAtra vikalpa banA rahI thI, yaha bAta yApanIyoM ko mAnya nahIM thii| 2. yApanIya yaha mAnate the ki jinakalpa kA viccheda suvidhAvAdiyoM kI apanI kalpanA hai| samartha sAdhaka ina paristhitiyoM meM yA isa yuga meM bhI acela raha sakatA hai| unake anusAra acelatA ( nagnatA ) hI jina kA Adarza mArga hai, ata: muni ko acela yA nagna hI rahanA caahiye| 3. yApanIya ApavAdika sthitiyoM meM hI muni ke liye vasra kI grAhyatA ko svIkAra karate the, unakI dRSTi meM ye ApavAdika sthitiyA~ nimnalikhita thIM -
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________________ jainadharma meM acelakatva aura sacelakatva kA prazna 103 . ( ka ) rAja-parivAra Adi atikulIna gharAne ke vyakti jana sAdhAraNa ke "samakSa nagnatA chipAne ke liye vastra rakha sakate haiN| ( kha ) isI prakAra ve vyakti bhI jo adhika lajjAzIla haiM apanI nagnatA ko chipAne ke liye vastra rakha sakate haiN| (ga ) ve navayuvaka muni jo abhI apanI kAma-vAsanA ko pUrNata: vijita nahIM kara pAye haiM aura jinheM liMgottejana Adi ke kAraNa nirgrantha saMgha meM aura janasAdhAraNa meM pravAda kA pAtra bananA par3e, apavAda rUpa meM vastra rakha sakate (gha ) ve vyakti jinake liMga aura aNDakoSa vidrUpa haiM, ve saMlekhanA ke avasara ko chor3akara yAvajjIvana vastra dhAraNa karake hI rheN| (ca) ve vyakti jo zItAdi parISaha sahana karane meM sarvathA asamartha haiM, apavAda rUpa meM vastra rakha sakate haiN| ( cha ) ve muni jo arza, bhagandara Adi kI vyAdhi se grasta hoM, bImArI kI sthiti meM vastra rakha sakate haiN| 4. jahA~ taka sAdhviyoM kA prazna thA yApanIya saMgha meM spaSTa rUpa se unheM vastra rakhane kI anujJA thii| yadyapi sAdhviyA~ bhI ekAnta meM saMlekhanA ke samaya jina-mudrA arthAt acelatA dhAraNa kara sakatI thiiN| isa prakAra yApanIyoM kA Adarza acelakatva hI rahA, kintu apavAda mArga meM unhoMne vastra-pAtra kI grAhyatA bhI svIkAra kii| ve yaha mAnate haiM ki kaSAya tyAga aura rAgAtmakatA ko samApta karane ke liye sampUrNa parigraha kA tyAga, jisameM vastra-tyAga bhI samAhita hai, Avazyaka hai, kintu ve digambara paramparA ke samAna ekAnta rUpa se yaha ghoSaNA nahIM karate haiM ki vastradhArI cAhe vaha tIrthakara hI kyoM nahIM ho, mukta nahIM ho sktaa| ve savastra meM bhI AdhyAtmika vizuddhi aura mukti kI bhajanIyatA arthAt sambhAvanA ko svIkAra karate haiN| isa prakAra ve acelakatva sambandhI mAnyatA ke sandarbha meM digambara paramparA ke nikaTa khar3e hokara bhI apanA bhitra mata rakhate haiN| ve acelakatva ke Adarza ko svIkAra karake bhI savastra mukti kI sambhAvanA ko svIkAra karate haiN| pana: mani ke liye acelakatva kA purajora samarthana karake bhI ve yaha nahIM kahate haiM ki jo ApavAdika sthiti meM vastra dhAraNa kara rahA hai, vaha muni nahIM hai| jahA~ hamArI vartamAna digambara paramparA mAtra la~goTIdhArI ailaka, eka celaka yA do vastradhArI kSullaka ko muni na mAnakara 'utkRSTa zrAvaka hI mAnatI hai, vahA~ yApanIya paramparA aise vyaktiyoM kI gaNanA muni varga ke antargata hI karatI hai| aparAjita AcArAMga kA eka sandarbha dekara, jo
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________________ 104 jainadharma meM acelakatva aura sacelakatva kA prazna vartamAna AcArAMga meM nahIM pAyA jAtA hai, kahate haiM ki aise vyakti no-sarvazramaNAgata haiN| tAtparya yaha hai ki savastra muni aMzata: zramaNa bhAva ko prApta haiN| isa prakAra' yApanIya ApavAdika sthitiyoM meM paristhitivaza vastra-grahaNa karane vAle zramaNoM ko zramaNa hI mAnate haiM, gRhastha nhiiN| yadyapi yApanIya aura digambara donoM hI acelakatva ke samarthaka haiM, phira bhI vastra ke sambandha meM yApanIyoM kA dRSTikoNa apekSAkRta udAra evaM yathArthavAdI rahA hai| ApavAdika sthiti meM vastra-grahaNa, sacela kI mukti kI sambhAvanA, sacela strI aura puruSa donoM meM zramaNatva yA munitva kA sadbhAva - unheM acelatA ke prazna para digambara paramparA se bhinna karatA hai, jabaki AgamoM meM vastra-pAtra ke ullekha mAtra ApavAdika sthiti ke sUcaka haiM aura jinakalpa kA viccheda nahIM haiM, yaha bAta unheM zvetAmbaroM se alaga karatI thii| jinakalpa evaM sthavirakalpa acelakatva evaM sacelakatva sambandhI isa carcA ke prasaMga meM jinakalpa aura sthavirakalpa kI carcA bhI aprAsaMgika nahIM hogii| zvetAmbara mAnya AgamoM evaM Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM jinakalpa aura sthavirakalpa kI jo carcA milatI hai, usase yaha phalita hotA hai ki prArambha meM acelatA arthAt nagnatA ko jinakalpa kA pramukha lakSaNa mAnA gayA hai, kintu kAlAntara meM jinakalpa zabda kI vyAkhyA meM kramaza: parivartana huA hai| jinakalpI kI kama se kama do upadhi mukhavastrikA aura rajoharaNa mAnI gaIM kintu oghaniyukti ke liye jinakalpa zabda kA sAmAnya artha to jina ke anusAra AcaraNa karanA hai| jinakalpa kI bAraha upadhiyoM kA bhI ullekha hai| kAlAntara meM zvetAmbara AcAryoM ne ina sAdhuoM ko jinakalpI kahA jo gaccha kA parityAga karake ekAkI vihAra karate the tathA utsarga mArga ke hI anugAmI hote the| vastuta: jaba zvetAmbara paramparA meM acelatA kA poSaNa kiyA jAne lagA to jinakalpa kI paribhASA meM bhI antara huaa| nizIthacUrNi meM jinakalpa aura sthavirakalpa kI paribhASA dete hue kahA hai ki jinakalpa meM mAtra utsarga mArga kA hI anusaraNa kiyA jAtA hai| ata: usameM kalpapratisevanA aura darpapratisevanA donoM kA arthAt apavAda ke avalambana kA hI niSedha hai jabaki sthavirakalpa meM utsarga aura apavAda donoM hI mArga svIkAra kiye gae haiN| yadyapi apavAda mArga meM bhI mAtra kalpapratisevanA ko hI mAnya kiyA gayA hai| darpapratisevanA ko kisI bhI sthiti meM mAnya nahIM kiyA gayA hai| zvetAmbara paramparA meM mAnya AgamoM meM prArambha meM to bhagavAn mahAvIra ke samAna nagnatA ko grahaNa kara, kara-pAtra meM bhojana grahaNa karate hue apavAda rahita jo muni dharma kI kaThina sAdhanA kI jAtI hai, use hI jinakalpa kahA gayA hai
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________________ jainadharma meM acelakatva aura sacelakatva kA prazna 105 kintu kAlAntara meM isa paribhASA meM parivartana huaa| ___yApanIya paramparA meM jinakalpa kA ullekha hameM bhagavatIArAdhanA aura usakI vijayodayA TIkA meM milatA hai| usameM kahA gayA hai ki "jo rAga-dveSa aura moha ko jIta cuke haiM, upasarga ko sahana karane meM samartha haiM, jina ke samAna ekAkI vihAra karate haiM, ve jinakalpI kahalAte haiN|" kSetra Adi kI apekSA se vivecana karate hae usameM Age kahA gayA hai ki jinakalpI sabhI karmabhUmiyoM aura sabhI kAloM meM hote haiN| isI prakAra cAritra kI dRSTi se ve sAmAyika aura chedopasthApanIya cAritra vAle hote haiN| ve sabhI tIrthaGkaroM ke tIrtha meM pAe jAte haiM aura janma kI apekSA se 30 varSa kI vaya aura muni-jIvana kI apekSA se 19 varSa kI dIkSA-paryAya vAle hote haiN| jJAna kI dRSTi se nava-dasa pUrva jJAna ke dhArI hote haiN| ve tInoM zubha lezyAoM se yukta hote haiM aura vajraRSabha nArAca-saMhanana ke dhAraka hote haiN| aparAjita ke atirikta jinakalpa aura sthavirakalpa kA ullekha yApanIya AcArya zAkaTAyana ke strImuktiprakaraNa meM bhI hai| isase yaha pratIta hotA hai ki jinakalpa kI avadhAraNA zvetAmbara evaM yApanIya donoM paramparAoM meM lagabhaga samAna hI thii| mukhya antara yaha hai ki yApanIya paramparA meM jinakalpI ke dvArA vastra-grahaNa kA koI ullekha nahIM hai, kyoMki usameM muni ke liye vastra-pAtra kI svIkRti kevala apavAda mArga meM hai, utsarga mArga meM nahIM aura jinakalpI utsarga mArga kA anusaraNa karatA hai| ata: yApanIya paramparA ke anusAra vaha kisI bhI sthiti meM vastra-pAtra nahIM rakha sktaa| vaha acela hI rahatA hai aura pANi-pAtrI hotA hai, jabaki zvetAmbara paramparA ke mAnya granthoM ke anusAra jinakalpI acela bhI hotA hai aura sacela bhii| ve pANi-pAtrI bhI hote haiM aura sapAtra bhI hote haiN| oghaniyukti ( gAthA 78-79 ) meM upadhi ( sAmagrI ) ke AdhAra para jinakalpa ke bhI aneka bheda kiye gae haiN| isI prakAra nizIthabhASya meM bhI jinakalpI kI upAdhi ko lekara vistRta vivaraNa upalabdha hotA hai| usameM sarvaprathama yaha batAyA gayA hai ki pAtra kI apekSA se jinakalpI do prakAra ke hote haiM - pANipAtra arthAt binA pAtra vAle aura paatrdhaarii| isI prakAra vastra kI apekSA se bhI usameM jinakalpiyoM ke do prakAra batAe gae haiM -acelaka aura scelk| punaH inakI upAdhi kI carcA karate hue kahA bayA hai ki acelaka aura pANipAtrabhojI jinakalpI hote haiM ve rajoharaNa aura mukhavastrikA ye do upakaraNa rakhate haiN| jo sapAtra aura savastra hote haiM unakI upadhi kI saMkhyA kama se kama tIna aura adhika se adhika bAraha hotI hai| sthavirakalpI
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________________ 106 jainadharma meM acelakatva aura sacelakatva kA prazna kI jina caudaha upadhiyoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai unameM mAtraka aura cUlapaTTaka ye do upadhi jinakalpI nahIM rakhate haiN| yApanIyoM kI dUsarI vizeSatA yaha hai ki ve zvetAmbaroM ke samAna jinakalpa kA viccheda nahIM maante| unake anusAra samartha sAdhaka sabhI kAloM meM jinakalpa ko dhAraNa kara sakate haiM, jabaki zvetAmbaroM ke anusAra jinakalpI kevala tIrthaGkara kI upasthiti meM hI hotA hai| yadyapi yApanIyoM kI isa mAnyatA meM unakI hI vyAkhyAnusAra eka antarvirodha AtA hai, kyoMki unhoMne apanI jinakalpI kI vyAkhyA meM yaha mAnA hai ki jinakalpI nau-dasa pUrvadhArI aura prathama saMhanana ke dhAraka hote haiN| cU~ki unake anusAra bhI vartamAna meM pUrva jJAna aura prathama saMhanana ( vajra-RSabha-nArAca-saMhanana ) kA abhAva hai, ata: jinakalpa sarvakAloM meM kaise sambhava hogaa| ina do-tIna bAtoM ko chor3akara yApanIya aura zvetAmbara paramparA meM jinakalpa ke sambandha meM vizeSa antara nahIM hai| vizeSa jAnakArI ke liye bhagavatI-ArAdhanA kI TIkA aura bRhatkalpabhASya ke tatsambandhI vivaraNoM ko dekhA jA sakatA hai| jJAtavya hai ki digambara-grantha gommaTasAra aura yApanIya grantha bhagavatIArAdhanA kI TIkA meM jinakalpa ko lekara eka mahattvapUrNa antara parilakSita hotA hai, vaha yaha ki jahA~ gommaTasAra meM jinakalpI muni ko mAtra sAmAyika cAritra mAnA gayA hai, vahA~ bhagavatIArAdhanA meM unameM sAmAyika aura chedopasthApanIya aise do cAritra mAne gae haiN| vastuta: yaha antara isaliye AyA ki jaba digambara paramparA meM chedopasthApanIya cAritra kA artha mahAvratAropaNa se bhinna hokara prAyazcitta rUpa pUrva dIkSA paryAya ke cheda ke artha meM liyA gayA, to jinakalpI meM prAyazcitta rUpa chedopasthApanIya cAritra kA niSedha mAnanA Avazyaka ho gayA, kyoMki jinakalpI kI sAdhanA nirapavAda hotI hai| hameM jinakalpa aura sthavirakalpa kA ullekha prAya: zvetAmbara evaM yApanIya paramparA meM hI dekhane ko milA hai| digambara paramparA meM yApanIya prabhAvita granthoM ko chor3akara prAya: isa carcA kA abhAva hI hai| sandarbha 1. NiccelapANipattaM uvaiTeM paramajiNa variMdehi / ekko vi mokkhamaggo sesA ya amaggayA savve / / sUtraprAbhRta, 10 2. egayAecelae hoi sacele yAvi egyaa| uttarAdhyayana, 2/13 3. ussaggiyaliMgakadassa liMgamussaggiyaM tayaM ceva / avavAdiyaliMgassa vi pasatthamuvasaggiyaM liMgaM / / bhagavatIArAdhanA, 76
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________________ jainadharma meM acelakatva aura sacelakatva kA prazna 107 4. Navi sijjhai vatthadharo jiNasAsaNe jaivi hoi titthayaro / - Naggo vimokkha maggo sesAummaggayA savve / / sUtraprAbhRta, 23 5. ( a ) se bemi je ya aIyA je ya paDuppannA je ya AgamessA arahatA bhagavaMto je ya pavvayaMti je una pavvaissaMti savve te sovahI dhammo desiavvotti kaTTa tithyadhammathAe esAeNudhammigatti evaM devasUsamAyAe pavvaiMsu vA pavvayaMti vA pavvaisaMti v| AcArAMga 1/9/1-1 ( zIlAMka TIkA ), bhAga 1, pR0 273, siddhacakra sAhitya pracAraka samiti, sUrata, 1935. ( ba ) savve'vi egadUseNa, niggayA jinavarA cuvviisN| Avazyakaniyukti 227, harSapuSpAmRta jaina granthamAlA, lAkhAbAvaka, zAMtipurI ( saurASTra ), 1989. 6. ( a ) Avazyakaniyukti, gAthA, 1258. (ba) vahI, 1260. 7. acelago ya jo dhammo jo imosaMtaruttaro / desio vaddhamANeNa pAseNa ya mahAjasA / / uttarAdhyayana, 23/29 8. vahI, 23/24. 9. munayo vAtarazanA pizaGgA vasate malAH / vAtasyAnu dhAjima yati yaddevAso avikSata / / Rgveda, 10/136/2 10. Rgveda meM arhat aura RSabhavAcI RcAe~ : eka adhyayana, DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina, saMdhAna, aMka 7, rASTrIya mAnava saMskRti zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1993, pR0 22. 11. zrImadbhAgavata, 2/7/10. 12. ( a ) uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 23/26. ( ba ) yathoktam ... purima pacchimANaM arahaMtANaM bhagavaMtANaM acelaye pasatthe bhvi| uttarAdhyayana - nemicanda kI TIkA, Atmavallabha, graMthAMka 22, bAlApura, 1937, 2/13, pR0 22 para uddhRt| 13. uttarAdhyayana, 22/33-34. 14. vahI, 23/29. 15. 'jo imo' tti pazcAyaM sAntarANi vardhamAnasvAmiyatyapekSayA mAnavarNavizeSata: savizeSANi uttarANi - mahAmUlyatayA pradhAnAni prakramAd vastrANi yasminasau
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________________ 108 jainadharma meM acelakatva aura sacelakatva kA prazna sAntarottaro dharmaH pAi~na dezita itiihaaepypekssyte| uttarAdhyayana, nemicanda kRta sukhabodhAvRtti sahita, pR0 295, bAlApura, 23/12, vIra ni0 saM0 2463. 16. parisuddha juNNaM kucchita thovANiyata DaNNa bhoga bhogehi muNayo mucchArahitA saMtehi acelayA hoti|| vizeSAvazyakabhASya, paM0 dalasukha mAlavaNiyA, lAlabhAI dalapatabhAI ___ bhAratIya saMskRti vidyA maMdira, ahamadAbAda, 3082, 1968. 17. ahapuNa evaM jANijjA - uvAikkaMte khalu hemaMte gimhe paDivanne ahApari junnAiM vatthAiM parilavijjA, aduvA saMtaruttare aduvA obhacele aduvA egasADe aduvA acele| apagate zIte vastrANi tyAjyAni athavA kSetrAdiguNAddhimakaNini vAte vAti satyAtmaparitulanArtha zItaparIkSArtha ca sAntarottaro bhavet - sAntaramuttaraM - prAvaraNIyaM yasya sa tathA, kvacitpAvRNoti kvacitpAvarti bibharti, zItAzaGkayA nAdyApi parityajati, athavAevamacela ekakalpaparityAgAt, dvikalpadhArItyarthaH athavA zanai:-zanaiH zIteepagacchati sati dvitIyamapi kalpaM parityajeta tat ekazATakaH saMvRttaH athavAeetyantike zItAbhAve tadapi parityajedatoecelo bhvti| AcArAMga ( zIlAMkavRtti ), 1/7/4, sUtra 209, pR0 251 18. dekheM, uparokta 19. dekheM, uparokta 20. dekheM, uparokta 21. kailAzacandra zAstrI, jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa (pUrvapIThikA), gaNezaprasAda varNI jaina granthamAlA, vArANasI, vI0 ni0 saM0 2489, pR0 399. 22. No cevimeNa vattheNa saMsi hemaMte / se pArae AvakahAe, eyaM khu aNudhammiyaM tassa / / saMvaccharaM sAhiyaM mAsaM jaM Na rikkAsi vatthagaM bhagavaM / acelae tato cAI taM vosajja vatthamaNagAre / / - AyAro, 1/9/1/2 evaM 3 23. ( a ) yacca bhAvanAyAmuktaM - varisaM cIvaradhArI teNa paramacelago jiNotti - taduktaM viprtipttibhultvaat| kathaM kecidvadanti tasminneva dine tadvastraM vIrajinasya vilambanakAriNA gRhiitmiti| anye SaNmAsAcchinnaM ttknnttkshaakhaadibhiriti| sAdhikena varSeNa tadvastraM khaNDalakabrAhmaNena gRhItamiti kecitkthynti| kecidvAtena
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________________ jainadharma meM acelakatva aura sacelakatva kA prazna 109 patitamupekSitaM jineneti| apare vadanti vilambanakAriNA jinasya skandhe tdaaropitmiti| bhagavatIArAdhanA, gAthA 423 kI vijayodayA TIkA, sampAdaka paM0 kailAzacandrajI, bhAga 1, pR0 325-326. ( ba ) tacca suvarNavAlukAnadIpUrAhata kaNTakAvalagnaM dhigjAtinA gRhiitmiti| AcArAMga, zIlAMkavRtti, 1/9/1/44-45 kI vRtti. ( sa ) tahAvi suvaNNabAlugAnadIpUre avahite kNttraalggN..| kimiti vuccati ciradhariyattA sahasA va lajjatA thaMDile cutaM Na vitti vippeNa keNati dilN..|| AcArAMgacUrNi, RSabhadeva kesarImala saMsthA, ratalAma, pR0 300. (da ) sAmI dakkhiNavAcAlAo uttaravAcAlaM vaccati, tattha suvvaNNakulAe vuliNe taM vatthaM kaMTiyAe laggaM tAhe taM thitaM sAmI gato paNo ya avaloitaM, kiM nimittaM ? ketI bhaNaMti - jahA mamattIe anne bhaNaMti mA atthaMDile paDitaM, avaloitaM sulabha vatthaM pattaM sissANaM bhavissati ? taM ca bhagavatA ya terasamAse ahAbhAveNaM dhAriyaM tato vosariyaM pacchA acelte| taM eteNa pituvaMtasa dhijjAtiteNa ghitN| AvazyakacUrNi, bhAga 1, pR0 276. isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki unake vastratyAga ke sambandha meM jo vibhinna pravAda pracalita the - unakA ullekha na kevala yApanIya apitu zvetAmbara AcArya bhI kara rahe the| 24. AcArAMga, zIlAMkavRtti, 1/9/1/1-4, pR0 273. 25. ( a ) savve'vi egadaseNa, niggayA jiNavarA cauvvIsaM / na ya nAma aNNaliMge, no gihiliMge kuliMge vA / / - Avazyakaniyukti, 227. ( ba ) bAvIsaM titthayarA sAmAiyasaMjamaM uvaisaMti / cheovaTThAvaNayaM puNa vayaMti usabho ya vIro ya / / - Avazyakaniyukti, 1260. 26. ( a ) evamege u paastthaa| sUtrakRtAMga, 1/3/4/9 (ba) pAsatthAdIpaNayaM NicvaM vajjeha savvadhA tumhe / haMdi hu melaNadoseNa hoi purisassa tammayadA / / - bhagavatIArAdhanA, gAthA 341.
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________________ 110 jainadharma meM acelakatva aura sacelakatva kA prazna 27. chakkAyarakkhaNaTThA pAyaggahaNaM jiNehiM pannattaM / / je ya guNA saMbhoe havaMti te pAyagahaNevi / / / - oghaniyukti, 691. 28. niggaMthA eka saattkaa| majjhimanikAya -- mahAsiMhanAdasutta, 1/1/2 29. dekheM - dIghanikAya, anu0 bhikSu rAhula sAMkRtyAyana evaM bhikSu jagadIza __ kazyapa, mahAbodhi sabhA, banArasa 1936, pAsAdikasutta 3/6, pR0 252 30. bhagavaI, panarasaM sataM, 101-152, saM0 muni nathamala, jaina vizvabhAratI lADanUM, vi0 saM0 2131, pR0 677-694. 31. dekheM - dIghanikAya, pAsAdikasuttaM, 3/6, pR0 252. 32. dhammapada, aTTakathA, tRtIya bhAga, gAthA 489. 33. bhagavatI ArAdhanA, vijayodayA TIkA, gAthA 423, saM0 kailAzacandra siddhAntazAstrI, jaina saMskRti saMrakSaka saMgha, zolApura, 1938, pR0 324 34. dhuvaM ca paDitmehejjA jogasA pAyakaMbalaM / sejjamuccAra bhUmiM ca saMthAraM aduvAsaNaM / / dazavaikAlika, 8/17, navasuttANi, saM0 yuvAcArya mahAprajJa, jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanU~, 1967, pR0 68. 35. AcArAMga, 1/5/89, saM0 yuvAcArya madhukara muni, Agama prakAzana samiti, vyaavr| 36. ( a ) esehirimaNe segaM vatthaM vA dhArejja paDilehaNagaM vidiyaM tattha ese jugni dese duve vatthANi dhArijja paDilehaNagaM tdiyN| AcArAMga, vastraiSaNA - uddhRta bhagavatI ArAdhanA, vijayodayA TIkA, gAthA 423, pR0 324. ( ba ) je NiggaMthe taruNe jugavaM balavaM appAyaMke virasaMghayaNe, se egaM vatthaM dhArejjA, No bitiyN| - AcAracUlA, dvitIyazrutaskandha, 2/5/1/2, pR0 161. 37. ( a ) hirimaNe vA juggide cAvi aNNage vA tassa NaM kappadi vatthAdikaM pAdacArittae iti| vahI, gAthA 423, pR0 324. ( ba ) je niggaMthe taruNe jugavaM balavaM appAyaMke thirasaMghayaNe, se egaM pAyaM dhArejjA, No biiyN| - AcArAMgasUtra, AcAracUlA, 2/6/1/2.
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________________ jainadharma meM acelakatva aura sacelakatva kA prazna 111 38. saMvaccharaM sAhiyaM mAsaM, jaM Na rikkAsi vatthagaM bhagavaM / / acelae tato cAI, taM vosajja vatthamaNagAre / / - AcArAMga, 1/9/1/4 39. ( a ) Na kahejjo dhammakahaM vtthpttaadihedmiti| sUtrakRtAMga, puMDarIka adhyayana, uddhRta bhagavatI ArAdhanA, vijayodayA TIkA, gAthA 423, pR0 324. ( ba ) No pANassa ( pAyassa ) heDaM dhmmmaaikkhejjaa| No vatthassa heuM dhmmmaaikkhejjaa| sUtrakRtAGga, 2/1/68, pR0 366. 40. ( a ) kasiNAI vatthakaMbalAI jo bhikkhU paDiggahidi Apajjadi mAsigaM vijayA lhugN| nizIthasUtra, 2/23, uddhRta bhagavatI ArAdhanA, vijayodayA TIkA, gAthA 423, pR0 324. ( ba ) je bhikkhU kasiNAI vatthAI dhareti, dharetaM vA saatijjti| nizIthasUtra, 2/23, uddhRta bhagavatI ArAdhanA, vijayodayA TIkA, gAthA 423, pR0 324. 41. bhagavatI ArAdhanA, vijayodayA TIkA, gAthA 423, pR0 324. 42. bhagavatI-ArAdhanA meM ullikhita prastuta sandarbha vartamAna AcArAMga meM anupalabdha hai| usameM mAtra sthirAMga muni ke liye eka vastra aura eka pAtra se adhika rakhane kI anujJA nahIM hai| sambhavata: yaha parivartana paravartI-kAla meM huA hai| 43. ( a ) hirihetukaM va hoi dehaduguMchaMti dehe juggidage / dhArejja siyA vatthaM parissahANaM ca Na vihAsIti / / kalpasUtra se uddhRta bhagavatI ArAdhanA, vijayodayA TIkA, gAthA 423, pR0 324. ( ba ) prastuta sandarbha upalabdha bRhatkalpasUtra meM prApta nahIM hotA hai| yadyapi vastra dhAraNa karane ke ina kAraNoM kA ullekha sthAnAMgasUtra, sthAna 3 meM nimna rUpa meM milatA hai - kappati NiggaMthANa vA NiggaMthINa vA tao pAyAiM dhArittae vA pariharittae vA, taMjahA - jaMgie - bhaMgie, khomie| ThANAMga, 3/345. 44. AcArAMga, zIlAMkavRtti, 1/7/4, sUtra, 209, pR0 251. 45. ( a ) bhagavatI ArAdhanA, vijayodayA TIkA, pR0 325-326. tulanIya AvazyakacUrNi, bhAga 1, pR0 276.
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________________ jainadharma meM acelakatva aura sacelakatva kA prazna ( ba ) AvazyakasUtraM (uttarabhAgaM ) cUrNi sahita RSabhadeva, kezarImala zvetAmbara saMsthA, ratalAma, 1929. 46. bhagavatI ArAdhanA, vijayodayA TIkA, pR0 326-327, pAlitripiTaka, kankorDensa, pR0 345. 47. bhagavatI ArAdhanA, bhAga ( vijayodayA TIkA ), gAthA 157 kI TIkA, pR0 205. 48. ( a ) zAkaTAyana vyAkaraNam ( strI-mukti prakaraNam )-7, sampAdaka paM0 zambhunAtha tripAThI, bhAratIya jJAnapITha prakAzana, vArANasI, 1971, pR01. ( ba ) bRhatkalpasUtra 6 / 9, sampAdaka madhukara muni, byAvara, 1992. 49. ( a ) bRhatkalpasUtra 6/20. ( ba ) paJcakalpabhASya ( AgamasudhAsindhu ), 816-822. 112
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________________ strImukti, anyatairthikamukti evaM savastramukti kA prazna yApanIya paramparA ke viziSTa siddhAntoM meM strImukti, sagranthamukti ( gRhasthamukti ) aura anyatairthikamukti aisI avadhAraNAe~ haiM, jo use digambara paramparA se pRthak karatI haiN| eka ora yApanIya saMgha acelakatva ( digambaratva ) kA samarthaka hai, to dUsarI ora vaha strImukti, sagrantha ( gRhastha ) mukti, anyatairthika ( anyaliMga ) mukti Adi kA bhI samarthaka hai| yahI bAta use zvetAmbara Agamika paramparA ke samIpa khar3A kara detI hai| yadyapi strImukti kI avadhAraNA to zvetAmbara paramparA ke prAcIna Agama sAhitya uttarAdhyayana, jJAtAdharmakathA Adi meM bhI upasthita rahI hai, phira bhI tArkika rUpa se isakA samarthana sarvaprathama yApanIyoM ne hI kiyaa| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki strImukti niSedha ke svara sarvaprathama pA~cavIMchaThI zatI meM dakSiNa bhArata meM hI mukhara hue aura cU~ki yahA~ Agamika paramparA ko mAnya karane vAlA yApanIya saMgha upasthita thA, ata: use hI usakA pratyuttara denA pdd'aa| zvetAmbaroM ko strImukti sambandhI vivAda kI jAnakArI yApanIyoM se prApta huii| zvetAmbara AcArya haribhadra ( AThavIM zatI) ne sarvaprathama isa carcA ko apane grantha lalitavistarA meM yApanIya tantra ke ullekha ke sAtha uThAyA hai| isake pUrva, bhASya aura cUrNi sAhitya meM yaha carcA anupalabdha hai| isa sambandha meM sarvaprathama to hameM yaha dekhanA hogA ki isa tArkika carcA ke pahale strImukti ke samarthaka aura niSedhaka-nirdeza kina granthoM meM milate haiN| sarvaprathama hameM uttarAdhyayanasUtra ke antima adhyayana ( I0 pU0 dvitIya-prathama zatI ) meM strI kI tadbhava mukti kA spaSTa ullekha prApta hotA hai| jJAtavya hai ki zvetAmbara paramparA ke atirikta yApanIya paramparA meM bhI uttarAdhyayana kI mAnyatA thI aura usake adhyayana-adhyApana kI paramparA usameM lagabhaga navIM zatI taka jIvita rahI hai, kyoMki aparAjita ne apanI bhagavatI ArAdhanA kI TIkA meM uttarAdhyayana se aneka gAthAe~ uddhRta kI haiM, jo kvacit pAThabheda ke sAtha vartamAna uttarAdhyayana meM bhI upalabdha haiN| samavAyAMga, nandIsUtra Adi zvetAmbara mAnya AgamoM meM aMgabAhya Agama ke rUpa meM, tattvArthabhASya ke sAtha-sAtha tattvArthasUtra kI digambara TIkAoM meM evaM SaTakhaNDAgama kI
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________________ 114 strImukti, anyatairthikamukti evaM savastramukti kA prazna dhavalATIkA meM bhI prakIrNaka grantha ke rUpa meM uttarAdhyayana kA ullekha pAyA jAtA hai| pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne uttarAdhyayana ko I0 pU0 tRtIya se I0 pU0 prathama za ke madhya kI racanA mAnA hai| uttarAdhyayana kI apekSA kiMcit paravartI zvetAmbara mAnya Agama jJAtAdharmakathA ( I0 pU0 prathama zatI ) meM malli nAmaka adhyAya ( I0 san prathama zatI ) meM tathA antakRddazAMga ke aneka adhyayanoM meM strImukti ke ullekha haiN| Agamika vyAkhyA AvazyakacUrNi2 ( sAtavIM zatI ) meM bhI marudevI kI mukti kA ullekha pAyA jAtA hai| isake atirikta digambara paramparA dvArA mAnya yApanIya grantha kaSAyaprAbhRta evaM SaTkhaNDAgama bhI strImukti ke samarthaka haiN| isase aisA pratIta hotA hai ki IsvI san kI pA~cavIM-chaThI zatAbdI taka jaina-paramparA meM kahIM bhI strImukti kA niSedha nahIM thaa| strImukti evaM sagrantha ( savastra ) kI mukti kA sarvaprathama niSedha AcArya kundakunda ne suttapAhuDa meM kiyA hai| yadyapi yApanIya grantha SaTkhaNDAgama bhI suttapAhuDa kA hI samakAlIna grantha mAnA jA sakatA hai, phira bhI usameM strImukti kA niSedha nahIM hai, apitu mUla-granthoM meM to paryApta manuSyanI ( strI ) meM caudaha guNasthAnoM kI sambhAvanA svIkArakara prakArAntara se usakI tadbhava mukti svIkAra kI gaI hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki strImukti ke nirdeza hameM IsvI pUrva ke Agamika granthoM se lekara IsA kI sAtavIM zatI taka kI Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM milate haiN| phira bhI unameM kahIM bhI strImukti kI tArkika siddhi kA kahIM koI prayatna nahIM dekhA jaataa| isakI tArkika siddhi kI AvazyakatA to taba hotI, jaba kisI ne usakA niSedha kiyA hotaa| strImukti kA niSedha kundakunda ke pUrva kisI bhI AcArya ne kiyA ho, aisA eka bhI pramANa nahIM hai| yadyapi yaha vivAda kA viSaya rahA hai ki suttapAhuDa kundakunda kI racanA hai yA nhiiN| phira bhI eka bAra yadi hama yaha mAna bhI leM ki suttapAhuDa kundakunda kI hI racanA hai, to bhI usa grantha evaM usake kartA kA kAla chaThI zatAbdI ke pUrva kA to nahIM ho sakatA, kyoki kundakunda kI racanAoM meM guNasthAna aura saptabhaMgI kI avadhAraNAe~ spaSTa rUpa se ullikhita haiM jo lagabhaga pA~cavIM-chaThI zatI meM astitva meM A cukI thiiN| ema0 e0 DhAkI ne kundakunda ke samaya para pUrva mAnyatAoM kI samIkSA karate hae vistAra se vicAra kiyA hai aura ve unheM chaThI zatAbdI ke pUrva kA kisI bhI sthiti meM svIkAra nahIM karate haiN| ___tattvArthabhASya ( lagabhaga caturtha zatI ) meM siddhoM ke anuyogadvAra kI carcA karate hue liMgAnuyogadvAra kI dRSTi se bhI vicAra kiyA gayA hai| bhASya kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki vaha liMga zabda para usake donoM arthoM kI dRSTi se vicAra karatA hai| apane prathama artha meM liMga kA tAtparya hai - puruSa, strI yA napuMsaka rUpa
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________________ strImukti, anyatairthikamukti evaM savastramukti kA prazna 115 zArIrika rcnaaeN| liMga ke isa prathama artha kI dRSTi se usameM uttarAdhyayana ke *mAna hI strI, puruSa aura napuMsaka tInoM liMgoM se mukti kA ullekha hai| sAtha hI yaha bhI ullekha hai ki pratyutpanna bhAva arthAt vartamAna meM kAma-vAsanA kI upasthiti kI dRSTi se aveda arthAt kAma-vAsanA se rahita vyakti kI hI mukti hotI hai| kintu pUrva bhava kI apekSA se to tInoM vedoM se siddhi hotI hai| sAtha hI usameM liMga kA artha veza karate hue kahA gayA hai pratyutpanna bhava arthAt vartamAna bhava kI apekSA se to aliMga arthAt liMga ke prati mamatva se rahita vyakti hI siddha hote haiM, kintu pUrva bhavaliMga kI apekSA se svaliMga hI siddha hote haiN| punaH dravyaliMga arthAt bAhya veza kI apekSA se svaliMga, anyaliMga aura gRhaliMga tInoM hI vikalpa se siddha hote haiN| tattvArthabhASya ke pazcAt tattvArtha kI digambara paramparA kI TIkAoM meM sarvaprathama sarvArthasiddhi meM kahA gayA hai ki veda kI dRSTi se tInoM vedoM ke abhAva meM hI siddhi hotI hai| dravyaliMga arthAt zArIrika saMracanA kI dRSTi se pulliga hI siddha hote haiM kintu bhUtapUrva naya kI apekSA se to sagranthaliMga se bhI siddhi hotI hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki sarvaprathama sarvArthasiddhi meM isa bAta kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai ki mukti puruSa liMga se hI prApta ho sakatI hai| usake pazcAt rAjavArtikakAra akalaMka bhI sarvArthasiddhi ke ullekha kA hI samarthana karake raha jAte haiN| usase adhika ve bhI kucha nahIM kahate haiN| zvetAmbara paramparA meM AvazyakamUlabhASya ( pA~cavIM zatI ), vizeSAvazyakabhASya (chaThI zatI) aura AvazyakacUrNi ( sAtavIM zatI ) meM hameM acelakatva aura sacelakatva ke prazna ko lekara Arya zivabhUti aura Arya kRSNa ke madhya hue vivAda ke pakSa aura pratipakSa ke vividha tarkoM kA ullekha to milatA hai kintu cUrNi ke kAla taka arthAt sAtavIM zatAbdI ke anta taka hameM eka bhI saMketa aisA nahIM milatA, jisameM zvetAmbara AcAryoM ne strImukti kA tArkika samarthana kiyA ho| isase aisA lagatA hai ki sAtavIM zatAbdI taka unheM isa tathya kI jAnakArI bhI nahIM thI ki strImukti ke sandarbha meM koI pratipakSa bhI hai| strI kI pravrajyA ( mahAvratAropaNa ) aura strImukti kA niSedha sarvaprathama AcArya kundakunda ne lagabhaga chaThI zatAbdI meM kiyA aura usa sambandha meM apane kucha tarka bhI diye| pUjyapAda ne strImukti kA niSedha to kiyA, phira bhI unhoMne strImukti ke khaNDana ke sandarbha meM koI tarka prastuta nahIM kiyaa| AcArya kundakunda ne hI sarvaprathama suttapAhuDa meM yaha kahA hai ki jina mArga meM savastra kI mukti nahIM ho sakatI cAhe vaha tIrthaGkara - hI kyoM na hoM ? ' savastra kI mukti ke niSedha meM strImukti kA niSedha garbhita hai,
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________________ 116 strImukti, anyatairthikamukti evaM savastramukti kA prazna kyoMki strI nirvastra nahIM ho sakatI hai| strI kA mahAvratAropaNa arthAt pravrajyA kyoM nahIM ho sakatI isake sandarbha meM yaha kahA gayA hai ki isake kukSi (garbhAzaya ), nAbhi aura stana meM sUkSma jIva hote haiM, isaliye usakI pravrajyA kaise ho sakatI hai? 10 punaH yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki usameM mana kI pavitratA nahIM hotI, ve asthiramanA hotI haiM tathA unameM rajasrAva hotA hai isaliye unakA dhyAna cintArahita nahIM ho sktaa|11 isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki sarvaprathama kundakunda ke suttapAhuDa meM hI strImukti kA tArkika khaNDana upalabdha hotA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM digambara paramparA meM strImukti kA tArkika niSedha chaThI zatAbdI se prArambha huaa| isake pUrva isa paramparA meM isa sambandha meM kyA mAnyatA thI, yaha jAnane kA hamAre pAsa koI srota nahIM hai| zvetAmbara paramparA meM sAtavIM zatAbdI taka strImukti ke isa tArkika niSedha kA kahIM koI khaNDana kiyA gayA ho, aisI sUcanA bhI upalabdha nahIM hotii| sambhavata: sAtavIM zatAbdI taka zvetAmbara AcArya kisI aisI paramparA se avagata hI nahIM the jo strImukti kA niSedha karatI thii| strImukti ke niSedhaka tarkoM kA sarvaprathama uttara zvetAmbaroM ne nahIM, apitu acelakatva kI samarthaka yApanIya paramparA ne hI diyaa| cU~ki kundakunda dakSiNa meM hue the aura yApanIya bhI dakSiNa meM hI upasthita the, ata: pahalI coTa bhI una para hI huI thI aura pahalA pratyuttara bhI unheM hI denA par3A thaa| sarvaprathama lagabhaga sAtavIM zatI meM yApanIyoM ne isakA pratyuttara diyaa| yApanIya sampradAya ke ina tarkoM kA anusaraNa paravartI zvetAmbara AcAryoM ne bhI kiyaa| zvetAmbara AcAryoM meM sarvaprathama haribhadra ne AThavIM zatI meM lalitavistarA meM strImukti kA samarthana kiyA hai, kintu unhoMne bhI apanI ora se koI tarka na dekara isa sambandha meM yApanIyatantra nAmaka ( vartamAna meM anupalabdha ) kisI yApanIya prAkRta grantha ko uddhRta mAtra kiyA hai| isase aisA lagatA hai ki kundakunda ne lagabhaga chaThI zatAbdI meM strImukti ke niSedha ke sandarbha meM jo tarka diye the, usakA khaNDana yApanIyoM ne lagabhaga sAtavIM zatAbdI meM kiyA aura yApanIyoM ke tarkoM ko gRhIta karake hI AThavIM zatAbdI se zvetAmbara paramparA meM bhI strImukti niSedhaka digambara paramparA kA khaNDana kiyA jAne lgaa| yApanIyatantra ke pazcAt strImukti ke samarthana meM sarvaprathama yApanIya AcArya zAkaTAyana ne lagabhaga navIM zatI meM 'strI-nirvANaprakaraNa' nAmaka svatantra grantha kI racanA kI aura usa para svopajJavRtti bhI likhii| isake bAda donoM hI paramparAoM meM strImukti ke pakSa evaM vipakSa meM likhA jAne lgaa| strImukti ke pakSa meM zvetAmbara paramparA meM haribhadra ( AThavIM zatI ) ke pazcAt abhayadeva ( I0 san 1000 ), zAntisUri ( I0 san 1120 ), malayagiri
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________________ strImukti, anyatairthikamukti evaM savastramukti kA prazna 117 I0 san 1950), hemacandra ( I0 san 1960), vAdideva ( I0 san 1170 ), ratnaprabha ( I0 san 1250 ), guNaratna ( I0 san 1400 ), yazovijaya ( I0 san 1660 ), meghavijaya ( I0 san 1700 ) ne apanI kalama claaii| dUsarI ora strImukti ke vipakSa meM digambara paramparA meM vIrasena ( lagabhaga I0 san 800), devasena ( I0 san 980), nemicanda ( I0 san 1050), prabhAcanda ( I0 san 980 1065), jayasena ( I0 san 1150 ), bhAvasena ( I0 san 1275 ) Adi ne apanI lekhanI claaii| 12 yahA~ hamAre liye una sabakI vistRta carcA karanA sambhava nahIM hai / isa sandarbha meM hama yApanIya AcAryoM ke kucha pramukha tarkoM kA ullekha karake isa viSaya ko virAma deNge| jo pAThaka isa sambandha meM vizeSa jAnane ko icchuka hoM, unheM pro0 padmanAbha jainI ke grantha Gender Salvation ko dekhanA cAhiye / jaisA ki hamane pUrva meM sUcita kiyA hai, zvetAmbara mAnya Agama sAhitya meM strImukti ke ullekha to milate haiM kintu unameM kahIM bhI usakA tArkika samarthana nahIM huA hai| digambara paramparA meM strImukti kA sarvaprathama tArkika khaNDana kundakunda granthoM meM milatA hai / kundakunda ne isa sambandha meM sarvaprathama to yahI tarka diyA thA ki jinazAsana meM vastradhArI siddha nahIM ho sakatA cAhe vaha tIrthaGkara hI "kyoM na ho ? 13 isase aisA lagatA hai ki strImukti ke niSedha kI AvazyakatA tabhI huI jaba acelatA ko hI eka mAtra mokSamArga mAna liyA gyaa| hameM yahA~ kahane meM saMkoca nahIM hai ki acelatA ke ekAnta Agraha ne hI isa avadhAraNA ko janma diyA, kyoMki zArIrika AvazyakatA evaM sAmAjika maryAdA ke kAraNa strI nagna nahIM raha sakatI / nagna hue binA mukti nahIM hotI, isaliye strI mukta nahIM ho sktii| isI Agraha ke kAraNa gRhasthaliMgasiddha aura anyaliMgasiddha ( sagranthamukti) kI Agamika avadhAraNA kA niSedha bhI Avazyaka ho gyaa| Age calakara jaba strI ko pravrajyA ke ayogya batAne ke liye tarka Avazyaka hue, to yaha kahA gayA ki yadi strI, darzana se zuddha tathA mokSamArga se mukta hokara ghora cAritra kA pAlana kara rahI ho, to bhI use pravrajyA nahIM dI jA sakatI / 14 vAstavikatA yaha hai ki jaba pravrajyA ko acelatA se bhI jor3a diyA gayA taba yaha kahanA Avazyaka ho gayA ki strI paMcamahAvrata rUpa dIkSA kI adhikArI nahIM hai| yaha bhI pratipAdana kiyA gayA ki jo savastraliMga hai vaha zrAvakoM kA hai / ataH kSullaka evaM ailaka ke sAtha-sAtha AryikA kI gaNanA bhI zrAvaka / zrAvikA ke varga meM kI gii| acela ramparA meM bhI kundakunda ke pUrva striyA~ dIkSita hotI thIM aura unako mahAvrata bhI pradAna kiye jAte the| digambara paramparA meM kundakunda hI aise prathama AcArya pratIta
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________________ 118 strImukti, anyatairthikamukti evaM savastramukti kA prazna hote haiM jinhoMne spaSTa rUpa se strI kI pravrajyA kA niSedha kiyA thA aura yaha tarka diyA thA ki striyA~ svabhAva se hI zithila pariNAma vAlI hotI haiM, isaliye unake citta kI vizuddhi sambhava nahIM hai| sAtha hI yaha bhI kahA gayA ki striyA~ mAsika dharma vAlI hotI haiM, ataH striyoM meM ni:zaMka dhyAna sambhava nahIM hai / 15 yaha satya hai ki zArIrika tathA sAmAjika kAraNoM se pUrNa nagnatA strI ke liye sambhava nahIM hai aura jaba savastra kI pravrajyA evaM mukti kA niSedha kara diyA gayA to strImukti kA niSedha to usakA anivArya pariNAma thA hI / punaH AcArya kundakunda ne aparigraha ke sAtha-sAtha strI ke dvArA ahiMsA kA pUrNataH pAlana bhI asambhava maanaa| unakA tarka hai ki striyoM ke stanoM ke antara meM, nAbhi evaM kukSi ( garbhAzaya ) meM sUkSmakAya jIva hote haiN| isaliye unakI pravrajyA kaise ho sakatI hai / " yahA~ yaha smaraNIya hai ki kundakunda ne jo tarka prastuta kiye haiM ve vastutaH strI kI pravrajyA ke niSedha ke liye haiM / strImukti kA niSedha to usakA anivArya phalita avazya hai kyoMki jaba acelatA hI ekamAtra mokSa mArga hai aura strI ke liye acelatA sambhava nahIM hai to phira usake liye na to pravrajyA sambhava hogI aura na hI mukti / hama dekhate haiM ki kundakunda ke ina tarkoM kA sarvaprathama uttara sambhavataH yApanIya paramparA ke 'yApanIyatantra' ( yApanIya Agama ) nAmaka grantha meM diyA gayA hai| vartamAna meM yaha grantha anupalabdha hai kintu isakA vaha aMza jisameM strImukti kA samarthana kiyA gayA hai, haribhadra ke lalitavistarA meM uddhRta hone se surakSita hai| usameM kahA gayA hai ki strI ajIva nahIM hai, na vaha abhavya hai, na samyagdarzana ke ayogya hai, na amanuSya hai, na anArya kSetra meM utpanna hai, na asaMkhyAta AyuSya vAlI hai, na vaha atikrUramati hai, na upazAnta moha hai, na azuddhAcArI hai, na azuddhazarIrA hai, na vaha varjita vyavasAyavAlI hai, na apUrvakaraNa kI virodhI hai, na nave guNasthAna se rahita hai, na labdhi se rahita hai aura na akalyANa bhAjana hai to phira vaha uttama dharma arthAt mokSa kI ArAdhaka kyoM nahIM ho sakatI ?17 -- AcArya haribhadra ne ukta yApanIya sandarbha kI vistRta vyAkhyA bhI kI hai| ve likhate haiM. jIva hI sarvottama dharma, mokSa kI sAdhanA kara sakatA hai aura strI jIva hai, isaliye vaha sarvottama dharma kI ArAdhaka kyoM nahIM ho sakatI ? yadi yaha kahA jAya ki sabhI jIva to mukti ke adhikArI nahIM haiM jaise abhavya, to isakA uttara yaha hai ki sabhI striyA~ to abhavya bhI nahIM hotIM / punaH yaha tarka bhI diyA jA sakatA hai ki sabhI bhavya bhI to mokSa ke adhikArI nahIM haiN| jaise - mithyAdRSTibhavyajIva, to isakA uttara yaha hai ki sabhI striyA~ to samyak darzana ke ayogya bhI nahIM kahI jA sktiiN| yadi isa para yaha kahA jAya ki strI ke samyagdRSTi hone se
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________________ strImukti, anyatairthikamukti evaM savastramukti kA prazna 119 kyA hotA hai, pazu bhI samyagdRSTi ho sakatA hai, kintu vaha to mokSa kA adhikArI nahIM hotA hai| isa para yApanIyoM kA pratyuttara yaha hai ki strI pazu nahIM, manuSya hai| puna: yaha Apatti uThAI jA sakatI hai ki sabhI manuSya bhI to siddha nahIM hote, jaise anAryakSetra meM yA bhogabhUmi meM utpanna mnussy| isakA pratyuttara yaha hai ki striyA~ Arya deza meM bhI to utpanna hotI haiN| yadi yaha kahA jAya ki Arya deza meM utpatra hokara bhI asaMkhyAta varSa kI AyuSya vAle arthAt yogalika mukti ke yogya nahIM hote, to isakA pratyuttara yaha hai ki sabhI striyA~ asaMkhyAta varSa kI AyuSya vAlI bhI nahIM hotiiN| puna: yadi yaha tarka diyA jAya ki saMkhyAta varSa kI Ayu vAle hokara bhI jo atikrUramati hoM, ve bhI mukti ke pAtra nahIM hote to isakA uttara yaha hai ki sabhI striyA~ atikrUramati bhI nahIM hotI kyoMki striyoM meM to saptama naraka kI AyuSya bA~dhane yogya tIvra-raudra dhyAna kA abhAva hotA hai| yaha usameM ati krUratA ke abhAva kA tathA usake karuNAmaya svabhAva kA pramANa hai aura isaliye usameM mukti ke yogya prakRSTa zubhabhAva kA abhAva nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| puna: yadi yaha kahA jAya ki svabhAva se karuNAmaya hokara bhI jo moha ko upazAnta karane meM samartha nahIM hotA, vaha bhI mukti kA adhikArI nahIM hotA to aisA bhI nahIM hai, kyoMki kucha striyA~ moha kA upazamana karatI huI dekhI jAtI haiN| yadi yaha kahA jAya ki moha kA upazamana karane para bhI yadi koI vyakti azuddhAcArI hai, to vaha mokSa prApta nahIM kara sakatA to isake nirAkaraNa ke liye kahA gayA hai ki sabhI striyA~ azuddhAcArI ( durAcArI ) nahIM hotii| isa para yadi koI tarka kare ki zuddha AcAra vAlI hokara bhI striyA~ zuddha zarIra vAlI nahIM hotI, isaliye ve mokSa kI adhikArI nahIM haiM, to isake pratyuttara meM yaha kahA gayA hai ki sabhI striyA~ to azuddha zarIra vAlI nahIM hotii| pUrva karmoM ke kAraNa kucha striyoM kI kukSi, stanapradeza Adi azuci se rahita bhI hote haiN| yaha tarka kundakunda kI avadhAraNA kA spaSTa pratyuttara hai| punaH zuddha zarIra vAlI hokara bhI yadi strI paraloka hitakArI pravRtti se rahita ho to mokSa kI adhikArI nahIM ho sakatI, parantu aisA bhI nahIM dekhA jaataa| kucha striyA~ paraloka sudhArane ke liye prayatnazIla bhI dekhI jAtI haiN| yadi yaha kahA jAya ki paraloka hitArtha pravRtti karane vAlI strI bhI yadi apUrvakaraNa Adi se rahita ho, to mukti ke yogya nahIM hai| kintu zAstra meM strI bhAva ke sAtha apUrvakaraNa kA bhI koI virodha nahIM dikhalAyA gayA hai| isake viparIta zAstra meM strI meM bhI apUrvakaraNa kA sadbhAva pratipAdita hai| puna: yadi yaha kahA jAya ki apUrvakaraNa se yukta hokara bhI yadi koI strI navama guNasthAna ko prApta karane meM ayogya ho to vaha mukti kI adhikArI nahIM ho sktii| kintu Agama meM strI meM
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________________ 120 strImukti, anyatairthikamukti evaM savastramukti kA prazna navama guNasthAna kA bhI sadbhAva pratipAdita hai| puna: yadi yaha tarka diyA jAya ki navama guNasthAna ko prApta karane meM samartha hone para bhI, yadi strI meM labdhi prApta. karane kI yogyatA nahIM hai to vaha kaivalya Adi ko prApta nahIM kara pAtI hai| isake pratyuttara meM kahA gayA hai ki vartamAna meM bhI striyoM meM AmarSa labdhi arthAt zarIra ke maloM kA auSadhi rUpa meM parivartita ho jAnA Adi labdhi spaSTa rUpa se dekhI jAtI hai| ata: vaha labdhi se rahita bhI nahIM hai| yadi yaha kahA jAya ki strI labdhi yogya hone para bhI kalyANa-bhAjana na ho to vaha mokSa ko prApta nahIM kara skegii| isake pratyuttara meM yaha kahA gayA hai ki striyA~ kalyANa-bhAjana hotI haiM, kyoMki ve to tIrthaGkaroM ko janma detI haiN| ata: strI uttama dharma arthAt mokSa kI adhikArI ho sakatI hai| haribhadra ne isake atirikta siddhoM ke pandraha bhedoM kI carcA karate hue siddhaprAbhRta kA bhI eka sandarbha prastuta kiyA hai| siddhaprAbhRta meM kahA gayA hai ki sabase kama strI-tIrthaGkara ( tIrthaGkarI ) siddha hote haiN| 18 unakI apekSA strI tIrthaGkara ke tIrtha meM nau tIrthaGkara siddha asaMkhyAtaguNA adhika hote haiN| unakI apekSA strItIrthaGkara ke tIrtha meM nau tIrthaGkarI siddha ( strI zarIra se siddha ) asaMkhyAtaguNA adhika hote haiN| siddhaprAbhRta ( siddhapAhuDa ) eka paryApta prAcIna grantha hai, jisameM siddhoM ke vibhinna anuyogadvAroM kI carcA huI hai| jJAtavya hai ki haribhadra ke samakAlIna siddhasenagaNi ne apane tatvArthabhASya kI vRtti meM siddhaprAbhRta kA eka sandarbha diyA hai| yaha grantha anumAnata: nandIsUtra ke pazcAt lagabhaga sAtavIM zatI meM nirmita huA hogaa| isa prakAra yApanIya paramparA meM hI sarvaprathama strImukti kA tArkika samarthana karane kA prayAsa huA hai| yaha hama pUrva meM hI kaha cuke haiM ki zvetAmbara AcAryoM ne strImukti ke samarthana meM jo tarka diye haiM ve mukhyata: yApanIyoM kA hI anusaraNa haiN| lalitavistarA meM apanI ora se eka bhI nayA tarka nahIM diyA gayA hai, mAtra yApanIyatantra ke kathana kA spaSTIkaraNa kiyA gayA hai| isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki zvetAmbaroM ko strImukti niSedhaka paramparA kA jJAna yApanIyoM ke mAdhyama se hI huA kyoMki kundakunda kI strImukti niSedhaka paramparA sudUra dakSiNa meM hI prasthApita huI thii| ata: usakA uttara bhI dakSiNa meM apane paira jamA rahI yApanIya paramparA ko hI denA pdd'aa| yApanIya AcArya zAkaTAyana ne to strInirvANaprakaraNa nAmaka svatantra grantha kI hI racanA kI hai| vaha apane grantha ke prArambha meM hI kahate haiM ki bhakti aura mukti ke pradAtA nirmala arhat ke dharma ko praNAma karake maiM saMkSepa meM strI-nirvANa aura kevalImukti ko khuuNgaa| isI grantha meM zAkaTAyana kahate haiM ki ratnatraya kI
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________________ strImukti, anyatairthikamukti evaM savastramukti kA prazna 121 sampadA se yukta hone ke kAraNa puruSa ke samAna hI strI kA bhI nirvANa sambhava hai| yadi yaha kahA jAya ki strItva, ratnatraya kI upalabdhi meM vaise hI bAdhaka hai, jaise devatva Adi to yaha tumhArA apanA kathana ho sakatA hai| Agama meM aura anya granthoM meM isakA koI pramANa nahIM hai| eka sAdhvI jina vacanoM ko samajhatI hai, una para zraddhA rakhatI hai aura unakA nirdoSa rUpa se pAlana karatI hai| isaliye ratnatraya kI sAdhanA kA strItva se koI bhI virodha nahIM hai| yaha bhI nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki ratnatraya kI sAdhanA strItva ke liye azakya hai aura jo adRSTa hai usake sAtha asaMgati batAne kA koI artha nahIM hai| yadi yaha kahA jAya ki strI meM sAtaveM naraka meM jAne kI yogyatA kA abhAva hai, isaliye vaha nirvANa-prApti ke yogya nahIM hai| kintu aisA avinAbhAva yA vyakti sambandha dvArA siddha nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, kyoMki jo sAtaveM naraka meM nahIM jA sakatA vaha nirvANa ko prApta nahIM kara sktaa| carama zarIrI jIva tadabhava meM bhI sAtaveM naraka meM nahIM jA sakate, kintu tadbhava mokSa jAte haiN| puna: aisA koI niyama nahIM hai ki jo jitanA nimna gati meM jA sakatA hai, utanA hI ucca gati meM jA sakatA hai| kucha prANI aise haiM jo nimna gati meM bahuta nimna sthiti taka nahIM jAte, kintu ve sabhI ucca gati meM bhI samAna rUpa se jAte haiM, jaise sammachima jIva prathama naraka se Age nahIM jA sakate, parisarpa Adi dvitIya naraka se Age nahIM jA sakate, pakSI tRtIya naraka se Age nahIM jA sakate, catuSpada caturtha naraka se Age nahIM jA sakate, sarpa paMcama naraka se Age nahIM jA skte| isa prakAra nimna gati meM jAne se ina sabameM bhinnatA hai, kintu uccagati meM ye sabhI sahasrAra svarga taka binA kisI bhedabhAva ke jA sakate haiN| isaliye yaha kahanA ki jo jitanI nimna gati taka jAne meM sakSama hotA hai, vaha utanI hI ucca gati taka jAne meM sakSama hotA hai, tarkasaMgata nahIM hai| adhogati meM jAne kI ayogyatA se ucca gati meM jAne kI ayogyatA siddha nahIM hotii| yadi yaha kahA jAya ki vAda Adi kI labdhi se rahita, dRSTivAda ke adhyayana se vaMcita, jinakalpa ko dhAraNa karane meM asamartha aura mana:paryaya jJAna ko prApta na kara pAne ke kAraNa strI kI mukti nahIM ho sakatI, to phira yaha mAnanA hogA ki jisa prakAra Agama meM jambUsvAmI ke pazcAt ina jina bAtoM ke viccheda kA ullekha kiyA hai, usI prakAra strI ke liye mokSa ke viccheda kA bhI ullekha honA cAhiye thaa| yadi yaha mAnA jAya ki strI dIkSA kI adhikArI na hone ke kAraNa mokSa kI adhikAriNI nahIM hai, to phira AgamoM meM dIkSA ke ayogya vyaktiyoM kI sUcI meM jisa prakAra zizu ko dUdha pilAne vAlI strI tathA garbhiNI strI Adi kA ullekha
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________________ strImukti, anyatairthikamukti evaM savastramukti kA prazna kiyA gayA, usI prakAra sAmAnya strI kA bhI ullekha kiyA jAnA cAhiye thaa| punaH yadi yaha kahA jAya ki vastra dhAraNa karane ke kAraNa strI mokSa prApti kI adhikArI nahIM hai athavA dUsare zabdoM meM vastrarUpI parigraha hI usakI mukti meM bAdhaka hai to phira pratilekhana kA grahaNa Adi bhI mukti meM bAdhaka kyoM nahIM hoMge ? yadi pratilekhana kA grahaNa usakA saMyama upakaraNa hone ke kAraNa parigraha ke antargata nahIM mAnA jAtA hai to strI ke liye vastra bhI jinopadiSTa saMyamopakaraNa hai, ataH use parigraha kaise mAnA jA sakatA hai ? 122 yadyapi vastra parigraha hai, phira bhI bhagavAn ne sAdhviyoM ke liye saMyamopakaraNa ke rUpa meM usako grahaNa karane kI anumati dI hai, kyoMki vastra ke abhAva meM unake liye sampUrNa cAritra kA hI niSedha ho jAyegA, jabaki vastra dhAraNa karane meM alpa doSa hote hue bhI saMyama pAlana hetu usakI anumati dI gaI hai| jo saMyama ke pAlana meM upakArI hotA hai, vaha dharmopakaraNa yA saMyamopakaraNa kahA jAtA hai, parigraha nahIM / ataH nirgranthI kA vastra saMyamopakaraNa hai, parigraha nahIM / AgamoM meM sAdhvI ke liye nirgranthI zabda kA prayoga sarvatra huA hai| yadi yaha mAnA jAya ki vastra-grahaNa parigraha hI hai to phira Agama meM usake liye isa zabda kA prayoga nahIM kiyA jAnA cAhiye thA kyoMki nirgrantha kA artha hai, parigraha se rahita / yadi saMyamopakaraNa parigraha ho to phira koI muni bhI nirgrantha nahIM kahA jA sktaa| yadi eka vyakti vastra aura AbhUSaNoM se susajjita bhI hai kintu usake mana meM unake prati koI mamatva nahIM ho to vaha aparigrahI kahA jaayegaa| isake viparIta eka vyakti jo nagna rahatA hai kintu usameM mamatva aura mUrcchA kA bhAva hai to vaha acela hokara bhI parigrahI hI kahA jaayegaa| sAdhvI isaliye vastra dhAraNa nahIM karatI hai ki usameM vastra ke prati koI mamatva hai apitu vaha vastra ko jinAjJA mAnakara hI dhAraNa karatI hai / punaH vastra usake liye usI prakAra parigraha nahIM hai, jisa prakAra yadi kisI dhyAnastha nagnamuni ke zarIra para upasarga ke nimitta se DAlA gayA vastra usa muni ke liye parigraha nahIM hotaa| isake viparIta eka nagna vyakti bhI yadi apane zarIra ke prati mamatva bhAva rakhatA hai to vaha parigrahI hI kahA jAyegA aura aisA vyakti nagna hokara bhI mokSa prApti ke ayogya hI hotA hai| jabaki vaha vyakti jisameM mamatva bhAva kA pUrNataH abhAva hai, zarIra dhAraNa karate hue bhI aparigrahI hI kahA jAyagA / ataH jinAjJA ke kAraNa saMyamopakaraNa ke rUpa meM vastra dhAraNa karate hue bhI niyamavAna strI aparigrahI hI hai aura mokSa kI adhikArI bhI / jisa prakAra jantuoM se vyApta isa loka meM muni ke dvArA dravya - hiMsA hotI rahane para bhI kaSAya ke abhAva meM vaha ahiMsaka hI mAnA jAtA hai, usI prakAra
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________________ strImukti, anyatairthikamukti evaM savastramukti kA prazna 123 vastra ke sadbhAva meM bhI nirmamatva ke kAraNa sAdhvI aparigrahI mAnI jAtI hai| yaha jJAtavya hai ki yadi hama hiMsA aura ahiMsA kI vyAkhyA bAhya ghaTanAoM arthAt dravya-hiMsA ( jIvaghAta ) ke AdhAra para na karake vyakti ke manobhAvoM arthAt kaSAyoM kI upasthiti ke AdhAra para karate haiM, to phira parigraha ke liye bhI yahI kasauTI mAnanI hogii| yadi hiMsA kI ghaTanA ghaTita hone para bhI kaSAya evaM pramAda kA abhAva hone se muni ahiMsaka hI rahatA hai, to phira vastra ke hote hue bhI mUrchA ke abhAva meM sAdhvI aparigrahI kyoM nahIM mAnI jA sakatI hai| strI kA cAritra vastra ke binA nahIM hotA aisA arhata ne kahA hai| to phira sthavirakalpI Adi ke samAna usakI mukti kyoM nahIM hogI ? jJAtavya hai ki sthavirakalpI muni bhI jinAjJA ke anurUpa vastra-pAtra Adi grahaNa karate haiN| punaH arza, bhagandara Adi rogoM meM jinakalpI acela muni ko bhI vastra grahaNa karanA hotA hai ataH unakI bhI mukti sambhava nahIM hogii| puna: acelakatva utsarga mArga hai, yaha bAta jaba taka siddha nahIM hogI taba taka sacela mArga ko apavAda mArga nahIM mAnA jaayegaa| utsarga bhI apavAda sApekSa hai| apavAda ke abhAva meM utsarga, utsarga nahIM raha jaataa| yadi acelatA utsarga mArga hai to sacelatA bhI apavAda mArga hai, donoM hI mArga haiM amArga koI bhI nhiiN| ata: donoM se hI mukti mAnanA hogaa| puna: jisa taraha AgamoM meM ATha varSa ke bAlaka Adi kI dIkSA kA niSedha kiyA gayA hai, usI prakAra AgamoM meM yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki jo vyakti tIsa varSa kI Ayu ko pAra kara cukA ho aura jisakI dIkSA ko unnIsa varSa vyatIta ho gaye hoM, vahI jinakalpa kI dIkSA kA adhikArI hai| yadi mukti ke liye jinakalpa arthAt nagnatA Avazyaka hotI, to yaha bhI kahA jAnA cAhie thA ki tIsa varSa se kama umra kA vyakti mukti ke ayogya hai| kintu sabhI paramparAe~ eka mata se yaha mAnatI hI haiM ki mukti ke liye tIsa varSa kI Ayu honA Avazyaka nahIM hai| sAmAnya rUpa se isakA artha huA ki jinakalpa arthAt nagnatA ke binA bhI mukti sambhava hai, ataH strImukti sambhava hai| __ AgamoM meM saMvara aura nirjarA ke hetu rUpa bahuta prakAra kI tapa vidhiyoM kA nirdeza kiyA gayA hai| jisa prakAra yoga aura cikitsA kI aneka vidhiyA~ hotI haiM aura vyakti kI apanI prakRti ke anusAra unameM se koI eka hI vidhi upakArI siddha hotI hai, sabake liye eka hI vidhi upakArI siddha nahIM hotI; usI prakAra AcAra meM bhI koI jinakalpa sAdhanA ke yogya hotA hai to koI sthavirakalpa kI sAdhanA ke| isaliye vastra kA tyAga hone se strI ke liye mokSa kA abhAva nahIM
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________________ strImukti, anyatairthika mukti evaM savastramukti kA prazna hai kyoMki mokSa ke liye to ratnatraya ke atirikta anya koI bhI bAta Avazyaka nahIM hai| 124 punaH strI kI nagnadIkSA kA niSedha kara dene kA artha bhI usakI mukti kI yogyatA kA niSedha nahIM hai kyoMki jinazAsana kI prabhAvanA ke liye una vyaktiyoM kI pravrajyA kA niSedha bhI kiyA jAtA hai jo ratnatraya ke pAlana meM sakSama hote haiN| tAtparya yaha hai ki kisI ke acela dIkSA ke niSedha se usakI mukti kA niSedha siddha nahIM hotA hai / yadi yaha kahA jAya ki striyA~ isaliye siddha nahIM ho sakatI haiM kyoMki ve muniyoM ke dvArA vandanIya nahIM hotIM, jaisA ki Agama meM kahA gayA hai ki sau varSa kI dIkSitA sAdhvI bhI eka dina ke nava dIkSita muni ko vandana kare / isake pratyuttara meM zAkaTAyana kahate haiM ki muni ke dvArA vandanIya na hone se unheM mokSa ke ayogya mAnoge to phira yaha bhI mAnanA par3egA ki arhat ( tIrthaGkara ) ke dvArA vandanIya hone se koI bhI vyakti mokSa kA adhikArI nahIM hogA kyoMki arhat to kisI ko bhI vandana nahIM karatA hai| isI prakAra sthavirakalpI muni, jinakalpI muni ke dvArA vandanIya nahIM haiM, ataH yaha bhI mAnanA hogA ki sthavirakalpI muni bhI mokSa ke adhikArI nahIM haiN| isI prakAra jina, gaNadhara ko vandana nahIM karate haiM, ataH gaNadhara bhI mokSa ke adhikArI nahIM hai| yaha laukika vyavahAra mukti kA kAraNa nahIM hai| mukti kA kAraNa to vrata pAlana hai aura vrata pAlana meM strI-puruSa samAna hI mAne gae haiN| sabhI sAMsArika viSayoM meM to striyA~ puruSoM se nimna hI mAnI jAtI haiN| ataH mokSa ke sambandha meM bhI unheM nimna hI kyoM nahIM mAnA jAnA cAhie ? tIrthaGkara pada bhI to kevala puruSa ko hI prApta hotA hai isaliye puruSa hI mukti kA adhikArI hai| isake pratyuttara meM yApanIyoM kA tarka yaha hai ki tIrthaGkara to kevala kSatriya hote haiM, brAhmaNa, zUdra, vaizya to tIrthaGkara nahIM hote, to phira kyA yaha mAnA jAya ki brAhmaNa, zUdra, vaizya mukti ke adhikArI nahIM hote ? punaH siddha na to strI hai, na puruSa / ataH siddha kA liMga se koI sambandha hI nahIM hai / yadi yaha tarka diyA jAya ki striyA~ kapaTavRtti vAlI yA mAyAvI hotI haiN| to isakA pratyuttara yaha hai ki vyavahAra meM to puruSa bhI mAyAvI dekhe jAte haiN| 1 punaH yadi yaha kahA jAya ki puruSa ke samAna striyoM kA koI bhI siddha kSetra ullikhita nahIM hai to yaha bAta aneka puruSoM ke sambandha meM bhI kahI jA sakatI hai| sabhI puruSoM ke siddha kSetra to prasiddha nahIM haiN|
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________________ strImukti, anyatairthikamukti evaM savastramukti kA prazna 125 yadi yaha tarka prastuta kiyA jAya ki striyoM meM puruSArtha kI kamI hotI hai isaliye ve mukti kI adhikArI nahIM haiM, kintu hama dekhate haiM ki AgamoM meM brAhmI, sundarI, rAjImati, candanA Adi aneka striyoM ke ullekha haiM jo paruSArtha aura sAdhanA meM puruSoM se kama nahIM thiiN| ata: yaha tarka bhI yuktisaMgata nahIM hai| puna: eka tarka yaha bhI diyA jA sakatA hai ki jo vyakti bahuta pApI aura mithyAdRSTikoNa se yukta hotA hai vahI strI ke rUpa meM janma letA hai| samyagdRSTi prANI strI ke rUpa meM janma hI nahIM letaa| tAtparya yaha hai ki strI-zarIra kA grahaNa pApa ke pariNAmasvarUpa hotA hai isaliye strI-zarIra mukti ke yogya nahIM hai| sAtha hI digambara paramparA yaha bhI mAnatI hai ki eka samyagdRSTi vyakti strI, pazustrI, prathama naraka ke bAda ke naraka, bhUta-pizAca Adi aura devI ke rUpa meM janma nahIM letaa| pApI AtmA hI ina zarIroM ko dhAraNa karatA hai| ata: strI-zarIra mukti ke yogya nahIM hai| isa sambandha meM yApanIyoM kA kathana hai ki digambara paramparA kI yaha mAnyatA pramANarahita hai| dUsare jaba samyagdarzana kA udaya hotA hai, taba sabhI karma mAtra eka koTAkoTi sAgaropama kI sthiti ke raha jAte haiM, 69 koTAkoTi sAgaropama sthiti ke karma to mithyAdRSTi vyakti bhI samApta kara sakatA hai| ata: samyagdarzana kA udaya hone para striyA~ avaziSTa mAtra eka koTAkoTi sAgaropama ke karmoM ko kyoM kSaya nahIM kara sakatI ? phira bhI strI meM karma kSaya karane kI zakti kA abhAva mAnanA yuktisaMgata nahIM hai| punaH AgamoM meM strImukti ke ullekha bhI haiN| mathurAgama meM kahA gayA hai ki eka samaya meM adhikatama 108 puruSa, 20 striyA~ aura 10 napuMsaka siddha ho sakate haiN|21 jJAtavya hai ki yaha ullekha uttarAdhyayanasUtra kA hai, jisakI mAthurIvAcanA yApanIyoM ko bhI mAnya thii| isake atirikta Agama meM strI ke 14 guNasthAna kahe gaye haiN| sambhavata: zAkaTAyana kA yaha nirdeza SaTapaNDAgama ke prasaMga meM hai| jJAtavya hai ki SaTakhaNDAgama digambaroM ko bhI mAnya hai| isa vacana ke prati digambara paramparA kA yaha kahanA hai ki yahA~ strI se tAtparya bhAva-strI ( strIvedI jIva ) arthAt usa puruSa se hai jisakA svabhAva straiNa ho| isa sambandha meM zAkaTAyana kA pratyuttara yaha hai ki kisI zabda kA dUsarA gauNa artha hote hue bhI, jaba taka usa sandarbha meM usakA prathama mukhya artha upayukta ho taba taka dUsarA gauNa artha nahIM liyA jA sktaa| pratyeka zabda kA apanA eka nizcita rUr3ha artha hotA hai aura binA paryApta kAraNa ke usa nizcita rUr3ha artha kA tyAga nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| punaH jaba taka vyutpattilabhya artha yA rUr3ha artha grAhya hai, taba taka dUsarA artha lene kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| strI zabda strIzarIradhArI arthAt stana, garbhAzaya
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________________ 126 strImukti, anyatairthikamukti evaM savastramukti kA prazna Adi se yukta prANI ke liye hI prayukta hotA hai / yahA~ ( SaTkhaNDAgama ke prastuta prasaMga meM ) strI zabda kA anya koI artha usI prakAra nirarthaka hai jaise koI agniputra nAmaka vyakti kA artha agni se utpanna putra kare / punaH jaba AgamoM meM yaha kahA jAtA hai ki strI chaTheM naraka se Age nahIM jAtI, vahA~ Apa strI zabda ko usake mukhya artha meM leM aura Age jaba Agama meM yaha kahA jAye ki strI meM caudaha guNasthAna hote haiM to vahA~ strI zabda ko usake gauNa artha arthAt bhAva - strI ke rUpa meM leM, yaha ucita nahIM hai| zAkaTAyana yahA~ spaSTa rUpa se vIrasena kI SaTkhaNDAgama ke satprarUpaNAkhaNDa ke 93 veM sUtra kI vyAkhyA para kaTAkSa karate hue pratIta hote haiM / SaTkhaNDAgama meM satprarUpaNA kI gatimArgaNA meM yaha kahA gayA hai ki paryApta manuSyanI meM saMyatAsaMyata, saMyata Adi guNasthAna hote haiN| vIrasena ne yahA~ manuSyanI zabda kI bhAvastrI yA strIvedI puruSa aisI jo vyAkhyA kI hai, vaha zAkaTAyana ko svIkArya nahIM hai| zAkaTAyana kA spaSTa mata hai ki Agama ( SaTkhaNDAgama ) meM jo manuSyanI zabda prayukta huA hai vahA~ usakA mukhya artha 'strI' hI grAhya haiN| jJAtavya hai ki yahA~ manuSyanI kA artha strIvedI puruSa ( straiNa - puruSa ) isaliye bhI grAhya nahIM - ho sakatA hai, kyoMki yaha carcA gatimArgaNA ke sandarbha meM hai, veda-mArgaNA ke sambandha meM nahIM hai| veda-mArgaNA kI carcA to Age kI hI gaI hai| ataH prastuta sandarbha meM 'manuSyanI' kA artha strIvedI manuSya / bhAvastrI nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| punaH strIveda ( kAmavAsanA ) kI upasthiti meM to mukti sambhava hI nahIM hotI hai, veda to naveM guNasthAna meM hI samApta ho jAtA hai| kintu strIveda zarIra kI upasthiti meM sambhava hai, kyoMki zarIra to caudahaveM guNasthAna arthAt mukti ke lakSaNa taka rahatA hai / punaH puruSa zarIra meM strIveda arthAt puruSa dvArA bhoge jAne sambandhI kAmavAsanA athavA strI zarIra meM puruSaveda arthAt strI ko bhogane sambandhI kAmavAsanA kA udaya mAnanA bhI manovaijJAnika dRSTi se yuktisaMgata nahIM hai| yadi yaha mAnA jAyegA ki puruSa kI AMgika saMracanA meM strI rUpa se bhoge jAnA aura strI kI zArIrika racanA meM puruSa rUpa se strI ko bhoga karanA sambhava hotA hai to phira samaliMgI vivAha - vyavasthA ko bhI mAnanA hogaa| sAtha hI yadi puruSa meM strIveda kA udaya arthAt dUsare puruSa ke dvArA strI rUpa meM bhoge jAne sambandhI kAmavAsanA kA udaya sambhava mAneMge, to phira muniyoM kA paraspara sAtha meM rahanA bhI sambhava nahIM hogA, kyoMki kisI zramaNa meM kaba strIveda kA udaya ho jAya, yaha kahanA kaThina hogA aura strIvedI zramaNa ke sAtha puruSavedI zramaNa kA rahanA zramaNAcAra niyamoM ke viruddha hogaa| kisI bhI vyakti meM bhinna-liMgI kAmavAsanA kA udaya mAnanA sambhava
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________________ strImukti, anyatairthikamukti evaM savastramukti kA prazna 127 nahIM hai| vyavahAra meM bAhya zarIra racanA ke AdhAra para hI nirNaya liye jAte haiM / * samalaiMgika kAmapravRtti yA pazu-manuSya kAma-pravRtti vastutaH aprAkRtika maithuna yA vikRta kAmavAsanA ke rUpa haiN| zarIra racanA se bhinna veda ( kAmavAsanA ) kA udaya nahIM hai| ataH manuSyanI zabda kA artha stana, yoni Adi se yukta manuSyanI ( mAnava strI ) hI hai, na ki strI sambandhI kAmavAsanA se yukta puruSa / punaH isa kathana kA koI pramANa bhI nahIM hai ki puruSa zarIra racanA se straiNa kAmavAsanA kA udaya hotA hai / aisI sthiti meM yaha bhI mAnanA hogA ki strI - zarIra meM bhI puruSa sambandhI kAmavAsanA arthAt strI ko bhogane kI icchA utpanna hotI hogii| jJAtavya hai ki jaina paramparA meM veda aura liMga alaga-alaga zabda rahe haiN| liMga kA tAtparya zArIrika saMracanA athavA bAhya cihnoM se hotA hai jabaki veda kA tAtparya kAmavAsanA sambandhI manobhAvoM se hotA hai| sAmAnyatayA jaisI zarIra-racanA hotI hai, tadrUpa hI veda arthAt kAmavAsanA kA udaya hotA hai| yadi kisI vyakti meM apanI zarIra- ra- racanA se bhinna prakAra kI kAmavAsanA pAI jAtI hai to yaha mAnanA hogA ki usa vyakti meM puruSa aura strI arthAt donoM prakAra kI kAmavAsanA hai / parantu Agama kI dRSTi se aisA vyakti napuMsakaliMgI kahA gayA hai| jaina paramparA meM napuMsaka zabda kA tAtparya puruSatva se hIna arthAt strI kA bhoga karane meM asamartha vyakti, aisA nahIM hai| jaina paramparA ke anusAra napuMsaka vaha hai, jisameM ubhayaliMga kI kAmavAsanAe~ upasthita hoM / punaH zAkaTAyana kA yaha bhI kahanA hai ki yadi kisI puruSa kA kAma vyavahAra dUsarI strI ke sAtha puruSavat ho to yaha usakI apanI vikRta kAmavAsanA kA hI rUpa hai / kabhI-kabhI to manuSya pazuoM se bhI apanI kAmavAsanA kI pUrti karate hue dekhe jAte haiN| kyA aisI sthiti meM hama yaha mAneMge ki usameM pazu sambandhI kAmavAsanA hai ? vastuta: yaha usakI apanI kAmavAsanA kA hI eka vikRta rUpa hai / punaH yadi yaha kahA jAya ki Agama meM vigata veda (bhavoM) kI apekSA se strI meM caudaha guNasthAna mAne gae haiM to phira to vigata bhava kI apekSA se deva meM bhI caudaha guNasthAna sambhava hoMge, kintu Agama meM unameM to caudaha guNasthAna nahIM kahe gae haiN| vastuta: Ag2ama meM jo manuSyanI meM caudaha guNasthAnoM kI sambhAvanA svIkAra kI gaI hai, vaha strI-veda ke AdhAra para nahIM, apitu strIliMga (strIrUpI zarIra - racanA ) ke AdhAra para hI hai| Agama meM gatimArgaNA ke sandarbha meM manuSyanI meM paryApta guNasthAnoM kI carcA huI hai| ataH manuSyanI kA artha bhAvastrI arthAt straiNa-va se yukta puruSa karanA upayukta nahIM hai, kyoMki bhAva yA veda kI carcA to bhinna anuyogadvAroM meM kI gaI hai| ataH Agama ( SaTkhaNDAgama ) meM manuSyanI kA artha -vAsanA
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________________ 128 strImukti, anyatairthikamukti evaM savastramukti kA prazna bhAvastrI na hokara dravyastrI hI hai aura yadi AgamAnusAra manuSyanI meM caudaha guNasthAna sambhava haiM to phira usakI mukti bhI sambhava hai| isa prakAra yApanIya paramparA Agamika AdhAroM para strImukti kI samarthaka rahI hai| anyatairthika aura gRhasthamukti kA prazna __ strImukti ke sAtha-sAtha do anya prazna bhI jur3e hue haiM, ve haiM anyatairthika kI mukti evaM savastramukti ( gRhasthamukti ) / yaha spaSTa hai ki uttarAdhyayana jaise prAcIna jaina AgamoM meM strImukti ke sAtha-sAtha anyatairthikoM ( anya liMga ) aura gRhasthoM kI mukti ko bhI svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| unakI mAnyatA yaha thI ki vyakti cAhe kisI anya paramparA meM dIkSita huA ho yA gRhastha hI ho, yadi vaha samabhAva kI sAdhanA meM pUrNatA prApta kara letA hai, rAga-dveSa se Upara uThakara vItarAgadazA ko prApta ho jAtA hai, to vaha anya tairthika yA gRhastha ke veza meM bhI mukti ko prApta ho sakatA hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM zarIra kI apekSA se strI, puruSa evaM napusaMka kI tathA veza kI apekSA se svaliMga ( nirgrantha muniveza ), anya liMga ( tApasa Adi anyatairthika ke veza meM ) evaM gRhIliMga (gRhasthaveza ) se mukti kI sambhAvanA ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| 22 sUtrakRtAMga meM nami, bAhuka, asitadevala, nArAyaNa Adi RSiyoM ke dvArA anya paramparA ke AcAra evaM vezabhUSA kA anusaraNa karate hue bhI siddhi prApta karane kA spaSTa ullekha hai|23 RSibhASita meM aupaniSadika, bauddha evaM anya zramaNa-paramparA ke RSiyoM ko arhata RSi kahakara sammAnita kiyA gayA hai| 24 vastuta: mukti kA sambandha AtmA kI vizuddhi se hai| usakA bAhya veza yA strI-puruSa Adi ke zarIra se koI sambandha nahIM hai| zvetAmbara AcArya haribhadra kahate haiM ki vyakti cAhe zvetAmbara ho, digambara ho, bauddha yA anya kisI dharmaparamparA kA ho, yadi vaha samabhAva se yukta hai to mukti avazya prApta kregaa|25 cU~ki yApanIya bhI Agamika paramparA ke anuyAyI the, ata: yApanIya zAkaTAyana ne isa sambandha meM Agama-pramANa kA ullekha kiyA hai| ve strImukti ke sAtha-sAtha anyatairthika kI mukti ke bhI samarthaka the| kintu jaba acelatA ko hI ekamAtra mokSa-mArga svIkAra karake mUrchAdi bhAvaparigraha ke sAtha-sAtha vastra-pAtrAdi dravyaparigraha kA bhI pUrNa tyAga Avazyaka mAna liyA gayA to yaha svAbhAvika hI thA ki strImukti ke niSedha ke sAtha hI sAtha anyatairthika aura gRhasthoM kI mukti kA bhI niSedha kara diyA jaay| digambara paramparA meM cU~ki acelatA ko hI ekamAtra mokSamArga mAnA gayA thA, isaliye usane yaha mAnA ki anyatairthika yA gRhasthaveza meM koI bhI vyakti mukta nahIM ho sktaa| isake viparIta zvetAmbara aura yApanIya donoM hI spaSTa rUpa se yaha mAnate rahe ki yadi vyakti kI rAgAtmakatA yA mamatva vRtti
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________________ strImukti, anyatairthikamukti evaM savastramukti kA prazna 129 samApta ho gayI hai to bAhyarUpa se vaha cAhe gRhasthaveza dhAraNa kiye hue ho usakI mukti meM koI bAdhA nahIM hai / tattvArthabhASya meM tattvArthasUtra ke dasaveM adhyAya ke sAtaveM sUtra kA bhASya karate hue umAsvAti ne veza kI apekSA se dravya liMga ke tIna bheda kiye (1) svaliMga, (2) gRhaliMga, (3) anyaliMga aura yaha batAyA ki ina tInoM liMgoM se mukti ho bhI sakatI hai aura nahIM bhI ho sakatI hai| isa prakAra umAsvAti anyatairthikoM evaM gRhasthoM kI mukti ko vikalpa se svIkAra karate haiM, kintu isI sUtra kI vyAkhyA meM pUjyapAda sarvArthasiddhi meM dravyaliMga kI dRSTi se nirgranthaliMga se hI siddhi mAnate haiM / yadyapi unhoMne yaha mAnA hai ki bhUtapUrva naya kI apekSA se sagranthaliMga se bhI siddhi hotI hai / 27 kintu tattvArthasUtra ke prastuta sUtra (10/7) meM siddha jIvoM kA kSetra, kAla, gati, liMga, tIrtha Adi kI apekSA se jo vicAra kiyA gayA hai, vaha unake mukti prApta karane ke samaya kI sthiti ke sandarbha meM hai| ataH bhUtapUrva naya kA yahA~ koI prayojana hI nahIM hai| kyoMki yadi bhUtapUrva naya se kahanA hotA to usameM to sabhI liMga, sabhI veda, sabhI gati, sabhI kSetra Adi se mukti mAnI jA sakatI thI / bhUtapUrva naya kA kathana mAtra Agama aura apanI paramparA ke madhya saMgati biThAne hetu kiyA gayA hai| phira bhI isase yaha to phalita hotA hI hai ki pUjyapAda ke samaya meM digambara paramparA meM anyatairthika aura gRhastha mukti ke niSedha kI avadhAraNA spaSTa rUpa se A gayI thI / pUjyapAda kI sarvArthaTIkA se pahale hameM zvetAmbara evaM digambara paramparA ke kisI bhI grantha meM strI, anyatairthika evaM gRhastha kI mukti ke spaSTa niSedha sambandhI koI bhI ullekha nahIM mile haiN| zvetAmbara mAnya Agama sUtrakRtAMga aura uttarAdhyayana meM to spaSTa rUpa se ina tInoM kI mukti kA ullekha huA hai, yaha hama pUrva meM batA cuke haiN| kundakunda aura pUjyapAda ke samaya se hI jaina vidvAnoM meM yaha matabheda astitva meM hai / hamArI dRSTi meM kundakunda bhI pUjyapAda ke samakAlIna lagabhaga chaThIM zatI ke hI haiN| ataH pUjyapAda ke sAtha-sAtha unhoMne bhI sUtraprAbhRta" meM 'vastradhArI' kI mukti kA niSedha kiyA hai| ve kahate haiM ki "yadi tIrthaGkara bhI vastradhArI ho to vaha bhI mukta nahIM ho sktaa|" isa niSedha meM strI, anyatairthika evaM gRhastha tInoM kI mukti kA hI niSedha ho jAtA hai, kyoMki ye tInoM hI vastradhArI haiN| isa prakAra digambara paramparA meM kundakunda evaM pUjyapAda ke kAla se strImukti ke sAtha-sAtha anyatairthika evaM gRhastha kI mukti kA bhI niSedha kara diyA gayA / vastutaH koI bhI dharma-paramparA jaba sAmpradAyika saMkIrNatAoM meM simaTatI jAtI hai to usameM anya paramparAoM ke prati udAratA samApta hotI jAtI hai / anyatairthikoM evaM gRhasthoM kI mukti kA niSedha isI kA pariNAma thA / -- ------
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________________ 130 strImukti, anyatairthikamukti evaM savastramukti kA prazna paravartI zvetAmbara evaM digambara granthoM meM isa sambandha meM jo bhI carcA huI, vaha mukhya rUpa se strImukti ke prazna ko lekara hI huii| gRhastha evaM anyatairthika mukti kA prazna vastuta: strI ke prazna se hI jur3A huA thaa| ata: paravartI sAhitya meM ina donoM ke sambandha meM pakSa va vipakSa meM kucha likhA gayA ho, aisA mujhe jJAta nahIM hai| tattvArthazlokavArtika 29 meM vidyAnanda ne ekamAtra tarka yaha diyA hai ki 'yadi sagrantha avasthA meM mukti hotI hai to phira parigraha-tyAga kI kyA AvazyakatA hai ?' jisa prakAra yApanIya AcArya 'zAkaTAyana' ne aura zvetAmbara AcArya haribhadra Adi ne strImukti ke samarthana meM vividha tarka diye usI prakAra ke tarka gRhastha yA anyatairthika kI mukti ke sambandha meM yApanIya evaM zvetAmbara AcAryoM ne nahIM diye haiN| sambhavata: isakA kAraNa yahI rahA ki jaba eka bAra sacela strI kI mukti kI sambhAvanA svIkAra kI jAtI hai to phira gRhastha aura anyatairthika kI mukti kI sambhAvanA svIkAra karane meM koI bAdhA nahIM rahatI, kyoMki gRhastha aura anyatairthika kI mukti kA prazna sIdhA strImukti kI samasyA ke sAtha jur3A huA thaa| ata: usa para svatantra rUpa se pakSa va vipakSa meM adhika carcA nahIM huI hai| jahA~ taka yApanIya paramparA kA prazna hai ve strImukti ke sAtha-sAtha gRhastha evaM anyatairthika kI mukti svIkAra karate the| yApanIya granthoM se isa tathya kI puSTi ho jAtI hai| AcArya hariSeNa ke 'bRhatkathAkoza'30 meM spaSTa rUpa se gRhastha mukti kA ullekha hai| isameM kahA gayA hai ki aNuvrata, guNavrata, zikSAvrata se anvita aura maunavrata se samanvita mumukSu siddhi ko prApta hotA hai| isI prakAra harivaMzapurANa ( jinasena aura hariSeNa ) meM bhI anyatairthika kI mukti kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| usake bayAlIsaveM sarga meM nArada ko 'antyadeha' kahA gayA hai| puna: usake paiMsaThaveM sarga meM to spaSTa rUpa se yaha kahA gayA hai ki - "narazreSTha nArada ne pravrajita hokara tapasyA ke bala se bhava-paramparA kA kSaya karake akSaya mokSa ko prApta kiyaa|32 isake viparIta digambara granthoM meM nArada ko narakagAmI kahA gayA hai| isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki yApanIya paramparA, zvetAmbara paramparA kI hI taraha udAra thI aura strImukti ke sAtha-sAtha anyatairthika evaM gRhasthoM kI mukti kI sambhAvanA ko bhI svIkAra karatI thii| 1. itthIpurisasiddhA ya taheva ya napuMsagAH / saliMge anna liMge ya gihi liMge taheva ya / / - uttarAdhyayana, saMpAdaka sAdhvI caMdanAjI, vIrAyatana prakAzana, __ AgarA, 1972, 36/49.
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________________ strImukti, anyatairthikamukti evaM savastramukti kA prazna 131 12. ( a ) jJAtAdharmakathA, aSTama adhyayana ke anta meM malli ke tIrthaGkara evaM mukta hone kA ullekha hai| ( ba ) antakRddazA varga ATha ke sabhI adhyayanoM ke anta meM strImukti ke ullekha haiN| 3. AvazyakacUrNi, bhAga 1, pR0 181 evaM bhAga 2, pR0 212. 4. suttapAhuDa, gAthA 23-26. 5. M.A. Dhaky "The Date of Kundakundacharya", Aspects of Jainology, Vol. III, Pt. D. D. Malvania Felicitation Volume III, P. V. Research Institute, 1991, p. 187. 6. tattvArthabhASya, 10/7. 7. sarvArthasiddhi, 10/9. 8. rAjavArtika, 10/9. 9. suttapAhuDa, gAthA 23. 10. vahI, gAthA 24. 11. vahI, gAthA 25-26. 12. Padmanabh S. Jaini, Gender and Salvation, Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers (P) Ltd., New Delhi, 1992, p. 4. 13. Navi sijjhai vatthadharo.jiNasAsaNe jaivi hoi titthayaro / Naggo vimokkha maggo sesAummaggayA savve / / - aSTaprAbhRta, suttapAhuDa, gAthA 23, prakAzaka paramazruta prabhAvaka maMDala, agAsa. 14. vahI, gAthA 25. 15. vahI, gAthA 26. 16. vahI, gAthA 24. 17. haribhadra, lalitavistarA, zrI RSabhadevajI kezarImalajItyabhidhAna zvetAmbara saMsthA, vi0 saM0 1990, pR0 57-59. 18. savvatthoA tithyayarisiddhA tithyayarititthe, NotitthayarasiddhA asaMkhejja guNa titthayarititthe, No titthayarisiddhA asaMkhejja gunnaao| - siddhaprAbhRta, uddhRta lalitavistarA, pR0 56. 19. atthititthakarasiddha titthakaratitthe, ne titthasiddhA titthakara titthe, tittha siddhA titthakaratitthe tittha siddhANo, titthakarIsiddhA titthakarI titthaNo
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________________ strImukti, anyatairthikamukti evaM savastramukti kA prazna titthasiddhA titthakarI titthe titthasiddhA titthakarI titthe titthasiddhAo / tattvArthAdhigamasUtra - svopajJabhASyeNa zrI siddhasenagaNikRta TIkAyAM samalaMkRtam, dvitIyo vibhAga, 10/7, pR0 308. 20. praNipatya muktimukti pramadamalaM dharmamarhato dizataH / vakSye strInirvANaM kevalibhuktiM ca saMkSepAt / / zAkaTAyana vyAkaraNa, 'strImuktiprakaraNa', zloka 1, bhAratIya jJAnapITha sampAdaka hIrAlAla jaina, e0 ena0 upAdhye, 1971, pR0 121. 21. dasaceva napuMsesu vIsaM itthiyAsu ya / purisesu ya aTThasayaM samaeNegeNa sijjhaI / / uttarAdhyayana 36/5 22. itthIpurisasiddhA ya taheva ya napuMsagA / saliMge annaliMge ya gihiliMge taheva ya / / uttarAdhyayana, 36/49. 23. sUtrakRtAMga, 1/3/4/1-1. 24. devanAradeNa arahatA isiNA buiyaM / isibhAsiyAI, 1/1. sampAdaka mahopAdhyAya vinayasAgara, prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI, jayapura. 25. sayaMbaro vA AsaMbaro vA buddho vA taheva anno vA / 132 samabhAvabhAvieppA lahaimokkhaM Na saMdeho / sambodhasattarI, 2. 26. liMge punaranyo vikalpa ucyate - dravyaliMga bhAvaliMga aliMgamiti / pratyutpannabhAvaprajJApanIya prAptasiddhyati / tattvArthabhASya, 10 / 7. 27. liMgena kena siddhi ? avedatvena tribhyo vA vedabhyaH siddhibhavito na dravyataH pulliMgeneva / athavA nirgranthaliMgena / sagraMthaliMgena vA siddhirbhUtapUrva nayApekSayA / pUjyapAda, sarvArthasiddhi, saMpAdaka phUlacandra siddhAntazAstrI, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI, 1978, pR0 472. 28. sUtraprAbhRta, 23. 29. sAkSannigraMthAliMgena pAramparyAttatonyataH sAkSAtsagraMthaliMgena siddhau nirgranthatA vRthA / tattvArthazlokavArtika, 10/9. 30. bRhatkathAkoza, 57/562. 31. antyadehaH prakRtyaiva niH kssaapoepysaukssitau| harivaMzapurANa, 42/22. 32. vahI, 65/24.
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________________ pramANa-lakSaNa-nirUpaNa meM pramANamImAMsA kA avadAna jaina nyAya kA vikAsa nyAya evaM pramANa-carcA ke kSetra meM sAmAnya rUpa se jaina dArzanikoM kA aura vizeSa rUpa se AcArya hemacandra ke grantha pramANamImAMsA kA kyA avadAna hai, yaha jAnane ke liye jaina nyAya ke vikAsakrama ko jAnanA Avazyaka hai| yadyapi jainoM kA paJcajJAna kA siddhAnta paryApta prAcIna hai aura jaina vidyA ke kucha vidvAna use pArzva ke yuga taka le jAte haiM, kintu jahA~ taka pramANa-vicAra kA kSetra hai, jainoM kA praveza naiyAyikoM, mImAMsakoM aura bauddhoM ke pazcAt hI huA hai| pramANacarcA ke prasaMga meM jainoM kA praveza cAhe paravartI ho, kintu isa kAraNa ve isa kSetra meM jo viziSTa avadAna de sake haiM, vaha hamAre liye gaurava kI vastu hai| isa kSetra meM paravartI hone kA lAbha yaha huA ki jainoM ne pakSa aura pratipakSa ke siddhAntoM ke guNa-doSoM kA samyak mUlyAMkana karake phira apane mantavya ko isa rUpa meM prastuta kiyA ki vaha pakSa aura pratipakSa kI tArkika kamiyoM kA parimArjana karate hue eka vyApaka aura samanvayAtmaka siddhAnta bana ske| paM0 sukhalAlajI ke anusAra jaina jJAna-mImAMsA ne mukhyata: tIna yugoM meM apane kramika vikAsa ko pUrNa kiyA hai -- 1. Agama yuga, 2. anekAnta sthApana yuga aura 3. nyAyapramANa sthApana yug| yahA~ hama ina yugoM kI viziSTatAoM kI carcA na karate hue kevala itanA kahanA cAheMge ki jainoM ne apane anekAnta-siddhAnta ko sthira karake phira pramANa vicAra ke kSetra meM kadama rkhaa| unake isa paravartI praveza kA eka lAbha to yaha huA ki pakSa aura pratipakSa kA adhyayana kara ve una donoM kI kamiyoM aura tArkika asaMgatiyoM ko samajha sake tathA dUsare pUrva-vikasita unakI anekAnta dRSTi kA lAbha yaha huA ki ve una donoM ke madhya samanvaya sthApita kara ske| unhoMne pakSa aura pratipakSa ke bIca samanvaya sthApita karane kA jo prayAsa kiyA, usI meM unakA siddhAnta sthira ho gayA aura yahI unakA isa kSetra meM viziSTa avadAna khlaayaa| isa kSetra meM unakI bhUmikA sadaiva eka taTastha nyAyAdhIza kI rhii| unhoMne apane pUrvavartI siddhAntoM kI samIkSA ke mAdhyama se sadaiva apane ko * samRddha kiyA aura jahA~ Avazyaka lagA, vahA~ apanI pUrva mAnyatAoM ko bhI
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________________ 134 pramANa - lakSaNa-nirUpaNa meM pramANamImAMsA kA avadAna saMzodhita aura parimArjita kiyaa| cAhe siddhasena hoM yA samantabhadra, akalaMka hoM yA vidyAnanda, haribhadra hoM yA hemacandra, sabhI ne apane granthoM ke nirmANa meM jahA~ apanI paramparA ke pUrvAcAryoM ke granthoM kA adhyayana kiyA, vahIM anya paramparA ke pakSa aura pratipakSa kA bhI gambhIra adhyayana kiyaa| ataH jaina nyAya yA pramANavicAra sthira na rahakara gatizIla banA rhaa| vaha yuga-yuga meM pariSkRta, vikasita aura samRddha hotA rahA / pramANamImAMsA kA upajIvya AcArya hemacandra kA pramANamImAMsA nAmaka yaha grantha bhI isI krama meM hue jaina nyAya ke vikAsa kA eka caraNa hai| pramANamImAMsA eka apUrNa grantha hai| na to mUla grantha hI aura na usakI vRtti hI pUrNa hai| upalabdha mUla sUtra 100 haiM aura inhIM para vRtti bhI upalabdha hai| isakA tAtparya yahI hai ki yaha grantha AcArya hemacandra apane jIvana kAla meM pUrNa nahIM kara sake the| isakA phalita yaha hai ki unhoMne apane jIvana ke antima caraNa meM hI isa kRti kA lekhana prArambha kiyA hogaa| yaha grantha bhI kaNAdasUtra yA vaizeSikasUtra, brahmasUtra evaM tattvArthasUtra kI taraha sUtra - zailI kA grantha hai, phira bhI isa grantha kI vargIkaraNa zailI bhinna hI hai| AcArya kI yojanA ise pA~ca adhyAyoM meM samApta karane kI thI aura ve pratyeka adhyAya ko do-do AhnikoM meM vibhakta karanA cAhate the, kintu Aja isake mAtra do adhyAya apane do-do AhnikoM ke sAtha upalabdha haiN| adhyAya aura Ahnika kA yaha vibhAga krama isake pUrva akSapAda ke nyAya sUtroM evaM jaina paramparA meM akalaMka ke granthoM meM dekhA jAtA hai| apUrNa hone para bhI isa grantha kI mahattA va mUlyavattA akSuNNa banI huI hai| AcArya hemacandra ne isa grantha ke lekhana meM apanI paramparA aura anya dArzanika paramparAoM ke nyAya sambandhI granthoM kA pUrA avalokana kiyA hai| paM0 sukhalAlajI ke zabdoM meM "Agamika sAhitya ke ativizAla khajAne ke uparAnta 'tattvArtha' se lekara 'syAdvAdaratnAkara' taka ke saMskRta tArkika jaina sAhitya kI bhI bahuta bar3I rAzi hemacandra ke parizIlana- patha meM AI, jisase hemacandra kA sarvAGgINa sarjaka vyaktitva santuSTa hone ke bajAya eka aise nae sarjana kI ora pravRtta huA, jo aba taka ke jaina vAGmaya meM apUrva sthAna rakha ske|"" vastutaH niryukti, vizeSAvazyakabhASya, tattvArtha aura usakA bhASya jaise Agamika grantha tathA siddhasena divAkara, samantabhadra, akalaMka, mANikyanandI aura vidyAnanda kI prAya: samagra kRtiyA~ isakI upAdAna sAmagrI banI haiN| paM0 sukhalAlajI kI mAnyatA hai ki prabhAcandra ke 'prameyakamalamArtaNDa', anantavIrya kI 'prameyaratnamAlA' aura vAdidevasUri ke 'syAdvAdaratnAkara' kA isameM spaSTa upayoga huA hai| phira bhI unakI dRSTi
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________________ pramANa-lakSaNa-nirUpaNa meM pramANamImAMsA kA avadAna 135 meM akalaMka aura mANikyanandI kA mArgAnugamana pradhAnatayA dekhA jAtA hai| isI kAra bauddha aura vaidika paramparA ke ve sabhI grantha, jinakA upayoga unakI kRti kI AdhArabhUta, pUrvAcAryoM kI jaina nyAya kI kRtiyoM meM huA hai, svAbhAvika rUpa se unakI kRti ke AdhAra bane haiN| puna: ve spaSTa rUpa se kahate haiM ki bauddha paramparA ke diGnAga, dharmakIrti, dharmottara, arcaTa aura zAntarakSita tathA vaidika paramparA ke kaNAda, bhAsarvajJa, vyomaziva, zrIdhara, akSapAda, vAtsyAyana, udyotakara, jayanta, vAcaspati mizra, zabara, prabhAkara aura kumArila kI kRtiyA~ unake adhyayana kA viSaya rahI haiN| vastuta: apanI paramparA ke aura pratipakSI bauddha evaM vaidika paramparA ke ina vividha granthoM ke adhyayana ke pariNAmasvarUpa hI hemacandra jaina-nyAya ke kSetra meM eka viziSTa kRti pradAna kara ske| hemacandra ko isa kRti kI AvazyakatA kyoM anubhUta huI? jaba unake sAmane abhayadeva kA 'vAdArNava' aura vAdideva ke 'syAdvAdaratnAkara' jaise apanI paramparA ke sarvasaMgrAhaka grantha upasthita the, phira unhoMne yaha grantha kyoM racA? isa sambandha meM paM0 sukhalAlajI kahate haiM ki "yaha saba hemacandra ke sAmane thA, para unheM mAlUma huA ki nyAya-pramANa-viSayaka (isa) sAhitya meM kucha bhAga to aisA hai, jo ati mahattva kA hote hue bhI eka-eka viSaya kI hI carcA karatA yA bahuta saMkSipta hai| dUsarA ( kucha ) bhAga aisA hai ki jo sarva viSaya saMgrAhI ( to hai ) para vaha uttarottara itanA adhika vistRta tathA zabdakliSTa hai ki sarvasAdhAraNa ke abhyAsa kA viSaya nahIM bana sktaa| isa vicAra se hemacandra ne eka aisA pramANa viSayaka grantha banAnA cAhA jo unake samaya taka carcita eka bhI dArzanika viSaya kI carcA se khAlI na rahe, phira bhI vaha ( sAmAnya buddhi ke pAThaka ke ) pAThyakrama yogya madhyama kada kA ho| isI dRSTi meM se 'pramANamImAMsA' kA janma huaa|" yaha ThIka hai ki pramANamImAMsA sAmAnya bauddhika stara ke pAThakoM ke liye madhyama AkAra kA pAThyakrama-yogya grantha hai, kintu isase usake vaiduSyapUrNa aura viziSTa hone meM koI A~ca nahIM AtI hai| yadyapi hemacandra ne isa grantha kI racanA meM apane evaM itara paramparA ke pUrvAcAryoM kA upayoga kiyA hai, phira bhI isa grantha meM yatra-tatra apane svatantra cintana aura pratibhA kA upayoga bhI unhoMne kiyA hai| ata: isakI maulikatA ko nakArA nahIM jA sakatA hai| isa grantha kI racanA meM aneka sthaloM para hemacandra ne viSaya ko apane pUrvAcAryoM kI apekSA adhika susaMgata DhaMga se prastuta karane kA prayatna kiyA hai aura isI kAraNa grantha meM yatravatra unake vaiduSya aura svatantra cintana ke darzana hote haiM, kintu usa sabakI carcA isa laghu nibandha meM kara pAnA sambhava nahIM hai| paM0 sukhalAlajI ne isa grantha meM
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________________ 136 pramANa-lakSaNa-nirUpaNa meM pramANamImAMsA kA avadAna hemacandra ke vaiziSTya kI carcA apane bhASA-TippaNoM meM kI hai, jinheM vahA~ dekhA jA sakatA hai| yahA~ to hama mAtra pramANa-nirUpaNa meM hemacandra ke pramANamImAMsA ke vaiziSTya taka hI apane ko sImita rkheNge| pramANamImAMsA meM pramANalakSaNa pramANamImAMsA meM hemacandra ne pramANa kA lakSaNa 'samyagarthanirNayaH' kaha kara diyA hai| yadi hama hemacandra dvArA nirUpita isa pramANalakSaNa para vicAra karate haiM to yaha pAte haiM ki yaha pramANalakSaNa pUrva meM diye gae pramANalakSaNoM se zAbdika dRSTi se to nitAnta bhinna hI hai| vastuta: zAbdika dRSTi se isameM na to 'sva-paraprakAzatva' kI carcA hai, na vAdhavivarjita yA avisaMvAditva kI carcA hai| jabaki pUrva ke sabhI jaina AcAryoM ne apane pramANa-lakSaNa-nirUpaNa meM ina donoM kI carcA avazya kI hai| isameM 'apUrvatA' ko bhI pramANa ke lakSaNa ke rUpa meM nirUpita nahIM kiyA gayA hai, jisakI carcA kucha digambara jainAcAryoM ne kI hai| nyAyAvatAra meM pramANa ke jo lakSaNa nirUpita kiye gae haiM, usameM sva-para prakAzatva aura bAdhavivarjita honA ye donoM usake Avazyaka lakSaNa batAe gae haiN| nyAyAvatAra kI isa paribhASA meM bAdhavivarjita avisaMvAditva kA hI paryAya hai| jaina-paramparA meM yaha lakSaNa bauddha-paramparA ke prabhAva se gRhIta huA hai| jise aSTazatI Adi granthoM meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| isI prakAra mImAMsakoM ke prabhAva se anadhigatArthaka honA yA apUrva honA bhI jaina pramANa lakSaNa meM sanniviSTa ho gyaa| akalaMka aura mANikyanandI ne ise bhI pramANa-lakSaNa ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai| isa prakAra jaina-paramparA meM hemacandra ke pUrva pramANa ke cAra lakSaNa nirdhArita ho cuke the - 1. sva-prakAzaka - 'sva' kI jJAnaparyAya kA bodha, 2. para-prakAzaka - padArtha kA bodha, 3. bAdhavivarjita yA avisaMvAdi evaM 4. anadhigatArthaka yA apUrva ( sarvathA navIna ) / ina cAra lakSaNoM meM se 'apUrva' lakSaNa kA pratipAdana mANikyanandI ke pazcAt digambara paramparA meM bhI nahIM dekhA jAtA hai| vidyAnanda ne akalaMka aura maNikyanandI kI paramparA se alaga hokara siddhasena aura samantabhadra ke tIna hI lakSaNa grahaNa kiye| zvetAmbara paramparA meM kisI AcArya ne pramANa kA 'apUrva' lakSaNa pratipAdita kiyA ho, aisA hamAre dhyAna meM nahIM AtA hai| yadyapi vidyAnanda ne mANikyanandI ke 'apUrva' lakSaNa ko mahattvapUrNa nahIM mAnA, kintu unhoMne
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________________ pramANa-lakSaNa-nirUpaNa meM pramANamImAMsA kA avadAna 137 'vyavasAyAtmakatA' ko Avazyaka smjhaa| paravartI zvetAmbara AcAryoM ne bhI vidyAnanda kA hI anusaraNa kiyA hai| abhayadeva, vAdidevasUri aura hemacandra sabhI ne pramANa-lakSaNa-nirdhAraNa meM apUrva' pada ko Avazyaka nahIM mAnA hai| jaina-paramparA meM hemacandra taka pramANa kI jo paribhASAe~ dI gaI haiM, unheM paM0 sukhalAlajI ne cAra vargoM meM vibhAjita kiyA hai - 1. prathama varga meM svapara avabhAsa vAlA siddhasena ( siddharSi ? 10 ) aura samantabhadra kA lakSaNa AtA hai| smaraNa rahe ki ye donoM lakSaNa bauddhoM evaM naiyAyikoM ke dRSTikoNoM ke samanvaya kA phala hai| 2. isa varga meM akalaMka aura mANikyanandI kI anadhigata, avisaMvAdi aura apUrva lakSaNa vAlI paribhASAe~ AtI haiN| ye lakSaNa spaSTa rUpa se bauddha mImAMsakoM ke prabhAva se Ae haiN| jJAtavya hai ki nyAyAvatAra meM 'bAdhavivarjita' rUpa meM avisaMvAditva kA lakSaNa A gayA hai| 3. tIsare varga meM vidyAnanda, abhayadeva, aura vAdidevasUri ke lakSaNa vAlI paribhASAe~ AtI haiM jo vastuta: siddhasena ( siddharSi ?) aura samantabhadra ke lakSaNoM kA zabdAntaraNa mAtra haiM aura jinameM avabhAsa pada ke sthAna para vyavasAya yA nirNIta pada rakha diyA gayA hai| 4. caturtha varga meM AcArya hemacandra kI pramANa-lakSaNa kI paribhASA AtI hai, jisameM 'sva' bAdhavivarjita, anadhigata yA apUrva Adi sabhI pada haTAkara pariSkAra kiyA gayA hai| yadyapi yaha ThIka hai ki hemacandra ne apane pramANa-lakSaNa-nirUpaNa meM nayI zabdAvalI kA prayoga kiyA hai, kintu isakA yaha artha nahIM hai ki unhoMne apane pUrva ke jainAcAryoM ke pramANa-lakSaNoM ko pUrI taraha se chor3a diyA hai| yadyapi itanA avazya hai ki hemacandra ne digambarAcArya vidyAnanda aura zvetAmbarAcArya abhayadeva aura vAdidevasUri kA anusaraNa karake apane pramANalakSaNa meM apUrva pada ko sthAna nahIM diyA hai| paM0 sukhalAlajI ke zabdoM meM unhoMne 'sva' pada, jo sabhI pUrvavartI jainAcAryoM kI paribhASA meM thA, nikAla diyaa| avabhAsa, vyavasAya Adi padoM ko sthAna na dekara abhayadeva ke nirNIta pada ke sthAna para nirNaya pada dAkhila kiyA aura umAsvAti, dharmakIrti, bhAsarvajJa Adi ke 'samyak pada ko apanAkara 'samyagarthanirNaya: pramANam' ke rUpa meM apanA pramANalakSaNa prastuta kiyaa| isa paribhASA yA pramANa-lakSaNa meM 'samyak' pada kisI sImA taka pUrvavartI AcAryoM dvArA prayukta bAdhavivarjita yA avisaMvAdi kA paryAya mAnA jA sakatA hai| 'artha' zabda kA prayoga jahA~ bauddhoM ke vijJAnavAdI dRSTikoNa kA khaNDana karate hue pramANa ke 'para'
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________________ 138 pramANa-lakSaNa-nirUpaNa meM pramANamImAMsA kA avadAna arthAt vastu ke avabodhaka hone kA sUcaka hai jo jainoM ke vastuvAdI (Realistic ) dRSTikoNa kA samarthaka bhI hai| puna: 'nirNaya' zabda jahA~ eka ora avabhAsa, vyavasAya Adi kA sUcaka hai, vahIM dUsarI ora vaha prakArAntara se pramANa ke 'svaprakAzaka' hone kA bhI sUcaka hai| isa prakAra pramANa-lakSaNa-nirUpaNa meM anadhigatArthaka yA apUrvarthagrAhaka honA hI aisA lakSaNa hai, jisakA hemacandra ne pUrvavartI zvetAmbara AcAryoM ke samAna parityAga kiyA hai| vastuta: smRti ko pramANa mAnane vAle jainAcAryoM ko yaha lakSaNa Avazyaka pratIta nahIM huaa| zvetAmbara paramparA ne to use kabhI svIkAra hI nahIM kiyaa| digambara paramparA meM bhI akalaMka aura mANikyanandI ke pazcAt vidyAnanda ne isakA parityAga kara diyaa| isa prakAra AcArya hemacandra ne apane pUrvAcArya ke dRSTikoNoM kA sammAna karate hue aura unake pramANa-lakSaNoM ko saniviSTa karate hue pramANamImAMsA meM 'pramANa' kI eka viziSTa paribhASA prastuta kI hai| AcArya hemacandra ne apane pramANa-lakSaNa-nirUpaNa meM 'sva' pada kyoM nahIM rakhA, isakA uttara svayaM unhoMne prathama adhyAya ke prathama Ahnika ke caturtha pada kI svopajJa TIkA meM diyA hai, unhoMne batAyA hai ki jJAna to sva-prakAza hI hai, 'para' kA vyAvartaka nahIM hone se lakSaNa meM isakA praveza anAvazyaka hai| 12 paM0 sukhalAlajI ke anusAra aisA karake unhoMne eka ora apane vicAra-svAtantrya ko spaSTa kiyA vahIM dUsarI ora pUrvAcAryoM ke mata kA khaNDana na karake, 'sva' pada ke prayoga kI unakI dRSTi dikhAkara unake prati Adara bhI vyakta kiyaa| jJAna ke svabhAvata: sva-prakAzaka hone se unhoMne apane pramANa-lakSaNa meM 'sva' pada nahIM rkhaa|13 isI prakAra AcArya hemacandra ne apane pramANa-lakSaNa meM 'adhigata' yA 'apUrva pada kyoM nahIM rakhA? isakA uttara bhI pramANamImAMsA meM dhArAvAhika jJAna ke prAmANya aura aprAmANya kI carcA meM mila jAtA hai| bhAratIya darzana meM dhArAvAhika jJAna ke prAmANya aura aprAmANya ko lekara do dRSTikoNa upalabdha hote haiN| eka ora nyAya-vaizeSika aura mImAMsakoM ke prabhAkara evaM bhATTa sampradAya kAlakalAbhAna sambandhI kucha sUkSma matabhedoM ko chor3akara sAmAnyatayA dhArAvAhika jJAna ke prAmANya ko svIkAra karate haiM; dUsarI ora bauddha paramparA sAmAnya-vyakti ( pramAtA ) ke jJAna meM sUkSma kAla-bheda kA grahaNa nahIM hone se dhArAvAhika jJAna ko apramANa mAnatI hai| yadyapi kumArila bhaTTa kI paramparA bhI apane pramANa-lakSaNa meM apUrva pada rakhane ke kAraNa sUkSma kAla-kalA kA bhAna mAnakara hI usameM prAmANya kA upapAdana karatI hai| isI prakAra bauddha dArzanika arcaTa ne apane hetubindu kI
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________________ pramANa-lakSaNa-nirUpaNa meM pramANamImAMsA kA avadAna TIkA meM sakSma-kalA ke bhAna ke kAraNa yogiyoM ke dhArAvAhika jJAna ko pramANa mAnA hai|4 jahA~ taka jainoM kA prazna hai, sAmAnyatayA digambara AcAryoM ne apane pramANa-lakSaNa meM 'apUrva' pada ko sthAna diyA hai, ata: unake anusAra dhArAvAhika jJAna, jaba kSaNa bhedAdi vizeSa kA bodha karAtA ho aura viziSTa pramAjanaka ho tabhI pramANa kahA hai| isake viparIta zvetAmbara paramparA ke AcArya apane pramANa-lakSaNa meM 'apUrva' pada nahIM rakhate haiM aura smRti ke samAna dhArAvAhika jJAna ko bhI pramANa mAnate haiN| zvetAmbara AcAryoM meM hemacandra ne apane pramANalakSaNa meM 'apUrva' pada kyoM nahIM rakhA, isakA uttara bhI unakI pramANamImAMsA meM mila jAtA hai| AcArya svayaM hI svopajJa TIkA meM isa sambandha meM pUrvapakSa kI udbhAvanA karake uttara dete haiN| pratipakSa kA kathana hai ki dhArAvAhika smRti Adi jJAna adhigatArthaka pUrvArthaka haiM aura inheM sAmAnyatayA apramANa samajhA jAtA hai| yadi tuma bhI inheM apramANa mAnate ho to (tumhArA) samyagartha nirNayarUpa lakSaNa ativyApta ho jAtA hai, ata: anadhigata yA apUrva pada rakha kara usakA nirAsa kyoM nahIM karate ho? pratipakSa ke isa prazna kA uttara AcArya hemacandra ne dhArAvAhika jJAna aura smRti ko pramANa mAnakara hI diyA hai| kyoMki yadi dhArAvAhika jJAna aura smRti pramANa hai to phira pramANa ke lakSaNa meM apUrva yA anadhigata pada nirarthaka ho jAtA hai| paM0 sukhalAlajI kA kathana hai ki "zvetAmbara AcAryoM meM hemacandra kI khAsa vizeSatA yaha hai ki unhoMne gRhItagrAhI aura grahISyamANagrahI meM samatva dikhAkara sabhI dhArAvAhika jJAnoM meM prAmANya kA jo samarthana kiyA hai, vaha viziSTa hai|"16 yahI kAraNa hai ki hemacandra ne apane pramANa-lakSaNa meM apUrva yA anadhigata pada kI udbhAvanA nahIM kI hai| vastuta: hemacandra ke pramANa-lakSaNa kI yaha avadhAraNA hameM pAzcAtya tarkazAstra ke satya ke saMvAditA siddhAnta kA smaraNa karA detI hai| pAzcAtya tarkazAstra meM satyatA-nirdhAraNa ke tIna siddhAnta haiM - 1 saMvAditA siddhAnta, 2. saMgati siddhAnta aura 3. upayogitAvAdI yA arthakriyAvAdI siddhaant| uparyukta tIna siddhAntoM meM hemacandra kA siddhAnta apane pramANa-lakSaNa meM avisaMvAditva aura apUrvatA ke lakSaNa nahIM hone se tathA pramANa ke samyagartha nirNaya ke rUpa meM paribhASita karane ke kAraNa satya ke saMvAditA siddhAnta ke nikaTa hai| isa prakAra AcArya hemacandra ne pramANa-lakSaNa-nirUpaNa meM apane pUrvAcAryoM ke matoM ko samAhita karate hue bhI eka vizeSatA pradAna kI hai| sandarbha 1. pramANamImAMsA, sampAdaka paM0 sukhalAlajI, prastAvanA, pR0 16.
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________________ 140 pramANa-lakSaNa-nirUpaNa meM pramANamImAMsA kA avadAna 2. vahI, pR0 17. 3. vahI, pR0 16-17. 4. vahI, bhASA-TippaNAni, pR0 1-143 taka. 5. pramANaM svaparAbhAsi jJAnaM vaadhvivrjitm| nyAyAvatAra, 1. 6. pramANamavisaMvAdi jnyaanmrthkriyaasthitiH| pramANavArtika, 2/1. 7. pramANamavisaMvAdi jnyaanm| aSTazatI/aSTasahasrI, pR0 175. 8. ( a ) andhigtaarthaadhigmlkssnntvaat| vahI. ( ba ) svApUrvArthavyavasAyAtmakajJAnaM prmaannm| parIkSAmukha, 1/1. 9. pramANamImAMsA ( paM0 sukhalAlajI ), bhASATippaNAni, pR0 7. 10. jJAtavya hai ki pro0 ema0 e0 DhAkI ke anusAra 'nyAyAvatAra' siddhasena kI racanA nahIM hai, jaisA ki paM0 sukhalAlajI ne mAna liyA thA, apitu unake anusAra yaha siddharSi kI racanA hai| dekheM -- M. A. Dhaky's Article "The Date and Author of Nyayavatara, Nirgrantha, Shardaben Chimanbhai Educational Research Centre, Ahmedabad, Vol. 1, 1995, p. 39. 11. pramANa-mImAMsA ( paM0 sukhalAlajI ), bhASATippaNAni, pR0 7. 12. vahI ( mUlagrantha aura usakI svopajJa TIkA ), 1/1/3, pR0 4. 13. vahI, bhASATippaNAni, pR0 11. 14. dekheM, vahI, pR0 12-13. 15. vahI ( mUlagrantha evaM svopajJa TIkA ), 1/1/4, pR0 4-5. 16. vahI, bhASATippaNAni, pR0 14.
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________________ paM0 mahendrakumAra 'nyAyAcArya' ke dvArA sampAdita evaM anUdita 'SaDdarzanasamuccaya' kI samIkSA paM0 mahendrakumAra jI nyAyAcArya ke vaiduSya ko samajhanA ho, unakI pratibhA evaM vyaktitva kA mUlyAMkana karanA ho to hameM unakI kRtiyoM kA avalokana karanA hogaa| unake dvArA sampAdita, anUdita aura racita kRtiyoM se hI unake pratibhAzIla vyaktitva kA paricaya mila jAtA hai, jinameM samadarzI AcArya haribhadra ke 'SaDdarzanasamuccaya' aura usakI guNaratna kI TIkA kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai / unakI yaha kRti bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI ( vartamAna meM dehalI ) se san 1969 meM unake svargavAsa ke dasa varSa pazcAt prakAzita huI hai| unakI isa kRti para unake abhinna mitra evaM sAthI kI vistRta bhUmikA hai| prastuta samIkSA meM una pakSoM para jina para paM0 dalasukhabhAI kI bhUmikA meM ullekha huA hai, carcA nahIM karate hue maiMne mukhyataH unakI anuvAda zailI ko hI samIkSA kA AdhAra banAyA hai| yadi hama bhAratIya darzana ke itihAsa meM sabhI pramukha darzanoM ke siddhAntoM ko eka hI grantha meM pUrI prAmANikatA ke sAtha prastuta karane hetu kiye gae prayatnoM ko dekhate haiM, to hamArI dRSTi meM haribhadra hI ve prathama vyakti haiM jinhoMne apane samaya ke pramukha sabhI bhAratIya darzanoM ko niSpakSa rUpa se eka hI grantha meM prastuta kiyA hai / haribhadra ke 'SaDdarzanasamuccaya' kI koTi kA koI anya darzana saMgrAhaka prAcIna grantha upalabdha nahIM hotA hai / yadyapi haribhadra ke pUrva aura haribhadra ke pazcAt bhI apane-apane granthoM meM vividha dArzanika siddhAntoM ko prastuta karane kA kArya aneka jaina evaM jainetara AcAryoM ne kiyA hai, kintu una sabakA uddezya anya darzanoM kI samIkSA kara apane darzana kI zreSThatA kA pratipAdana karanA hI rahA hai, cAhe phira vaha mallavAdI kA dvAdazAranayacakra ho yA AcArya zaMkara kA sarvasiddhAntasaMgraha yA madhvAcArya kA sarvadarzanasaMgraha / ina granthoM meM pUrvadarzana kA unhIM darzanoM ke dvArA nirAkaraNa karate hue, anta meM apane siddhAnta kI sarvoparitA yA zreSThatA kI sthApanA kI gaI hai| isI prakAra kA eka prayatna jainadarzana meM haribhadra ke lagabhaga tIna varSa pUrva pA~cavI zatAbdI meM mallavAdI ke nayacakra meM bhI dekhA jA sakatA hai|
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________________ 142 SaDdarzana samuccaya kI samIkSA usameM bhI eka darzana ke dvArA dUsare darzana kA khaNDana karAte hue antima darzana kA khaNDana prathama darzana se karavAkara eka cakra kI sthApanA kI gaI hai / yadyapi yaha spaSTa rUpa se jainadarzana kI sarvoparitA ko prastuta nahIM karatA kintu usakI dRSTi bhI svapakSa arthAt anekAntavAda ke maNDana aura parapakSa ke khaNDana kI hI rahI hai| yahI sthiti sarvasiddhAntasaMgraha aura sarvadarzanasaMgraha kI bhI hai| unameM bhI svapakSa ke maNDana kI pravRtti rahI hai| ataH ve jaina dArzanika hoM yA jainetara dArzanika, sabhI ke darzana - saMgrAhaka granthoM meM mUla uddezya to apane darzana kI sarvoparitA kI pratisthApanA hI rahI hai| isa prakAra haribhadra ke SaDdarzanasamuccaya kI jo vizeSatA hai vaha jaina aura jainetara paramparA ke anya darzana- saMgrAhaka granthoM meM nahIM miltii| yaha to haribhadra kI udAra aura vyApaka dRSTi hI thI jisake kAraNa unake dvArA sampradAyanirapekSa SaDdarzanasamuccaya kI racanA ho paaii| unake grantha SaDdarzanasamuccaya aura zAstravArtAsamuccaya ina donoM meM hI anya darzanoM ke prati pUrNa prAmANikatA aura Adara kA tattva dekhA jAtA hai| sAmAnyatayA dArzanika granthoM meM parapakSa ko eka bhrAnta rUpa meM hI prastuta kiyA jAtA hai, kintu haribhadra kI hI yaha vizeSatA hai ki unhoMne SaDdarzanasamuccaya meM anya darzanoM ko apane yathArtha rUpa meM prastuta kiyA hai| haribhadra ke isa mahattvapUrNa grantha para guNaratnasUrikRta TIkA bhI mahattvapUrNa hai, kintu jJAtavya hai ki TIkA meM bhI usa udAra dRSTi kA nirvAha nahIM dekhA jAtA jo mUla granthakAra kI hai kyoMki TIkA meM caturtha adhikAra meM jainamata ke prastutI - karaNa ke sAtha anya matoM kI samIkSA bhI kI gaI hai, jabaki haribhadra kI kArikAoM meM isa prakAra kA koI bhI saMketa nahIM milatA hai| isa TIkA meM jainadarzana kI pratisthApanA kA prayatna ativistAra se huA hai / TIkA kA Adhe se adhika bhAga to mAtra jainadarzana se sambandhita hai, ataH TIkA kI vivecanA meM vaha santulana nahIM hai, jo haribhadra ke mUla grantha meM hai / haribhadra kA yaha mUla grantha aura usakI TIkA yadyapi aneka bhaNDAroM meM hastapratoM ke rUpa meM upalabdha the, kintu jahA~ taka hamArI jAnakArI hai, gujarAtI TIkA ke sAtha haribhadra ke SaDdarzanasamuccaya kA sarvaprathama prakAzana eziyATika sosAyaTI, kalakattA se 1905 meM huA thA / isI prakAra maNibhadra kI laghuvRtti ke sAtha isakA prakAzana caukhambhA saMskRta sIrIja, vArANasI ke dvArA san 1920 meM huaa| isa prakAra SaDdarzanasamuccaya mUla kA TIkA ke sAtha prakAzana usake pUrva bhI huA thA, kintu vaijJAnika rIti se sampAdana aura hindI anuvAda to apekSita thA / isa grantha kA vaijJAnika rIti se sampAdana aura hindI anuvAda kA yaha mahattvapUrNa
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________________ SaDdarzana samuccaya kI samIkSA 143 kArya paMDita mahendrakumAra AcArya ke dvArA kiyA gyaa| sambhavata: unake pUrva aura unake pazcAt bhI Aja taka isa grantha kA aisA anya koI prAmANika saMskaraNa prakAzita nahIM ho pAyA hai| . aneka pratiyoM se pAThoM kA milAna karake aura jisa DhaMga se mUla-grantha ko sampAdita kiyA gayA thA, vaha nizcita hI eka bahuta hI mahattvapUrNa kArya rahA hogA jisameM paMDita jI ko aneka kaSTa uThAne par3e hoNge| durbhAgya se isa grantha para unakI apanI bhUmikA na ho pAne ke kAraNa hama yaha nahIM samajha pA rahe haiM ki mUlapratoM ko prApta karake athavA eka prakAzita saMskaraNa ke AdhAra para isa grantha ko sampAdita karane meM kina-kina kaThinAiyoM kA sAmanA karanA par3A hogaa| isa grantha ke sandarbha meM unakI pANDulipi se jo sUcanA milatI hai, usase mAtra itanA hI jJAta hotA hai ki unhoMne SaDdarzanasamuccaya-mUla aura guNaratna-TIkA kA anuvAda 25/6/1940 ko 4 baje pUrNa kiyA thA, kintu unake saMzodhana aura usa para TippaNa likhane kA kArya ve apanI mRtyu jUna 1959 ke pUrva taka karate rhe| isase yaha spaSTa patA calatA hai ki unhoMne isa grantha ko antima rUpa dene meM paryApta parizrama kiyA hai| kheda to yaha bhI hai ki ve apane jIvanakAla meM na to isakI bhUmikA likha pAe aura na ise prakAzita rUpa meM dekha hI paae| bhAratIya jJAnapITha se prakAzita hokara yaha grantha jisa rUpa meM hamAre sAmane AyA usase unake zrama evaM unakI pratibhA kA anumAna kiyA jA sakatA hai| yaha to eka sunizcita tathya hai ki saMskRta kI adhikAMza TIkAe~ mUlagrantha se bhI adhika duSkara ho jAtI haiM aura unheM par3hakara samajha pAnA mulagrantha kI apekSA bhI kaThina hotA hai| aneka saMskRta granthoM kI TIkAoM, vizeSarUpa se jainadarzana se sambandhita granthoM kI saMskRta TIkAoM ke adhyayana se maiM isa niSkarSa para pahu~cA hU~ ki TIkAoM kA anuvAda karanA atyanta durUha kArya hai| sAmAnyatayA yaha dekhA jAtA hai ki vidvajjana anuvAda meM grantha ke mUlazabdoM ko yathAvat rakhakara apanA kAma calA lete haiM kintu isase viSaya kI spaSTatA meM kaThinAI utpanna hotI hai| makSikA sthAne makSikA rakhakara anuvAda to kiyA jA sakatA hai kintu vaha pAThakoM ke lie bodhagamya aura sarala nahIM hotaa| paM0 mahendrakumAra nyAyAcArya kI anuvAda zailI kA yaha vaiziSTya hai ki inakA anuvAda mUlagrantha aura usakI TIkA kI apekSA atyanta sarala aura subodha hai| darzana ke grantha ko sarala aura subodha DhaMga se prastuta karanA kevala usI vyakti ke liye sambhava hotA hai jo una granthoM ko AtmasAt kara unake prastutIkaraNa kI kSamatA rakhatA ho| jise viSaya-jJAna na ho vaha cAhe kaisA hI bhASAvid ho, saphala anuvAdaka nahIM ho sktaa|
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________________ 144 SaDdarzana samuccaya kI samIkSA anuvAda ke kSetra meM paM0 mahendrakumAra jI ne mUla TIkA kI apekSA bhI artha meM vistAra kiyA hai kintu isa vistAra ke kAraNa unakI zailI meM jo spaSTatA aura subodhatA AI hai vaha nizcaya hI grantha ko saralatApUrvaka samajhAne meM sahAyaka hotI hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM Izvara ke sRSTikartRtva kI sarala zabdoM meM samIkSA karate hue ve likhate haiM - "acchA yaha bhI batAo ki Izvara saMsAra ko kyoM banAtA hai? kyA vaha apanI ruci se jagat ko gar3hane baiTha jAtA hai? athavA hama logoM ke puNya-pApa ke adhIna hokara isa agat kI sRSTi karatA hai yA dayA ke kAraNa yaha jagat banAtA hai yA usane krIr3A ke liye yaha khela-khilaunA banAyA hai kiMvA ziSToM kI bhalAI aura duSToM ko daNDa dene ke lie yaha jagat-jAla bichAyA hai yA usakA yaha svabhAva hI hai ki vaha baiThe-ThAle kucha na kucha kiyA hI kre|" yadi hama unakI isa vyAkhyA ko mUla ke sAtha milAna karake dekhate haiM to yaha pAte haiM ki mUla-TIkA mAtra do paMktiyoM meM hai jabaki anuvAda vistRta hai, to yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki unakA yaha anuvAda zabdAnusArI na hokara viSaya ko spaSTa karane kI dRSTi se hI huA hai| paM0 mahendrakumAra 'nyAyAcArya' ke isa anuvAda zailI kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki ve isameM kisI durUha zabdAvalI kA prayoga na karake aise zabdoM kI yojanA karate haiM jisase sAmAnya pAThaka bhI viSaya ko saralatApUrvaka samajha ske| isa anuvAda se aisA lagatA hai ki isameM paMDitajI kA uddezya apane vaiduSya kA pradarzana karanA nahIM hai, apitu sAmAnya pAThaka ko viSaya kA bodha karAnA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki unhoMne mUla aura TIkA se haTakara bhI viSaya ko spaSTa karane ke liye apane DhaMga se udAharaNa prastuta kiye haiN| paM0 mahendrakumAra jI ke isa anuvAda kI dUsarI vizeSatA yaha hai ki unhoMne apanI vyAkhyA meM janasAmAnya ke paricita zabdAvalI kA hI upayoga kiyA hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM jaina dRSTi se Izvara ke sRSTikartA hone kI samIkSA ke prasaMga meM ve likhate haiM ki yadi Izvara hama logoM ke pApa-puNya ke AdhAra para hI jagat kI sRSTi karatA hai to usakI svantratA kahA~ rahI, vaha kAhe kA iishvr| vaha to hamAre karmoM ke hukuma ko bajAne vAlA eka mainejara sarIkhA hI huaa| yadi Izvara kRpA karake isa jagat ko racatA hai to saMsAra meM koI du:khI prANI nahIM rahanA cAhiye, sabhI ko khuzahAla aura sukhI hI utpanna honA caahiye| isa zabdAvalI se hama spaSTa anumAna kara sakate haiM ki paMDita jI ne darzana jaise durUha viSaya ko kitanA sarasa aura subodha banA diyA hai| yaha kArya sAmAnya paMDita kA nahIM apitu eka adhikArI vidvAn kA hI ho sakatA hai| vastuta: yadi ise anuvAda kahanA ho to mAtra isa prakAra kahA jA sakatA
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________________ SaDdarzana samuccaya kI samIkSA hai ki unhoMne TIkA ke mUla tarkoM aura viSayoM kA anusaraNa kiyA hai kintu vAstava meM to yaha TIkA para AdhArita eka svatantra vyAkhyA hI hai| darzana jaise durUha viSaya ke tArkika granthoM kI aisI sarala aura subodha vyAkhyA hameM anyatra kama hI dekhane ko milatI hai| yaha unakI lekhanI kA hI kamAla hai ki ve bAta-bAta meM hI darzana kI durUha samasyAoM ko hala kara dete haiN| haribhadra ke hI eka grantha zAstravArtAsamuccaya kI TIkA kA anuvAda sampUrNAnanda saMskRta vizvavidyAlaya ke pUrva kulapati sva0 paM0 badarInAtha zukla ne kiyA hai kintu unakA yaha anuvAda itanA jaTila hai ki anuvAda kI apekSA mUla-grantha se viSaya ko samajha lenA adhika AsAna hai| yahI sthiti prameyakamalamArtaNDa, aSTasahasrI Adi jainadArzanika granthoM ke hindI anuvAda kI hai| vastuta: kisI vyakti kA vaiduSya isa bAta meM nahIM chalakatA ki pAThaka ko viSaya aspaSTa banA rahe, vaiduSya to isI meM hai ki pAThaka grantha ko sahaja aura sarala rUpa meM samajha ske| paM0 mahendrakumAra 'nyAyAcArya' kI yahI eka aisI vizeSatA unheM una vidvAnoM kI usa koTi meM lAkara khar3A kara detI hai jo gambhIra viSaya ko bhI spaSTatA ke sAtha samajhane aura samajhAne meM sakSama haiN| sAmAnyatayA saMskRta ke granthoM kI vyAkhyAoM yA anuvAdoM ko samajhane meM eka kaThinAI yaha hotI hai ki mUlagrantha yA TIkAoM meM pUrvapakSa kahA~ samApta hotA hai aura uttarapakSa kahA~ se prArambha hotA hai, kintu paM0 mahendrakumAra jI ne apane anuvAda meM IzvaravAdI jaina athavA zaMkA-samAdhAna aise choTe-choTe zIrSaka dekara ke bahuta hI spaSTatA ke sAtha pUrvapakSa aura uttarapakSa ko alaga-alaga rakha diyA, tAki pAThaka donoM ko alaga-alaga DhaMga se samajha skeN| bhASA kI dRSTi se paNDita jI ke anuvAda kI bhASA atyanta sarala hai| unhoMne durUha saMskRtaniSTha vAkyoM kI apekSA janasAdhAraNa meM pracalita zabdAvalI kA hI prayoga kiyA hai| yahI nahIM, yathAsthAna urdU aura aMgrejI zabdoM kA bhI ni:saMkoca prayoga kiyA hai| unake anuvAda meM prayukta kucha padAvaliyoM aura zabdoM kA prayoga dekheM - 'yaha jagat jAla bichAyA hai', 'karmoM ke hukuma ko bajAne vAlA mainejara', 'baiThe-ThAle, hAiDrojana meM jaba oNksIjana amuka mAtrA meM milatA hai to svabhAva se hI jala bana jAtA hai; isameM bIca ke ejeNTa Izvara kI kyA AvazyakatA hai', 'binA jote hae apane se hI ugane vAlI jaMgalI ghAsa', 'pratyakSa se kartA kA abhAva nizcita hai', (dekheM pR0 102-103 ) aadi| vastuta: aisI zabda-yojanA sAmAnya pAThaka ke liye viSaya ko samajhAne meM adhika kAragara siddha hotI hai| jahA~ taka paM0 mahendrakumAra jI ke vaiduSya kA prazna hai isa grantha kI
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________________ 146 SaDdarzana samuccaya kI samIkSA vyAkhyA se vaha apane Apa hI spaSTa ho jAtA hai kyoMki jaba taka vyakti SaDdarzanoM ke sAtha-sAtha unake pUrvapakSa aura uttarapakSa kA samyak jJAtA na ho taba taka unakI TIkA nahIM likha sakatA / yadyapi prastuta TIkA meM jainadarzana ke pUrvapakSa meM evaM pUrvapakSa ko vistAra diyA hai kintu anya darzanoM ke bhI pUrvapakSa aura uttarapakSa to apanI jagaha upasthita hue hI haiN| ataH SaDdarzanasamuccaya jaise grantha kI TIkA para eka navIna vyAkhyA likha denA kevala usI vyakti ke liye sambhava hai jo kisI eka darzana kA adhikArI vidvAn na hokara samasta darzanoM kA adhikArI vidvAn ho / paM0 mahendrakumAra jI kI yaha pratibhA hai ki ve isa grantha kI sarala aura sahaja hindI vyAkhyA kara sake, dArzanika jagat unake isa avadAna ko kabhI bhI nahIM bhulA pAegA / vastutaH unakA yaha anuvAda, anuvAda na hokara eka svatantra vyAkhyA hI hai / unakI vaijJAnika sampAdana paddhati kA yaha pramANa hai ki unhoMne pratyeka viSaya ke sandarbha meM aneka jaina evaM jainetara granthoM se pramANa prastuta kiye haiM / sandarbha-granthoM kI yaha saMkhyA sambhavataH sau se bhI adhika hogI jinake pramANa, TippaNI ke rUpa meM tulanA athavA pakSa - samarthana kI dRSTi se prastuta kiye gae haiN| ye TippaNa paM0 mahendrakumAra jI ke vyApaka evaM bahumukhI pratibhA ke paricAyaka haiN| yadi unheM ina saba granthoM kA vistRta avabodha nahIM hotA to yaha sambhava nahIM thA ki ve ina saba granthoM se TippaNa de paate| pariziSToM ke rUpa meM SaDdarzanasamuccaya kI maNibhadra kRta laghuvRtti, ajJAtakartRka avacUrNi ke sAtha-sAtha kArikA, zabdAnukramikA, uddhRta vAkya, anukramaNikA, saMketa-vivaraNa, Adi se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki paM0 mahendrakumAra jI kevala paramparAgata vidvAn hI nahIM the, apitu ve vaijJAnika rIti se sampAdana kalA meM bhI niSNAta the| vastutaH unakI pratibhA bahumukhI aura bahuAyAmI thI, jisakA Akalana unakI kRtiyoM ke samyak anuzIlana se hI pUrNa ho sakatA hai / SaDdarzanasamuccaya kI guNaratna kI TIkA para unakI yaha hindI vyAkhyA vastutaH bhAratIya darzana jagat ko unakA mahattvapUrNa avadAna hai jisake liye ve vidvajjagat meM sadaiva smaraNa kiye jAte rheNge|
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________________ Agama sAhitya meM prakIrNakoM kA sthAna, mahattva, racanAkAla evaM racayitA Agama sAhitya meM prakIrNakoM kA sthAna kisI bhI dhArmika paramparA kA AdhAra usake dharmagrantha hote haiM, jinheM vaha pramANabhUta mAnakara calatI hai / jisa prakAra musalamAnoM ke liye kurAna, IsAIyoM ke liye bAibila, bauddhoM ke liye tripiTaka aura hinduoM ke liye veda pramANabhUta grantha haiM, usI prakAra jainoM ke liye Agama pramANabhUta grantha haiN| sarvaprathama tattvArthasUtra, nandIsUtra aura pAkSikasUtra meM AgamoM kA vargIkaraNa aMgabAhya ke rUpa meM kiyA gayA hai| paramparAgata avadhAraNA yaha hai ki tIrthaGkaroM dvArA upadiSTa aura gaNadharoM dvArA racita grantha aMgapraviSTa Agama kahe jAte haiN| inakI saMkhyA bAraha hai, jo zvetAmbara aura digambara donoM paramparAoM meM samAna rUpa se svIkRta hai| ina aMga AgamoM ke nAma haiM 1. AcArAMga, 2, sUtrakRtAMga, 3 sthAnAMga, 4. samavAyAMga, 5. vyAkhyAprajJapti, 6. jJAtAdharmakathAMga, 7. upAsakadazAMga, 8. antakRddazAMga, 9. anuttaraupapAtikadazA 10. praznavyAkaraNadazA, 11. vipAkadazA aura 12. dRssttivaad| inake nAma aura krama ke sambandha meM bhI donoM paramparAoM meM ekarUpatA hai / mUlabhUta antara mAtra yaha hai ki jahA~ zvetAmbara paramparA Aja bhI dRSTivAda ke atirikta zeSa gyAraha aMgoM kA astitva svIkAra karatI hai, vahA~ digambara paramparA Aja mAtra dRSTivAda ke AdhAra para nirmita kasAyapAhuDa, SaTkhaNDAgama Adi ke atirikta ina aMga-AgamoM ko vilupta mAnatI hai| - aMgabAhya ve grantha haiM jo jinavacana ke AdhAra para sthaviroM ke dvArA likhe gae haiN| nandIsUtra meM aMga bAhya AgamoM ko bhI prathamataH do bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai| 1. Avazyaka aura 2. Avazyaka vyatirikta / Avazyaka ke antargata sAmAyika, caturviMzatistava, vaMdanA pratikramaNa, kAyotsarga aura pratyAkhyAna, ye cha: grantha sammilita rUpa se Ate haiM, jinheM Aja AvazyakasUtra ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai| isI grantha meM Avazyaka vyatirikta Agama-granthoM ko bhI punaH do bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai kAlika aura 2. utkAlika / Aja prakIrNakoM meM vargIkRta nau grantha inhIM do vibhAgoM ke antargata ullikhita haiN| isameM kAlika ke antargata RSibhASita aura dvIpasAgaraprajJapti, ina do prakIrNakoM 1.
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________________ 148 Agama sAhitya meM prakIrNakoM kA sthAna, mahattva evaM racanAkAla kA ullekha milatA hai, jabaki utkAlika ke antargata devendrastava, tandulavaicArika, candravedhyaka, gaNividyA, AturapratyAkhyAna, mahApratyAkhyAna aura maraNa-.. vibhakti ina sAta prakIrNakoM kA ullekha hai| ___ prAcIna AgamoM meM aisA kahIM bhI spaSTa ullekha nahIM hai ki amuka-amuka grantha prakIrNaka ke antargata Ate haiN| nandIsUtra aura pAkSikasUtra donoM meM hI AgamoM ke vibhinna vargoM meM kahIM bhI prakIrNaka-varga kA ullekha nahIM hai| yadyapi ina donoM granthoM meM Aja hama jinheM prakIrNaka mAna rahe haiM, unameM se aneka kA ullekha kAlika evaM utkAlika AgamoM ke antargata huA hai| yahA~ yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki AgamoM kA aMga, upAMga, cheda, mUla, cUlikA aura prakIrNaka ke rUpa meM ullekha sarvaprathama AcArya jinaprabha ke vidhimArgaprapA ( lagabhaga IsA kI terahavIM zatI ) meM milatA hai| isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki terahavIM zatI se pUrva AgamoM ke vargIkaraNa meM kahIM bhI prakIrNaka varga kA spaSTa nirdeza nahIM hai, kintu isase yaha niSkarSa nahIM nikAla lenA cAhiye ki usake pUrva na to prakIrNaka sAhitya thA aura na hI inakA koI ullekha thaa| aMga-AgamoM meM sarvaprathama samavAyAMgasUtra meM prakIrNaka kA ullekha huA hai| usameM kahA gayA hai ki bhagavAn RSabhadeva ke caurAsI hajAra ziSyoM dvArA racita caurAsI hajAra prakIrNaka the| paramparAgata avadhAraNA yaha hai ki jisa tIrthaGkara ke jitane ziSya hote haiM, usake zAsana meM utane hI prakIrNaka granthoM kI racanA hotI hai| sAmAnyatayA prakIrNaka zabda kA tAtparya hotA hai - vividha grnth| mujhe aisA lagatA hai ki prArambha meM AgamoM ke atirikta sabhI grantha prakIrNaka kI koTi meM mAne jAte the| aMga-AgamoM se itara Avazyaka, Avazyaka vyatirikta, kAlika evaM utkAlika ke rUpa meM vargIkRta sabhI grantha prakIrNaka kahalAte the| mere isa kathana kA pramANa yaha hai ki SaTkhaNDAgama kI dhavalA TIkA meM bAraha aMga-AgamoM se bhinna aMgabAhya granthoM ko prakIrNaka nAma diyA gayA hai| usameM uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika, RSibhASita Adi ko bhI prakIrNaka hI kahA gayA hai| yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki prakIrNaka nAma se abhihita athavA prakIrNaka varga meM samAhita sabhI granthoM ke nAma ke anta meM prakIrNaka zabda nahIM milatA hai| mAtra kucha hI grantha aise haiM jinake nAma ke anta meM prakIrNaka zabda kA ullekha huA hai| phira bhI itanA nizcita hai ki prakIrNakoM kA astitva ati prAcIna kAla meM bhI rahA hai, cAhe unheM prakIrNaka nAma se abhihita kiyA gayA ho athavA na kiyA gayA ho| nandIsUtrakAra ne aMgaAgamoM ko chor3akara Agama rUpa meM mAnya sabhI granthoM ko prakIrNaka kahA hai| ata: 'prakIrNaka' zabda Aja jitane saMkucita artha meM hai utanA pUrva meM nahIM thaa|
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________________ Agama sAhitya meM prakIrNakoM kA sthAna, mahattva evaM racanAkAla 149 umAsvAti aura devavAcaka ke samaya meM to aMga-AgamoM ke atirikta zeSa sabhI AgamoM ko prakIrNakoM meM hI samAhita kiyA jAtA thaa| isase jaina Agama sAhitya meM prakIrNakoM kA kyA sthAna hai, yaha siddha ho jAtA hai| prAcIna dRSTi se to aMgaAgamoM ke atirikta sampUrNa jaina Agamika sAhitya prakIrNaka varga ke antargata AtA hai| vartamAna meM prakIrNaka varga ke antargata dasa grantha mAnane kI jo paramparA hai, vaha na kevala arvAcIna hai apitu isa sandarbha meM zvetAmbara AcAryoM meM paraspara matabheda bhI hai ki ina dasa prakIrNakoM meM kauna se grantha samAhita kiye jaaeN| pradyumnasUri ne vicArasAraprakaraNa ( caudahavIM zatAbdI ) meM paiMtAlIsa AgamoM kA ullekha karate hue kucha prakIrNakoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| Agama prabhAkara muni puNyavijayajI ne cAra alaga-alaga sandarbho meM prakIrNakoM kI alaga-alaga sUciyA~ prastuta kI haiN| / ata: dasa prakIrNaka ke antargata kina-kina granthoM ko samAhita karanA. cAhiye, isa sandarbha meM zvetAmbara AcAryoM meM kahIM bhI ekarUpatA dekhane ko nahIM milatI hai| isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki prakIrNaka granthoM kI saMkhyA dasa hai, yaha mAnyatA na kevala paravartI hai apitu usameM ekarUpatA kA bhI abhAva hai| bhinna-bhinna zvetAmbara AcArya bhinna-bhinna sUciyA~ prastuta karate rahe haiM unameM kucha nAmoM meM to ekarUpatA hotI hai, kintu sabhI nAmoM meM ekarUpatA kA abhAva pAyA jAtA hai| jahA~ taka digambara paramparA kA prazna hai usameM tattvArthabhASya kA anusaraNa karate hue aMga-AgamoM ke atirikta anya granthoM ko prakIrNaka kahane kI hI paramparA rahI hai| ata: prakIrNakoM kI saMkhyA amuka hI hai, yaha kahane kA koI prAmANika AdhAra nahIM hai| vastutaH aMga-Agama sAhitya ke atirikta sampUrNa aMgabAhya Agama sAhitya prakIrNaka ke antargata Ate haiN| isa prakAra prakIrNaka sAhitya jaina Agama sAhitya ke ati vizAla bhAga kA paricAyaka hai aura unakI saMkhyA ko dasa taka sImita karane kA dRSTikoNa paryApta rUpa se paravartI aura vivAdAspada hai| prakIrNaka sAhitya kA mahattva yadyapi vartamAna meM zvetAmbara jainoM ke sthAnakavAsI aura terApaMthI sampradAya prakIrNakoM ko AgamoM ke antargata mAnya nahIM karate haiM kintu prakIrNakoM kI viSayavastu kA adhyayana karane se aisA lagatA hai ki aneka prakIrNaka aMga-AgamoM kI apekSA bhI sAdhanA kI dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa haiN| yadyapi yaha satya hai ki AcArya vIrabhadra dvArA IsA kI dasavIM zatI meM racita kucha prakIrNaka arvAcIna haiM, kintu isase sampUrNa prakIrNakoM kI arvAcInatA siddha nahIM hotii| viSayavastu kI dRSTi se
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________________ Agama sAhitya meM prakIrNakoM kA sthAna, mahattva evaM racanAkAla prakIrNaka sAhitya meM jainavidyA ke vividha pakSoM para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| jahA~ taka devendrastava aura dvIpasAgaraprajJapti prakIrNaka kA prazna hai, ve mukhyataH jaina khagola aura bhUgola kI carcA karate haiN| isI prakAra titthogAlI prakIrNaka meM bhI jaina kAlavyavasthA kA citraNa vibhinna bhaugolika kSetroM ke sandarbha meM huA hai| jyotiSkaraNDaka aura gaNividyA- prakIrNaka kA sambandha mukhyatayA jaina jyotiSa se hai / titthogAlI prakIrNaka mukhyarUpa se prAcIna jaina itihAsa ko prastuta karatA hai| zvetAmbara paramparA meM titthogAlI hI ekamAtra aisA prakIrNaka hai jisameM AgamajJAna ke kramika uccheda kI bAta kahI gaI hai| sArAvalI prakIrNaka meM mukhya rUpa se zatruJjaya mahAtIrtha kI kathA aura mahattva ullikhita hai| taMdulavaicArika prakIrNaka jaina jIvavijJAna kA sundara aura saMkSipta paricaya prastuta karatA hai| isI prakAra aMgavidyA nAmaka prakIrNaka mAnava zarIra ke aMga-pratyaMgoM ke vivaraNa ke sAtha-sAtha unake zubhAzubha lakSaNoM kA bhI citraNa karatA hai aura unake AdhAra para phalAdeza bhI prastuta karatA hai / isa prakAra isa grantha kA sambandha zarIra racanA evaM phalita jyotiSa donoM viSayoM se hai / gacchAcAra prakIrNaka meM jaina saMgha vyavasthA kA citraNa upalabdha hotA hai, jabaki candravedhyaka prakIrNaka meM guru-ziSya ke sambandha evaM zikSA - sambandhoM kA nirdeza hai| vIrastava prakIrNaka meM mahAvIra ke vividha vizeSaNa ke artha kI vyutpattiparaka vyAkhyA kI gaI hai| catuH zaraNa prakIrNaka meM mukhya rUpa se caturvidha saMgha ke mahattva ko spaSTa karate hue jaina sAdhanA kA paricaya diyA gayA hai| AturapratyAkhyAna, mahApratyAkhyAna, maraNasamAdhi, saMstAraka, ArAdhanApatAkA, ArAdhanAprakaraNa, bhaktapratyAkhyAna Adi prakIrNaka jaina-sAdhanA ke antima caraNa samAdhimaraNa kI pUrva taiyArI aura usakI sAdhanA kI vizeSa vidhiyoM kA citraNa prastuta karate haiN| isa prakAra prakIrNaka sAhitya meM jainavidyA ke vividha pakSoM kA samAveza huA hai, jo jaina sAhitya ke kSetra meM unake mUlya aura mahattva ko spaSTa kara detA hai| 150 prakIrNaka sAhitya kA racanAkAla jahA~ taka prakIrNakoM kI prAcInatA kA prazna hai unameM se aneka prakIrNakoM kA ullekha nandIsUtra meM hone se ve usase prAcIna siddha ho jAte haiN| mAtra yahI nahIM prakIrNaka nAma se abhihita granthoM meM se aneka to aMga-AgamoM kI apekSA prAcIna stara ke rahe haiM, kyoMki RSibhASita kA sthAnAMga evaM samavAyAMga meM ullekha hai| RSibhASita Adi kucha aise prakIrNaka haiM jo bhASA-zailI, viSayavastu Adi aneka AdhAroM para AcArAMgasUtra ke prathama zrutaskandha ko chor3akara zeSa AgamoM kI apekSA bhI prAcIna haiN| RSibhASita usa kAla kA grantha hai, jaba jainadharma sImita sImAoM
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________________ Agama sAhitya meM prakIrNakoM kA sthAna, mahattva evaM racanAkAla 151 meM Abaddha nahIM huA thA varan usameM anya paramparAoM ke zramaNoM ko bhI AdarapUrvaka sthAna prApta thaa| isa grantha kI racanA usa yuga meM sambhava nahIM thI, jaba jainadharma bhI sampradAya ke kSudra ghere meM Abaddha ho gyaa| lagabhaga I0 pU0 tIsarI zatAbdI se jainadharma meM jo sAmpradAyika abhiniveza dRr3ha ho rahe the, usake saMketa sUtrakRtAMgasUtra aura bhagavatIsUtra jaise prAcIna AgamoM meM bhI mila rahe haiN| bhagavatIsUtra meM jisa maMkhaliputra gozAlaka kI kaTu AlocanA hai, use RSibhASita arhat RSi kahatA hai| AturapratyAkhyAna, mahApratyAkhyAna, taMdulavaicArika, maraNavibhakti Adi prakIrNaka sAhitya ke aise grantha haiM - jo sampradAyagata AgrahoM se mukta haiN| sUtrakRtAMgasUtra meM RSibhASita ke aneka RSiyoM kA sammAnapUrvaka ullekha aura unheM arhat paramparA dvArA sammata mAnA jAnA bhI yahI sUcita karatA hai ki RSibhASita ina aMga-AgamoM se bhI prAcIna hai| puna: RSibhASita jaise kucha prAcIna prakIrNakoM kI bhASA kA ardhamAgadhI svarUpa tathA AgamoM kI apekSA unakI bhASA para mahArASTrI bhASA kI alpatA bhI yahI siddha karatI hai ki ye grantha prAcIna stara ke haiN| nandIsUtra meM prakIrNaka ke nAma se abhihita nau granthoM kA ullekha bhI yahI siddha karatA hai ki kama se kama ye nau prakIrNaka to nandIsUtra se pUrvavartI haiN| nandIsUtra kA kAla vidvAnoM ne vikrama kI pA~cavIM zatI mAnA hai, ata: ye prakIrNaka usase pUrva ke haiN| isI prakAra samavAyAMgasUtra meM spaSTa rUpa se prakIrNakoM kA nirdeza bhI yahI siddha karatA hai ki samavAyAMgasUtra ke racanAkAla arthAt vikrama kI tIsarI zatI meM bhI aneka prakIrNakoM kA astitva thaa| ina prakIrNakoM meM devendrastava ke racanAkAra RSipAlita haiN| kalpasUtra sthavirAvalI meM RSipAlita kA ullekha hai| inakA kAla IsA-pUrva prathama zatI ke lagabhaga hai| isakI vistRta carcA hamane devendrastava ( deviMdatthao ) prastAvanA meM kI hai| ( icchuka pAThaka use vahA~ dekha sakate haiM ) / abhI-abhI 'sambodhi' patrikA meM zrI lalita kumAra kA eka zodha-lekha prakAzita huA hai, jisameM unhoMne purAtAttvika AdhAroM para yaha siddha kiyA hai ki devendrastava kI racanA I0 pU0 prathama zatI meM yA usake bhI kucha pUrva huI hogii| prakIrNakoM meM nimnalikhita prakIrNaka vIrabhadra kI racanA kahe jAte haiM - causaraNa, AurapaccakkhANa, bhattapariNNA aura aaraadhnaaptaakaa| ArAdhanApatAkA kI prazasti meM 'vikkamanivakAlAo aTThatarime-samAsahassammi yA pAThabheda se aTThabheda se samAsahassammi' ke ullekha ke anusAra inakA racanAkAla I0 san 1008 yA 1078 siddha hotA hai| isa prakAra prakIrNaka nAma se abhihita granthoM meM jahA~ RSibhASita I0 pU0 pA~cavIM zatI kI racanA hai, vahIM ArAdhanApatAkA I0 san kI dasavIM yA gyArahavIM zatI ke
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________________ 152 Agama sAhitya meM prakIrNakoM kA sthAna, mahattva evaM racanAkAla pUrvArddha kI racanA hai| isa prakAra prakIrNaka sAhitya meM samAhita grantha lagabhaga pandraha sau varSa kI sudIrgha avadhi meM nirmita hote rahe haiM, phira bhI causaraNa, paravartI AurapaccakkhANa, bhattapariNNA, saMthAraga aura ArAhanApaDAyA ko chor3akara zeSa prakIrNaka I0 san kI pA~cavIM zatI ke pUrva kI racanAe~ haiM / jJAtavya hai ki mahAvIra jaina vidyAlaya, bambaI se prakAzita 'paiNNAyasuttAI' meM AurapaccakkhANa ke nAma se tIna grantha upalabdha hote haiM, inameM vIrabhadra racita AurapaccakkhANa paravartI hai kintu nandIsUtra meM ullikhita AurapaccakkhANa to prAcIna hI hai / yahA~ para yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki prakIrNakoM kI aneka gAthAe~ zvetAmbara mAnya aMga-AgamoM evaM uttarAdhyayanasUtra, dazavaikAlikasUtra jaise prAcIna stara ke Agama granthoM meM bhI pAyI jAtI haiN| gadya aMga-AgamoM, meM padyarUpa meM ina gAthAoM kI upasthiti bhI yahI siddha karatI hai ki unameM ye gAthAe~ prakIrNakoM se avatarita haiN| / yaha kArya valabhIvAcanA ke pUrva huA hai, ataH phalita hotA hai ki nandIsUtra meM ullikhita prakIrNaka valabhIvAcanA ke pUrva racita haiN| taMdulavaicArika kA ullekha dazavaikAlika kI prAcIna agastyasiMha cUrNi meM hai / " isase usakI prAcInatA siddha * ho jAtI hai| yaha cUrNi anya cUrNiyoM kI apekSA prAcIna mAnI gayI hai| 10 digambara paramparA meM mUlAcAra, bhagavatI ArAdhanA aura kundakunda ke granthoM meM prakIrNakoM kI saikar3oM gAthAe~ apane zaurasenI rUpAntaraNa meM milatI haiN| mUlAcAra ke saMkSipta pratyAkhyAna aura mahApratyAkhyAna nAma adhyAyoM meM to Atura - pratyAkhyAna evaM mahApratyAkhyAna ina donoM prakIrNakoM kI lagabhaga sattara se adhika gAthAe~ haiM / isI prakAra maraNavibhakti prakIrNaka kI lagabhaga zatAdhika gAthAe~ bhagavatI ArAdhanA meM milatI haiN| isase yahI phalita hotA hai ki ye prakIrNaka grantha mUlAcAra evaM bhagavatI ArAdhanA se pUrva ke haiN| mUlAcAra evaM bhagavatI - ArAdhanA ke racanAkAla ko lekara cAhe kitanA bhI matabheda ho, kintu itanA nizcita hai ki ye grantha IsA kI chaThIM zatI se paravartI nahIM haiM / yadyapi yaha prazna uThAyA jA sakatA hai ki prakIrNakoM meM ye gAthAe~ ina yApanIya / acela paramparA ke granthoM se lI gayI hoMgI, kintu aneka pramANoM ke AdhAra para yaha dAvA nirasta ho jAtA hai| jinameM se kucha pramANa isa prakAra haiM 1. guNasthAna siddhAnta umAsvAti ke tattvArthasUtra aura AcArAMganiryukti kI racanA ke pazcAt lagabhaga pA~cavIM chaThI zatI meM astitva meM AyA hai| cU~ki mUlAcAra aura bhagavatI ArAdhanA donoM granthoM meM guNasthAna kA ullekha milatA hai, ataH ye grantha pA~cavIM zatI ke bAda kI racanAe~ haiM jabaki AturapratyAkhyAna, mahApratyAkhyAna aura maraNasamAdhi kA ullekha nandIsUtra meM hone se ye grantha pA~cavIM zatI -
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________________ Agama sAhitya meM prakIrNakoM kA sthAna, mahattva evaM racanAkAla 153 ke pUrva kI racanAe~ haiN| 2. mUlAcAra meM saMkSiptapratyAkhyAna aura mahApratyAkhyAna nAmaka adhyayana banAkara unameM AturapratyAkhyAna aura mahApratyAkhyAna nAmaka donoM granthoM ko samAhita kiyA gayA hai| isase yahI siddha hotA hai ki ye grantha pUrvavartI haiM aura mUlAcAra paravartI hai| 3. bhagavatI-ArAdhanA meM bhI maraNavibhakti kI aneka gAthAe~ samAna rUpa se milatI haiN| varNya-viSaya kI samAnatA hote hue bhI bhagavatI-ArAdhanA meM jo vistAra hai, vaha maraNavibhakti meM nahIM hai| prAcIna stara ke grantha mAtra zrutaparamparA se kaNThastha kiye jAte the, ata: ve AkAra meM saMkSipta hote the tAki unheM sugamatA se yAda rakhA jA sake, jabaki lekhana-paramparA ke vikasita hone ke pazcAt vizAlakAya grantha nirmita hone lge| mUlAcAra aura bhagavatI-ArAdhanA donoM vizAla grantha haiM, ata: ve prakIrNakoM se apekSAkRta paravartI haiN| vastutaH prakIrNaka sAhitya ke ve sabhI grantha jo nandIsUtra aura pAkSikasUtra meM ullikhita haiM aura vartamAna meM upalabdha haiM, nizcita hI IsA kI pA~cavIM zatI ke pUrva ke haiN| prakIrNakoM meM jyotiSkaraNDaka nAmaka prakIrNaka kA bhI mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| isameM zramaNa gandhahastI aura pratihastI kA ullekha milatA hai| isameM yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki jisa viSaya kA sUryaprajJapti meM vistAra se vivecana hai, usI ko saMkSepa meM yahA~ diyA gayA hai| tAtparya yaha hai ki yaha prakIrNaka sUryaprajJapti ke AdhAra para nirmita kiyA gayA hai| isameM kartA ke rUpa meM pAdaliptAcArya kA bhI spaSTa ullekha huA hai| pAdaliptAcArya kA ullekha niyukti sAhitya meM bhI upalabdha hotA hai (lagabhaga IsA kI prathama shtii)| isase yahI phalita hotA hai ki jyotiSkaraNDaka kA racanAkAla bhI I0 san kI prathama zatI hai| aMgabAhya AgamoM meM sUryaprajJapti, jisake AdhAra para isa grantha kI racanA huI, eka prAcIna grantha hai kyoMki isameM jo jyotiSa sambandhI vivaraNa haiM, vaha IsvI pUrva ke haiM, usake AdhAra para bhI isakI prAcInatA siddha hotI hai| sAtha hI isakI bhASA meM ardhamAgadhI rUpoM kI pracuratA bhI ise prAcIna grantha siddha karatI hai| _ ata: prakIrNakoM ke racanAkAla kI pUrva sImA I0 pU0 caturtha-tRtIya zatI se prArambha hotI hai| paravartI kucha prakIrNaka jaise kuzalANubaMdhi adhyayana, catuHzaraNa, bhaktaparijJA Adi vIrabhadra kI racanA mAne jAte haiM, ve nizcita hI IsA kI dasavIM zatI kI racanAe~ haiN| isa prakAra prakIrNaka sAhitya kA racanAkAla I0 pU0 catartha zatI se prArambha hokara IsA kI dasavIM zatI taka arthAt lagabhaga pandraha sau varSoM kI sudIrgha avadhi taka vyApta hai|
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________________ 154 Agama sAhitya meM prakIrNakoM kA sthAna, mahattva evaM racanAkAla prakIrNakoM ke racayitA prakIrNaka sAhitya ke racanAkAla ke sambandha meM vicAra karate hue hamane yaha pAyA hai ki adhikAMza prakIrNaka granthoM ke racayitA ke sandarbha meM kahIM koI ullekha nahIM hai| prAcIna stara ke prakIrNakoM meM RSibhASita, candravedhyaka, AturapratyAkhyAna, mahApratyAkhyAna, maraNasamAdhi, gaNividyA, saMstAraka Adi meM lekhaka ke nAma kA kahIM bhI nirdeza mahIM hai| mAtra devendrastava aura jyotiSkaraNDaka do hI prAcIna prakIrNaka aise haiM, jinakI antima gAthAoM meM spaSTa rUpa se lekhaka ke nAmoM kA ullekha huA hai| devendrastava ke kartA ke rUpa meM RSipAlita aura jyotiSkaraNDaka ke kartA ke rUpa meM pAdaliptAcArya ke nAmoM kA ullekha kalpasUtra sthavirAvalI meM mahAvIra kI paTTaparamparA meM terahaveM sthAna para AtA hai aura isa AdhAra para ve I0 pU0 prathama zatAbdI ke lagabhaga ke siddha hote haiN| kalpasUtra sthavirAvalI meM inake dvArA koTikagaNa kI RSipAlita zAkhA prArambha huI, aisA bhI ullekha hai| isa sandarbha meM aura vistAra se carcA hamane devendrastava prakIrNaka kI bhUmikA meM kI hai| 2 devendrastava ke kartA RSipAlita kA samaya lagabhaga I0 pU0 prathama zatAbdI hai| isa tathya kI puSTi zrI lalita kumAra ne apane eka zodha-lekha meM kI hai, jisakA nirdeza bhI hama pUrva meM kara cuke haiN| jyotiSkaraNDaka ke kartA pAdaliptAcArya kA ullekha hameM niyukti sAhitya meM upalabdha hotA hai| 13 AryarakSita ke samakAlika hone se ve lagabhaga IsA kI prathama zatAbdI ke hI siddha hote haiN| unake vyaktitva ke sandarbha meM bhI cUrNi sAhitya aura paravartI prabandhoM meM vistAra se ullekha milatA hai| . kusalANubaMdhi adhyayana aura bhaktaparijJA prakIrNaka ke kartA ke rUpa meM bhI AcArya vIrabhadra kA hI ullekha milatA hai| vIrabhadra ke kAla ke sambandha meM aneka pravAda pracalita haiM jinakI carcA hamane gacchAcAra prakIrNaka kI bhUmikA meM kI hai|5 hamArI dRSTi meM vIrabhadra IsA kI dasavIM zatAbdI ke uttarArddha aura gyArahavIM zatAbdI ke pUrvArddha ke AcArya haiN| ___isa prakAra niSkarSa rUpa meM hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki IsvI pUrva caturtha zatAbdI se lekara IsA kI dasavIM zatAbdI taka lagabhaga pandraha sau varSoM kI sudIrgha avadhi meM prakIrNaka sAhitya likhA jAtA rahA hai| kintu itanA nizcita hai ki adhikAMza mahattvapUrNa prakIrNaka grantha IsA kI pA~cavIM-chaThI zatAbdI taka likhe jA cuke the| ve sabhI prakIrNaka jo nandIsUtra meM ullikhita haiM, vastuta: prAcIna haiM aura unameM jainoM ke sampradAyagata vibheda kI koI sUcanA nahIM hai| mAtra titthogAlI, sArAvalI Adi kucha paravartI prakIrNakoM meM prakArAntara se jainoM ke sAmpradAyika
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________________ Agama sAhitya meM prakIrNakoM kA sthAna, mahattva evaM racanAkAla . 155 matabhedoM kI kiJcit sUcanA milatI hai| prAcIna stara ke ina prakIrNakoM meM se adhikAMza mUlata: AdhyAtmika sAdhanA aura vizeSa rUpa se samAdhimaraNa kI sAdhanA ke viSaya meM prakAza DAlate haiN| ye grantha nivRttimUlaka jIvanadRSTi ke prastotA haiN| yaha hamArA durbhAgya hai ki jaina paramparA ke kucha sampradAyoM meM vizeSa rUpa se digambara, sthAnakavAsI aura terApaMthI paramparAoM meM inakI Agama rUpa meM mAnyatA nahIM hai, kintu yadi niSpakSa bhAva se ina prakIrNakoM kA adhyayana kiyA jAya to inameM aisA kucha bhI nahIM hai jo ina paramparAoM kI mAnyatA ke virodha meM jAtA ho| Agama saMsthAna, udayapura dvArA ina prakIrNakoM kA hindI meM anuvAda karake jo mahattvapUrNa kArya kiyA jA rahA hai, AzA hai, usake mAdhyama se ye grantha ina paramparAoM meM bhI pahu~ceMge aura unameM inake adhyayana aura paThana-pAThana kI ruci vikasita hogii| vastuta: prakIrNaka sAhitya kI upekSA prAkRta sAhitya ke eka mahattvapUrNa pakSa kI upekSA hai| isa dizA meM Agama saMsthAna, udayapura ne sAmpradAyika AgrahoM se Upara uThakara inake anuvAda ko prakAzita karane kI yojanA ko apane hAtha meM liyA aura inakA prakAzana karake apanI udAravRtti kA paricaya diyA hai| prakIrNaka sAhitya ke samIkSAtmaka adhyayana ke uddezya ko lekara inake dvArA prakAzita 'prakIrNaka sAhitya : adhyayana evaM samIkSA' nAmaka pustaka prakIrNakoM ke viSaya meM vistRta jAnakArI detI hai| AzA hai sudhIjana inake ina prayatnoM ko protsAhita kareMge, jisake mAdhyama se prAkRta sAhitya kI yaha amUlya nidhi jana-jana taka pahu~cakara unake Atma-kalyANa meM sahAyaka bnegii| sandarbha 1. 'aMgabAhiracoddasapaiNNayajjhAyA'-dhavalA, pustaka 13, khaNDa 5, bhAga 5, sUtra 48, pR0 267, uddhRta - jainendra siddhAnta koza, pR0 70. 2. vahI, pR0 70. 3. nandIsUtra, sampA0 muni madhukara, Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, varSa 1982, sUtra 81. 4. uddhRta - paiNNayasuttAI, sampA0 muni puNyavijaya, mahAvIra jaina vidyAlaya, bambaI, prathama saMskaraNa 1984, bhAga 1, prastAvanA, pR0 21. 5. vahI, prastAvanA, pR0 20-21. 6. (ka ) sthAnAGgasUtra, sampA0 munimadhukara, Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, varSa 1981, sthAna 10, sUtra 116. (kha) samavAyAGgasUtra, sampA0 muni madhukara, Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, varSa 1982, samavAya 44, sUtra 258.
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________________ 156 Agama sAhitya meM prakIrNakoM kA sthAna, mahattva evaM racanAkAla 7. deviMdatthao ( devendrastava ), Agama ahiMsA-samatA evaM prAkRta saMsthAna, udayapura, prathama saMskaraNa 1988, bhUmikA, pR0 18-22. 8. Sambodhi, Institute of Indology, Ahmedabad, Vol. XVIII, Year 1992-93, pp. 74-76. 9. ArAdhanApatAkA ( AcArya vIrabhadra ), gAthA 987. 10. dazavaikAlika cUrNi, pR0 3, paM0 12 - uddhRta paiNNayasuttAI, bhAga 1, prastAvanA, pR0 19. 11. ( ka ) devendrastava prakIrNaka, gAthA 310. ( kha ) jyotiSkaraNDaka prakIrNaka, gAthA 403-405. 12. deviMdatthao, bhUmikA, pR0 18-22. 13. piMDaniyukti, gAthA 498. 14. ( ka ) kusalANubaMdhi adhyayana prakIrNaka, gAthA 63. (kha ) bhaktaparijJA prakIrNaka, gAthA 172. 15. gacchAyAra paiNNayaM ( gacchAcAra-prakIrNaka), Agama ahiMsA-samatA evaM . prAkRta saMsthAna, udayapura, saMskaraNa 1994, bhUmikA, pR0 20-21.
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________________ jaina darzana meM AdhyAtmika vikAsa AdhyAtmika vikAsa kA pratyaya bhI utanA hI mahattvapUrNa hai, jitanA mahattvapUrNa Atma-pUrNatA kI avadhAraNA hai| jaina darzana meM AdhyAtmika vikAsa ke vibhinna staroM kA vivecana huA hai| yahA~ yaha smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki usameM ina vibhinna staroM kA vivecana vyavahAra dRSTi se hI kiyA gayA hai| pAramArthika ( tattva ) dRSTi se to paramatattva yA AtmA sadaiva hI avikArI hai| usameM vikAsa kI koI prakriyA hotI hI nahIM hai| vaha to bandhana aura mukti, vikAsa aura patana se pare yA nirapekSa hai| AcArya kundakunda kahate haiM - AtmA gaNasthAna, mArgaNAsthAna aura jIvasthAna nAmaka vikAsa-patana kI prakriyAoM se bhinna hai| isI bAta kA samarthana prophesara ramAkAnta tripAThI ne apanI pustaka 'spinojA ina di lAiTa oNfa vedAnta' meM kiyA hai| spinojA ke anusAra AdhyAtmika mUla-tattva na to vikAsa kI sthiti meM hai aura na prayAsa kI sthiti meN| lekina jaina-vicAraNA meM to vyavahAra-dRSTi bhI utanI hI yathArtha hai jitanI ki paramArtha yA nizcayadRSTi, cAhe vikAsa kI prakriyAe~ vyavahAranaya ( paryAyadRSTi ) kA hI viSaya hoM; lekina isase usakI yathArthatA meM koI kamI nahIM hotii| AtmA kI tIna avasthAe~ jaina darzana meM AdhyAtmika pUrNatA arthAt mokSa kI prApti hI sAdhanA kA lakSya mAnA gayA hai| isa lakSya kI prApti ke liye sAdhaka ko sAdhanA kI vibhinna zreNiyoM se gujaranA hotA hai| ye zreNiyA~ sAdhaka kI sAdhanA kI U~cAiyoM kI mApaka haiM, lekina vikAsa to eka madhya avasthA hai| usake eka ora avikAsa kI avasthA hai aura dUsarI ora pUrNatA kii| isI tathya ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue jainAcAryoM ne AtmA kI tIna avasthAoM kA vivecana kiyA hai - 1. bahirAtmA, 2. antarAtmA aura 3. prmaatmaa| AtmA ke ina tIna prakAroM kI carcA jaina sAhitya meM prAcIna kAla se upalabdha hai| sarvaprathama hameM AcArya kundakunda ke 'mokSaprAbhRta' ( mokkhapAhuDa ) meM
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________________ jaina darzana meM AdhyAtmika vikAsa AtmA kI tIna avasthAoM kI spaSTa carcA upalabdha hotI hai / yadyapi isake bIja hameM AcArAMga jaise prAcInatama Agama meM bhI upalabdha hote haiM / 'AcArAMga' meM yadyapi spaSTa rUpa se bahirAtmA, antarAtmA jaise zabdoM kA prayoga nahIM hai kintu usameM ina tInoM hI prakAra kI AtmAoM ke lakSaNoM kA vivecana upalabdha ho jAtA hai / 4 bahirmukhI AtmA ko AcArAMga meM bAla, manda aura mUr3ha ke nAma se abhihita kiyA gayA hai| ye AtmAe~ mamatva se yukta hotI haiM aura bAhya viSayoM meM rasa letI haiN| antarmukhI AtmA ko paNDita, medhAvI, dhIra, samyaktvadarzI aura ananyadarzI ke nAma se citrita kiyA gayA hai| ananyadarzI zabda hI unakI antarmukhatA ko spaSTa kara detA hai| inake liye muni zabda kA prayoga bhI huA hai| AcArAMga ke anusAra ye ve loga haiM jinhoMne saMsAra ke svarUpa ko jAnakara lokeSaNA kA tyAga kara diyA hai / pApavirata evaM samyagdarzI honA hI antarAtmA kA lakSaNa hai / isI prakAra AcArAMga meM mukta AtmA ke svarUpa kA vivecana bhI upalabdha hotA hai / use vimukta, pAragAmI tathA tarka aura vANI se agamya batAyA gayA I 158 AtmA ke isa trividha vargIkaraNa kA pramukha zreya to AcArya kundakunda ko hI jAtA hai| paravartI sabhI digambara aura zvetAmbara AcAryoM ne inhIM kA anukaraNa kiyA hai| kArtikeya, pUjyapAda, yogIndu, haribhadra, Anandaghana aura yazovijaya Adi sabhI ne apanI racanAoM meM AtmA ke uparyukta tIna prakAroM kA ullekha kiyA hai| 1. bahirAtmA : jainAcAryoM ne usa AtmA ko bahirAtmA kahA hai, jo sAMsArika viSaya-bhogoM meM ruci rakhatA hai / parapadArthoM meM apanatva kA AropaNa kara unake bhogoM meM Asakta banA rahatA hai / bahirAtmA dehAtma buddhi aura mithyAtva se yukta hotA hai / " yaha cetanA kI viSayAbhimukhI pravRtti hai / 2. antarAtmA : bAhya viSayoM se vimukha hokara apane antara meM jhA~kanA antarAtmA kA lakSaNa hai / antarAtmA AtmAbhimukha hotA hai evaM sva-svarUpa meM nimagna rahatA hai| yaha jJAtA - draSTA bhAva kI sthiti hai / antarmukhI AtmA dehAtma buddhi se rahita hotA hai kyoMki vaha AtmA aura zarIra arthAt sva aura para kI bhinnatA ko bhedavijJAna ke dvArA jAna letA hai / " antarAtmA ke bhI tIna bheda kiye gae haiN| avirata samyagdRSTi sabase nimna prakAra kA antarAtmA hai| deza- virata gRhastha, upAsaka aura pramatta muni madhyama prakAra ke antarAtmA haiM aura apramatta yogI yA muni uttama prakAra ke antarAtmA haiM / 3. paramAtmA : karma-mala se rahita, rAga-dveSa kA vijetA, sarvajJa aura
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________________ jaina darzana meM AdhyAtmika vikAsa 159 sarvadarzI AtmA ko paramAtmA kahA gayA hai| paramAtmA ke do bheda kiye gae haiM - arhat aura siddh| jIvanamukta AtmA arhat kahA jAtA hai aura videhamukta AtmA siddha kahA jAtA hai| __ kaThopaniSad meM bhI isI prakAra AtmA ke tIna bheda - jJAnAtmA, mahadAtmA aura zAntAtmA - kiye gae haiN| tulanAtmaka dRSTi se jJAnAtmA, bahirAtmA, mahadAtmA, antarAtmA aura zAntAtmA paramAtmA hai| mokSaprAbhRta, niyamasAra, rayaNasAra, yogasAra, kArtikeyAnuprekSA Adi sabhI meM tInoM prakAra kI AtmAoM ke yahI lakSaNa kiye gae haiN| AtmA kI ina tInoM avasthAoM ko kramaza: 1. mithyAdarzIAtmA, 2. samyagdarzIAtmA aura 3. sarvadarzIAtmA bhI kahate haiN| sAdhanA kI dRSTi se hama inheM kramaza: patita avasthA, sAdhaka avasthA aura siddhAvasthA kaha sakate haiN| apekSA-bheda se naitikatA ke AdhAra para ina tInoM avasthAoM ko 1. anaitikatA kI avasthA, 2. naitikatA kI avasthA aura 3. atinaitikatA kI avasthA kahA jA sakatA hai| pahalI avasthA vAlA vyakti durAcArI yA durAtmA hai, dUsarI avasthA vAlA sadAcArI yA mahAtmA hai aura tIsarI avasthA vAlA AdarzAtmA yA paramAtmA hai| jaina darzana ke guNasthAna siddhAntoM meM prathama se tIsare guNasthAna taka bahirAtmA kI avasthA kA citraNa hai| caturtha se bArahaveM guNasthAna taka antarAtmA kI avasthA kA vivecana hai| zeSa do guNasthAna AtmA ke paramAtma-svarUpa ko abhivyakta karate haiN| paNDita sukhalAlajI inheM kramaza: AtmA kI (1) AdhyAtmika avikAsa kI avasthA, (2) AdhyAtmika vikAsa-krama kI avasthA aura (3) AdhyAtmika pUrNatA yA mokSa kI avasthA kahate haiN| sandarbha 1. niyamasAra, 77. 2. spinojA ina di lAiTa oNpha vedAnta, pR0 38 TippaNI, 199, 204. 3. ( a ) adhyAtmamata parIkSA, gA0 125. ( ba ) yogAvatAra, dvAtriMzikA, 17-18. (sa ) mokkhapAhuDa, 4. 4. dekhie - AcArAMga, prathama zrutaskandha, adhyayana 3-4. 5. mokkhapAhuDa, 4. 6. vahI, 5, 8, 10, 11.
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________________ 160 jaina darzana meM AdhyAtmika vikAsa 7. vahI, 5, 9. 8. vahI, 5, 6, 12. 9. vizeSa vivecana evaM sandarbha ke liye dekhiye ---- (a) darzana aura cintana, pR0 276-277. (ba) jainadharma, pR0 147.
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________________ SRAMANA Third Monthly Research Journal of Parsi anatha Vidyapitha Year-48] Volume 4-6 [April-June, 1997 General Editor Prof. Sagarmal Jain Editors Dr. Ashok Kumar Singh Dr. Shriprakash Pandey For Publishing Articles, News, Advertisement and Membership, Contact General Editor Sarmana Parsvanatha Vidyapitha I.T.I. Road, Karaundi P.O.: B.H.U. Varanasi - 221 005 Phone : 316521, 318046 Fax : 0542 - 316521 Annual Subscription For Instituitions : Rs. 60.00 For Individual : Rs. 50.00 Single Issue : Rs. 15.00 Life Membership For Institutions : Rs. 1000.00 For Individual : Rs. 500.00
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________________ SRAMANA English Section Articles of this Volume S.NO. Title & Author Pages 1-27 The Heritage of Last Arhat Mahavira Charlotte Krause Mahavira 1-17 Amarchand 3. BOOK-REVIEW
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________________ The Heritage of the Last Arhat Mahavira A Lecture by Charlotte Krause Published by Parshvanath Vidyapeeth Varanasi -5, (India)
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________________ The Heritage of the Last Arhat Mahavira Publisher : Parshvanath Vidyapeeth I.T.I. Road, Karaundi, Varanasi-5 Phone. 316521 Reprinted from the book "The Heritage of The Last Arhat" A Lecture by Charlotte Krause Published by Shri Yashovijaya Jaina Granthamala Bhavanagar (Kathiawara), 1930 Price Rs. 20 1997 Type Setting at: RAJESH COMPUTERS D 59/378 k-2, Jai Prakash Nagar Varanasi Ph. No. 220599
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________________ Publisher's Note The book 'The Heritage of Last Arhat'was first published in 1930 by Shri Phulchandji Ved, Secretary, Shri Yashovijaya Jain Granthamala, Bhavanagar. On demands of the readers Parshvanath Vidyapeeth decided to reprint this book to make it available to the readers. This is a compilation of the lectures delivered by Charlotte Krause long back. This scholarly monograph beautifully records the principal teachings of Lord Mahavira and their impact on the India's Social and Cultural Heritage. Parshvanath Vidyapeeth feels emense pleasure in bringing out this edition on the eve of Lord Mahavira's 2596th Birth anniversary, (20th April, 1997) with minor change only in the title of the book. We are very thankful to the author Charlotte Krause and authorities of the publisher Shri Yashovijaya Jain Granthamala Bhavanagar (Gujarat). We are also thankful to Prof. Sagarmal Jain, Director, Parashvanath Vidyapeeth, Dr. Rajjan Kumar and Dr. Shriprakash Pandey, lecturers at Vidyapeeth who managed to publish it through the press. Our thanks are also due to Rajesh Computers and Vardhaman Mudranalaya for beautiful type setting and printing respectively. B.N. Jain Secretary Parshvanath Vidyapeeth
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________________ 1 The Heritage of the Last Arhat Mahavira -Charlotte Krause Relativity of Religious Truth By birth and education, every one of us has been placed within the sphere of power of one or another of the great human civilizations, which exercised its influence on our bodily and mental triaining, and on the whole development of our personality, and even impressed on the mind of the majority, the stamp of its particular religious dogma. Strengthened by history, tradition, custom and convention, this network of influences fettered the individual nearly as firmly as those bonds of kinship do, that connect him with the race of his ancestors. Still, as those bonds of kinship do not hinder a person from attaching himself with even stronger bonds, bonds of love and friendship, bonds of fellowship and mental affinity, to other, distant persons, just so that other bondage must not keep anybody back from glancing around himself, discovering merits in heterogeneous religions, and measuring his own conceptions by the noblest of theirs. But then how to judge of the merit of a religion, how to know what is noble in it? Is not one single religion, isolated from its sister-religions, like the isolated petal of a flower, the isolated note of a melody. Is it not, in its onesidedness, comparable to the opinion of a single one of that group of blind men, who, standing before an elephant for the first time in their lives, tried to define its nature. The first, who happened to touch its forehead, declared the elephant to be a big stone; the second, from the touch of one of its tusks, defined it as a pointed weapon; the third, after touching the trunk, said the elephant was a leather bag; the fourth caught hold of one of the ears, and defined the whole animal as a flapping fan; the fifth, after passing his hand over its body, declared it to
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________________ be a mountain ; the sixth, who had touch one of the legs, said the elephant was a pillar ; and the seventh described it as a piece of ope, because he had just caught hold of the tail. Each of them grasped only part of the nature of the actual thing, and just so, each of the various religions on earth appears to make us see a different aspect of truth Divine. How, then are we entitled to speak of merit in one or another of them ? Criterion of an ideal Religion, As a matter of fact, the individual, whenever acting, endeavours to act so as to establish, or to maintain, an optimum (i.e. best possible degree) of physical well being, in response to its innate egotistic instincts. In this activity, it feels itself, often and again checked by another kind of inner voices, which ( no matter whether they be called conscience, or categorical imperative, or social instincts, or whatever else), regularly warn it, whenever egotism tempts it to transgress one or another of the universal commandments of ethics, and to endanger, thereby, directly or indirectly, the well-being of the social body to which "it belongs. Life seems to be nothing but an attempt of the individual to keep itself balancing, as it were, on the delicate line of demarcation between the postulates of egotism and those of ethics, avoiding to hurt its own interests on one, and those of society on the other side. This state of equilibrium is experienced, by the refined mind, as the optimum of inner happiness, attainable under the given juncture of circumstances. It is that bliss, that "Peace of God", which religion promises to its followers. For religion has always considered it, its task to indicate that line of demarcation, winding along between those two postulates. Every religion has approached this task with boldness and determination, and in its own peculiar way, following its own particular character and tradition. If a religion has succeeded in fulfilling its task well, its doctrines must guarantee a state of
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________________ perfect and permanent harmony between the well-being of the individual and that of society under whatever conditions imaginable. It is obvious that reversely, the degree and constancy of perfection characterizing the harmony of the above two factors, must allow us to judge of the merit of the religion by which it is being vouched for. Measured by this standard, there can be no question as to the high value of Jainism, that time-honoured religion which goes back to teachings of Vardhamana Mahavira, the great contemporary and countryman of Gautama Buddha, and to his predecessors : for its teachings seem to guarantee indeed "the greatest happiness of the greatest number" not only of men, but of living beings, under all circumstances imaginable. This is why I make bold to draw your attention on this extraordinarily fascinating and important subject to-day. Perfect Social welfare warranted by Jainism. According to Jainism, everything that lives has got a soul, or, to speak in the beautiful, concise language of the Scriptures, is a soul. And all the souls are fellow-creatures: the godlike recluse in his purity and unshakable peace, the active man of the world with his never resting ambitions, the innocent infant and the criminal, the lion and the nightingale, the cobra and the dragonfly, the green leaf and the rose flower, the tiniest particle of water and the smallest of the corpuscles that compose the shining crystal, each of those myriads of being that form the wings of the breeze, and of those that waver in the scarlet glow of the fire : all are fellow-creatures, all are brothers. For all have got bodies, all have got senses, all have got instincts, all take food and digest it, all multiply, all are born and die, all are capable of suffering and enjoying, and all bear the germs of prefection within themselves. That means, all are able to develop, during the long chain of their respective existences subsequent to one another, their innate
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________________ dispositions of perception, knowledge, activity, and joy, to a degree of highest perfection. And all find themselves placed in the middle of the struggle against "Karma." "Karma" designates that substance which we incessantly assimilate by our bodily and mental activity, and which remains latent in the depths of our personality, untill it "ripens" at the critical moment, destining the whole complex of our personality as far as it is foreign to "soul", and shaping our whole fate. We bind Karma by walking and speaking, by eating and breathing, by loving and hating, by helping and harming. And a different activity produces a different kind of Karma, which may ripen either immediately, or after some time, of even in one or another of our subsequent existences. yAzaM kriyate karma tAdRzaM bhajyate phalam / yAdRzamupyate bIjaM tAzaM prApyate phalam / / "To the actions we do, corresponds the result we have to incur, as the fruit corresponds to the seed that has been sown." By acting in such a way as to do harm to others, we produce a Karma which will make us suffer to the adequate extent, and by acting so as to benefit others, we store up an adequate amount of latent happiness. There are more over, actions which destine our bodily constitution, our surroundings, and the length of our life, and there are actions which destine the limit within which we are allowed to perceive and to know, to enjoy and to be successful. Thus, to bind Karma by good deeds, means to secure the basis of a happy lot; to bind bad Karma, by evil deeds, means to sow the seeds of future sorrow; and to stop the bondage of Karma completely, leads, if coupled with the consumption of all the remaining latent Karmas, to an elimination of everything that is non-soul in our personality. It means self-realization, it means that final state in which the soul, free from all encumbrance, is
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________________ soul and soul alone . soul in the fullest possession of perception, knowledge, strength, and joy. This is the state called Moksa, i.e. "Freedom", the "Salvation" of Jainism. The acknowledgment of the Law of Karma as the commonest of all natural laws (the law of conservation of forces, as it were, in its application to the physical sphere) culminates in the glorification of the principles of Ahimsa, i.e. Non-injury, in Jainism. For, according to the law of Karma, a living being that causes a fellow-creature, even the lowest developed one, to suffer, be it in order to further its own advantage, or for any other reason, cannot do so without harming its own soul, i.e., without tumbling down a greater or smaller distance from the height of inner development it has reached, and without experiencing, earlier or later, as a mechanical consequence, a disturbance of its own harmonious equilibrium. What means suffering to one, can never be a source of real joy to another, and wherever it appears to be so, it is because our means of perception hinder us from being aware of the slow, but sure effectiveness of this Law of "Eternal Justice." This explains why the saying "Ahimsa Paramo Dharmah" i.e., "Non-injury is the highest of all religious principles," acts such an important part in the daily life of the religiously inspired Jaina, whose sensible heart, a psychical galvanometer, as it were, warns him of every disturbance of wellbeing in the community of fellow-creatures around him, and spontaneously causes him to insert the resistance of self-control in the circuit of his own activity, or to restrain that of others in its proper course. Strictly speaking, of all the religions that acknowledge the law of Karma in one shape or another, i.e., practically of all the Indo-Aryan religions, it is Jainism with its all-comprising doctrine of soul, in which the principle of Ahimsa has got the highest theoretical as well as practical importance, and where its
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________________ place is substantiated more logically than anywhere else. Moreover, Jainism (unlike various other religious systems) does not believe the soul to be completely helpless in its dependence on Karma i.e. to be hopelessly, condemned to act and react, like an automation, upon the consequences of its former deeds, and to be therefore beyond all responsibility for its moral attitude and actions. But Jainism clearly states that individual is gifted with a certain amount of freedom will : a fact which none of all the writers on Jainism has up till now, duly emphasized. And still, this tenet forms one of the most important and most complicated chapters of the doctrine of Karma, as expounded exhaustively in the Jaina Scriptures. They state, it is true, that the soul is indeed constantly under the control of Karma, that its body and its sufferings and joys are indeed shaped by Karma, and that even those passions that shake it, and all the fatal instincts that arise in it, are predestined by Karma ; but, on the other hand, they most emphatically declare that the soul is endowed with the power of breaking, by its free resoluiton and activity, the most obnoxious of the fetters of this very Karma, of destroying its own evil dispositions, and of suffocating the flames of all the various kind of passion, before they can overpower it. That means nothing else but that the first and essential step towards religious activity is, according to Jainism, a pronounced act of free volition, and that the soul is indeed, to a considerable extent, the lord of its own fate. Thus Jainism does not torpify its followers by the terrors of Karma, nor does it make them languish in unhealthy, effeminate fatalism, as many people think all Oriental religions do : but on the contrary, it trains the individual to become a true hero on the battle-field of self conquest. For it does presuppose a great deal of heroism on the part of the hearer, to make him fully realize the cruel irony of this play
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________________ of life, viz., how they all strive after happiness by all means of physical and mental activity, from eating, drinking, sleeping, dressing, up to sport and play, traffic and trade, art and science, strive after happiness at any cost, even at the cost of the wellbeing of others, and to reach, alas, just the contrary, viz., the binding of undesirable Karma, and therewith latent sorrow and suffering. To make him realize all this, to make him know that he cannot even quietly sit and breathe without killing and harming life round about, killing and harming brother-souls, and adding thereby to the stock of his own misfortunes. To make him aware of it and still encourage him to take up the desperate struggle against this world of dark mights within and round about him. How can he take up this desperate struggle? kahaM care kahaM ciDhe kahAse kahaM sae / kahaM bhuMjaMto bhAsaMto pAvaM kammaM na bandhai / / "How to walk, how to stand, how to sit, how to lie down, how to eat, and how speak, without binding undesirable Karma ?" The Dasavaikalika Sutra (iv, 7 f.) after giving a detailed description of the harm people do to other creatures merely by careless behaviour, puts these questions, and immediately lets the answer follow: jayaM care jayaM ciTThe jayamAse jayaM sae / jayaM bhuMjaMto bhAsaMto pAvaM kammaM na bandhai / / "By walking with care, standing with care, sitting with care, lying down with care., the binding of undesirable Karma can be avoided". The Acaranga Sutra discusses this subject in full breadth, and the SutrakTtanga Sutra, which goes more into the depth of the abstruse problem, goes so far as to state (II, 4) that the soul is binding bad Karma at any time whatsoever, even if it does not directly do evil actions, i.e., even in sleep, or in a state of
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________________ 8 unconsciousness. For, as a man who had made up his mind to kill a certain person at the first best opportunity, goes about with his 'murderous intention day and night, and as his subconscious mind is constantly filled with those hostile sentiments towards that person, just so the individual is constantly filled with hostile sentiments towards the whole of creation, as long as he is inwardly prepared to satisfy, as soon as they will arouse him, his physical instincts at the cost of the well-being of any other creature. There is, according to the Sutras, only one way by which the individual can save himself from binding bad Karma, and that is the "Pratyakhyana", i.c., the solemn vow of restriction concerning harmful acting. For it is not enough not to do evil deeds, after all, but one must avoid them with full intention and deliberation. Thus, one can e.g., vow not to eat meat in order to give an assurance of safety, "Abhayadana", the noblest of all gifts, to a large group of animals, one can vow to avoid eating at night, in order to put another kind to limit to one's actions connected with indirect harm to others, one can vow not to wear silk or fur, or leather foot-wear, for the benefit of the animals producing it, one can vow not to break flowers, or not to kill any animal whatsoever, down to worms and insects, one can vow not to waste any articles of daily use, such as water, fire, food, clothes, beyond one's actual requirements, one can vow not to encourage the captivating and training of wild animals for the shake of sport or amusement, by avoiding to visit shows, etc., referring thereto, and one can vow to avoid thousands of similar actions connected with direct or indirect injury to other creatures. There are various kinds of Pratyakhyanas, from Pratyakhyanas of single actions of the above characters, up-to the stereotype group of the five allcomprising Pratyakhyanas, called the Panca Mahavrata, or the Five Great Vows, viz., the Pratyakhyana of all physical injury whatsover, that of all verbal injury, that of appropriating things
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________________ arbitrarily, that of sexual intercourse and everything connected therewith, and that of keeping property or belongings of any kind. These five Vows are taken by every Jaina monk at the time of his initiation in a form of absolute strictness. They comprise not only the doing of those objectionable actions, but also the causing of their being done , and the approval one might give to their being done, by thought, word and action. The five Great Vows guarantee indeed the optimum of faultlessness attainable in this world. And this optimum is only attainable by persons of the highest qualities, who do not care to keep up any attachment whatsoever. Thus, (a genuine Jaina Muni, even one of the twentieth century, will never use any vehicle, nor shoes, nor keep money, nor touch a women, nor kindle, or sit before, a fire, nor use unboiled water, nor take any food containing a trace of life, nor such food as has been prepared expressly for him, nor touch a green plant, for fear lest its delicate body might suffer from his bodily warmth, nor keep any property except his begging-bowls, his stick, and the scanty clothes that cover his body. And even these few things cannot well be called "Property" in the sense of the Scriptures, because in their case, the characteristic which distinguishes property, viz., the attachment of the owner, is wanting. And there are even a group of Jaina monks who renounce these few utensils too, walking about unclad, and using their hands as their eating vessels. But there are only a few of them, in the whole of India : the "Digambara" or Sky-clad monks, whereas the other branch the "Svetambara" or White-clad monks, come to several hundreds. The standard of the usual Pratyakhyanas for laymen consists in the group of fixed Pratyakhyanas called the Twelve Laymen Vows, which can be taken in various shades of strictness and in an optional number. Though standing below the standard of the ascetical vows, still they represent a high form of ethical conduct.
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________________ 10 Not only the Jaina monks, but also the laymen are very particular about taking and keeping (besides those groups of fundamental "vows", which are being taken only once in the whole life, and for lifelong) number of other, detached Pratyakhyanas of the above described character for an optional period. For the key to "Moksa:" constant binding alone can lead to final "Liberty." Thus, there is practically no Jaina who will eat meat or fish or fowl, or even eggs, and there is no Jaina who will intentionally and without purpose kill or trouble a harmless living creature, be it even a fly. Most Jainas even avoid potattoes, onions, garlic, and other vegetables believed to be endowed with a higher vitality, as well as eating at night; and most Jainas take; for certain days, the vow of abstention from green vegetables, or from travelling and moving out, or the vow of chastity and vows of innumerable other things. The theoretical and practical valuation of the different kinds and shades of Pratyakhyanas depends not only on their duration, or on the quantity of the objects concerned, but first of all on their transcendental quality. For though all the souls, i.e., all the living creatures, are equal in their original disposition, still they are observed to be in various phase of development towards perfection, in various stages of self-realization. According to the principle of economy, the higher developed ones are higher valued than the lower developed ones. Therefore, the Karma bound by harming a higher developed being is thought to be of graver consequences than that bound by injuring lower creature. Thus, plucking a handful of vegetables is, by far, less harmful than killing a cow ; killing a menacing tiger less harmful than the murder of a peaceful antepol ; or punishing a dangerous criminal is of less consequences than an offence done to saintly monk. This valuation, by-the-bye, seems to have a counterpart in those less refined, universally adopted conceptions, which, with all expressions of
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________________ 11 disgust, condemn cannibalism, but do not object to the slaughtering of animals for culinary and other purposes; or which strictly forbid the bloodshed of a human being, but allow the murdering of the murderer, or that of the assailing, or otherwise menacing, enemy, all of whom have ethics against them. Thus much be said concerning the Pratyakhyana of Himsa, i.e., Injury that precaution against the binding of new latent suffering, by deliberate abstention form actions connected with harm to others. It has its counterpart in the attempts of securing new latent happiness, by furthering the well-being of others. Though there is no hope of gaining genuine, i.e., completely pure and unhampered happiness as long as any particles of karma of either kind mar the soul, still a certain amount of good Karma is a necessary condition, in order to secure that bodily and mental constitution from the basis of which the struggle against the obnoxious Karma is believed to be secured by charity, hospitality and selfless service. And here too, a gradation of objects can be observed. It is, of course, meritorious to practise charity whenever our heart is moved to compassion. It is meritorious to build Panjrapoles for the relief of poor sick animals, it is meritorious to provide the poor hungry with bread, people suffering from cold with clothes, and homeless ones with a roof over their heads: still nothing can come up to the service done to a poor pious brother in Mahavira. The more he comes up to the ideal laid down in the scriptures, the higher is considered to be the merit of serving him. This explains the remarkable zeal with which one can see Sravakas (laymen) hasten to feast a brother Jaina, especially on the day when the latter breaks a fast of long duration; and it accounts for the readiness with which a Jaina Community or Jaina Institution hastens to receive and to give facilities even to a foreign scholar, who happens to be student of Jainism, and whose learned activity in connection with Jainism
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________________ is considered to be an undoubted religious merit. And it explains, last but not least, the unspeakable pleasure and devotion with which a Jaina family sees approaching towards their door the saintly monk or nun, who will enter with the greeting of "Dharmalabha", or a similar formula, and will allow the lord or lady of the house to put a small quantity of eatables into their bowl, provided that this action includes no direct or indirect injury to anybody, and that everything is in strictest accordance with the rules of monastic conduct and decency. Now. I have been asked several times whether it is true that the Jainas, as alleged, carry the virtue of charity so far as to course, now and then, some poor wretch, (whom they pay off) to yield his body as a pasture-ground for lice and fleas and other amiable creatures, and let them have their fill. According to my firm conviction, this horrible allegation must be a bold invention. And if it is perhaps, against all probability, true that some illinformed fanatic did such a thing, then he would have acted in straight opposition to the tenets of Jainism : for to make a being so highly developed as a human soul, suffer in such a degrading way, in the name of the humanest of all religions, would clearly fall under the heading of Himsa, of worst and meanest injury, and would, besides, mean a downwright insult to religion in general. Resuming, one can say that the social conduct prescribed by Jainism is characterized by the four attitudes "Maitri", "Pramoda", "Karunya" and "Madhyasthya", which have been grouped together in the following stanzas : mA kArSIt ko'pi pApAni mA ca bhUta ko'pi duHkhitaH / mucyatAM jagadapyeSA matimaitrI nigadyate / / apAstAzeSadoSANAM vastutattvAvalokinAm / guNeSu pakSapAto yaH sa pramodaH prakIrtitaH / / dIneSvArteSu bhIteSu yAcamAneSu jIvitam / pratIkAraparA buddhiH kAruNyamabhidhIyate / /
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________________ 13 krUrakarmasu niHzaGkaM devatAgurunindiSu / AtmazaMsiSu yopekSA tanmAdhyasthyamudIritam / / "By Maitri, i.e., amity, that mentality is meant which makes one wish that no creature should be suffering, and that the whole universe may find Salvation." "Pramoda, i.e., joy, designates the fullest appreciation of, and admiration for, the virtues of those who have shaken of all sin, and who can see through the essence of all things. "Karunya, i.e. compassion is that trend of mind which makes one wish to help all creatures in need, all that are afflicted, and all that beg for their lives." "Madhyasthya, i.e., impartiality, is that in difference, or rather leniency one should always bear towards those who commit cruel actions, those who openly blashpheme the Divine, or the spiritual teacher, and those who are filled with arrogance." Perfect Individual Welfare Warranted By Jainism. It is clear that all such principles, put in action, guarantee such an amount of happiness and peace within the whole brotherhood of living creatures, such a paradise like state of general bliss, that one should wish them to be universally adopted and followed, to the benefit of all that lives. On the other hand, it is true, they presuppose what appears to be a kind of sacrifice on behalf of the individual. This apparent sacrifice at the cost of which that state of general well-being is being brought about, consists in a ceratin amount of the latter, which the individuals has evidently to renounce, in the case of even the most insignificant of the Pratyakhyanas, and in every one of in positive altruistic effrots. It is clear that the equilibrium of personal and general wellbeing would indeed remain incomplete, and Jainism could not be
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________________ 14 said to have fulfilled its nobel task in the ideal way claimed before, the individual would feel the apparent sacrifice to be an infringement on its happiness. In reality, however, both the sides are in perfect equilibrium, for there are deliberations which not only reconcile the individual with that so-called "sacrifice", but make it realize that it is, on the contrary, benefitted by it, and that this benefit by far outweighs the apparent disadvantage. First of all, the motivation of the very "sacrifice" is as we saw, an egotistic one for if the individual submits to those restrictions, it does so in order to avoid the binding of unfavourable Karma, and therewith the storing up of latent suffering; and if it recurs to those actions of positive altruism, it does so in order to bind favourable Karma, and to secure latent happiness. And it performs both the kinds of actions, those of negative as well as those of positive altruism, with the assistance of certain of its own natural dispositions, which form part of its "conscience". I mean those emotions of sympathy and compassion, which make us place ourselves in the situations of a suffering creatures, and suffer, as it were, with it, especiallly when we have reason to feel ourselves responsible for its sufferings, as in the case of a nightflutterer rushing into the light we allowed to burn uncovered, in our carelessness; or in the case of a bird which was starved in its cage through our forgetfulness, or in the case of a helpless deer which we killed with our own hand, in a fit of huntsman's zeal, and the sight of whose mutilated body makes us, after all, sick and miserable. It is that universal postulate which Hemacandra, the great Acarya and teacher of King Kumarapala of Gujrat, has expressed in that often-quoted stanza (Yogasastra II,20). AtmavatsarvabhUteSu sukhaduHkhe priyApriye / cintayannAtmano'niSTAM hiMsAmanyasya nAcaret // "In happiness and suffering, in joy and grief, we should
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________________ 15 regard all creatures as we regard our own self, and should therefore, refrain from inflicting upon others such injury as would appear undesirable to us, if inflicted upon ourselves."' Akin to dispositions of this kind is certain sense of chivalrousness, a certain generosity, which overcomes us, whenever we see a small innocent creature being at our mercy, provided our mind is calm enough to visualize its utter helplessness : that feeling which unfailingly over-comes even the case-hardened hunter, at the occasion of battue-shooting, and which makes him, perhaps for an instant only regret to have joined such an ungentlemanlike sport as this wholesale slaughter of helpless creatures surely is. Another feeling of this kind is a certain instinct of economy, which, with sensible, proves a powerful pleader in favour of Ahimsa: I mean that spontaneous conviction that it is not right to kill, or to cause to be killed, such a higher organised creature as a pigeon or a deer or a cow in order to flatter one's gluttonous appetite, when a dish of well-dressed vegetables would serve the same purpose just as well, if not better. The appeasement of all these, and others of our social instincts, by avoiding harming and trying to benefit fellowcreatures, is, after all, in itself a valuable personal gain. In addition to avoiding bad and securing good Karma and to appeasing its innate social instincts, the individual gains, by its non-egotistic attitude, a third advantage which is perhaps the most valuable of all; it consists in the lasting and genuine bliss which renunciation only can give. For what is the good of trying to gratify all one's wishes, all one's passions, all one's ambitions ? Is the advantage gained thereby, indeed worth so much hankering, so much worrying, and so much harming ? No, says the sage : the happiness we crave for,
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________________ 16 is transient like a dream, like a cloud, like beauty. It leaves the etterness of its absence behind, as soon as it is passed, and it leaves behind, like a dose of opium, the ardent craving for more and more. It is just so as the Uttaradhyayana Sutra states (IX,48) savannaruppassa u pavvayA bhave siyA ha kelAsasamA asaMkhayA / narassa luddhassa na tehiM kiMci icchA hu AgAsasamA aNaMtiyA / / "Let there be mountains of gold and silver, let them be as high as the Kailasa, and let there be innumerable of them : still to man in his greediness, all this will mean nothing for desire is boundless like space." So what is the good of a drop of nectar, when you are thirsty for a cup-ful ? The cup-ful being denied to you, why bother about the drop. Shake off that foolish wish and forget it. And further, if gained, the happiness, you crave for, means possession. Possession of land or fortune , of houses or fields, of beauty or skill, of friends or family, of honour or reputation. And possession involves the sorrow of its maintenance. You have incessantly to take care of your land and of your fortune, you have to recur to lots of contrivances, if you want to preserve your beauty or to retain your skill, you have to bring sacrifice over sacrifice for your friends and your family, you tremble for their lives, when sickness shakes them, and suffer agonies when fate separates you from them, and the concern about his position and reputation has even proved able to urge a person to suicide and other desperate steps. In short, to speak in the words of Bhartshari, the great Sanskrit epigrammatic writer : sarvaM vastu bhayAnvitaM kSititale vairAgyamevAbhayam / "Everything on earth is unstable. The only stable thing is Vairagya (i.e., world-weariness)." What is the good of a happiness including so much agony ?
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________________ 17 what is the good of this feasting with the Damocles-sword of sorrow threatening above your head ? Would it not be much better to give up all this possession guaranteeing such a doubtful happiness? To give it up as those saints of old did, of whom the Uttaradhyayana Sutra (IX,15 f.) says : cattapattakalattassa nivvAvArassa bhikkhaNo / piyaM na vijjaI kiMci appiyaM pi na vijjai / / bahaM khu muNiNo bhaddamaNAgArassa bhikkhaNo / savvato vippamukkassa egaMtamaNapassao / / *To the begging monk, who has given up family-life and all secular activity, nothing appears desirable and nothing undesirable." "Great indeed is the bliss of the monk, the homeless beggar, who is free from all attachment, and who is aware of his solitude (which includes the metaphysical solitude of the soul)." And then, says the wise, whether you hanker for its gain, or trouble for its preservation : all this happiness you are so particular about, means slavery in the last end. The anxiety you feel about it, fills your mind, and mars your thinking from morn till night, so that, in your continuous worrying about your business, your position, your hobbies, your friends, your pleasures, and your wife and children, you do not find so much time as to ask yourself why you are doing all that, what you live for, and where you are steering to. You think that you do not care to ponder over it. But in reality, you are not free to do so, because you are the slave of your attachment to that empty, transient bit of happiness, which is, in reality, no happiness at all. Would it not be much better for you to be unconnected with all this, to be your own master, to be like the Rsis and Munis of old, who, in their solitary meditations, unhampered by secular considerations, without comfort and
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________________ 18 property, without wife and children, without ambition and position, were, in reality, the lords of the world? arthAnAmarjane duHkhamarjitAnAM ca rakSaNe / Aye du:khaM vyaye duHkha dhig dravyaM du:khavardhanam / / apAyabahulaM pApaM ye parityajya saMzritAH / tapovanaM mahAsattvAste dhanyAste tapasvinaH / / "The acquisition of property, and, if acquired, its presrevation, both are connected with trouble. There is trouble in earning, and trouble in spending. Therefore, cursed be property, the increaser of unhappiness!" "Blessed are those ascetics, great souls are those ascetics, who gave up sin, the producer of so much suffering, and who have found a place of refuge in the grove of a hermitage." It is not without reasons that people in India have been giving to such "great souls", titles like "Svami", "Maharaja'and Fothers, which, in olden times, were applicable only to the truly renouncing ascetics, who were living examples of the fact that renunciation means power, and who indeed experienced the royal happiness of asceticism, where there is : na ca rAjabhayaM na ca corabhayaM ihalokasukhaM paralokahitam / naradevanataM varakIrtikaraM zramaNatvamidaM ramaNIyataram / / "No fear of the king, no fear of robbers, happiness in this, and bliss in the next world, reverence shown by men and gods, and the acquisition of true fame : delightful is this ascetical life."
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________________ Or, in other words : 19 na cendrasya sukhaM kiMcina sukhaM cakravarttinaH / sukhamasti viraktasya munerekAntajItinaH || "Nothing is the happiness of the king of the gods. nothing the happiness of the emperor of the world, compared to the happiness of the world-weary monk in his solitude". All such considerations lead to the second great postulate of Jainism: Samyama or Renunciation, i.e. continuous self-control practised by giving up one's regards for physical happiness. According to the Jaina conceptions, the individual is free to embrace whatever degree of renunciation he deems appropriate to his personal convictions and abilities. Just as Non-injury, Samyama also can be resorted to by various kinds of Pratyakhyanas. And, since Non-injury itself is not practicable without Samyama. and Samyama; on the other hand, vouchasafes Non-injury, the Pratyakhyanas concerning the former, practically fall together with those concerning the latter great principle. Thus, the climax of the Pratyakhyanas concerning Non-injury, viz. the five great vows of monks : non-harming, non-lying, non-stealing, sexual renunciation, and non-property, form at the same time, also the climax of the Pratyakhyanas concerning Samyama. The object is all the same, it is only the stand-point that has changed. For to the duty of avoiding objectionable actions as far as they are fit to harm others, is being added the further obligation of avoiding them also as far as they are fit to disturb one's own equilibrium and calmness of mind, and to detract one from that religious activity so essential for one's real welfare. Thus the principle of Samyama stands in the foreground especially in such particulars as the absolute prohibition of heavy food, of aphrodisiacs, excessive sleep, sexual activity, intoxicating substances etc. for monks, and in the obligation of laymen to give up some of these things partially
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________________ 20 and some totally. The explicit command of the Scriptures never to give way to any of the four fundamental passions, Viz. anger, oride, deceit, and covetousness, of which the last includes all kinds of attachment of lifeless as well as living things and many other regulations, fall likewise under this heading, notwithstanding their being rooted in Ahimsa after all. Another important expedient of securing one's personal metaphysical advantage in fullest accordance with the laws of ethics, is very closely akin to, and based on, renunciation : I mean Tapa, i.e. austerity, or selfimposed suffering undertaken for religious reasons. The purpose which the Jaina has in view when practising austerities, can be understood from the idea that all suffering means a consummation of bad Karma, and that the voluntary undergoing of certain hardships has to further advantage of giving, at the same time, valuable assistance in the realization of the two great principles Ahimsa and Saryama. Thus : sauNI jai paMsuguMDiyA vihuNiya dhaMsayai dhaMsayai siyaM rayam / evaM daviovahANa kamma ravai tavassI mAhaNe / / (Dasavaikalika Sutra). "As a bird gets rid of the dust with which it is covered, by shaking itself, just so the monk, who practises austerites, consumes and shakes off his karma" To get rid of Karma is (as we saw before) the first step towards self-realization, and therewith to the highest transcendental bliss. This is the reason why austerity plays such an important part in the life of the Jaina, be he a monk or a layman. According to the Jaina Scriptures, there are various ways of practising austerities, all of which are being started with the respective Pratyakhyanas too after their duration and other items have been accurately fixed. With reference to Tapa, there are Pratyakhyanas by which the quality, quantity, or time of one's
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________________ 21 meals is being reduced, from the simple giving up of special kinds of food, or of eating at night, and from partial fasts, and fasts of a whole day or several days, upto fasts of more than a month's duration. There are, moreover, Pratyakhyanas by which one binds oneself to practise certain ascetical postures, to meditate for a fixed time, to devote a certain time to the regular study of religious works, or to the service of co-religionists etc. Several forms of austerity are at the same time recommended as strengthening and hardening one's bodily and mental powers, as e.g. the Ayambila Fast, a kind of bread-and-water diet (excluding all milk, fat, sugar, spices etc.) and also certain Asanas, or ascetic postures indeed do, if observed within certain limits. Of quite a different character is the austerity called Sallekhana, or Samlekhana, by which the individual solemnly resigns all food for the rest of his life, under formalities dealt with in the Avasyaka Sutra, the whole last chapter of which is devoted exclusively to the subject "Pratyakhyanas". This form of austerity is indeed being recurred to be very pious people at the time when they feel death positively approaching. Thus it is true that under certain circumstances, Jainism does allow the vow of starvation. But it would be wrong to infer therefor that its ideal is the extinguishment of personal activity at all. Just the contrary is true. Jainism promulgates self-realization as the aim of individual life: a self-realization which, at the same time, also forms the basis of the well-being of all that lives. The achievement of this self-realization presupposes, on the part of the individual, the highest exertion of all bodily and mental powers, a constant wakefulness, and an iron will, which precisely obeys the behests of intellect, bravely resisting all kinds of internal and external temptations. More practically speaking, it presupposes a reasonable kind of self-preservation in the narrowest limits possible. There is a parable, according to which six hungry
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________________ 22 travellers came to a mango-tree and consulted as to how best to obtain its fruit. The first suggested to uproot the whole tree, as the promptest expedient, the second said that it would just do to cut the crown, the third wanted to cut some taller, the fourth some smaller branches, the fifth suggested that they should merely pluck as many fruits as thay required, and the last said that the ripe fruits which the wind had blown down into the grass, were amply sufficient to appease their hunger. The six men symbolize, in the above succession, th six Lesyas or "Soul-colours" representing types of graded inner purity. It is quite characteristic of the spirit of Jainism that the representative of the white colour, i.e., the type of highest purity, advises to eat the fruits fallen into the grass, but not, as absolute and one sided negation of life would suggest, to sit down in fullest renunciation, and die of hunger. The postulate of Self-preservation within the reasonable limits of ethical decency is clearly and directly pronounced in the Jaina Scriptures, which, in critical cases, recommend it even at the cost of renunciation or Samyama: savvattha saMjamaM saMjamAo appANameva rakkhijjA / muccai aivAyAo pUNo visohI na yAviraI / / khaMjamaheu deho dhArijjai so kao u tadabhAve / saMjamaphAinimittaM dehaparipAlanA iTThA / / (Oghaniryukti. Stanzas 47-48.) "Before all, one should guard the rules of renunciation, but even at the cost of renunciation, one should guard one's self. For one can get rid again of the sin of transgression, if one atones for it afterwards (by austerities), and it is, as a matter of fact, not a case of Avirati (i.e., the state of not being under any Pratyakhyanas whatsoever, or the state of religious licentiousness)". "The body is the instrument of renunciation. How could
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________________ 23 a man perform renunciation without the help of his body ? Therefore, it is desirable to preserve one's body in order to increase one's Samnyama." Thus, even the rules laid down for monks,-for these two stanzas refer to monastic conduct, - stand under the immediate influence of this principle. The monk, it is true, is supposed to fast and to renounce, to observe absolute chastity to meditate and to suffer all kinds of inconveniences and hardships ; but he has, on the other hand, to follow special prescriptions as to how to accept, within narrow limits, pure food and other requisites offered, how to walk and how to sleep, how to sit and how to speak, how to serve fellow-ascetics, and how to receive their service, how to preach and how to dispute, how to work and how to move in the world as it is, with its saints and its criminals, its laymen and laywomen, its Hindus and Bauddhas, its scholars and peasants, and its kings and beggars. In short, he is taught how to regulate his whole bodily and mental activity in such a way as to be in constant and undisturbed harmony with all that lives around him, under all conditions given. He is shown the way how to secure the optimum of his own personal happiness in such a manner as to contribute, even thereby, to the welfare of the world. Or he is taught how to help making the world more perfect by increasing his own prefection. Thus, the very secret of Jainism is contained in the three important words Ahimsa or Non-injury, Samyama, or Renunciation, and Tapa, or Austerity : words which the famous first stanza of the Dasavaikalika Sutra so beautifully groups together as the essence of Dharma, i.e., Religion : dhammo maMgalamukkiTThamahiMsA saMjamo tavo / devAvi taM namassaMti jassa dhamme sayA maNo / "Religion is the highest of all blessings : it comprises
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________________ 24 Ahimsa, Samyama, and Tapa. Even the gods bow down to him whose mind is always centred in religion." Then the Sutra continues with the following classical verses, which are, like the above one, amongst the words to be daily recited by monks : jahA dummassa pupphesu bhamaro Aviyai rasaM / Na ya puppaM kilAmei so a pINei appayaM / / emae samaNA muttA je loe saMti sAhuNo / vihaMgamA va puppesu dANabhattesaNArayA / / vayaM ca vittiM labbhAmo na ya koi uvahammai / ahAgaDesu rIyaMte pupphesu bhamarA jahA / / mahagArasamA buddhA je bhavaMti aNissiyA / nANApiMDarayA daMtA teNa vaccaMti sAhuNo / / "As the bee drinks honey from the blossoms of a tree and gets seated, without causing pain to the blossom," "Just so are those monks, who have given up all attachment and who are truly the "good ones" (original: "Sadhu", i.e. also "monks") in the world. As the bees are with the blossoms, so are they gratified with begging their alms." "Their device is "Let us find something to live on, without any creature being harmed". This is why they go in quest of what they find ready, as the bee does on the blossoms". "Wise are those who act like the bees, and who are free from all bonds of dependence. Pleased they are with any food they obtain, and ever self-controlled. This is why they are called "Sadhus" (i.e. "the good ones" and "monks"). The ideal of what human life can be like, and ought to be like, in the light of all these conceptions, is illustrated by the figure of the Jina, or Arhat, the supposed initiator of a new period of
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________________ 25 reawakening Jainism after a period of decay. Many such Arhats are related to have appeared on earth before, many are said to be living even now in distant regions, and many, to be expected in future too. The Jina or Arhat is man on the summit of perfection, man at the threshold of Moksa, ready to enter Siddhasila, the place of eternal bliss, from where there is no return into this world of imperfection. His Karmas, with the exception of some neutral ones, are fallen off from him, and the innate qualities of his soul are expanded in fullest beauty and majesty. He is omniscient, allperceiving, filled with infinite joy and infinite strength. He is free from all passion and attachment, free from desire-for desire is nothing but an expression of imperfection-, and yet he is man, and has to keep his human body as long as the neutral rest of his Karmas force him to keep it. He is man, and, as one part of Jaina tradition, that of the Svetambara branch, so beautifully suggests, has to satisfy the requirements of his human body : he begs his food, and he eats and drinks, within the limits prescribed for a monk, since the rest of Karmas require him to do so. And the rest of his Karmas also require him to live exclusively for the benefit of the world, i.e., of those souls that are still in the bonds of dangerous karmas. For as long as he lives in his human shape, he goes about, showing to the whole of creation, the right path, by preaching and teaching, and by the example of his own model life. And it is obvious that the activity and life of the Perfect One must indeed turn out to be a blessing, for he cannot but attract crowds of followers and imitators. This is what the Jaina worship as his highest religious ideal, his "god" if one chooses to say so. He adorns his statue with pearls and diamonds, with roses and jasmine, and costly champak flowers, he fans it, as one fans a great king, with white chowries, he burns sweet frankincense before it, and builds
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________________ 26 beautiful temples over it, beautiful and costly as fairy palaces, and he takes it round the city in gorgeous processions, on golden cars, followed by crowds of singing women in gay-coloured, goldglittering sarees : still he knows that his god dwells high beyond all this, and that all this Bhakti, or pious service, is nothing but an expression of his own admiration for his chosen ideal, and a kind of expedient to bring it closer before his eyes and the eyes of the world, both of whom are pretty well in need of it. Jinahood shares the quality of all ideals, to be, in spite ofor perhaps just on account of --its undiminished and undiminishable attractiveness-high above the bodily and mental standards of his admires and imitators. And even Jaina-monkhood, its reflection on the rough mirror of actual life, is high above the standards of average man, and will-owing to the diversity of human dispositions,- always remain restricted to a few privileged individuals, wanderers as it were on the heights of humanity. Since the institution of monkhood, and all the other institutions of Jainism, presuppose the world as it really is, and humanity as it really is, the Scriptures do not account for the question as to what would become of the universe, if all people would turn monks. Therefore, it will always remain undecided whether that venerable Muni was right, who replied to the idle questioner that in such a case the good Karmas of mankind would cause wish-trees to grow, and streams of Amsta to flow, and gods to descend from their celestical abodes to serve their feet. But even if it is not possible for every body perfectly to come up to that ideal, still, merely acknowledging it to be an ideal, and trying to cultivate as many of its virtues as one's constitution allows, even thus much is considered to be a step towards advancement. This is, expressed just in a few words, what I think to be the innermost secret of Jainism, and what is, at the same time, a
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________________ 27 mental attitude without which a real advancement of human culture is not possible. We are living in a generations which, by all means imaginable, encourages a boundless egotism on one side, and on the other, an unrestrained violence offered to living creatures, in the shape of slaughter and war and misery; and then we think that our egotism can be satiated by regardlessness towards others, and that the violence we suffer can be abolished by our doing violence to others. Has there ever been a greater and more fearful mistake ? Why not acknowledge now that we have been wrong, and that the way we have taken to, must lead to a hopeless degeneration ? Why not comprehend at last that egotism cannot succeed, unless it dissolves lead to perfect individual bliss ? This clear and simple axiom is the basis of that time-honoured doctrine which forms the legacy of the last Arhat, and which, even if taken as a symbol, still represents such a noble image of Eternal Truth. Having been asked so often as to what I think to be the merit of Jainism as a practical religion, I have tried to give a short answer to-day, which the general public might be able and willing to follow, at first sight, it might appear to be a one-sided answer, beacuse it is based solely on the problem of the mutual relations of individual and society. Still, this problem being one of vital importance, and it being, as I said before, the very touch-stone by which the value expatiations may stand, as a kind of introduction into the spirit of Jainism.
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________________ Mahavira by Amar Chand Publisher : Parshvanath Vidyapeeth Varanasi (India)
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________________ 'Mahavira' by Amar chand Reprinted by Parashvanath Vidyapeeth I.T.I Road Karaundi, B.H.U. - 221005 Phone - 316521 Second Edition, 1997 Price - Rs. 10/= Type Setting at. Rajesh Computers D 59/378 k-2 Jai Prakash Nagar (Behind Nagar Nigam) Varanasi 221 103 Phone - 220599 Printed at : Vardhaman Mudranalaya Bhelupur, Varanasi-10
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________________ Publisher's Note Dealing with brief life sketch of Lord Mahavira there have been brought out a number of monograph which, in there limited frame try to discuss the main events of Lord Mahavira's life. The present title 'Mahavira' by Shri Amar Chand sucessfully depicts the prime events of Lord Mahavira's life along with his principal teachings. Previously it was published in 1953 by Pt. Dalsukh Malvania, Secretary Jaina Cultural Research Society which has been now merged into Parshvanath Vidyapeeth. Parshvanath Vidyapeeth feels emense pleasure in bringing out this reprinted edition on the eve of Lord Mahavira's 2596th Birth anniversary (20th April, 1997) under is scheme of publication of 'Old and valuable books and manuscripts'. We are very thankful to Prof. Sagarmal Jain Director and Dr. Shriprakash Pandey, Lecturer in Jainology for seeing this book through the press. Our thanks are also due to Rajesh Computers and Vardhaman Mudranalaya for beautiful type setting and excellent printing respectively. B.N. Jain Secretary Parshvanath Vidyapeeth
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________________ MAHAVIRA -Amar Chand Conditions of the Country The sixth century B.C. is one of the cardinal epochs in human history. It was the age of extraordinary mental stir and spiritual unrest practically all over the world. For instance, Socrates in Greece, Zoroaster in Persia, and Lao Tse and Confucious in China marked a revolution in the thoughts of those countries. The appearance in India of Mahavira and the Buddha, in the same way, meant the advent of philosophical rationalism. In Indian society, this age was in various ways economically, socially, religiously and even politically, a period of transition and uncertainty. From the simple, and, on the whole, republican social organisation of the Vedic times, the country had been passing through a process of gradual stratification until by this time, caste distinction and priestly oligarchy had become a means of popular exploitation and a source of enormous social irritation. Rituals and ceremonies came to be worked out in endless details, and most fanciful and mystic significance was attached to them. Bloody sacrifices became the order of the age and lasted for weeks, months and even years. Sudras, the fourth and the lowermost caste, which formed a bulk of the population, were not only socially boycotted, but their very existence was questioned and even bare necessities of human-life were refused to them. Such a state of things was very disconcerting to the considerate and serious-minded section of the society. Lord Parsvanatha, the 23rd Tirthankara had preached against the existing evils of the society some 250 years before the advent of Mahavira. But after his death, society was again condemned to yet worse state of affairs. It was in the above circumstances that Mahavira, the twenty-fourth and the last in the galaxy of Tirtharikaras, was born.
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________________ Parentage The birth place of Mahavira was Kundagrama, which was a suburb of the flourishing town of Vaisali, about 27 miles north of modern Patna. It was an important seat of the Jnatnka Ksatriya clan, otherwise named Naya or Nata. It was oligarchic republic, its government being vested in a senate and presided over, with the title of king, by Mahavira's father Siddhartha, also named Sreyamsa or Yasamsa. He belonged to the Kasypa gotra. The name of Mahavira's mother was Trisala, also known as Videhadatta or Priyakarins, of the Vasistha gotra. She was a sister of Cetaka, the powerful ruler of Videha, at whose call the Licchavis and the Mallas rallied together for the purposes of offence and defence. Birth In the year B.C. 599, on the 13th day of the bright half of the moon, in the month Caitra, when Trisala herself was in perfect health, Mahavira was born. The Kalpa Sutra speaks about the great rejoicings that took place in the family and the town on the birth of the child, about the great illumination of the houses and the streets, about the liberation of prisoners, and about the performance of numerous charitable deeds. Names and Appellations Mahavira has been remembered by numerous names, such as Vaisaliya citizen of Vaisali ; Videha son of Videhadetta ; Arhat-being worthy of veneration ; Arihanta-destroyer of enemies; Aruhanta-destroyer of the roots of karmas; Sasananayaka-head of the order ; Buddha-having attained the highest knowledge. In the Jaina Agamas, he is referred to as Vardhamana, because of the increase that had taken place in the silver and gold, the intensity of liberality, and the popularity of his parents ever since the moment he had been begotten. The gods gave him the appellation of Mahavira for his fortitude and hardihood in bearing patiently all sorts of privations and hardships,
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________________ for his strictly adhering to the rules of penance, and no less for his indifference to pleasure and pain. The Buddhists, on the other hand, know him by the name of Nigantha Nataputta. This was undoubtedly the name by which he was known to his other contemporaries. At the very face of it, this name is composed of two distinct epithets, the first of which is religious and the other secular. He was a Nigantha (Nirgrantha) in a literal as well as in a figurative sense-outwardly unclothed and inwardly free from worldly bonds and ties. His followers, accordingly, came to be known as Nirgranthas, and lay-followers as Nigrantha-sravakas or Sramanopasakas. He was called Nataputta because he was a scion of the Nata clan. He was also called Jina i.e. the conqueror of the karmasthe greatest enemies of the soul, and from this appellation Jainism derives its name. Mahavira's aversions to love and hatred earned for him the appellation of Sramana or recluse. He is also called Vira, Ativira, Sanmati, Siddha, Mukta, and by a host of other names in the later Jaina literature. All these are clearly qualitative names, that is to say, they are meant to draw our attention to certain qualities possessed by Mahavira. Early Life The facts of the early life of Mahavira are very few indeed as gleaned in early works. But the later accounts have connected him with certain anecdotes, myths and miracles. Here is one, illustrative of his supreme valour : "One day, while playing with his friends in the garden of his father, Mahavira saw an elephant which was mad with fury with juice flowing from his temples, rushing towards them. His companions--all boys, shocked and frightened on the sight of the impending danger, deserted their comrade and ran away. Without losing a moment, Mahavira made up his mind to face the danger
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________________ squarely, went towards the elephant caught hold of his trunk with his strong hands, and mounted his back atonce.' In person, Mahavira was very handsome and impressive. The several names by which he is called indicate that the chief quality of his character was courage and valour. He was intelligent and possessed of a very keen intellect. The Sutras mention that from his very birth, he possessed supreme, unlimited, and unimpeded knowledge and intuition, and had the aspirations of a man of knowledge. Mahavira's early life was spent in a royal atmosphere tempered with healthy influence of a republican character. His upbringing was quite balanced and his development was perfectly proportionate. His early years were spent in comfort, but not in luxury. His ambition was that to conquer, but not with a view to mastery over others. From his later thinking we find that he was deeply influenced by the democratic ethos of the society in which he was brought up. He was also impressed by the inadequate application of this ethos in the political, economic and social life of the community without its being based upon a really democratic religious system, so that later on he took it upon himself to work out and propagate a system of complete spiritual democracy in the form of Jainism. Mahavira was an unusually reflective lad from his early childhood, and thought of renunciation in his early youth. He was, however, always prevailed upon by his affectionate parents to change his resolve, In order to create around him a luscious atmosphere of amusement and pleasure, and to engage his mind in worldly things, they married Mahavira to an exceedingly charming princess, Yasoda, of the Kaundinya gotra, and a daughter Anuja or Priyadarsana was born to them. This daughter, eventually, was married to a nobleman Jamali, who after becoming a follower of his great father-in-law, ended by opposing him. Their child, or Mahavira's grand-daughter was named Yasomati or
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________________ Sesavati. The Digambara accounts, however, differ on marriage. Mahavira had no desire to hurt his parents if he could help it, and so he promised his mother that he would not renounce the world as long as his parents were alive. This would suggest that Mahavira was a dutiful and considerate son, although very strong in his determination, for in his twenty-eight year, when his parents died, he repeated his desire of renunciation to his elder brother. But the brother dissuaded him saying, 'the deaths of our parents are still fresh in our memories, your leaving us at this time would render our bereavement the more unbearable and painful.' Mahavira, therefore, live for two more years in the house. Renunciation Disgusted with the non-finality of the things of the world, and pursuaded by a desire to search for the ultimate Truth, Mahavira formally renounced all his secular bonds and set out for the life of a houseless monk. The great event has been somewhat poignantly described in the Kalpa Sutra : 'In this age, in the first month of winter, in the dark fortnight of Margasirsa, on its fifteenth day, when the shadow had turned towards the east and the first Paurusi was full and over, on the day called Suvrata, in the muhurta Vijaya, in the palanquin Candraprabha, Mahavira, followed on his way by a train of gods, men and asuras............... went right through Kundapura to a park called Sandavana of the Jnatrkas and preceded to the excellent tree Asoka. There under the excellent tree Asoka, he caused his palanquin to stop, descended form his palanquin took off his ornaments, garlands, and finery with his own hands, and with his own hands plucked out his hair in five handfuls. When the moon was in conjunction with the asterism Uttara-phalguni, he, after fasting two and a half days without drinking water, put on a divine robe, and a
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________________ quite alone, nobody else being present, he tore out his hair and leaving the house entered the state of houselessness.' The Jainas mark with great precision the five kinds of knowledge (Jnana). Mahavira was born with the first three Mati, Sruta and Avadhi. On the eve of his renunciation, he gained the fourth Manahparyaya, by which he knew the thoughts of all sentient beings, and it remained for him to obtain the fifth and the final degree of knowledge which is called Kevala. The Ascetic Life Mahavira's ascetic life, before his attainment of the highest spiritual knowledge lasted for more than twelve years. His parents were lay-disciples of the Order of Parsvanatha. Mahavira, therefore, began his novitiate as an ascetical member of the same Order. His habits of life during this period of preparation for the perfect knowledge may be briefly mentioned. He went about naked, possessed not even a bowl for collecting food, and ate in the hollow of his hands. He neglected his body completely. Many insects Crawled on his person, bit him and caused him pain, but he bore it with patience. People were shocked at the sight of him. They shouted at him, and even struck him. For days and months he would observe silence, and remained absorbed in his thoughts. He avoided men as well as women, often gave no answers to questions put to him, and omitted to return greetings. Penances Mahavira's idea of tapas was that of Samvara or practice of self-restraint, with regard to body, speech and mind. In his view, austerities had to be inward as well as outward, and fasting, absolute chastity, and unmitigated meditation were its several forms. He therefore, performed a very prolonged course of severe penances for twelve years for the destruction of his karmas. This course comprehended uninterrupted meditation, unbroken chastity, and the most scrupulous observance of the rules concerning eating
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________________ and drinking. The account of his sadhana given in the Acarangais literally soul-stirring. He meditated day and night, undisturbed and unperturbed. Avoiding women, and giving up the company of householders, he realised singleness. He did not care for sleep for the sake of pleasure and slept only for short hours. In winter, he meditated in the shade, in summer he exposed himself to heat. He was free from sin and desire, and not attached to sounds or colours, and never acted carelessly. Thoroughly knowing the earth-bodies, firebodies, wind-bodies, the linchens, seeds and sproutes, and comprehending that they are, if narrowly inspected, imbued with life, he avoided all kinds of sins, and abstained from all sinful activities. He did not use what had expressly been prepared for him. Knowing measure in eating and drinking, he was not desirous of delicious food. For more then a couple of years, he led religious life without using cold water. He remained circumspect in his walking, speaking, begging, and obeying the calls of nature. He remained circumspect in his thoughts, words and acts. He guarded his thoughts, words, acts senses and chastity. He moved without wrath, pride, deceit, and greed. He remained calm, tranquil, composed, liberated, free from temptations, without egoism and without property. In short, he had cut off all earthly ties, and was not strained by any worldliness. His course was unobstructed like that of life. Like the firmament, he wanted no support. Like the wind he knew no obstacles. His heart was pure like the water in autumn. He remained unsoiled like a lotus-leaf. His senses were well protected like those of a tortoise. Like a rhinoceros, he lived single and alone. He was free like a bird, always walking like the fabulous bird Bharund, valorous like an elephant, strong like a bull, difficult to attack like a lion, steady and firm like the mountain Mandara, deep like ocean, mild like the moon, effulgent like the sun, pure like gold, patient like earth, and shining in splendour like a well-kindled
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________________ fire. He lived, except in the rainy season, all the eight months of summar and winter, in villages only a single night, and in towns only five nights. He was indifferent alike to the smell of ordure and the sweet scent of sandal, to straw and jewel, dirt and gold, pleasure and pain, this world or the world beyond, to life and death, He exerted himself for the stoppage and the defilement of karmas. Wandering and Meeting with Gosala The Acaranga mentions that renunciation implied the quitting of the northern ksatriya part of the place Kundagrama, and arrival in the village Kummara presumably a suburb of Kundagrama. Then he moved to the settlement of Kollaga, near Vaisali, where he was hospitably received by the Brahmana Bahula. After roaming about in this area for six months, Mahavira came to Asthigrama, to spend his first rainy season their. On way to Asthigrama, Mahavira had the first taste of those bitter experiences which were going to be a common feature of his sadhaka life-(a) of hostility towards him of the other Parivrajaka sects roaming in those areas, and (b) of his persecution at the hands of various tempter gods. Mahavira's second rainy season was spent at Nalanda, where he was met by Gosala Mankhaliputta (Maskariputra), The Ajivaka teacher. He was attracted by Mahavira owing to his extraordinary self-restraint and impressive habits of meditation. Possibly another factor, Mahavira's capacity to predict the things correctly, also helped to increase Gosala's keenness in him. From this time onwards both travelled together for a period of over six years, and visited Campa, Bhaddila the capital town of the Mallas, Magadha, and Ladha desa. In the tenth year, on return from the Ladha desa, while they were travelling from Kumaragrama to Siddharthagrama, there sprang up acute differences of opinion between them. Gosala separated himself from Mahavira and became known as the founder of the Ajivaka sect.
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________________ Enlightenment Thus as hero at the head of a battle, he bore all hardships, and remaining undisturbed with right knowledge, faith and conduct, he meditated on himself for twelve years. During the thirteenth year, in the light fortnight of the month of Vaisakha, on its tenth day, outside the town Jsmbhikagrama, on the bank of the river kjupali, not far from an old shrine, in the field of the householder Syamaka under a Sala tree and the asterism Uttara-phalguni, he attained the highest knowledge and intuition called Kevala, which is infinite, supreme, unobstructed, unimpeded, complete and full. He was at that time absorbed in deep meditation in a squatting position with joint heels, exposing himself to the heat of the sun, after fasting two days and a half, even without drinking water. Thus at the age of forty-two, he became a Jina, an Arhat, a Kevalin, omniscient, all-seeing, and all-knowing. Propagation of the Doctrine The last thirty years of his life, Mahavira spent in the propagation of his doctrine. He travelled through many parts of India, preaching and converting people to his faith, stopping as before for the four months of the rainy season at one place. Knowing that a big yajna (sacrifice) had been organised by a Brahamana Somilacarya at a place at some distance from Jsmbhikagrama-the place where he attained Enlightenment, Mahavira moved to that place and held a public audience there. He explained his doctrine of the Jiva, Ajiva, Asrava, Bandha, Samvara, Nirjara and Moksa. The result was that among others, eleven of the learned Brahmana teachers, who had come there with a band of disciples to participate in the sacrifice, became converts to Mahavira's faith. They are known as the eleven Ganadharas of the chief disciples, of whom Gautama Indrabhuti was most prominent. Under these Ganadharas were placed all the monks of
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________________ 10 the Order. These conversions gave to Mahavira a respectable community of 4411 Sramanas and a large number of lay-disciples or Sramanopasakas. The genius for organisation, which Mahavira possessed, is shown in nothing more clearly than in the formation of the order of the lay-disciples-both of men and women. Now, Mahavira's fame as an omniscient seer began to spread fast and widely. Mahavira had some powerful supporters among the ruling kings and princes also, to whom was due the spread of his doctrines. King Udayana of the country of the Sindhu-Sauviras, king Dadhivahana of Campa and his daughter Candana, king Satanika of Kausambi and king Canda Pradyota of Avanti are notables in the list of such rulers. Further, the federal illumination in honour of Mahavira's death by eighteen Ganarajas of Kasi and Kosala, nine Mallakis, and nine Licchavis points to the extent of his influence and to that of his religion over these republican people. But Mahavira, like the Buddha, was also known for his devoted disciples, some of whom attained to Kaivalya. His first conserts were the eleven Ganadharas, already referred to. Gardabhali, who made a monk of king Sanjaya of Kampilya, is another notable. In one of the well-known Jaina Agamas, Uvasagadasao, the names of ten of the most important layfollowers of Mahavira are recorded. Vanijyagrama, Campa, Varanasi, Alabhia, Kampilyapura, Polasapura, Rajagrha, and Sravasti are mentioned as the important ones among the places visited by the venerable Ascetic. In Vanijyagrama, the great laydisciples were Ananda and his wife Bhadra; in Varanasi, Culanipriya and his wife Syama, Suradeva and his wife Dhanya; in Alabhia, Cullasataka and his wife Bahula; in Kampilyapura, Kundakolita and his wife Pusya; in Polasapura, Sakadalaputra and his wife Agnimitra; in Rajagrha, Mahasataka and his wife Revati; and in Sravasti, Nandinipriya and his wife
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________________ 11 Asvini, saleyikapita and his wife Phalguni. These lay-disciples are mentioned as persons of opulence and influence, and as those noted for their piety and devotion. Personality of Mahavira All these disciples and followers sincerely believed that their Master was a great Sramana, a great Brahamana, a great Tirthankara, a great Guru, a great Teacher, who was gifted with a supreme knowledge and visions of the summum bonum. To them he stood as a living example of highest human virtue and perfection. His life was to them a perennial source of light and inspiration. His suffering and forbearance kept them steady in all their trials and tribulations. And his teachings or instructions were to them not ordinary words but utterances of one who saw the light of Truth, and was able to lead others along the path of Truth. In all earnestness, they sought to obey those words both in letter and spirit. In other words, those teachings of Mahavira were readily accepted by them as a means of satisfying their supreme religious needs. Wandering and Nirvana During the 30 years of his career as Teacher, Mahavira spent four rainy seasons in Vaisali and Vanijyagrama, fourteen in Rajaglha and Nalanda, and six in Mithila, two in Bhadrika, one in Alabhika, one in Pranitabhumi, one in Sravasti and one in the town of Pava, which was last rainy season. In the fourth month of that rainy season, in the dark fortnight of Kartika, on its fifteenth day in the last watch of the night, in the town of Pava, in king Hastipala's office of the writers, the venerable Ascetic breathed his last, went off, quitted the world, cutting asunder the ties of birth, decay and death. Legends have gathered as thickly round Mahavira's death as round his birth. One tells how nearly all the ruling chiefs of the country gathered to hear his discourses, and how the Saint preached to them with wonderful eloquence for six days. Then on the seventh
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________________ day, he took his seat upon a diamond throne, in the centre of magnificent hall which had been especially built for him on the borders of a lake. It was a dark night, but the hall was brilliantly illumined by the super-natural glow that issued forth from the gods who had come to listen to the illustrious Preacher. Mahavira preached all night. The saint knew that his end was drawing nigh, so he sat reverently with clasped hands and crossed knees (Samparyanka Asana), and just as the morning dawned, he attained Nirvana. Mahavira attained Nirvana in B.C. 527 at the age of 72. The Licchavis and the Mallas were the two whom the rise of Mahavira was an object of national pride, and accordingly, it is said in the Kalpa Sutra, that when the great Soul departed, the 18 confederate kings of Kasi and Kosala, the nine Mallakis, and the nine Licchavis instituted an illumination saying, "Since the light of intelligence is gone, let us make an illumination of material matter', and this is thought to be the beginning of Diwali among the Jainas. Contemporaneity with the Buddha The evidence of Buddhist literature is sufficient to establish the contemporaneity of Mahavira and the Buddha. Although they had not personally met each other, there were occasions when they felt interested in knowing and discussing each other's views and position through intermediaries. Dirghatapasvi and Satyaka among the Nirgrantha recluses, and Abhay, - the prince, Upali - the banker, and Simha - the Licchavi general, among the Jaina laity loom large among those intermediaries. Teaching and its effects Ahimsa or non-violent attitude is the very first principle of higher life that Mahavira inculcated to his disciples and followers. The visible effects of Ahirsa were sought to be proved by practical demonstration also. As a result, in his life-time,
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________________ 13 practically all righteous kings made it a point of duty to vouchsafe the lawful protection to all forms of life. It also had solutary effect; on diet. People gave up killing and took to vegetables, which provided no less energy. The same principle served to mitigate the rigour and ruthlessness of the criminal justice for times to come. The ancient laws were considerably modified and humanised. Compassion for the suffering fellow-beings is just the other side of Ahimsa. In this way more and more philanthropic activities, humanitarian deeds and institutions were encouraged. The Kriyavada or doctrine of action, which Mahavira taught, contributed towards making people conscious of their responsibility for all their acts mental vocal and physical. The same also awakened the consciousness that salvation was not a gift of favour but an attainment within human reach through pious deeds. Thus the distant end or ultimate object of Janism as taught by Mahavira is Nirvana, which consists in 'Perfect Peace'. Nirvana is just the other name of Moksa or liberation, Mukti or deliverance. There is a safer place', Mahavira declared, 'in view of all, but difficult to approach, where there is no old age, nor death, no pain nor disease. This is what is called Nirvana or freedom from pain, rather perfection. It is the safer, happy, quiet and eternal place, which the great sages reach.' But if Nirvana or Moksa is a real state of sukha or bliss, how can it be reached ? The opinion that pleasant things Moksa, a pleasant state is arrived at through comfortable life, another pleasant thing is opposed to and proved to be futile. Even the Buddhist mode of life appeared to be to comfortable to be compatible with the right path to salvation. Mahavira, therefore, prescribed rigorous practice for the attainment of Moksa - the highest bliss. Sarvara or practice of self-restraint with regard to body, speech and mind was just the other aspect of tapas taught by the great Teacher. The several practices of austerities were to be resorted to as means of wearing out and ultimately destroying
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________________ 14 the effects of karmas or sinful deeds committed in former existences, and also of not giving effect to new karmas. Mahavira declared : "There are 0 ! Nirgranathas, some sinful deeds and acts you have committed in the past, which you must wear out now by this acute form of austerity. Now that you will be living restrained here in regard to your acts, speech and thoughts, it will work as the non-doing of karmas for future. Thus by the exhaustion of the force of past deeds throuh penance and the non-accumulation of new acts, (you are assured) of the stoppage of the future course of rebirth, from such stoppage, of the destruction of the effect of karmas, from that, of the destruction of pain, from that of the destruction of mental feelings, and from that of the complete wearing out of all kinds of pain." And there follows, as a result, the non-gliding of the self in the course of Samsara in future. This is what is reproduced from the Jaina Sutras in the Majjhima Nikaya, and the historical importance of this Buddhist statement of Mahavira's ideals is that it points to a very early formulation of the main ideas of Jainism. Its importance lies also in the fact that it sets forth the entire chain of reasoning by which the terms of the Jaina thought were interlinked the sequence ending in Moksa. It serves also to unveil the plan of thought in which the chain of reasoning was sought to be developed by arranging the terms broadly under two heads - positive and negative. Salvation was assured to all without distinction of caste, creed or sex. Mahavira lay great emphasis upon chastity - both sexual and moral. It was a virtue, he declared, alike for individuals and nations to develop. The Syadvada is a doctrine forming for basis of Jaina metaphysics and dialectics. It was formulated as a scheme of thought in which there is room for consideration of all points of view, and of all ideals. This was brought forward at a most critical
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________________ 15 period of Indian life, when many conflicting dogmas were adumbrated without leading certitude. The Syadvada stands out as an intellectual idea of that harmony among men which is based upon mutual understanding. In literature it has served as a basis of encyclopaedic knowledge in which many of his votaries have excelled. Such was the form of Mahavira's declarations which aroused confidence in so many hundreds and thousands of his followers who had gathered round his personality and impelled them to follow his example in their own life. And such was the special attraction of religious life which was held out to the householders, both men and women from all families and social grades who came to form a large body of lay-disciples of the venerable Ascetic Mahavira. Resume Mahavira was one of the great teachers of mankind. He was indeed one of those teachers through whom the problem of the perfection of man came to recognised as the highest problem before progressive humanity. All the rule of religious life, which he had enjoined, were intended to be practical and to the attainment of perfection of self. The goal set before mankind was the blissfulness of the entire being which could not be brought by wealth, pomp and power in the world. This happy state is to be attained through patience, forbearance, self-denial, forgiveness, humanity, compassion ad consideration-in short, suffering and sacrifice, love and kindness. Mahavira has died, but only to live as an enternal personality.
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________________ zramaNa BOOK REVIEW Philosophy and Spirituality of Srimad Rajcandra by Dr. U.K. Pungaliya, Published by Prakrit Bharati Academy, Jaipur, Sanmati Teerth, Pune Price : Rs. 180.00, Size : Demy. srimad Rajcandra, one of the greatest yogis, saints and soteriologists (HATT/ATERIAI) of the last century, preached the religion of self-Purification (31TCHEH), putting aside sectarian beliefs and dogmas. Born of a Jaina mother and a Vaishnava father, srimad imbibed the best of the two religions. Young Gandhi met a genius truth seeker in Rajcandra and learnt two great things from him truth and non-violence. Srimad excercised the greatest influence on the Mahatma. What impressed Gandhi most in the life of Rajcandra was the latter's attempt to reach the spiritual heights while leading the life of a house-holder. In his short span of 34 years, Rajcandra has written on various subjects extensively and his correspondence and notes run into thousands of pages. Most of his writings are personal and hence not meant for public at large. They are utterances of a seen. Nevertheless they are important not only to understand the mind of the author but also for an aspirant of truth-realization. Dr. U.K. Pungalia's book Philosophy and Spirituality of Srimad Rajcandra is an important work which closely analyses not, only the basic philosophy of the saint but also the spiritual attainments of the
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________________ P : $401/37067-7/88969 seeker. In author's opinion the doctrine of 3117 is the essence of Rajcandra's philosophy and HTETI. The book is a revised edition of the author's Ph-D. dissertation which is presented and arranged in five chapters including introduction and conclusion. In the introduction of the book, an attempt is made to take a stock of the earlier works of Rajchandra. The importance of the subject matter and the title of the work is also explained. The author takes a detailed critical survey of the primary and the secondary sources from which the data are collected. Life and works of Srimad have been dealt with in the second chapter. A special mention of Hillarut is also made for the clear understanding of Rajcandra's mind. JIROT (recollection of one's past births) has awakened Rajcandra's memory by occurance of the death of an elderly and coming neighbour of Rajcandra when the latter was very young. This completely changed the coures of Rajcandra's; spiritual life and view. The third chapter is devoted to the study of Srimad's philosophy and his way of salvation, as expressed in his monumental work Atmadharma or Atmasiddhi. Atmasiddhi is a summary of Rajcandra' philosophy. It deals with 'samyagdarzana-jJAna-cAritrANi mokSamArgaH' : enunciated by Acarya Umasvati in his Tattvarthasutra. The author continues its exposition in the next chapter also, entitled, 'means of self-realization.' In the last chapter, chapter V, the author presents the summary of his observations. Here, he beautifully sums up the main tenets of Rajcandra's philosophy and suggests the further prospects in the study of the great saint. Philosophy and Spirituality of Srimad Rajcandra is a comprehensive work which deals its subject with respect, and helps in the understanding of the spirit of Rajcandra's life and worldview. The value of the work is enhanced by the inclusion oif srimad's 3caffa 3 in one of the appendices. All those researchers and seekers who
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________________ BOOK REVIEW care to know about Rajcandra's wellanschunang will, I believe, greatly benefit by this work. 3 Surendra Verma Formerly, Dy. Director, Parsvanatha Vidyapitha, Varanasi 10, HIG. 1-Circular Road, Allahabad
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________________ zramaNa jaina jagat DaoN0sudarzanalAla jaina prophesara pada para niyukta pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ke bhUtapUrva zodhachAtra, akhila bhAratavarSIya digambara jaina vidvatpariSad ke mantrI DaoN0 sudarzana lAla jaina, kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI ke saMskRta vibhAga meM prophesara pada para niyukta huye haiN| yaha niyukti san 1992 se mAnya hai| isa sammAnapUrNa pada prApti ke lie DaoN0 jaina ko hArdika bdhaaii| prophesara jaina vigata 1968 se kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya ke saMskRta vibhAga meM adhyApana kArya kara rahe haiM tathA san 1992 se 1995 taka saMskRta vibhAga ke adhyakSa pada ko bhI suzobhita kara cuke haiN| saMskRta, prAkRta evaM pAli bhASAoM ke vidvAn prophesara jaina ke nirdezana meM aba taka 26 zodha-prabandha likhe jA cuke haiM aura 10 zodhachAtra vartamAna meM zodhakArya meM saMlagna haiN| __ Apane aba taka lagabhaga eka darjana pustakoM kA lekhana, sampAdana evaM hindI anuvAda kiyA hai| 'uttarAdhyayana kA samIkSAtmaka adhyayana' nAmaka mahattvapUrNa zodha-prabandha evaM maulika kRti 'deva, zAstra aura guru' - ina do granthoM ke vidvattApUrNa lekhana hetu uttara pradeza saMskRta akAdamI (lakhanaU) dvArA kramaza; san 1971 evaM san 1995 meM Apako sammAnita kiyA jA cukA hai| pArzvanAtha vidyApITha kI tarapha se DaoN0jaina ko Dhera sArI bdhaaiyaaN| isa upalabdhi para saMsthAna ke bhUtapUrva zodhachAtra DaoN0 kamaleza kumAra jaina, prAdhyApaka, jaina darzana, prAcya vidyA evaM dharma vijJAna saMkAya, kA0hi0vi0vi0 ne agraja DaoN0jaina ko badhAI dI hai|
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________________ 1 jaina jagat prAcya prAkRta evaM jaina vidyA ke yazasvI vidvAn pro0 (DaoN0) rAjArAma jaina puraskRta zrI kundakunda bhAratI jaina zodha saMsthAna, naI dillI ke sammAnya nidezaka pro0 (DaoN0) rAjArAma jaina, ArA (bihAra) ko, varSa 1996 kA ahiMsA iNTaranezanala DipTImala jaina sAhitya sambandhI viziSTa puraskAra naI dillI ke gurunAnaka phAuNDezana sabhAgAra meM dinAMka 6/4/97 ko pUjya AcAryazrI vidyAnanda jI mahArAja ke sAnnidhya tathA sAhU ramezacandra jI jaina kI adhyakSatA meM dillI vidhAna sabhA ke spIkara mAnanIya zrI caratIlAla jI goyala ke karakamaloM dvArA pradAna kara sammAnita kiyA gyaa| ikkIsa hajAra rupayoM kA yaha puraskAra, zAla, zrIphala, maNimAlA evaM smRticihna ke sAtha sabahumAna bheMTa svarUpa pradAna kiyA gyaa| : 165 ukta avasara para upasthita gaNamAnya vidvAnoM ne pro0 jaina kI unakI dIrghakAlIna sAhitya sevA, vizeSa rUpa se aprakAzita durlabha pANDulipiyoM ke sampAdana ke kSetra meM unake dvArA kie gae athak parizramapUrNa avadAnoM kI bhUri-bhUri prazaMsA kii| yaha dhyAtavya hai ki DaoN0 jaina ko pichalI pharavarI 1996 meM bhI digambara jaina mahAsabhA (bihAra- zAkhA) kI ora se sammedazikhara jI meM navanirmita madhyaloka saMsthAna ke pratiSThA samAroha ke suavasara para pUjya AcArya zrI bharatasAgara jI mahArAja ke pAvana sAnnidhya meM bihAra ke rAjyapAla DaoN0 kidavaI ke kara kamaloM dvArA 21000 /- rupayoM kA puraskAra-sammAna tathA 14 pharavarI 1997 meM tijArA (alavara) kI puNyatIrtha bhUmi para pUjya upAdhyAya zrI jJAnasAgara jI mahArAja ke pAvana sAnnidhya meM unake dIrghakAlIna maulika zodha kAryoM tathA samAja-sevA ke upalakSya meM pratIka svarUpa 31000 /- rupayoM ke puraskAra se sammAnita kiyA gayA thaa| DaoN0 jaina san 1995 se hI durlabha evaM aprakAzita pANDulipiyoM ke sampAdana evaM zodha kArya meM vyasta rahate Ae haiN| DaoN0 jaina ko pArzvanAtha vidyApITha kI tarapha se badhAI evaM shubhkaamnaaeN| zrI ratanalAla bAphaNA bhagavAna mahAvIra puraskAra se sammAnita cennaI, 20 apraila 1997 ko bhagavAna mahAvIra phAuNDezana madrAsa dvArA zrI ratanalAla sI. bAphaNA ko eka sAde samAroha meM 'bhagavAn mahAvIra puraskAra' pradAna kiyA gyaa| yaha puraskAra zrI bAphaNA ko ahiMsA tattva ke eka mahattvapUrNa aMga zAkAhAra ke pracAra evaM prasAra hetu kie gaye unake ullekhanIya kAryoM ke lie diyA gayA hai| isa avasara
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________________ 166 : zramaNa/apraila-jUna/1997 20-280363694 MAH / 18882 20558 DaoN0 karNa siMha jI se bha0 mahAvIra evArDa svIkArate hue zrI ratanalAla bAphaNA para evArDa phAuNDezana selekzana kameTI ke ceyaramaina mahArASTra ke bhUtapUrva rAjyapAla zrI sI0 subramaNyama kI upasthiti ullekhanIya rhii| puraskAra ke rUpa meM Apako pA~ca lAkha rupaye kI nakada rAzi evaM smRticihna pradAna kiyA gyaa| pArzvanAtha vidyApITha kI ora se zrI bAphaNA ko hArdika badhAI evaM shubhkaamnaa| abhinandana evaM vidAI samAroha ___ pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ke prAMgaNa meM dinAMka 12/4/97, zanivAra ko aparAhna meM vidyApITha se avakAza grahaNa kara rahe prAdhyApaka pro0surendra varmA, DaoN0bI0ena0 zarmA, DaoN0bI0ena0 sinhA aura DaoN0kamala jaina ko eka samAroha meM bhAvabhInI vidAI dI gii| isI avasara para jaina vidyA ke labdhapratiSTha vayovRddha vidvAn paM0 amRtalAla jI zAstrI kA abhinandana kiyA gayA evaM saMsthA ke parama zubhacintaka DI0re0kA0 (DIjala rela iMjana kArakhAnA) ke avakAza prApta mahAprabandhaka zrI Ara0ke0jaina ko bhI bhAvabhInI vidAI dI gii| samAroha kA prArambha DaoN0mantrI jaina ke maMgalAcaraNa se haa| sarvaprathama nidezaka pro0 sAgaramala jI jaina ne paM0 amRtalAla jI ke vyaktitva evaM jaina vidyA ke kSetra meM unake avadAna kI carcA kii| tatpazcAt samAdaraNIya paNDita jI ko zrI Ara0ke0 jaina
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________________ jaina jagat : 167 ke dvArA vidyApITha kI ora se mAlyArpaNa kara zAla bheMTa kI gii| isI krama meM pro0sadarzanalAla jaina, saMskRta vibhAga, kA0hi0vi0vi0, DaoN0 kamaleza kumAra jaina, saMskRta vidyA dharmavijJAna saMkAya, kA0hi0vi0vi0, DaoN0 phUlacanda jI 'premI', adhyakSa-jainadarzana vibhAga, sampUrNAnanda saMskRta vizvavidyAlaya Adi ne paMDita jI ko mAlyArpaNa kiyaa| apane saMsmaraNoM meM unake sarala, svAdhyAyI jIvana kI prazaMsA karate hue unakA abhinandana kiyaa| apane AzIrvacana meM AdaraNIya paMDita jI ne pArzvanAtha vidyApITha kI pragati para saMtoSa vyakta karate hue isake bhAvI vikAsa hetu apanI zubhakAmanAe~ dii| isa avasara para yaha bhI nizcaya kiyA gayA ki paMDita jI ke sammAna meM 'zramaNa' kA eka vizeSAMka nikAlA jaayegaa| kAryakrama ke dvitIya caraNa meM sarvaprathama zrI Ara0ke0jaina sAhaba ko DI0re0kA0 meM apanI yazasvI sevAe~ dekara sevAnivRtta hone para sthAnIya jaina samAja ke sakriya zrAvaka zrI mahendra kumAra jI luNAvata ke dvArA mAlyArpaNa kara zAla arpita kI gyii| saMsthAna ke nidezaka pro0sAgaramala jaina ne zrI Ara0ke0 jaina ke saMsthAna se rahe AtmIya sambandhoM evaM sahayoga kI carcA kii| DaoN0 zrIprakAza pANDeya, pravaktA--jainavidyA vibhAga ne vidyApITha se avakAza grahaNa kara rahe prAdhyApakoM kA paricaya diyA aura vidyApITha tathA jaina vidyA ke kSetra meM unake avadAnoM kI carcA kii| prAkRta vibhAga ke adhyakSa pro0 sureza candra pANDe evaM variSTha pravaktA prAkRta vibhAga, DaoN0 azoka kumAra siMha ne bhI avakAza grahaNa kara rahe variSTha zikSakoM ke guNoM evaM vidyApITha pravAsa ke samaya unake saMsmaraNoM ko yAda kiyA tathA mAlyArpaNa kara unheM zAla samarpita kiyaa| zrI Ara0ke0jaina, pro0 surendra varmA, DaoN0bI0ena0 zarmA, DaoN0bI0ena0sinhA tathA DaoN0kamala jaina ne apane udbodhana meM vidyApITha parivAra ke sAtha apane pragAr3ha AtmIya sambandhoM evaM yahA~ kI sukhada anubhUtiyoM kI bhAva-vihvala hokara carcA karate hue vidyApITha kI uttarottara pragati ke lie zubhakAmanAe~ diiN| kAryakrama ke anta meM prItibhoja kA Ayojana kiyA gyaa| upaniSad sAhitya meM jaina tattva saMgoSThI naI dillI 27 apraila, RSabhadeva pratiSThAna, naI dillI dvArA rASTrIya saMgrahAlaya meM eka akhila bhAratIya saMgoSThI "upaniSad sAhitya meM jaina tattva aura sarAka evaM anya janajAtiyoM meM jaina dharma" viSayoM para Ayojita kI gii| dvi-divasIya isa saMgoSThI meM cha: satroM meM lagabhaga caudaha vidvAnoM ne apane zodha-patroM ko prastuta kiyaa| saMgoSThI kA udghATana pUjya 108 AcArya zrI vidyAnanda jI mahArAja, muni zrI kizana lAla jI, muni zrI amarendra jI evaM zrI madana muni jI ke sAnidhya meM huaa| pratiSThAna
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________________ 168 : zramaNa/apraila-jUna/1997 ke adhyakSa zrI svarUpa candra jaina, (AgarA) ne dIpa prajjavalita kara kAryakrama kA zubhArambha kiyA evaM zrIphala bheMTa kara AcAryazrI tathA munigaNa aura atithi vidvAnoM kA svAgata kiyaa| zrImatI anilA jaina ke maMgalAcaraNa ke pazcAt pratiSThAna ke mahAsaciva zrI hRdayarAja jaina ne pratiSThAna kI gatividhiyoM evaM bhAvI yojanAoM para prakAza ddaalaa| ___ saMgoSThI ke anya satroM meM pramukha rUpa se bRhadAraNyaka, muNDaka upaniSad, zvetAzvatara evaM taittirIyopaniSad Adi meM jaina tattva para carcA huii| tatpazcAta sarAka saMskRti aura unakA Arthika utthAna, bhAratIya AdivAsiyoM kI kalA, jaina kalA, samAja Adi viSayoM para bhI zodha-patra prastuta kiye gye| saMgoSThI meM sabhAdhyakSa ke rUpa meM DaoN0 munIzacandra jozI, DaoN0AcArya prabhAkara mizra aura DaoN0esa0pI0 nAraMga aura zrI zarada kumAra sAdhaka kI upasthiti ullekhanIya rhii| jaina tattvajJAna zivira kA Ayojana sanmati tIrtha (prAkRta jaina vidyA saMzodhana saMsthA) ke tattvAvadhAna meM pUjya AcArya zrI candanAjI dvArA jaina tattvajJAna zivira kA Ayojana dinAMka 5 maI se 31 maI, 1997 taka puNe meM kiyA jA rahA hai| isa zivira kA udghATana zrI bAlA sAheba bhArade evaM zrI aNNA sAheba hajAre ke karakamaloM dvArA kiyA jaayegaa| zivira meM jina viSayoM para carcAe~ kendrita hoMgI ve haiM- jaina darzana tathA tattvajJAna, dhyAna, yogAsana, baccoM ke lie prAkRta zikSaNa evaM praznamaJca aadi| zivira ke samasta kAryakrama phirodiyA hosTala, bI0ema0 kAmarsa kAleja roDa, puNe meM sampanna hogaa| isa avasara para sva0 zrI navamala jI phirodiyA kI tasvIra kA anAvaraNa bhI kiyA jaayegaa| akhila bhAratIya nibandha pratiyogitA kA Ayojana upAdhyAya zrI kevalamuni jainodaya TrasTa, baMgalora dvArA upAdhyAya pravara pUjya (sva) zrI kevalamuni jI ma.sA. kI puNyatithi ke avasara para eka akhila bhAratIya nibandha pratiyogitA kA Ayojana kiyA gayA hai| pratiyogitA kA viSaya hai- 'upAdhyAya zrIkebalamuni ke kRtitva aura jaina sAhitya meM avdaan|' nibandha pratiyogitA meM cayanita sarvazreSTha nibandhoM ko puraskRta kiyA jaayegaa| puraskAra kI rAzi isa prakAra haiprathama puraskAra ru01100/ dvitIya puraskAra ru0 700/= tRtIya puraskAra ru0 300% sAntvanA puraskAra (10) - ru0 50/3
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________________ jaina jagat : 169 pratiyogitA meM bhAga lene kI umra sImA 18 varSa se 40 varSa taka hai| nibandha prApta hone kI antima tithi 15maI, 1997 hai| kRpayA nibandha isa pate para bhejeM upAdhyAya zrI kevalamuni jainodaya TrasTa C/o zrI sampatarAja malecA naM0 5, polpara koila sTrITa azoka nagara, baMgalora - 560025 / pArzvanAtha vidyApITha prakAzana saMskRta saMsthAna u0pra0 dvArA puraskRta hamAre lie yaha atyanta garva kA viSaya hai ki mahAkavi hAla dvArA prAkRta bhASA meM viracita, paM0vizvanAtha pAThaka, bhUtapUrva zodhAdhikArI, pArzvanAtha vidyApITha dvArA saMskRta chAyA ke sAtha hindI bhASA meM anUdita evaM pArzvanAtha vidyApITha dvArA prakAzita "gAthAsaptazatI" ko saMskRta saMsthAna, uttara pradeza dvArA 5000/= rupaye ke puraskAra se puraskRta kiyA gayA hai|
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________________ 170 : zramaNa/apraila-jUna/1997 zoka samAcAra motIlAla banArasIdAsa ke adhiSThAtA zrI zAntilAla jaina divaMgata KARStroni bhAratIya vidyA sambandhI pastakoM ke antarrASTrIya khyAtiprApta, motIlAla banArasIdAsa nAmaka prakAzana-saMsthAna ke adhiSThAtA tathA zrI cintAmaNi pArzvanAtha jaina zvetAmbara tIrtha, haridvAra ke saMrakSaka evaM pUrva adhyakSa, padmazrI zAntilAla jaina, 13 mArca 1997, ko nidhana ho gyaa| zrI zAntilAla jI jaina samAja ke eka karmaTha netA, karmayogI, dAnI, sarala, ha~samukha, AkarSaka vyaktitva ke svAmI eva dRr3ha saMkalpa ke puruSa the| ve dIna-duHkhiyoM ke sevaka tathA vItarAga paramAtmA mahAvIrasvAmI ke sacce pujArI the| ve anekAneka saMsthAoM se jIvanaparyanta jur3e rhe| vallabha smAraka tathA anya sahayogI saMsthAoM ke sAtha unakA Arambha se hI sambandha rahA tathA unake vikAsa meM sadaiva unakA yogadAna rhaa| apane pUjya pitRvya zrI sundaralAla jI tathA seTha kastUralAla bhAI ke vicAroM ko sAkAra karane ke lie haridvAra meM unhoMne zrI cintAmaNi pArzvanAtha jaina zvetAmbara tIrtha kA nirmANa Arambha kiyaa| isa puNyakArya meM unhoMne tana-mana-dhana se pUrNa yogadAna dekara sarvaprathama bhUmi kA kraya kiyA tathA mandira aura dharmazAlA kA zilAnyAsa krvaayaa| maMdira kA nirmANa AdhA ho cukA hai, jisameM cha: bhagavAnoM kI pratiSThA pharavarI 1995 meM AcArya zrI padmasAgarasUri jI mahArAja ke kara-kamaloM dvArA kI jA cukI hai| yaha nirmANa-kArya jaina zilpakalA ke anurUpa abhI do varSa aura calatA rhegaa| ina sabhI kAryoM ke preraNA-srota zrI zAntilAla jI rhe| jaina sAhitya ke prakAzana meM bhI inakA vizeSa yogadAna rahA hai| munizrI jambUvijaya jI ke sAtha inakA vizeSa samparka hone ke kAraNa jaina AgamoM ko anekAneka saMzodhanoM ke sAtha ye punaH prakAzita kara cuke haiN| isake atirikta inhoMne jaina dharma kI anya aneka pustakoM kA prakAzana kiyA /
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________________ jaina jagat : 171 motIlAla banArasIdAsa saMsthAna bhAratIya saMskRti evam AdhyAtmika vikAsa ke prakAzaka ke rUpa meM bhArata hI nahIM apitu vizva ke kone-kone meM prasiddha hai| isa saMsthAna ke mAdhyama se inhoMne prAcIna bhAratIya saMskRti tathA sAhitya kI abhUtapUrva sevA kii| isake 2000 prakAzanoM meM ullekhanIya haiM : inasAiklopIDiyA oNpha iNDiyana philAsaphI (15 bhAga), eziyanTa iNDiyana TreDIzana eNDa mAitholAjI (purANoM kA anuvAda) (100 bhAga) aura dI saikreDa buksa oNpha dI IsTa (50 bhaag)| kucha hI varSa pUrva inhoMne rAmacaritamAnasa kA antarrASTrIya saMskaraNa prakAzita kara sAre vizva meM isakA pracAra kiyaa| inhoMne vizva ke aneka prakAzakoM se sambandha sthApita kara apane grantha unake saMsthAna dvArA tathA unake grantha apane saMsthAna dvArA prakAzita kara bhAratIya darzana tathA saMskRti ko samRddha kiyA / inake abhUtapUrva yogadAna ke kAraNa 1992 meM bhArata sarakAra ne inheM padmazrI kI upAdhi pradAna kii| isake atirikta aneka upAdhiyA~ inheM alaga-alaga saMsthAoM se mila cukI haiN| pArzvanAtha vidyApITha zrI zAntilAla jI ko apanI bhAvabhInI zraddhAJjali arpita karatA hai| karmayogI zrI. navamalajI phirodiyA divaMgata karmayogI, udAracetA, mahAmanasvI, svatantratA saMgrAma ke vIra senAnI tathA prasiddha udyogapati zrI navamalajI phirodiyA kA dinAMka 26.3.97 ko hRdayagati ruka jAne ke kAraNa nidhana ho gyaa| mahArASTra ke zrIgoMdA tAlluke meM sthita kolagAMva meM, 1910 meM ApakA janma huA thaa| ApakA pUrA nAma navamalajI kuMdanamalajI phirodiyA thaa| Apa svabhAva se atyanta mRdu, spaSTavaktA tathA tyAga, niSThA aura dayA ke pratimUrti the / zraddhA se Apako 'bAbA' kahA jAtA thaa| anekAneka sAmAjika, sAMskRtika evaM zaikSaNika saMsthAoM se jur3e zrI phirodiyA jI eka karmaTha netA tathA prakhara svatantratA senAnI the| aneka saMsthAoM ko ApakA saMrakSaNa prApta thaa| Apa vIrAyatana saMsthAna ke adhyakSa the| isake atirikta bhAUsAhaba phirodiyA vRddhAzrama, pAMjarApela kuSThadhAma, puNe sthita kAmAyanI, Adi aneka saMsthAoM ko ApakA saMrakSaNa prApta thA / pArzvanAtha vidyApITha parivAra zrI 'bAbA' ke nidhana para zokAkula hai| ApakI smRtiyA~ hI hamArI preraNAsrota haiN|
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________________ 172 : zramaNa/apraila-jUna/1997 sAdhvI zrI pAnakuMvara jI ma0sA0 kA dehAvasAna pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ke nidezaka DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina kI pUjyA dAdI evaM zramaNasaMghIya vayovRddhA sAdhvI zrI pAnakuMvara jI ma0sA0 kA zAjApura meM dinAMka 14/4/97 ko saMthArA pUrvaka dehAvasAna ho gyaa| ApakI umra 95 varSa thii| saMyama, tyAga, evaM tapasyA kI pratimUrti zrI pAnakuMvara jI ma.sA0 ne lagabhaga 60 varSa taka kaThora saMyama paryAya kA pAlana kiyA tathA vividha rUpoM meM jaina zAsana kI prabhAvanA kii| jaina saMgha sAdhvI zrI kI ciravidAI se zoka santapta ho gyaa| pArzvanAtha vidyApITha pUjyA sAdhvI zrI ke dehAvasAna para apanI bhAvabhInI zraddhAJjali arpita karatA hai|
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________________ Statement About the Ownership & Other Particulars of the Journal SRAMANA 1. Place of Publication : Parsvanatha Vidyapitha I.T.I.Road, Karaundi, Varanasi-5. 2. Periodicity of Publication 3. Printer's Name, Nationality and Address : Quarterly. : Dr. Sagarmal Jain Indian Vardhaman Mudranalaya Bhelupur, Varanasi-10. : Dr. Sagarmal Jain Indian Parsvanatha Vidyapitha I.T.I. Road, Karaundi, Varanasi-5. : As above 4. Publisher's Name Nationality and Address 5. Editor's Name, Nationality and Address 6. Names and Address of Individuals : who own the Journal and Partners or share-holders holding more than one percent of the total capital. Parsvanatha Vidyapitha, Guru Bazar, Amritsar. (Registered under Act XXI as 1860.) I, Dr. Sagarmal Jain hereby declare that the particulars given above are true to the best of my knowledge and belief. Dated 1.4.1997 Signature of the Publishers S/d Dr. Sagarmal Jain
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________________ NO PLY, NO BOARD, NO WOOD. ONLY NUWUD. INTERNATIONALLY ACCLAIMED Nuwud MDF is fast replacing ply, board and wood in offices, homes & industry. As ceilings, DESIGN FLEXIBILITY flooring, furniture, mouldings, panelling, doors, windows... an almost infinite variety of Arms Communications VALUE FOR MONEY woodwork. So, if you have woodwork in mind, just think NUWUD MDF. NUCHEM LIMITED NUWUD The one wood for E-46/12, Okhla Industrial Area, Phase II, New Delhi-110 020 Phones : 632737, 633234 6827185, 6849679 Tix: 031-75102 NUWD IN Telefax: 91-11-6848748. IS: 12406 all your woodwork LIST MARKETING OFFICES: * AHMEDABAD: 440672, 469242 * BANGALORE: 2219219 * BHOPAL: 552760 BOMBAY: 8734433, 4937522, 4952648 * CALCUTTA: 270549 * CHANDIGARH: 603771, 604463. DELHI: 632737. 633234, 6827185, 6849679 * HYDERABAD: 226607. JAIPUR: 312636 JALANDHAR: 52610, 221087 * KATHMANDU: 225504. 224904. MADRAS: 8257589, 8275121