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1 universe. More importantly, observations made by Edwin Hubble <http:// I en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Hubble> showed that the universe appears to be ex1 panding and not static at all. Einstein famously referred to his failure to predict the I expanding universe as his greatest blunder. After this realization, the cosmological | constant was largely ignored as a historical curiosity.
Alan Guth <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Guth> proposed in the 1970s <http:/ 1 /en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970s> that a negative pressure field, similar in concept to
dark energy, could drive cosmic inflation <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ | Cosmic_inflation in the very early universe. Inflation postulates that some repul
sive force, qualitatively similar to dark energy, resulted in an enormous and exponential expansion of the universe slightly after the Big Bang <http://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Big_Bang>. Such expansion is an essential feature of most current models of the Big Bang. However, inflation must have occurred at a much higher energy density than the dark energy we observe today and is believed to have completely ended when the universe was just a fraction of a second old. It is unclear what relation, if any, exists between dark energy and inflation. Even after inflationary models became accepted, the cosmological constant was believed to be irrelevant to the current universe.
By 1998 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998>, the missing mass problem of big bang nucleosynthesis <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_bang_nucleosynthesis and large scale structure <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Largescale_structure_of_the_cosmos> was established, and some cosmologists had started to theorize that there was an additional component to our universe, with properties very similar to dark energy. This suspicion was reinforced by supernova observations of accelerated expansion, simultaneously released by the teams of Riess et al and Perlmutter <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul_Perlmutter et al. This resulted in the Lambda-CDM model <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LambdaCDM_model>, which as of 2006 has remained consistent with a series of increasingly rigorous cosmological observations.
4. Jainism Concept:
I am a student of Jainism and during this learning process I have been strongly attracted to the science of fundamental matter and forces that govern the universe. According to Jainism the whole universe is composed of six fundamental substances viz. 1. Jeevastikaya 2. Pudgalastikaya
3. Dharamastikaya 4. Adharmastikaya 5. Akashastikaya
6. Kalastikaya. The Jeeva means life whose structure may vary from infinitesimal cross-section to extremely large sizes. In fact it depends on how you define the life - whether as protein, amino acid, DNA or a single small virus. However, the fundamental property of life in Jainism is “Chetana" i, e consciousness should not be forgotten while adopting any definition. The pudgal is a substance whose cross section (size) may vary from infinitesimal to larger in space. For example, a sub-atomic particle is
