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128 POLITICAL HISTORY OF ANCIENT INDIA Kusavati. Other important cities were Anupiya and Uruvelakappa.1
Before Bimbisara's time the monarchy had been replaced by republics and the chief metropolis had sunk to the level of a "little wattel and daub town," a "branch township" surrounded by jungles. It was then styled Kusinārā.
The relations of the Mallas with the Lichchhavis were sometimes hostile and on other occasions friendly. The introductory story of the Bhaddasala Jataka contains an account of a conflict between Bandhula the Mallian, Commander-in-chief of the king of Kosala, and 500 elders of the Lichchhavis. The Jaina Kalpasutra, however, refers to "nine Mallakis" as having combined with the Lichchhavis, and the seigniors of Kasi-Kosala against KūņikaAjataśatru who, like Philip of Macedon, was trying to absorb the territories of his republican neighbours. The Malla territory was finally annexed to Magadha. It cer tainly formed a part of the Maurya Empire in the third century B.C.
Chedi was one of the countries encircling the Kurus, paritah Kurun, and lay near the Jumna. 5 It was closely connected with the Matsyas beyond the Chambal, the Kasis of Benares, and the Karushas in the valley of the Sona," and
1 Law, Some Ksatriya Tribes, p. 149. Dialogues, Pt. III (1921), 7; Gradual Sayings, IV. 293. Anupiya stood on the banks of the river Anoma which lay thirty leagues to the east of Kapilavastu It was here that the future Buddha cut off his hair and put on the robes of the ascetics. (DPPN, I, 81, 102).
2 Cf. S. B. E., XI, p. 102; Kautilya's Arthaśastra, 1919, p. 378. 3 Kudḍa-nagaruka, ujjangala-nagaraka, sākhā-nagaraka.
4 No. 465.
5 Pargiter, JASB, 1895, 253 ff; Mbh; I. 63. 2-58; IV. i. 11.
Santi ramya janapada
bahvannāḥ paritaḥ Kurun Panchalas-Chedi-Matsyaścha
Surasenaḥ Paṭachcharāḥ Daśārņā Navaräshṭrāścha
Mallaḥ Salva Yugandharaḥ.
6 Mbh. V. 22, 25; 74. 16; 198. 2; VI. 47. 4; 54. 8.
