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262 POLITICAL HISTORY OF ANCIENT INDIA
were reported to be waiting for Alexander with an army of 80,000 horse, 200,000 foot, 8,000 war-chariots and 6,000 fighting elephants. As a matter of fact when Alexander was retreating through Karmania he received a report that his satrap Philippos, governor of the Upper Indus Province, had been murdered (324 B.C.). Shortly afterwards the Macedonian garrison was overpowered. The Macedonian satrap of Sind had to be transferred to the north-west borderland beyond the Indus and no new satrap was appointed in his place. The successors of Alexander at the time of the Triparadeisos agreement in 321 B.C., confessed their inability to remove the Indian Rājās of the Pañjāb without royal troops under the command of some distinguished general. One of the Rājās, possibly Poros, was treacherously slain by an officer named Eudemos. The withdrawal of the latter (cir. 317 B.C.) marks the ultimate collapse of the first serious attempt of the Yavanas to establish an empire in India.
The only permanent effect of Alexander's raid seems to have been the establishment of a number of Yavana settlements in the Uttarāpatha. The most important of these settlements were :
1. The city of Alexandria (modern Charikar or Opian ?)? in the land of the Paropanisadae, i.e., the Kābul region.
2. Boukephala, on the spot whence the Macedonian king had started to cross the Hydaspes (Jhelum),
3. Nikaia, where the battle with Poros took place,
4. Alexandria at or near the confluence of the Chenāb and the Indus, to the north-east of the countries of the Sodrai, or Sogdoi, and Massanoi, and
1 According to Tarn (The Greeks in Bactria and India, 462) Alexandria stood on the west bank of the united Panjshir-Ghorband rivers near the confluence facing Kāpisa on the east bank. It is represented by the modern Begram.
