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432 POLITICAL HISTORY OF ANCIENT INDIA Indian inscriptions and coins it has frequently been translated with the Indian word Svāmin.
The name of the Saka king who occupied Kipin is not known. The earliest ruler of that region mentioned in Chinese records is Wu-t'ou-lao whose son was ousted by Yin-mo-fu, the son of the prince of Yung-k’ii,' with Chinese help. Yin-mo-fu established himself as king of Kipin during the reign of the Emperor Hstian-ti, which lasted from 73 to 48 B.C., and killed the attendants of an envoy sent in the reign of the Emperor Ytian-ti (B.C. 48-33). In the reign of Chëng-ti (32-7 B.C.) the support of China was sought without success by the king of Kipin, probably the successor of Yin-mo-fu, who was in danger from some powerful adversary, apparently a king of the Yue-chi, who had relations with China about this time as is proved by the communication of certain Buddhist books to a Chinese official in 2 B.C.?
S. Lévi at first identified Kipin with Kaśmira. But his view has been ably controverted by Sten Konows who accepts the identification with Kāpiša. Gandhāra was at one time the eastern part of the realm of Kipin. A passage of Hemachandra's Abhidhūna-Chintāmani
1 The identification of Yung-k'ü with Yonaka (Tarn, 297) and that of Yin-mo-fu with Hermaios (Tarn, 346) are purely conjectural. Mention may be made in this connection of Zonkah in Tibbat (JASB, 1895, 97). But the problem of identification must await future discoveries.
2 Calc. Rev., Feb., 1924, pp. 251, 252; Smith, EHI., 3rd ed., p. 258n.; JRAS., 1913, 647; Ind. Ant., 1905, Kashgar and the Kharoshthi.
3 Ep. Ind., XIV, p. 291.
4 The country drained by the northern tributaries of the river Kābul, ibid., p. 290 ; cf. Watters, Yuan Chwang, Vol. 1, pp. 259-260. The city of Kāpisi probably stood at the junction of the Ghorband and the Panjshir (Foucher, Indian Studies presented to Prof. Rapson, 343). Kipin according to the Tsien Han-shu joins Wu-i-shar-li (Arachosia and Persia according to Schoff, Parthian Stations, 41) on the south-west. Corpus, II. 1. xxiv: JRAS., 1912, 684 n. Cf. Dr. Herrmann (RAS., 1913, 1058 n.) who holds that Ki-pin was Gandhāra. The reference to a gold as well as a silver currency in Ki-pin is worthy of note (Corpus, II. 1. xxiv). Cf. the gold coin of the city of Pushkalāvati (CHI, 587).
