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506 POLITICAL HISTORY OF ANCIENT INDIA The earliest known date of Chashtana is S. E. 52, i.e., A.D. 130. We learn from the Andhau inscriptions that in the year A.D. 130 Chashtana was ruling conjointly with his grandson Rudradāman. Professor Rapson and Dr. Bhandarkar point out that his foreign title Kshatrapa, and the use of the Kharoshthi alphabet on his coins, clearly show that he was a viceroy of some northern power--probably of the Kushāns. Jayadāman, son of Chashtana, seems to have acted merely as a Kshatrapa, and to have predeceased his father, and the latter was succeeded as Manākshatrapa by Rudradāman.
Rudradāman' became an independent Mahākshatrapa some time between the years 52 and 72 (A.D. 130 and 150). We learn from the Junāgadh Rock Inscription of the year 72 that men of all castes chose him as protector and that he won for himself the title of Mahākshatrapa. This probably indicates that the power of his house had been shaken by some enemy (possibly Gautamiputra), and he had to restore the supreme satrapal dignity by his own prowess.
The place names in the inscription seem to show that the rule of Rudradāman extended over Purv-āpar-AkarĀvanti ( East and West Mālwa), Anupa-nivșit or the Māhishmati region ( Māndhātā in Nimād, or Maheśvara ), Ānartta: (territory around Dwārakā), Surāshtra (district
1 For references to Rudradāman in literature, see Chatterjee, Buddhistic Studies (ed. Law), pp. 384 f.
2 IA, 4, 346.
3 Anartta may, according to some, bowever, designate the district around Vadanagara (Bom. Gaz. 1, i, 6). In that case Kukura may be placed in the Dwarakā region. The Bhāgavata Purana refers to Dwārakā as "Kukur. Andhaka-Vrishnibhih guptā" (1. 11, 10). The Vayu Purana (ch. 96. 134) represents Ugrasena, the Yadava rājā, as Kukurodbhava, of Kukura extraction. In Mbh. III. 183. 32, too, Kukuras are closely associated with Daśārbas and Andbakas who are known to have been Yadava clans. In II. 52. 15 they
