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230 POLITICAL HISTORY OF ANCIENT İNDİA back to be brought into the capital from the Tanasuliya road."
Again, in connection with the twelfth year of Khāravela's reign, we have a reference to Nadarāja-jita Kalinga-jana-sam (n) i (ve) saṁ (or, according to another reading, Namda-rājanītań Kalimga Jina saṁnivesain), i.e., a station or encampment, or a Jaina shrine, in Kalinga acquired by king Nanda.
The epigraphs, though valuable as early notices of a line known mainly from literature, are not contemporaneous. For contemporary reports we must turn to Greek writers. There is an interesting reference, in the Cyropaedia of Xenophon, who died some time after 355 B.C., to "the Indian king, a very wealthy man". This cannot fail to remind one of the Nandas whom the unanimous testimony of Sanskrit, Tamil, Ceylonese and Chinese writers describe as the possessors of enormous wealth. Clearer information about the ruling family of Magadha
1 Barua, Hāthigumpha Inscription of Khāravela (IHQ. XIV. 1938 pp. 259ff). Sanniveśa is explained in the dictionaries as an assemblage, station, seat, open space near a town etc. (Monier Williams). A commentator takes it to mean 'a halting place of caravans or processions'. Kundagrāma was a sanniveśa in Videha (SBE, XXII, Jaina Sūtras, pt. I. Intro.). The reference in the inscription to the conquest of a place, or removal of a sacred object from Kalinga by Nandarāja disposes of the view that he was a local chief (Camb. Hist. 538).
2 Dr. Barua (op. cit. p. 276n) objects to a Nanda conquest (or domination) of any part of Kalinga on the ground that the province "had remained unconquered (avijita) till the 7th year of Asoka's reign". But the claim of the Maurya secretariat is on a par with Jahāngir's boast that "not one of the Sultans of lofty dignity has obtained the victory over it'i.e., Kangra, Rogers, Tücuk, II. 184). Kalingas appear in the Purāṇas among the contemporaries of the Saišunāgas who were overpowered by Nanda, the Sarva-Kshatrāntaka.
3 III. ii. 25 (trans. by Walter Miller).
4 Cf. the names Mabāpadmapati and Dhana Nanda. The Mudrārākshasa refers to the Nandas as 'navanavatiśatadravyakoțiśvarāḥ' (Act III, verse 27), and 'Artharuchi' (Act. I.)
A passage of the Kathā-sarit-sāgara says that King Nanda possessed 990 millions of gold pieces. Tawney's Translation Vol., 1, p. 21.
Dr. Aiyangar points out that a Tamil poem contains an interesting statement regarding the wealth of the Nandas "which having accumulated first in Pätali,
