Jaina Philosophy Historical Outline

Author(s): Narendra Nath Bhattacharya
Publisher: Munshiram Manoharlal Publisher's Pvt Ltd New Delhi

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Introduction
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with the monastic life in general, the offences against the vows, stages of laymanship, stages of monkhood, etc. The Vavahāra contains a collection of what is permitted and proper for monks and what is not. The subject matter of the Nisiha and the Mahānisiha is prescription of penances for the breach of rules of daily life, the confession of the transgression of rules of conduct, expiation, evil consequences of sinful deeds etc. The Pamcakappa, now lost and replaced by the Jiyakappa, attributed to Jinabhadra who was the teacher of the celebrated scholar Haribhadra of the eighth century, also deals with the rules of monastic life. The Kappa (Kalpasūtra), attributed to Bhadrabāhu, is the oldest and genuine Cheyasutta. But what is now regarded as Bhadrabāhu Kalpasūtra is a combination of three different works --the Jinacarita dealing with the lives of the Tîrthamkaras, the Sthavirāvali (Theravali) dealing with the schools, sub-schools and teachers and the Sāmācāri (Sāmāyāri) dealing with the rules observed by the ascetics during the rains-retreat-composed at different times. Two other Texts, the Pindaniryukti (Pindanijjutti) and the Oghaniryukti (Oghanijjutti) are sometimes included in the Cheyasutta group.
The Mülasuttas are four in number. Of these, the Uttarājjhāyā (Uttaradhyayana Sūtra) consists of 36 chapters, composed at different times, is said to have been spoken by Mahāvīra himself. It appears that the work derived its name from a group of apparently younger chapters following (uttara) the older ones. The Dasaveyāliya said to have been composed by Sejjambhava, deals with monastic life in general, the six forms of living beings and their non-violation, the five vows, the pure and impure alms, the allowed and forbidden kinds of speech, the devotion to right conduct, etc. The Āvassayanijjutti is a gāthā work taking its name form the six āvassaya, i.e. the formulae to be recited daily. It is combined with the niryukti of Bhadrabāhu and deals with instructions on religious rules that should be invariably observed. The Pindanijjutti, attributed to Bhadrabāhu, is a treatise on food. It also deals with the mistakes made by the almsgiver and those made by receiver.2
Of individual and ungrouped works, the Nandi and the Aņuogadāra
1A defective tr. of KSB by J. Stevenson appeared in 1848; critical ed. by Jacobi (1879) and tr. in SBE XXII, for editions of and studies in other Cheyasuttas, esp. for those by Schübring, see sec. II, ?The Uttaradhyayana was edited with critical notes and a com. by J. Charpen
AEO, XVIII (1922) and tr. by Jacobi in SBE, XLV. Other Mülasuttas were edited and studied mainly by Leumann.