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Jaina-Rupa-Mandana A beautiful bronze of Rşabha in padmāsana on a big padestal with dharmacakra and two deer in the centre of the pedestal and the attendant Yaksa and the Yaksi to the right and left of the Jina lost. dating from c. 8th century A.D., obtained from Vasantagadh hoard, was published by us in the Lalit Kala, no. 1. Another beautiful brass image of the first Jina in padmāsana with only the Ambika Yakşi on his left preserved was published by us in our paper on the Iconography of the Jaina Goddess Ambikā (as figure 33).24 The image, from a Jaina temple in Sadadi, Rajasthan, dates from c. 8th century A.D. From Amarasara, Rajasthan, a hoard of Jaina bronzes was obtained which is now preserved in the Government Museum at Bikaner. The hoard includes a bronze Pañcatirthi of Rşabha sitting in padmasana. On his right side near the pedestal is the two-armed Yaksa Sarvānubhūti and on the corresponding left is a two-armed Yakşi showing the varada mudra and the citron in her right and the left hands respectively. The Yaksa carries the citron in his right hand and the money-bag in the left one. The bronze dates from c. tenth century A.D.
At Varmána. Rajasthan, in the Mahāvira Jinālaya,25 is a stone sculpture of Adinātha sitting on the simhasana. In the centre we have the dharmacakra with a bull on each side. To the right of the simhasana is a figure of two-armed Sarvānubhūti Yakşa showing the abhaya with his right hand. To the corresponding left is a figure of a two-armed Yaksi. The symbols in aer hands are not distinct. The sculpture dates from c. 800 A.D.
A partly mutilated beautiful sculpture of Adinātha was discovered from Udai, district Gangapur, Rajasthan. Here Adinātha sitting in padmāsana is accompanied by 48 small miniature figures of Jinas, a few of these figures from the upper part of the sculpture are mutilated. These Jinas are arranged in four rows on two sides of the beautiful ornamental halo. Hair-locks on shoulders, uşnişa on head, but no jață. In fact, generally the Adinātha figures in Rajasthan and Gujarat do not show the prominent jață as in images from Eastern India. The Jina sits on a simhāsana and in the centre is the dharmacakra with a bull on each side in this Udai sculpture. The Yaksa on the right end is a two-armed Sarvanubhūti while the Yakşi figure on the left end is mutilated. This sculpture, belonging to the Digambara sect, is a fine specimen of the Gurjara-Pratihara art of c. 9th century A.D. A beautiful sculpture of Rşabha, partly mutilated, was lying in the courtyard of the Ukha Mandir, Bayana, Rajasthan. The head of the Jina is lost. On the right end of the simhāsana is a figure of a two-armed cow or bull-faced Gomukha Yakşa, while on the corresponding left end we find four-armed Yakşi Cakreśvari with her symbols broken. The Yaksa carries in his right hand a mace (gadā) while the symbol of his left hand is not distinct. It may be noted that when a Sasanadevatā pair was first introduced as attendants in the parikara of a Tirtharkara image, the pair was common to all the twenty-four Tirtha karas and was represented by a two-armed Kubera-like male Yaksa who was invoked variously as Sarvänubhūti or Sarvänha by the Jainas and a twoarmed Yakşi called Ambika who carried a mango-bunch or a lotus in one hand and who held a son with the left hand. 26 The Yakşi, as we shall see later, was reminiscent of and evolved from some ancient concepts like that of Anaitis or Nānā on the lion, the Durgā, Hariti, etc.27 Later on, from about the ninth century A.D., separate yakşiņis begin to appear for the 24 different Tirthankaras. The Bayana sculpture shows the later evolved Yaksa pair for the Ādi-Jina. The sculpture dates from c. 1000-1050 A.D.
But perhaps the most beautiful sculpture of Rşabhanātha, of mediaeval period, from the whole of Western India, is a marble image from the site of the old city of Chandrāvati (near Mt. Abu), now preserved in the Rietberg Museum, Zurich, Switzerland.28 The Jina is standing in the käyotsarga mudra and wears a very fine dhoti. He has the usnişa on head and the srivasta mark on the chest. A full parikara is shown but without the Sasanadevatās or the attendant Yaksa and Yakşi. The sculpture dates from c. 10th century A.D.
From Sanauli in the Alwar area of Rajasthan were discovered a few Jaina bronzes a few years ago. Shri Krishna Dev kindly brought them to my notice and gave me some photographs. Amongst them is a beautiful bronze, elaborately cast with several small figures in the parikara, including figures of seven other Tirthakaras. Rsabhanātha sits in padmāsana in the centre on a simhasana. Below the dharmacakra is the bull cognizance in the centre of the pedestal with four planets and a devotee on each side. The bronze has an inscription on the back giving a date v.s. 1070= A.D. 1013. On the right lower end is a figure of wo-armed cow-faced Goinukha Yaksa showing the citron in his right hand while on the corresponding
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